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Burkhard MJ, Dawkins S, Knoblaugh SE, El-Khoury C, Coble D, Malbrue RA, Read EK, Greenhill LM, Moore RM. Supporting diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging to strengthen and position the veterinary profession for service, sustainability, excellence, and impact. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1283-1290. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.11.0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Advancing equality and equity in society is creating positive change, and the time has come to critically evaluate veterinary medicine, which, by all metrics, lacks diversity. To keep pace with increasingly diverse demographics and recent surges in pet ownership among all racial/ethnic groups, significant efforts to enhance diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging (DEIB) must occur in veterinary colleges and the profession. Recruiting more underrepresented students, building pipelines for diverse faculty/staff, and creating inclusive, welcoming environments where all can thrive are critical steps toward enhancing DEIB within our organizations and profession. Our goal is to share experiences and lessons learned from our intentional commitment to strengthen DEIB, with the hope that our journey will be helpful to others. Increasing diversity in the veterinary profession will be facilitated through removing barriers, creating inclusive work environments where all people feel they belong, and ensuring fair and equitable hiring and personnel management practices. These steps should in turn improve access and quality of veterinary care, ensure we are more representative of the communities we serve, increase revenue, and preserve the human-animal bond.
“You cannot change any society unless you take responsibility for it, unless you see yourself belonging to it, and responsible for changing it.”
– Grace Lee Boggs
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jo Burkhard
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Sandra Dawkins
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Sue E. Knoblaugh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Dondrae Coble
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Raphael A. Malbrue
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Emma K. Read
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Rustin M. Moore
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Moore RM, Buffington BC, Abraham SL, Reid K, Burkhard MJ, El-Khoury C, Fark AM, Gonya J, Hoying J, Jennings RN, Knoblaugh SE, Miller MB, Nielsen J, Read EK, Saia S, Silveus AM, Yardley J, Melnyk BM. BE WELL: Changing the culture of a college of veterinary medicine using a comprehensive and integrated approach to promote health and well-being. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:844-852. [PMID: 35201997 DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.07.0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rustin M Moore
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Brenda C Buffington
- Office of the Chief Wellness Officer, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Katie Reid
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Mary Jo Burkhard
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Amanda M Fark
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Jenn Gonya
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Ryan N Jennings
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Sue E Knoblaugh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Matthew B Miller
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Joelle Nielsen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Emma K Read
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Sharon Saia
- Employee Assistance Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Aaron M Silveus
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Jonathan Yardley
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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Steinagel AC, Burkhard MJ, Kuehnl KF, Thomas Watters G, Rajala-Schultz PJ, Valentine KH, Wolfe BA. Hematological and Biochemical Assessment of Two Species of Freshwater Mussels, Quadrula quadrula and Amblema plicata, Following Translocation. J Aquat Anim Health 2018; 30:119-129. [PMID: 29364539 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nondestructive, sublethal, and sensitive health monitoring tools are needed to assess the health of freshwater mussels (family Unionidae). Recent developments to standardize hemocyte characterization have assisted in the hematologic assessment of wild and captive freshwater mussels. In this study, preliminary baseline hematological reference ranges were established for wild mapleleaf mussels Quadrula quadrula (n = 14) and threeridge mussels Amblema plicata (n = 20) collected from the Muskingum River in Devola, Ohio. Mussels were collected from the wild, and hemolymph was sampled from each mussel in the field upon capture (baseline sample). They were then transported live to a propagation facility. Subsequent hemolymph samples were collected at 2 and 4 weeks and quarterly thereafter for 11 months following translocation. Hemocyte counts, hemocyte morphology, and hemolymph chemistry (Na+ , Cl- , Mg2+ , P3- , K+ , Ca2+ , glucose, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase]) were measured from each sample on each sampling occasion. Hemocyte counts were consistently greater in Q. quadrula than in A. plicata following transfer to captivity. Baseline hemocyte morphology and hemolymph chemistry varied between species. This study provides a foundation of reference ranges for hemocyte characterization for Q. quadrula, and A. plicata and a preliminary understanding of how hemocyte character might be expected to change when wild mussels are translocated into captivity, and thus be a useful technique for monitoring the health of freshwater mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Steinagel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - M J Burkhard
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - K F Kuehnl
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio, 43212, USA
| | - G Thomas Watters
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio, 43212, USA
| | - P J Rajala-Schultz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - K H Valentine
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - B A Wolfe
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
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Zitzer NC, Marsh AE, Burkhard MJ, Radin MJ, Wellman ML, Jugan M, Parker V. Parasitemia due to Sarcocystis neurona-like infection in a clinically ill domestic cat. Vet Clin Pathol 2017; 46:526-532. [PMID: 28892190 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An 8-year-old, 6-kg, male neutered Domestic Shorthair cat was presented to The Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center (OSU-VMC) for difficulty breathing. Physical examination and thoracic radiographs indicated pneumonia, a soft-tissue mass in the left caudal lung lobe, and diffuse pleural effusion. The effusion was classified as modified transudate. Rare extracellular elongated (~5-7 μm × 1-2 μm) zoites with a central round to oval-shaped purple to deep purple vesicular nucleus with coarsely stippled chromatin and light blue cytoplasm were seen on a peripheral blood smear. Serum IgG and IgM were positive for Sarcocystis sp. antibodies and negative for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies, suggesting that the infection was acute rather than a recrudescence of prior infection. This organism was most consistent with either Sarcocystis neurona or Sarcocystis dasypi based on DNA sequence analysis of PCR products using COC ssRNA, ITS-1, snSAG2, and JNB25/JD396 primer sets. This is the first report to visualize by light microscopy circulating Sarcocystis sp. merozoites in the peripheral blood of a domestic cat. Therefore, Sarcocystis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cats with suspected systemic protozoal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina C Zitzer
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Antoinette E Marsh
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mary Jo Burkhard
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - M Judith Radin
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Maxey L Wellman
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Maria Jugan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Valerie Parker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Stull JW, Kasten JI, Evason MD, Sherding RG, Hoet AE, O'Quin J, Burkhard MJ, Weese JS. Risk reduction and management strategies to prevent transmission of infectious disease among dogs at dog shows, sporting events, and other canine group settings. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 249:612-27. [PMID: 27585099 DOI: 10.2460/javma.249.6.612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dudley A, Byron JK, Burkhard MJ, Warry E, Guillaumin J. Comparison of platelet function and viscoelastic test results between healthy dogs and dogs with naturally occurring chronic kidney disease. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:589-600. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.5.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
An 11-year-old male castrated mixed-breed dog was presented for exercise intolerance, tetraparesis, and persistent hypoglycemia. Abdominal ultrasound examination revealed 2 nodules within the right limb of the pancreas. Cytology from one nodule was consistent with a carcinoma of neuroendocrine origin, with a primary differential diagnosis of insulinoma. Histologic evaluation and immunohistochemistry for synaptophysin and insulin confirmed the diagnosis of insulinoma. Additionally, there was a solitary nodule of mineralized compact bone composing approximately 60% of the mass. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of osseous metaplasia within an insulinoma (islet cell carcinoma).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Pieczarka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Abstract
This article summarizes and compares the various assays available to aid in the diagnosis and characterization of lymphoma in small animal patients. These techniques include cytology, histopathology, immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry, immunophenotyping by flow cytometry, and polymerase chain reaction for clonal antigen receptor gene rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jo Burkhard
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Burkhard MJ, Leavell S, Weiss RB, Kuehnl K, Valentine H, Thomas Watters G, Wolfe BA. Analysis and cytologic characterization of hemocytes from freshwater mussels (Quadrulasp.). Vet Clin Pathol 2009; 38:426-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2009.00148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Lara-Garcia A, Wellman M, Burkhard MJ, Machado-Parrula C, Valli VE, Stromberg PC, Couto CG. Cervical thymoma originating in ectopic thymic tissue in a cat. Vet Clin Pathol 2009; 37:397-402. [PMID: 19055574 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2008.00061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
An 11-year-old female spayed domestic shorthair cat was referred to The Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (OSU-VTH) for evaluation of a 6 x 4 x 3.5 cm mass in the left midcervical region causing increased respiratory sounds and lateral deviation of the trachea. A fine needle aspirate of the mass was obtained before referral and the cytology results were compatible with a reactive lymph node. Immunocytochemistry showed increased numbers of CD3+ T lymphocytes and small numbers of CD20+ and CD79a+ medium to large lymphocytes. Differential diagnoses from the referral pathologist were T-cell-rich B-cell lymphoma and feline Hodgkin's-like lymphoma. A subsequent fine needle aspirate performed at the OSU-VTH showed similar results. On flow cytometry the majority of cells were CD3+ T lymphocytes that were double positive for CD4 and CD8 (73%), compatible with either a double-positive (CD4+CD8+) T-cell lymphoma or lymphocytes from ectopic thymic tissue. The mass was surgically removed. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of the mass revealed a predominant population of CD3+ small lymphocytes and small numbers of medium to large lymphocytes with moderate anisocytosis and anysokaryosis. A population of cytokeratin-positive epithelial cells surrounded small microcystic structures filled with eosinophilic material and structures interpreted as Hassall's corpuscles. These findings were consistent with thymic tissue and a diagnosis of ectopic thymoma was made. PCR results for lymphocyte antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) were negative. The cat had no evidence of disease 16 months after removal of the mass. To our knowledge this is the first report of an ectopic cervical thymoma in a cat. The clinical and diagnostic features of this unusual case will be useful in helping veterinarians and pathologists obtain a presurgical diagnosis and establish a prognosis for similar lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lara-Garcia
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Corn SC, Wellman ML, Burkhard MJ, Russell J, Radin MJ. IgM paraprotein interference with hemoglobin measurement using the CELL-DYN 3500. Vet Clin Pathol 2008; 37:61-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2008.00004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Howard KE, Burkhard MJ. Mucosal challenge with cell-associated or cell-free feline immunodeficiency virus induces rapid and distinctly different patterns of phenotypic change in the mucosal and systemic immune systems. Immunology 2007; 122:571-83. [PMID: 17635613 PMCID: PMC2266040 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections occur via mucosal transmission through contact with genital secretions containing cell-associated and cell-free virus. However, few studies have assessed whether exposure to cells, HIV-1 infected or uninfected, plays a role in the sexual transmission of HIV-1. This study examined phenotypic changes in mucosal and systemic lymphoid tissue 24 hr after vaginal exposure to in vitro equilibrated infectious doses of cell-associated or cell-free feline immunodeficiency virus, uninfected heterologous cells, or medium alone. We found that even at this early time-point, mucosal exposure to virus induced substantial alterations in the phenotype and distribution of leucocytes, particularly in the tissues of the mucosal immune system. Second, we found that the type of virus inoculum directly influenced the phenotypic changes seen. Vaginal exposure to cell-free virus tended to induce more generalized phenotypic changes, typically in the peripheral immune system (blood and systemic lymph nodes). In contrast, exposure to cell-associated virus was primarily associated with phenotypic shifts in the mucosal immune system (gut and mucosal/draining lymph nodes). In addition, we found that exposure to uninfected heterologous cells also induced alterations in the mucosal immune system. These data suggest that significant immune changes occur within the first 24 hr of virus exposure, well before substantial replication would be anticipated. As the mucosal immune system, and particularly the gut, is an early and persistent target for lentiviral replication, these findings have substantial implications for HIV-1 pathogenesis and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina E Howard
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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Kisseberth WC, Nadella MVP, Breen M, Thomas R, Duke SE, Murahari S, Kosarek CE, Vernau W, Avery AC, Burkhard MJ, Rosol TJ. A novel canine lymphoma cell line: a translational and comparative model for lymphoma research. Leuk Res 2007; 31:1709-20. [PMID: 17532464 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel canine lymphoma cell line, OSW, was established from the malignant pleural effusion of a dog with peripheral T-cell lymphoma. The immunoprofile as determined by flow cytometry was as follows: positive for CD45, CD49d, CD18, CD11a; weakly positive for CD11b, CD11c, CD11d; and negative for CD45RA, CD1a, CD1c, CD3, TCRalphabeta, TCRgammadelta, CD4, CD5, CD8a, CD8b, CD90(Thy1), CD21, MHCII, CD14(TUK4), CD34, and MPO. Immunocytochemistry of cytospin preparations was negative for cytoplasmic CD3, CD79a, and MPO, but was positive for CD20. The cell line had an oligoclonal T-cell receptor gamma (TCRgamma) gene rearrangement. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and single locus probe (SLP) analysis showed that there were copy number increases of loci on dog chromosome 13 (CFA 13), and copy number decreases were evident for regions of CFA 11, 22, 26, 30 and 32, which include several of the more common chromosomal aberrations reported previously in canine lymphoma. The OSW cell line grows rapidly in vitro and is tumorigenic as a xenograft in SCID/NOD mice. OSW represents one of only a few reported canine lymphoma cell lines and is the most thoroughly characterized. This cell line and xenograft represent significant in vitro and in vivo models, respectively, for comparative and translational lymphoma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Kisseberth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Howard KE, Burkhard MJ. FIV infection induces unique changes in phenotype and cellularity in the medial iliac lymph node and intestinal IEL. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2007; 23:720-8. [PMID: 17530999 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-infected patients and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques have identified profound depletion of CD4(+) T cells and expansion of CD8(+) T cells in the gastrointestinal lamina propria. Less attention has been given to CD8(+) intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), and no studies have concurrently examined inductive sites such as draining lymph nodes. Our preliminary data in the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) animal model suggested additional changes in IEL, and marked differences in the responses of lymph nodes draining different mucosal sites. To address this, we quantified the absolute leukocyte yield and examined the phenotype of cells from small intestinal IEL, mesenteric lymph node (MLN), and medial iliac lymph node (ILN) from chronically FIV-infected cats. The cellularity of the ILN was increased 530% in FIV-infected animals with an expansion of CD62L(+) cells, suggesting an increased population of naive T cells. The number of CD4(+), as well as CD8(+), T cells was increased in the ILN, resulting in a CD4:CD8 ratio greater than 1:1. In contrast, reduced cellularity, specific loss of CD4(+) T cells, and inversion of the CD4:CD8 ratio was observed in the MLN, which drains the intestine. In IEL, loss of CD8alpha, CD8beta, and CD4-expressing T cells was found in FIV-infected cats. Furthermore, expression intensity of CD8alpha and CD5, markers known to be important in T cell function, was markedly decreased on IEL. These findings expand the array of immune alterations induced by lentiviral infection and indicate that characterization of multiple mucosal sites will be necessary to fully understand the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina E Howard
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
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Assogba BD, Leavell S, Porter K, Burkhard MJ. Mucosal administration of low-dose cell-associated feline immunodeficiency virus promotes viral latency. J Infect Dis 2007; 195:1184-8. [PMID: 17357056 DOI: 10.1086/512861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 can occasionally be detected as a cryptic or latent infection in seronegative, asymptomatic patients. To develop an animal model of host latency, cats were mucosally challenged with 10(2)-10(6) feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected T cells. Although high-dose exposure (10(4)-10(6) T cells) resulted in progressive infection, no evidence of infection was seen in 5 of 6 cats exposed to 10(2) or 10(3) T cells. However, after ex vivo CD8(+) T cell depletion and phorbol myristate acetate treatment, FIV could be reactivated in tissues from 4 cats. Thus, latent tissue viral reservoirs can be induced by low-dose cell-associated mucosal challenge, providing a model to dissect the mechanisms that control reservoir establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnabe Dossou Assogba
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Leavell S, Wright B, Scappino L, Sirriyah J, Chen C, Clements JD, Burkhard MJ. Induction of serum and mucosal FIV-specific immune responses by intranasal immunization with p24Gag. Vaccine 2005; 23:1471-8. [PMID: 15670883 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Revised: 09/09/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined the ability of FIV p24Gag to induce systemic and mucosal FIV-specific immune responses when delivered as a nasal immunogen alone, or with a mucosal adjuvant, Escherichia coli heat labile toxin LT(R192G). Nasal immunization with p24Gag alone induced FIV-specific immune responses but overall responses were weak, transient, and/or present only in a few animals. Co-administration of LT(R192G) resulted in strong FIV-specific serum IgG and enhanced salivary IgA responses. Moreover, FIV-specific IgA was detected in vaginal wash fluid from 6/6 cats co-immunized with LT(R192G) and p24Gag versus 1/6 immunized with p24Gag alone. This is the first report detailing induction of systemic or mucosal FIV-specific immune responses by nasal immunization alone. As such, this study demonstrates that nasal immunization of cats can be a relevant and effective route for the delivery of candidate vaccines. However, while nasal immunization of cats with p24Gag induces antigen-specific systemic immune responses, development of strong systemic and mucosal immune responses requires co-administration of a mucosal adjuvant, such as LT(R192G).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Leavell
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Howard KE, Fisher IL, Dean GA, Jo Burkhard M. Methodology for isolation and phenotypic characterization of feline small intestinal leukocytes. J Immunol Methods 2005; 302:36-53. [PMID: 16023664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2004] [Revised: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Critical assessment of intestinal immune responses requires the ability to characterize leukocytes from different anatomic locations as leukocytes from inductive sites such as Peyer's patches and lymphoid follicles vary significantly from their effector counterparts, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) and lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL). This study describes (1) methods developed to isolate specific intestinal leukocyte populations with high yield and purity, (2) difficulties encountered in establishing a panel of monoclonal antibodies to assess phenotype, and (3) the phenotypic characterization of effector and inductive sites in the feline small intestine. We found that the phenotypic distribution of feline intestinal leukocytes was similar to that found in other species such as humans, macaques and mice. The majority of IEL were CD5(+) T-cells with less than 7% B-cells. CD8(+) T-cells comprised approximately 60% of the IEL with roughly half displaying CD8alphaalpha homodimers. Approximately 10% of IEL were CD4(+) T-cells. In the LPL, CD4(+) T-cells predominated at 42%, with 33% CD8(+) T-cells and 10% B-cells. As would be expected, B-cells predominated in Peyer's patches with 40% B-cells, 28% CD4(+) T-cells and 20% CD8(+) T-cells. Increased MHCII expression was found in the Peyer's patches as compared to the IEL and LPL. B7.1 expression was significantly higher in mucosal leukocyte populations as compared to organized lymphoid tissue in the periphery with expression detected on 65% of IEL and 53% of LPL. Plasma cells were found in all regions of small intestine examined with greater numbers in lamina propria and Peyer's patches. Lymphoblasts were only identified in inductive tissue. In general, no differences were found between the phenotype of mucosal leukocyte populations from specific pathogen free or random source cats. However, the percentage of CD4(+) CD25(+) T-cells was significantly greater in both IEL and LPL from random source animals. This study provides techniques and a baseline from which future studies of the feline intestinal immune system can be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina E Howard
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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Burkhard MJ, Hoover EA. IgG from acutely infected cats blocks mucosal feline immunodeficiency virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 106:87-95. [PMID: 15910995 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Revised: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown an absence of detectable systemic or local infection in cats exposed to an infectious (100 TCID(50)) feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) plasma inoculum via either the rectal or vaginal mucosa. In contrast, this same plasma inoculum was infectious via parenteral inoculation. Moreover an equivalent dose of cell-free tissue culture-origin virus inoculum infected 100% of cats by either the rectal or vaginal exposure route. To evaluate this phenomena, we used a tissue culture system to identify a heat-stable factor in the plasma of cats acutely (3 weeks) infected with FIV that blocked infection of naive peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by either cell-free or cell-associated FIV in vitro. A single application of as little as a 1:200 dilution of either heparinized or Alsevier's anticoagulated plasma effectively inhibited production of FIV p26 in culture over a 21-day co-culture period. Depletion of antibody using a protein A column abrogated the inhibitory effect of FIV plasma against in vitro FIV infection. Co-inoculation of heat-inactivated plasma with 400 TCID(50) FIV-B-2542 cell-free supernatant virus onto the vaginal mucosa of two cats resulted in complete inhibition of infection in one cat and increased time to infection in the second. Thus, antibody found in the plasma of cats acutely infected with FIV blocks cell-associated and cell-free infection, inhibits virus production in previously infected cells, and reduces mucosal transmission efficiency in vivo. Extrapolation may help explain the relatively inefficient mucosal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) and other lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jo Burkhard
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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19
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A 35-day-old male lamb with Mycoplasma ovis infection (previously Eperythrozoon ovis) was evaluated because of severe hypoglycemia (serum glucose 4 mg/dL, Hitachi 704 automated chemistry analyzer) inconsistent with the animal's condition. Whole blood glucose concentration measured with a glucometer was 74 mg/dL. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate this discrepancy through in vitro evaluation of the patient's blood. METHODS Blood was incubated alone, with increasing concentrations of plasma, or with equine serum of known glucose concentration for 0, 15, 30, and 60 minutes at room temperature; end-point glucose concentrations were compared with blood from a control sheep handled similarly. RESULTS A rapid decline in glucose concentration was observed in heparinized or EDTA anticoagulated whole blood from the infected lamb incubated alone or with the equine serum. Glucose concentrations in incubated samples from a control sheep remained stable. Incubation of increasing concentrations of heparinized blood with autologous plasma resulted in decreased glucose concentrations in patient, but not control, blood. As parasitemia decreased after treatment, serum glucose concentration increased, serum lactate concentration decreased, and in vitro glucose concentration stabilized. CONCLUSIONS These findings are consistent with parasite-associated in vitro glucose consumption. An increase in the lamb's plasma glucose concentration associated with reduction of parasite load suggested excess glucose consumption also may have occurred in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jo Burkhard
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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Sirriyah J, Dean GA, LaVoy A, Burkhard MJ. Assessment of CD4+ and CD8+ IFN-gamma producing cells by ELISPOT in naïve and FIV-infected cats. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004; 102:77-84. [PMID: 15451617 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Revised: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
IFN-gamma is critical for the development of antiviral cell-mediated immunity in HIV infected humans and FIV infected cats. The ELISPOT has proven to be a technically straightforward assay to quantify the number of IFN-gamma producing cells and offers a reasonable alternative for the quantitative measurement of T-cell function in cats. We used a feline-specific ELISPOT to identify constitutive as well as Con A stimulated IFN-gamma production in T-cell subsets and determine if there were differences between purified (positively sorted) and negatively depleted populations from naïve and FIV infected cats. We found no difference in the total number of PBMC constitutively producing IFN-gamma in naïve and FIV+ cats. Con A exposure was associated with increased numbers of IFN-gamma producing PBMC in naïve, but not FIV+, cats. Equivalent numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells constitutively expressed IFN-gamma in naïve cats. However, in FIV+ cats, the number of IFN-gamma producing CD8+ T-cells was approximately two-fold over that seen for CD4+ T-cells. We found minimal differences between purified (e.g. CD4+ or CD8+) and corresponding depleted (e.g. CD8- or CD4-) populations in samples from FIV+ cats. In contrast, depleted populations from naïve cats showed greater response to Con A than did purified populations. Thus, while determination of the number of IFN-gamma producing cells by feline-specific ELISPOT is a useful tool for the evaluation of the feline immune response, determination of the initial sample population and T-cell subset is critical for optimal interpretation of the IFN-gamma ELISPOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Sirriyah
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606, USA
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21
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Dean GA, LaVoy A, Burkhard MJ. Peptide mapping of feline immunodeficiency virus by IFN-gamma ELISPOT. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004; 100:49-59. [PMID: 15182995 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2003] [Revised: 02/09/2004] [Accepted: 03/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) has become an important tool in studying antigen-specific T lymphocyte responses. Soluble peptides can be used to map T-cell epitopes, providing information that is useful in the design and evaluation of vaccines as well as studies of immunopathogenesis. To date, this assay has not been widely utilized in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) research. We have developed a feline IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay and used it to determine FIV-specific T-cell epitopes recognized by infected cats. A panel of 331 peptides, 15 amino acids in length and overlapping by 10 residues was synthesized. The peptide library spanned the FIV structural (Gag), envelope (Env), reverse transcriptase (RT), and open-reading-frame A (OrfA) proteins. Initially, 34 pools, containing 7-10 peptides each were screened by IFN-gamma ELISPOT against peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from eight cats chronically infected with the NCSU(1) molecular clone of FIV and four uninfected control cats. Individual peptides from pools recognized by FIV+ cats were then evaluated and optimal peptides were combined into pools representing Gag, Env, RT, and OrfA. A higher percentage of FIV infected cats were identified as responders against the peptide pools when using fresh PBMC as compared to cryopreserved PBMC. In vitro restimulation of cryopreserved PBMC with the peptide pools improved the sensitivity of the assay to similar levels as observed from fresh samples. Individual peptides used in the pools were generally found to stimulate CD8+ T-cells more efficiently than CD4+ T-cells. Comparison of the peptide sequences to representative FIV sequences from clades A-D showed conservation was high among Gag and RT peptides, variable among Env peptides and low for OrfA peptides. The IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay and FIV-specific peptide pools we describe here will be useful in assessing cell-mediated responses to experimental FIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg A Dean
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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22
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Abstract
The feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) model provides a system to study lentivirus transmission, virus kinetics, pathogenesis, host responses, and immune dysfunction in a natural, out-bred host, under controlled conditions with specific-pathogen-free animals. The diversity of primary FIV strains can be exploited to mirror the range of disease manifestations associated with HIV infection. FIV is infectious via intravenous, intraperitoneal, intradermal, or subcutaneous injection as well as by atraumatic instillation onto the oral, vaginal, or rectal mucosa. Together, these features allow investigators to model specific aspects of HIV infection in a highly relevant and relatively inexpensive animal model. Well-developed areas of the FIV model include: (1) transmission of cell-associated as well as cell-free virus; (2) mucosal infectivity and immunopathogenesis; (3) vertical transmission; (4) acquired immunodeficiency including defects of the innate immune system; (5) thymic dysfunction; (6) neurotropism and neuropathogenesis; (7) host-virus interactions and the role of specific gene products; (8) efficacy of antiviral therapy; and (9) efficacy and immune correlates of experimental vaccines. This review will encompass areas specific to transmission and immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jo Burkhard
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough St., Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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Abstract
A precipitate was observed on the blood films of horses (15 of 16) and one cow given a peritoneal infusion of 1 % sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) solution to prevent abdominal adhesions. The intensity of the precipitate seen 2 to 3 days post-infusion strongly correlated with the administered dose of SCMC (range 0.96 to 11.7 ml/kg). The dose given was inversely correlated with bodyweight and the most prominent precipitates were seen in foals. The precipitate was observed as early as 24 hours and persisted for as long as 9 days after SCMC administration. Fibrinogen was the only hematological or biochemical parameter consistently abnormal in horses receiving SCMC, mild increases (500 to 700 mg/dl) were noted in 11/16 cases but did not correlate with SCMC administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jo Burkhard
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado Sate University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
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24
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Abstract
Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus-replicon particles (VRP) were used to generate feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) Gag- and ENV-expressing vaccine vectors. Serum and mucosal FIV-specific antibody was detected in cats immunized subcutaneously, once monthly for 5 months, with FIV-expressing VRP. Expansion of the CD8+ L-selectin negative phenotype and transient CD8+ noncytolytic suppressor activity were seen in cats immunized with FIV-expressing or control VRP. Despite induction of FIV-specific immune responses and nonspecific suppressor responses, all cats became infected following vaginal challenge with high dose, pathogenic cell-associated FIV-NCSU(1) although relative early maintenance of CD4+ cells was seen in FIV-immunized cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jo Burkhard
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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Burkhard MJ, Brown DE, McGrath JP, Meador VP, Mayle DA, Keaton MJ, Hoffman WP, Zimmermann JL, Abbott DL, Sun SC. Evaluation of the erythroid regenerative response in two different models of experimentally induced iron deficiency anemia. Vet Clin Pathol 2002; 30:76-85. [PMID: 12024320 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2001.tb00262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Anemia was induced in weanling Sprague Dawley rats either by feeding an iron-deficient diet or by chronic phlebotomy. The erythroid regenerative response was then evaluated before and after a hemolytic event, and results were compared with those of a third group of control nonphlebotomized rats fed an iron-replete diet. Diet and phlebotomy groups developed a similar degree of anemia (mean hemoglobin concentration 7.9 g/dL and 7.8 g/dL, respectively; controls, 13.9 g/dL) and hypoferremia (mean serum iron concentration 25.4 microgram/dL and 34.9 microgram/dL, respectively; controls, 222.0 microgram/dL). However, the anemia in diet rats was nonregenerative (reticulocyte count, 83.1 X 10(3) cells/microliter) and associated with bone marrow erythroid hypoplasia; whereas the anemia in phlebotomy rats was regenerative (reticulocyte count, 169.6 X 10(3) cells/microliter) and associated with bone marrow erythroid hyperplasia. Thrombocytosis was seen in diet rats (1,580 X 10(3) cells/microliter) but not phlebotomy rats (901 X 10(3) cells/microliter) when compared with controls (809 X 10(3) cells/microliter). To further evaluate the regenerative capability, phenylhydrazine (PHZ) was administered to induce hemolysis. Erythrocyte mass declined approximately 25% in all groups, including controls. The reticulocytosis (265.3 X 10(3) cells/microliter) seen in phlebotomy rats was earlier and significantly greater than that seen in either diet or control rats. Hemoglobin concentration returned to pre-PHZ concentrations (7.9 g/dL) in phlebotomy rats within 4 days posthemolysis. In diet rats, the maximal regenerative response (176.3 X 10(3) cells/microliter) was not seen until 8 days posthemolysis, and hemoglobin (7.5 g/dL) did not return to pre-PHZ concentrations during the 8-day study. In many aspects, the anemia seen following diet- or phlebotomy-induced iron deficiency was similar. However, the erythroid regenerative capability varied depending on the mechanism by which anemia was induced and furthermore altered the efficiency of hemoglobin production following a hemolytic event. These results suggest that the availability of iron in the diet may modulate the pathogenesis of iron deficiency anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jo Burkhard
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Parasitology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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26
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Burkhard MJ, Mathiason CK, O'Halloran K, Hoover EA. Kinetics of early FIV infection in cats exposed via the vaginal versus intravenous route. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002; 18:217-26. [PMID: 11839157 DOI: 10.1089/08892220252781284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the influence of route of virus exposure on early pathogenesis of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection, cats were exposed to either of two FIV isolates (FIV-B-2542 or FIV-A-PPR) by vaginal or intravenous (IV) inoculation. Exposure to either virus clade by either route of inoculation resulted in vaginal and systemic infection. Peak plasma viremia and tissue proviral burden were 1-3 log(10) greater in cats infected with FIV-B-2542 vs. FIV-A-PPR, irrespective of inoculation route. Plasma RNA levels paralleled provirus titers in FIV-B-2542-infected cats and were highest in those exposed IV. In contrast, plasma RNA titers were higher in cats infected vaginally with FIV-A-PPR than in those infected IV. Despite early differences, PBMC provirus titers were similar in all groups by 9 weeks postinfection. In cats infected IV, but not vaginally, CD4(+) lymphocyte counts declined significantly independent of the magnitude of viremia. Mitogen-induced lymphoproliferation was decreased in all infected cats regardless of CD4(+) cell counts; this decline correlated with the magnitude of peak plasma viremia in FIV-B-2542, but not FIV-A-PPR, infected cats. These results establish that the kinetics of early FIV infection differ with route of exposure as well as virus isolate and that properties extrapolated from one virus isolate may not be universal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jo Burkhard
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology, Parasitology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
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27
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Burkhard MJ, Mathiason CK, Bowdre T, Hoover EA. Feline immunodeficiency virus Gag- and Env-specific immune responses after vaginal versus intravenous infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001; 17:1767-78. [PMID: 11788028 DOI: 10.1089/08892220152741469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To better understand the correlation of mucosal and systemic immune responses with lentiviral containment, we contrasted the early mucosal and systemic immune responses induced by vaginal versus intravenous exposure of cats to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) isolates of differing pathogenicity and clade (i.e., FIV-B-2542 and FIV-A-PPR). We found that despite divergence in viral genotype, the mucosal and systemic immune responses induced differed more with route of exposure than virus isolate. In intravenously exposed cats, Gag-specific antibody (both IgG and IgA isotype) predominated in the serum, saliva, and vaginal wash fluid irrespective of infecting virus isolate. While Env-specific responses were more variable, they were more often detected in vaginally infected cats. Both IgG and IgA directed against Gag and Env were consistently present in vaginal wash fluids independent of route of infection or virus isolate. FIV Gag- and Env-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) were detected in blood and tissue lymphocytes of cats infected with either virus strain but were greatest in intravenously infected animals. Likewise, FIV-specific CTLs were detected in CD8(+) vaginal lymphocytes of animals infected by either route but were also more frequent in intravenously inoculated animals. In summary, we found qualitative differences in the immune responses following vaginal infection but no evidence (1) that mucosal immune responses were enhanced in vaginally exposed cats, (2) that local mucosal infection led to measurably greater immune responses in either compartment; or (3) that more prominent immune responses correlated with lower viral burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Burkhard
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Parasitology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
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28
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Abstract
Approximately 350 Amazon parrots were destined for relocation in Peten province, northeastern Guatemala. In random sampling of the parrots, 95 blood and 75 fecal samples were examined individually for parasites. Coccidia were present in 6.0% (3/50) of Amazona autumnalis autumnalis, and they were the only parasites detected. There were no blood parasites observed in 64 A. a. autumnalis, four Amazona pionus senilis, 16 Amazona ferinosa guatemala, 10 Amazona albifronsus albifronsus, and one Amazona xantholora. No fecal parasites were observed in four A. p. senilis, 12 A. f. guatemala, eight A. a. albifronsus, and one A. xantholora.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Rooney
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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Allison RW, Lassen ED, Burkhard MJ, Lappin MR. Effect of a bioflavonoid dietary supplement on acetaminophen-induced oxidative injury to feline erythrocytes. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 217:1157-61. [PMID: 11043685 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of a commercial bioflavonoid antioxidant on acetaminophen-induced oxidative injury to feline erythrocytes. DESIGN Randomized controlled study. ANIMALS 45 healthy age-matched cats. PROCEDURE Cats were assigned to 3 experimental groups. Groups 1 and 3 received a bioflavonoid antioxidant (10 mg/d) orally for 2 weeks. Groups 2 and 3 received an oxidative challenge with acetaminophen (90 mg/kg [41 mg/lb] of body weight, PO) on day 7. Packed cell volume, percentage of erythrocytes with Heinz bodies, blood methemoglobin concentration, and blood reduced and oxidized glutathione concentrations were determined at various times during the 2-week study period. RESULTS Adverse effects were not associated with bioflavonoid antioxidant administration alone. Acetaminophen administration resulted in a significant increase in methemoglobin concentration in groups 2 and 3; differences were not detected between these groups. Heinz body concentrations in groups 2 and 3 increased after acetaminophen administration; however, the increase in cats that received the antioxidant was significantly less than in group-2 cats. Total blood glutathione concentrations did not change significantly in groups 2 and 3 after acetaminophen administration; however, ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione concentration increased significantly after administration in group-2 cats, compared with group-3 cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Oral administration of bioflavonoid antioxidants to cats at risk for oxidative stress may have a beneficial effect on their ability to resist oxidative injury to erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Allison
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1671, USA
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30
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Abstract
Regression of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection was observed in seven of nine vertically infected kittens born to two chronically infected mother cats. Both provirus and nonmaternal FIV antibody were detected in all kittens by 4 weeks of age but only three of the seven kittens were positive by blood mononuclear cell coculture. Between 10 and 14 months of age blood mononuclear cells from each of the seven cats were negative at least once by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), but evidence of virus infection was detected by coculture and/or PCR in biopsied lymph node or bone marrow from five of the seven cats. Despite this evidence of persistent tissue provirus, antibody production did not persist in any of the cats beyond 1 year of age. All seven cats remained asymptomatic although CD4 and CD8 T cell counts were in the low normal range throughout the study. By contrast, two additional perinatally infected littermates that were persistently virus isolation positive developed rapid CD4 depletion and progressed to terminal immunodeficiency by 9 weeks of age. Thus FIV infection can be downregulated and/or sequestered to extremely low levels barely detectable with the assays available, although absolute clearance of virus may not occur. These observations are relevant to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in paralleling both the apparent "regression" of HIV infection reported in some perinatally infected infants and the low-level, apparently stable, infection established by attenuated simian immunodeficiency viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L O'Neil
- Department of Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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Burkhard MJ, Obert LA, O'Neil LL, Diehl LJ, Hoover EA. Mucosal transmission of cell-associated and cell-free feline immunodeficiency virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13:347-55. [PMID: 9071435 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1997.13.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal infection by feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) was assessed via a single exposure of the vaginal or rectal mucosa to either infectious peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), infectious plasma, or cell-free cultured virus. All cats inoculated with cell-free cultured virus (100 or 400 TCID) and 9 of 10 cats inoculated with infected PBMCs (2 x 10(7) or 2 x 10(5)) became persistently viremic within 3 weeks. Neither cat inoculated with 2 x 10(3) PBMCs became viremic. Rectal and vaginal exposure were equally effective routes to induce viremia. CD4+ T cells and mitogen-stimulated PBMC proliferation declined in all infected cats. However, a transient PBMC proliferative response to FIV p24gag occurred in most virus-exposed cats, especially those that did not develop detectable infection. FIV was not transmitted by mucosal exposure to infectious virus in plasma (100 TCID), a dose > 10-fold that needed for infection by parental injection. In vitro studies suggested that a plasma heat-stable virus-neutralizing factor may be associated with failure of plasma virus to establish infection via the mucosal route. Mucosal FIV infection provides a new model with which to study early stages of infection and intervention in transmucosal lentivirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Burkhard
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Burkhard
- Department of Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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Abstract
Invasive cytology of the thoracic and abdominal cavities can provide diagnostic information in a timely manner for the practitioner. The information depends on obtaining a quality sample followed by thorough cytologic evaluation. Diagnostic imaging can enhance the sampling process and minimize the risk. As an adjunct to the historic and clinical information, cytology is valuable in establishing a diagnosis or list of differentials and directing future diagnostics or therapy. The application of cytology of internal organs opens a new window for the differential diagnosis of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Burkhard
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
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Abstract
Vertical transmission of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) was studied in cats infected with either of two FIV clinical isolates (FIV-B-2542 or FIV-AB-2771) prior to breeding and conception. Queens infected 4 to 30 months (mean = 14 months) prior to conception transmitted FIV to 59 of 83 (71%) kittens; 50.6% were virus positive on the day of birth. To examine potential routes of FIV transmission from mother to offspring, kittens were delivered via either vaginal or cesarean birth and nursed by either their virus-infected natural mothers or uninfected surrogate mothers. Comparison of FIV infection rates at birth with those at 6 months of age in kittens delivered by cesarean and surrogate raised demonstrated that late in utero transmission occurred in approximately 20% of kittens. Comparison of kittens nursed by FIV mothers with those by uninfected surrogate mothers demonstrated a 13.5% increase in infection rate of kittens exposed to milk-borne virus. Isolation of virus from 40% of maternal vaginal wash samples and the slightly greater infection rate in vaginally versus cesarean-delivered surrogate-nursed kittens suggested that intrapartum transmission may occur. In addition, we found that low maternal CD4 count (<200 cells per microl), longer duration of maternal infection (>15 months), and maternal symptoms of clinical immunodeficiency correlated with increased rates of mother-to-kitten FIV transmission, paralleling observations in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women. We conclude that FIV infection provides a model in which to explore aspects of human immunodeficiency virus vertical transmission and intervention difficult to address in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L O'Neil
- Department of Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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35
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O'Neil LL, Burkhard MJ, Diehl LJ, Hoover EA. Vertical transmission of feline immunodeficiency virus. Semin Vet Med Surg Small Anim 1995; 10:266-78. [PMID: 8820602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We studied vertical transmission of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) to determine whether it might provide a model with which to study intervention strategies for mother-to-offspring transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We found that pregnant cats acutely infected with FIV (FIV-CSU-2771) transmitted the virus to their offspring via both prenatal and postnatal routes. In utero transmission led to several pathogenic consequences including arrested fetal development, abortion, stillbirth, subnormal birth weights, and birth of viable, virus-infected, and asymptomatic but T cell-deficient kittens. Postnatal milk-borne FIV transmission was demonstrated by the presence of cell-free and cell-associated virus in colostrum and milk and through a foster-nursing experiment. The potential for intrapartum FIV transmission was documented by frequent virus isolation from vaginal wash cells in both the pre- and postpartum periods. FIV transmission was efficient during acute maternal infection, leading to an overall infection rate of 70%. We conclude that FIV vertical transmission may be a useful model with which to evaluate intervention strategies for HIV transmission from mother to child.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L O'Neil
- Department of Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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36
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Abstract
A monoclonal gammopathy composed of immunoglobulin G, with concurrent light-chain proteinuria and generalized lymph node plasmacytosis, was associated with chronic pyoderma in a dog. A uniform population of plasma cells was observed cytologically and histologically in multiple lymph node specimens. A diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance was eventually made by exclusion of other known causes of monoclonal gammopathy, resolution after antibiotic therapy, and no evidence of lymphoproliferative disease after 11 months of follow-up and subsequent necropsy. This report expands the diagnostic considerations for monoclonal gammopathies in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Burkhard
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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37
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Abstract
We studied vertical transmission of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) to determine whether it might provide a model with which to study intervention strategies for mother-to-offspring transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We found that pregnant cats acutely infected with FIV (FIV-CSU-2771) transmitted the virus to their offspring via both prenatal and postnatal routes. In utero transmission led to several pathogenic consequences including arrested fetal development, abortion, stillbirth, subnormal birth weights, and birth of viable, virus-infected, and asymptomatic but T cell-deficient kittens. Postnatal milk-borne FIV transmission was demonstrated by the presence of cell-free and cell-associated virus in colostrum and milk and through a foster-nursing experiment. The potential for intrapartum FIV transmission was documented by frequent virus isolation from vaginal wash cells in both the pre- and postpartum periods. FIV transmission was efficient during acute maternal infection, leading to an overall infection rate of 70%. We conclude that FIV vertical transmission may be a useful model with which to evaluate intervention strategies for HIV transmission from mother to child.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L O'Neil
- Department of Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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