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Zhang S, Yang R, Zhao M, Li S, Yin N, Zhang A, Faiola F. Typical neonicotinoids and organophosphate esters, but not their metabolites, adversely impact early human development by activating BMP4 signaling. J Hazard Mater 2024; 465:133028. [PMID: 38006857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the presence of potentially harmful chemicals, such as neonicotinoids (NEOs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs), in everyday items. Despite their potential threats to human health, these dangers are often overlooked. In a previous study, we discovered that NEOs and OPEs can negatively impact development, but liver metabolism can help mitigate their harmful effects. In our current research, our objective was to investigate the toxicity mechanisms associated with NEOs, OPEs, and their liver metabolites using a human embryonic stem cell-based differentiation model that mimics early embryonic development. Our transcriptomics data revealed that NEOs and OPEs significantly influenced the expression of hundreds of genes, disrupted around 100 biological processes, and affected two signaling pathways. Notably, the BMP4 signaling pathway emerged as a key player in the disruption caused by exposure to these pollutants. Both NEOs and OPEs activated BMP4 signaling, potentially impacting early embryonic development. Interestingly, we observed that treatment with a human liver S9 fraction, which mimics liver metabolism, effectively reduced the toxic effects of these pollutants. Most importantly, it reversed the adverse effects dependent on the BMP4 pathway. These findings suggest that normal liver function plays a crucial role in detoxifying environmental pollutants and provides valuable experimental insights for addressing this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Renjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shichang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nuoya Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Aiqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Francesco Faiola
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Iwabuchi T, Ogura K, Hagiwara K, Ueno S, Kitamura H, Yamanishi H, Tsunekawa Y, Kiso A. Ginsenosides in Panax ginseng Extract Promote Anagen Transition by Suppressing BMP4 Expression and Promote Human Hair Growth by Stimulating Follicle-Cell Proliferation. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:240-244. [PMID: 38246611 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Studies showing that Panax ginseng promotes hair growth have largely been conducted using mice; there are few reports on how P. ginseng affects human hair growth. In particular, little is known about its effect on the telogen to anagen transition. To determine the effect of P. ginseng on human hair growth and the transition from the telogen to the anagen phase. The effects of P. ginseng extract (PGE) and the three major ginsenoside components, Rb1, Rg1, and Re, on the proliferation of human dermal papilla cells (DPCs) and human outer root sheath cells (ORSCs) were investigated. The effects of these compounds on the cell expression of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18) and Noggin were assessed by real-time PCR. The effect of PGE on hair-shaft elongation was determined in a human hair follicle organ-culture system. PGE and the three ginsenosides stimulated the proliferation of DPCs and ORSCs and suppressed BMP4 expression in DPCs but did not affect FGF18 expression in ORSCs and Noggin expression in DPCs. PGE stimulated hair-shaft growth. PGE and the ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, and Re stimulate the transition from the telogen phase to anagen phase of the hair cycle by suppressing BMP4 expression in DPCs. These compounds might be useful for promoting the growth of human hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuro Iwabuchi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
| | - Kazuki Ogura
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
| | - Kenta Hagiwara
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
| | - Shogo Ueno
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
| | - Hiroaki Kitamura
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
| | - Haruyo Yamanishi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
| | - Yuki Tsunekawa
- Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
| | - Akinori Kiso
- Research Center, Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd
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Li Q, Qiao Y, Wang F, Zhao J, Wu L, Ge H, Xu S. Prenatal triclosan exposure impairs mammalian lung branching morphogenesis through activating Bmp4 signaling. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2023; 256:114896. [PMID: 37054474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a commonly used antibacterial agent present in personal care and household products. Recently, there have been increasing concerns about the association between children's health and TCS exposure during gestation, but the toxicological effects of TCS exposure on embryonic lung development remain undetermined. In this study, through using an ex vivo lung explant culture system, we found that prenatal exposure to TCS resulted in impaired lung branching morphogenesis and altered proximal-distal airway patterning. These TCS-induced dysplasias are accompanied by significantly reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis within the developing lung, as a consequence of activated Bmp4 signaling. Inhibition of Bmp4 signaling by Noggin partially rescues the lung branching morphogenesis and cellular defects in TCS-exposed lung explants. In addition, we provided in vivo evidence that administration of TCS during gestation leads to compromised branching formation and enlarged airspace in the lung of offspring. Thus, this study provides novel toxicological information on TCS and indicated a strong/possible association between TCS exposure during pregnancy and lung dysplasia in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuling Li
- Institute of Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Yulong Qiao
- Institute of Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Institute of Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Institute of Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Lijun Wu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Honghua Ge
- Institute of Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Shengmin Xu
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
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Huyut Z, Bakan N, Yıldırım S, Akbay Hİ, Huyut MT, Ahlatçı A, Uçar B. Can zaprinast and avanafil induce the levels of angiogenesis, bone morphogenic protein 2, 4 and 7 in kidney of ovariectomised rats? Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:945-950. [PMID: 32207349 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1740743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated effects of zaprinast and avanafil on angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), bone morphogenic protein (BMP) 2, 4 and 7. METHODS Female rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6). Sham; abdomen was approximately 2 cm opened and closed. Ovariectomised (OVX); abdomen was opened 2 cm and the ovaries were cut. OVX + zaprinast and OVX + avanafil groups; after the same procedure with OVX, 10 mg/kg zaprinast and avanafil were orally administered for 2 month, respectively. Angiogenesis and the levels of VEGF, BMP2, 4 and 7 were determined. RESULTS VEGF, BMP2, 4 and 7 levels in OVX + zaprinast and especially OVX + avanafil groups were higher than the sham and OVX (p < .05). However, only VEGF and BMP2 levels in OVX + zaprinast group were significant according to sham (p < .05). Also, angiogenesis in OVX + zaprinast and OVX + avanafil groups was dominant according to sham and OVX (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Zaprinast and avanafil induced BMP2, 4 and 7 levels synergistically with increased VEGF and angiogenesis in renal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zübeyir Huyut
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Nuri Bakan
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yıldırım
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Halil İbrahim Akbay
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tahir Huyut
- Deparment of Biostatistics, Medical Faculty, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Adem Ahlatçı
- Vocational School of Health Services, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Bünyamin Uçar
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
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Huyut Z, Alp HH, Bakan N, Yıldırım S, Şekeroğlu MR. Stimulating effects of vardenafil, tadalafil, and udenafil on vascular endothelial growth factor, angiogenesis, vitamin D 3, bone morphogenic proteins in ovariectomized rats. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:1121-1127. [PMID: 32314927 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1755695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effect of vardenafil, tadalafil, and udenafil from phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE-5Is) on bone morphogenic-protein (BMP)2 and 4 levels, along with angiogenesis in ovariectomized rat's kidney. METHOD Rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10). Sham: abdomen was opened, and closed. OVX: ovaries were removed. OVX + vardenafil, OVX + tadalafil, and OVX + udenafil groups: ovaries were removed and closed, and after 6 months from postoperative, 10 mg/kg of vardenafil, tadalafil, and udenafil were administrated as daily a single-dose for 60 days, respectively. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical examinations were performed for angiogenesis, and biochemical analysis for vascular endothelial growth-factor (VEGF), VitaminD3, BMP2 and 4 levels in rat's kidney. RESULTS VEGF, BMP2 and 4, VitaminD3, and angiogenesis were high in the all inhibitor groups compared with the sham and OVX (p < .05). However, BMP4 levels were only high in the OVX + tadalafil group (p < .05). CONCLUSION The results indicated that vardenafil, udenafil, and especially tadalafil increased VEGF, BMP2, and VitaminD3 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zübeyir Huyut
- Medical Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Hamit Hakan Alp
- Medical Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Nuri Bakan
- Medical Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yıldırım
- Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Pathology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Roberts RM, Ezashi T, Temple J, Owen JR, Soncin F, Parast MM. The role of BMP4 signaling in trophoblast emergence from pluripotency. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:447. [PMID: 35877048 PMCID: PMC10243463 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04478-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling pathway has established roles in early embryonic morphogenesis, particularly in the epiblast. More recently, however, it has also been implicated in development of extraembryonic lineages, including trophectoderm (TE), in both mouse and human. In this review, we will provide an overview of this signaling pathway, with a focus on BMP4, and its role in emergence and development of TE in both early mouse and human embryogenesis. Subsequently, we will build on these in vivo data and discuss the utility of BMP4-based protocols for in vitro conversion of primed vs. naïve pluripotent stem cells (PSC) into trophoblast, and specifically into trophoblast stem cells (TSC). PSC-derived TSC could provide an abundant, reproducible, and ethically acceptable source of cells for modeling placental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Michael Roberts
- Division of Animal Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Toshihiko Ezashi
- Division of Animal Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine, 10290 Ridgegate Circle, Lone Tree, CO, 80124, USA
| | - Jasmine Temple
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Joseph R Owen
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Francesca Soncin
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Mana M Parast
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Abstract
Tooth agenesis is a common structural birth defect in humans that results from failure of morphogenesis during early tooth development. The homeobox transcription factor Msx1 and the canonical Wnt signaling pathway are essential for "bud to cap" morphogenesis and are causal factors for tooth agenesis. Our recent study suggested that Msx1 regulates Wnt signaling during early tooth development by suppressing the expression of Dkk2 and Sfrp2 in the tooth bud mesenchyme, and it demonstrated partial rescue of Msx1-deficient molar teeth by a combination of DKK inhibition and genetic inactivation of SFRPs. In this study, we found that Sostdc1/Wise, another secreted Wnt antagonist, is involved in regulating the odontogenic pathway downstream of Msx1. Whereas Sostdc1 expression in the developing tooth germ was not increased in Msx1-/- embryos, genetic inactivation of Sostdc1 rescued maxillary molar, but not mandibular molar, morphogenesis in Msx1-/- mice with full penetrance. Since the Msx1-/-;Sostdc1-/- embryos exhibited ectopic Dkk2 expression in the developing dental mesenchyme, similar to Msx1-/- embryos, we generated and analyzed tooth development in Msx1-/-;Dkk2-/- double and Msx1-/-;Dkk2-/-;Sostdc1-/- triple mutant mice. The Msx1-/-;Dkk2-/- double mutants showed rescued maxillary molar morphogenesis at high penetrance, with a small percentage also exhibiting mandibular molars that transitioned to the cap stage. Furthermore, tooth development was rescued in the maxillary and mandibular molars, with full penetrance, in the Msx1-/-;Dkk2-/-;Sostdc1-/- mice. Together, these data reveal 1) that a key role of Msx1 in driving tooth development through the bud-to-cap transition is to control the expression of Dkk2 and 2) that modulation of Wnt signaling activity by Dkk2 and Sostdc1 plays a crucial role in the Msx1-dependent odontogenic pathway during early tooth morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.-M. Lee
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - C. Qin
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - O.H. Chai
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Y. Lan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R. Jiang
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - H.-J.E. Kwon
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Chen Y, Ma B, Wang X, Zha X, Sheng C, Yang P, Qu S. Potential Functions of the BMP Family in Bone, Obesity, and Glucose Metabolism. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:6707464. [PMID: 34258293 PMCID: PMC8249130 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6707464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Characteristic bone metabolism was observed in obesity and diabetes with controversial conclusions. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity may manifest increased bone mineral density. Also, obesity is more easily to occur in T2DM. Therefore, we infer that some factors may be linked to bone and obesity as well as glucose metabolism, which regulate all of them. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), belonging to the transforming growth factor- (TGF-) beta superfamily, regulate a diverse array of cellular functions during development and in the adult. More and more studies revealed that there exists a relationship between bone metabolism and obesity as well as glucose metabolism. BMP2, BMP4, BMP6, BMP7, and BMP9 have been shown to affect the pathophysiological process of obesity and glucose metabolism beyond bone metabolism. They may exert functions in adipogenesis and differentiation as well as insulin resistance. In the review, we summarize the literature on these BMPs and their association with metabolic diseases including obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu 610017, China
| | - Bingwei Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingchun Wang
- Thyroid Research Center of Shanghai, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zha
- Thyroid Research Center of Shanghai, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Chunjun Sheng
- Thyroid Research Center of Shanghai, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Thyroid Research Center of Shanghai, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Shen Qu
- Thyroid Research Center of Shanghai, Shanghai 200072, China
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Yang P, Troncone L, Augur ZM, Kim SSJ, McNeil ME, Yu PB. The role of bone morphogenetic protein signaling in vascular calcification. Bone 2020; 141:115542. [PMID: 32736145 PMCID: PMC8185454 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is associated with atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes, and results from processes resembling endochondral or intramembranous ossification, or from processes that are distinct from ossification. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), as well as other ligands, receptors, and regulators of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) family regulate vascular and valvular calcification by modulating the phenotypic plasticity of multipotent progenitor lineages associated with the vasculature or valves. While osteogenic ligands BMP2 and BMP4 appear to be both markers and drivers of vascular calcification, particularly in atherosclerosis, BMP7 may serve to protect against calcification in chronic kidney disease. BMP signaling regulators such as matrix Gla protein and BMP-binding endothelial regulator protein (BMPER) play protective roles in vascular calcification. The effects of BMP signaling molecules in vascular calcification are context-dependent, tissue-dependent, and cell-type specific. Here we review the current knowledge on mechanisms by which BMP signaling regulates vascular calcification and the potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Yang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Luca Troncone
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zachary M Augur
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephanie S J Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Megan E McNeil
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paul B Yu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Küchler EC, Hannegraf ND, Lara RM, Reis CLB, Oliveira DSBD, Mazzi-Chaves JF, Ribeiro Andrades KM, Lima LFD, Salles AG, Antunes LAA, Sousa-Neto MD, Antunes LS, Baratto-Filho F. Investigation of Genetic Polymorphisms in BMP2, BMP4, SMAD6, and RUNX2 and Persistent Apical Periodontitis. J Endod 2020; 47:278-285. [PMID: 33245975 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to evaluate the interplay among single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the encoding genes BMP2, BMP4, SMAD6, and RUNX2 in persistent apical periodontitis (PAP). METHODS In this multicentric study, 272 patients diagnosed with pulp necrosis with apical periodontitis before root canal therapy who attended regular follow-up visits for at least 1 year were screened. Periapical radiographs and clinical aspects were evaluated, and the participants were classified as PAP (n = 110) or repaired (n = 162). Genomic DNA was used for the genotyping of the following SNPs: rs1005464 and rs235768 in bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), rs17563 in bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), rs2119261 and rs3934908 in SMAD family member 6 (SMAD6), and rs59983488 and rs1200425 in runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). The chi-square test was used to compare genotype distributions between groups. The multifactor dimensionality reduction method was applied to identify SNP-SNP interactions. The alpha for all the analysis was 5%. RESULTS The multifactor dimensionality reduction suggested the rs235768 in BMP2 and rs59983488 in RUNX2 as the best SNP-SNP interaction model (cross-validation = 10/10, testing balanced accuracy = 0.584, P = .026) followed by rs17563 in BMP4 and rs2119261 in SMAD6 (cross validation = 10/10, testing balanced accuracy = 0.580, P = .031). In the rs235768 in BMP2 and rs59983488 in RUNX2 model, the high-risk genotype was TT + TT (odds ratio = 4.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.44-42.1). In model rs17563 in BMP4 and rs2119261 in SMAD6, GG + TT (odds ratio = 2.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.71-11.9) was the high-risk genotype. CONCLUSIONS The interactions between rs235768 in BMP2 and rs59983488 in RUNX2 and between rs17563 in BMP4 and rs2119261 in SMAD6 are associated with PAP, suggesting that an interplay of these SNPs is involved in the higher risk of developing PAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Calvano Küchler
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Rafaela Mariana Lara
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Luiz Bitencourt Reis
- Department of Clinic and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Minas, Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Jardel Francisco Mazzi-Chaves
- Department of Restorative Dentistry Department, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kesly Mary Ribeiro Andrades
- Department of Restorative Dentistry Department, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lorena Ferreira de Lima
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Guimarães Salles
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry of Health Institute of Nova Friburgo from the Fluminense Federal University; and Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University from the Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Livia Azeredo Alves Antunes
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry of Health Institute of Nova Friburgo from the Fluminense Federal University; and Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University from the Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Manoel Damião Sousa-Neto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry Department, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Santos Antunes
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry of Health Institute of Nova Friburgo from the Fluminense Federal University; and Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University from the Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into multiple types of cells derived from mesenchyme. Periodontal ligament cells are primarily derived from mesenchyme; thus, we expected mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into periodontal ligament. Using a combination of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization on co-cultures of mesenchymal stem cells and periodontal ligament, we observed a significant increase in mesenchymal stem cells’ expression of osteocalcin and osteopontin and a significant decrease in expression of bone sialoprotein, characteristics of periodontal ligament in vivo. Increased osteopontin and osteocalcin and decreased bone sialoprotein expression was detected within 7 days and maintained through 21 days of co-culture. We conclude that contact or factors from periodontal ligament induced mesenchymal stem cells to obtain periodontal-ligament-like characteristics. Importantly, analysis of the data suggests the feasibility of utilizing mesenchymal stem cells in clinical applications for repairing and/or regenerating periodontal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Kramer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, 3302 Gaston Ave., Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath (HERS) plays an important role in tooth root formation. In this study, we examined root formation of the first molar in mice, focusing on cell proliferation, cell death, cell migration, and the expression patterns of the signaling molecules, including glycoproteins and proteoglycans between PN8 and PN26. The number of HERS cells decreased during root formation, although HERS retained total length until PN15. The migration of HERS cells did not occur during root formation. Moreover, the immunopositive reaction of laminin beta-3 and syndecan-1 in HERS indicates that both cell adhesion and cell proliferation are essential for HERS development. Bmp-2, Bmp-4, and Msx-2 were expressed in HERS cells during root formation. We also developed an in vitro culture system for investigating the periodontium and suggest that this system provides an excellent vehicle for full exploration, and hence improved understanding, of the development and regeneration of the periodontium. Together, our results provide a comprehensive model describing the morphogenesis of early root development in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yamamoto
- Department of Oral Biology, Research Center for Orofacial Hard Tissue Regeneration, Oral Science Research Center, College of Dentistry, Brain Korea 21 project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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13
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Li X, Ran P, Wang J. [mRNA expression of Follistatin and follistatin-like 3, bone morphogenetic protein-4 antagonists in lung tissues of hypoxic mice]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 2015; 38:119-121. [PMID: 25908422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the expression changes of Follistatin (FSN) and follistatin-like 3 (FSRP) mRNA, both of bone morphogenetic protein-4(BMP4) antagonists, in mice lung tissue under different hypoxic time and its relation with BMP4. METHODS Thirty BMP4+/+ C57BL/6J wild type mice were randomly divided into normoxic control group, and 4 groups including 1 day, 3 days, 7 days and 21 days under hypoxic condition. The hypoxic animal model was established by exposing the mice to hypoxic condition for different time. The expressing level of FSN and FSRP mRNA in lung tissues were measured by Quantitative Real-Time PCR. RESULTS FSN and FSRP mRNA increased in hypoxic 1 day group as (28.0 ± 9.4) and (2.0 ± 0.4), in hypoxic 3 day group, FSN mRNA increased by (6.3 ± 3.2) and FSRP mRNA by (1.67 ± 0.7) (P < 0. 05). Compared with the normoxic group (1.77 ± 0.36) and (1.22 ± 0.15) (P < 0. 01), FSN and FSRP mRNA up-regulated in hypoxic 7 day group. The positive degree of FSN and FSRP mRNA in hypoxic 21 day group were (1.04 ± 0.27) and (0.85 ± 0.10) (P < 0. 05). In normoxic 1 day group, FSN mRNA of lung tissues of BMP4+/- C57BL/6J mice was (0.95 ± 0.05); FSRP mRNA was (1.11 ± 0.03) (P < 0. 05). In BMP4+/- C57BL/6J mice lung tissues, FSN mRNA were (1.10 ± 0.40) (P < 0. 05); FSRP mRNA were (0.85 ± 0.18). CONCLUSIONS The expression of FSN and FSRP mRNA in hypoxic 1;3;7 day mice lung tissues increased obviously, and FSN may play an important role in the hypoxic pulmonary hypertension through BMP4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Pixin Ran
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
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Zou C, Gao QP, Hussam HB, Wang W, Bai XN, He FQ. [BMP2/BMP4 genetic evaluation in 40 patients with tooth agenesis]. Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue 2015; 24:83-88. [PMID: 25858375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the potential mutation in BMP2/BMP4 genes in Chinese patients with non-syndromic hypodontia. METHODS Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples of 40 non-syndromic hypodontia Chinese patients. One hundred unrelated individuals, who were not affected with tooth agenesis (excluding third molars), were used as controls. PCR was performed to amplify each exon of BMP2/BMP4 genes. Gel-purified PCR fragments were sequenced to detect mutations. SPSS13.0 software package was used to analyze the data. RESULTS We identified 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) BMP2, c.109T>G p.Ser37Ala; c.261A> G p.Ser87Ser; c.570A>T p.Arg190Ser; BMP4 c.455T> C p.Val152Ala; and a novel mutation BMP2 c.166C> G p.Arg56Gly within the family. CONCLUSIONS Our finding suggests that all the identified SNPs and the new mutation of BMP2 may be responsible for tooth agenesis in the participants, but the possible association requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zou
- Department of Prosthodontics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University. Changsha 410008; Hunan Province, China.E-mail:
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15
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Abdel-Hakeem AK, Henry TQ, Magee TR, Desai M, Ross MG, Mansano RZ, Torday JS, Nast CC. Mechanisms of impaired nephrogenesis with fetal growth restriction: altered renal transcription and growth factor expression. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 199:252.e1-7. [PMID: 18639218 PMCID: PMC2932650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2008] [Revised: 03/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal food restriction during pregnancy results in growth-restricted newborns and reduced glomerular number, contributing to programmed offspring hypertension. We investigated whether reduced nephrogenesis may be programmed by dysregulation of factors controlling ureteric bud branching and mesenchyme to epithelial transformation. STUDY DESIGN At 10 to 20 days' gestation, Sprague Dawley pregnant rats (n = 6/group) received ad libitum food; food-restricted rats were 50% food restricted. At embryonic day 20, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein expression of Wilms' tumor 1 gene product (WT1), paired box transcription factor (Pax)-2, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), cRET, wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site (WNT)4, WNT11, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4, BMP7, and FGF7 were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. RESULTS Maternal food restriction resulted in up-regulated mRNA expression for WT1, FGF2, and BMP7, whereas Pax2, GDNF, FGF7, BMP4, WNT4, and WNT11 mRNAs were down-regulated. Protein expression was concordant for WT1, GDNF, Pax2, FGF7, BMP4, and WNT4. CONCLUSION Maternal food restriction altered gene expression of fetal renal transcription and growth factors and likely contributes to development of offspring hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed K Abdel-Hakeem
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Saito K, Konishi I, Nishiguchi M, Hoshino T, Fujiwara T. Amelogenin binds to both heparan sulfate and bone morphogenetic protein 2 and pharmacologically suppresses the effect of noggin. Bone 2008. [PMID: 18515207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) is widely considered useful to promote tissue regeneration during periodontal treatment. It has been reported that the main constituent of EMD is amelogenin and that the BMP-like and TGF-beta-like activity of EMD promotes osteogenesis. However, it remains unclear whether those activities are dependent on amelogenin or another growth factor contained in EMD. We performed two-dimensional SDS-PAGE analysis of EMD, as well as Western blot analyses using anti-amelogenin, anti-BMP2/4, and anti-TGF-beta1 antibodies, and amino acid sequencing. Our results revealed that a large number of splicing forms of amelogenin, BMP2/4, and other unknown molecules were involved in EMD, though TGF-beta1 was not. In addition, we have evaluated intracellular signaling of ERK1/2 and Smad1/5/8, binding potential and alkaline phosphatase activity and have explored the potential regulatory relationship between amelogenin and BMP. Amelogenin bound to BMP2 as well as heparin/heparan sulfate. Thus, it was suggested that BMP2/4 carried over in EMD during processing promote binding activity and phosphorylate Smad1/5/8 in osteoblasts. On the other hand, amelogenin did not phosphorylate Smad1/5/8, but rather ERK1/2. Further, high-density amelogenin reduced the inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity by noggin, though amelogenin did not have antagonistic properties against BMP. Together with the above findings, our findings suggest that the BMP2/4 contaminated during the purification process of EMD because of the avidity of amelogenin plays an important role in signaling pathway of calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Saito
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Ikuri Konishi
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Miyuki Nishiguchi
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Tomonori Hoshino
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan.
| | - Taku Fujiwara
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
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Lavery K, Swain P, Falb D, Alaoui-Ismaili MH. BMP-2/4 and BMP-6/7 differentially utilize cell surface receptors to induce osteoblastic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:20948-58. [PMID: 18436533 PMCID: PMC3258927 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800850200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of growth factors and are used clinically to induce new bone formation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate receptor utilization by BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-6, and BMP-7 in primary human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC), a physiologically relevant cell type that probably mediates the in vivo effects of BMPs. RNA interference-mediated gene knockdown revealed that osteoinductive BMP activities in hMSC are elicited through the type I receptors ACVR1A and BMPR1A and the type II receptors ACVR2A and BMPR2. BMPR1B and ACVR2B were expressed at low levels and were not found to play a significant role in signaling by any of the BMPs evaluated in this study. Type II receptor utilization differed significantly between BMP-2/4 and BMP-6/7. A greater reliance on BMPR2 was observed for BMP-2/4 relative to BMP-6/7, whereas ACVR2A was more critical to signaling by BMP-6/7 than BMP-2/4. Significant differences were also observed for the type I receptors. Although BMP-2/4 used predominantly BMPR1A for signaling, ACVR1A was the preferred type I receptor for BMP-6/7. Signaling by both BMP-2/4 and BMP-6/7 was mediated by homodimers of ACVR1A or BMPR1A. A portion of BMP-2/4 signaling also required concurrent BMPR1A and ACVR1A expression, suggesting that BMP-2/4 signal in part through ACVR1A/BMPR1A heterodimers. The capacity of ACVR1A and BMPR1A to form homodimers and heterodimers was confirmed by bioluminescence resonance energy transfer analyses. These results suggest different mechanisms for BMP-2/4- and BMP-6/7-induced osteoblastic differentiation in primary hMSC.
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Shakèd M, Weissmüller K, Svoboda H, Hortschansky P, Nishino N, Wölfl S, Tucker KL. Histone deacetylases control neurogenesis in embryonic brain by inhibition of BMP2/4 signaling. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2668. [PMID: 18628975 PMCID: PMC2441862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Histone-modifying enzymes are essential for a wide variety of cellular processes dependent upon changes in gene expression. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) lead to the compaction of chromatin and subsequent silencing of gene transcription, and they have recently been implicated in a diversity of functions and dysfunctions in the postnatal and adult brain including ocular dominance plasticity, memory consolidation, drug addiction, and depression. Here we investigate the role of HDACs in the generation of neurons and astrocytes in the embryonic brain. Principal Findings As a variety of HDACs are expressed in differentiating neural progenitor cells, we have taken a pharmacological approach to inhibit multiple family members. Inhibition of class I and II HDACs in developing mouse embryos with trichostatin A resulted in a dramatic reduction in neurogenesis in the ganglionic eminences and a modest increase in neurogenesis in the cortex. An identical effect was observed upon pharmacological inhibition of HDACs in in vitro-differentiating neural precursors derived from the same brain regions. A reduction in neurogenesis in ganglionic eminence-derived neural precursors was accompanied by an increase in the production of immature astrocytes. We show that HDACs control neurogenesis by inhibition of the bone morphogenetic protein BMP2/4 signaling pathway in radial glial cells. HDACs function at the transcriptional level by inhibiting and promoting, respectively, the expression of Bmp2 and Smad7, an intracellular inhibitor of BMP signaling. Inhibition of the BMP2/4 signaling pathway restored normal levels of neurogenesis and astrogliogenesis to both ganglionic eminence- and cortex-derived cultures in which HDACs were inhibited. Conclusions Our results demonstrate a transcriptionally-based regulation of BMP2/4 signaling by HDACs both in vivo and in vitro that is critical for neurogenesis in the ganglionic eminences and that modulates cortical neurogenesis. The results also suggest that HDACs may regulate the developmental switch from neurogenesis to astrogliogenesis that occurs in late gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Shakèd
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Weissmüller
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanno Svoboda
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Hortschansky
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Norikazu Nishino
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerry L. Tucker
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Quarto N, Wan DC, Longaker MT. Molecular mechanisms of FGF-2 inhibitory activity in the osteogenic context of mouse adipose-derived stem cells (mASCs). Bone 2008; 42:1040-52. [PMID: 18420480 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adipose-derived adult stem cells (ASCs), like their bone-marrow derived counterparts, possess the ability to differentiate down osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic, and myogenic pathways. For bone differentiation of mouse ASCs (mASCs), retinoic-acid mediated upregulation of BMPR-IB has been found to be necessary. Interestingly, our previous work has also shown Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 (FGF-2) to strongly inhibit this osteogenic differentiation, even in the presence of retinoic acid. In this report, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying FGF-2 mediated osteogenic inhibition, demonstrating that addition of exogenous FGF-2 to mASCs antagonizes upregulation of BMPR-IB gene expression in response to retinoic acid. In addition, constitutive expression of BMPR-IB, but not BMPR-IA or BMPR-II, was found to counteract the inhibitory effects of FGF-2. Finally, p53(-/-) mASCs and human ASCs, both of which express high levels of endogenous BMPR-IB, underwent normal osteogenic differentiation even in the presence of FGF-2. Collectively, our data therefore indicate that FGF-2 antagonizes the response of mASCs to retinoic acid and also suggest that threshold levels of BMPR-IB may play a crucial role both in counteracting the inhibitory role of FGF-2 and in promoting osteogenic differentiation of ASCs in the absence of retinoic acid. Moreover, the present study also indicates that differences exist between mouse and human ASCs in relationship to FGF-2 activity in the osteogenic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalina Quarto
- Children's Surgical Research Program, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Abstract
Arterial calcification is ubiquitous in vascular disease and is, in part, prevented by matrix Gla protein (MGP). MGP binds calcium ions through gamma-carboxylated glutamates (Gla residues) and inhibits bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2/-4. We hypothesized that a conserved proline (Pro)64 is essential for BMP inhibition. We further hypothesized that calcium binding by the Gla residues is a prerequisite for BMP inhibition. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to modify Pro64 and the Gla residues, and the effect on BMP-4 activity, and binding of BMP-4 and calcium was tested using luciferase reporter gene assays, coimmunoprecipitation, crosslinking, and calcium quantification. The results showed that Pro64 was critical for binding and inhibition of BMP-4 but not for calcium binding. The Gla residues were also required for BMP-4 binding but flexibility existed. As long as 1 Gla residue remained on each side of Pro64, the ability to bind and inhibit BMP-4 was preserved. Chelation of calcium ions by EDTA or warfarin treatment of cells led to loss of ability of MGP to bind BMP-4. Our results also showed that phenylalanine could replace Pro64 without loss of function and that zebrafish MGP, which lacks upstream Gla residues, did not function as a BMP inhibitor. The effect of MGP mutagenesis on vascular calcification was determined in calcifying vascular cells. Only MGP proteins with preserved ability to bind and inhibit BMP-4 prevented osteogenic differentiation and calcification. Together, our results suggest that BMP and calcium binding in MGP are independent but functionally intertwined processes and that the BMP binding is essential for prevention of vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679, USA
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Abir R, Ben-Haroush A, Melamed N, Felz C, Krissi H, Fisch B. Expression of bone morphogenetic proteins 4 and 7 and their receptors IA, IB, and II in human ovaries from fetuses and adults. Fertil Steril 2008; 89:1430-40. [PMID: 17624341 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the immunocytochemical and mRNA expression of bone morphogenetic proteins 4 (BMP-4) and 7 (BMP-7) and their three receptors (BMPR-IA, BMPR-IB, and BMPR-II) in ovaries from human adults and fetuses. DESIGN Immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization study. SETTING Major tertiary care and referral academic centers. PATIENT(S) Sixteen adolescents/adults aged 13-38 years and 31 women undergoing second and third trimester pregnancy terminations. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization on paraffin sections of human ovaries from fetuses and adults. RESULT(S) The expression of the proteins for BMP-4 and BMP-7 and their receptors was detected in oogonia/oocytes and stroma cells from both sources (fetuses and women/adolescents). BMP-7 and the three receptors were identified in all of these granulosa cells, and BMP-4 was detected only in the granulosa cells of women/adolescents. Transcripts for all five ligands were identified in stroma cells of all samples and in fetal oogonia/oocytes. BMPR-IA and BMPR-IB mRNA expression was also identified in oocytes from women/adolescents. BMP-7 and BMPR-IA mRNA staining was detected in fetal granulosa cells. CONCLUSION(S) This is the first report of the expression of BMP-4 and BMP-7 and their receptors in human ovaries from fetuses as well as adults. However, to elucidate whether indeed BMP-4 or BMP-7 are involved in the initiation of human primordial follicular growth, they should be added to the culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Abir
- Infertility and IVF Unit, Helen Schneider Hospital for Women, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva, Israel.
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Porayette P, Paulson RF. BMP4/Smad5 dependent stress erythropoiesis is required for the expansion of erythroid progenitors during fetal development. Dev Biol 2008; 317:24-35. [PMID: 18374325 PMCID: PMC2409149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 01/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The rapid growth of the embryo places severe demands on the ability of the cardiovascular system to deliver oxygen to cells. To meet this need, erythroid progenitors rapidly expand in the fetal liver microenvironment such that by E14.5, erythropoiesis predominates in the fetal liver. In this report we show that the BMP4/Smad5 dependent stress erythropoiesis pathway plays a key role in the expansion of erythroid progenitors in the fetal liver. These data show that the fetal liver contains two populations of erythroid progenitors. One population resembles the steady state erythroid progenitors found in the adult bone marrow. While the second population exhibits the properties of stress erythroid progenitors found in adult spleen. Here we demonstrate that defects in BMP4/Smad5 signaling preferentially affect the expansion of the stress erythroid progenitors in the fetal liver leading to fetal anemia. These data suggest that steady state erythropoiesis is unable to generate sufficient erythrocytes to maintain the rapid growth of the embryo leading to the induction of the BMP4 dependent stress erythropoiesis pathway. These observations underscore the similarities between fetal erythropoiesis and stress erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Porayette
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Molecular Medicine Option at The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Robert F. Paulson
- The Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Molecular Medicine Option at The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- The Center for Molecular, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Molecular Medicine Option at The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Molecular Medicine Option at The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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Chang W, Lin Z, Kulessa H, Hebert J, Hogan BLM, Wu DK. Bmp4 is essential for the formation of the vestibular apparatus that detects angular head movements. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e1000050. [PMID: 18404215 PMCID: PMC2274953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Angular head movements in vertebrates are detected by the three semicircular canals of the inner ear and their associated sensory tissues, the cristae. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4), a member of the Transforming growth factor family (TGF-β), is conservatively expressed in the developing cristae in several species, including zebrafish, frog, chicken, and mouse. Using mouse models in which Bmp4 is conditionally deleted within the inner ear, as well as chicken models in which Bmp signaling is knocked down specifically in the cristae, we show that Bmp4 is essential for the formation of all three cristae and their associated canals. Our results indicate that Bmp4 does not mediate the formation of sensory hair and supporting cells within the cristae by directly regulating genes required for prosensory development in the inner ear such as Serrate1 (Jagged1 in mouse), Fgf10, and Sox2. Instead, Bmp4 most likely mediates crista formation by regulating Lmo4 and Msx1 in the sensory region and Gata3, p75Ngfr, and Lmo4 in the non-sensory region of the crista, the septum cruciatum. In the canals, Bmp2 and Dlx5 are regulated by Bmp4, either directly or indirectly. Mechanisms involved in the formation of sensory organs of the vertebrate inner ear are thought to be analogous to those regulating sensory bristle formation in Drosophila. Our results suggest that, in comparison to sensory bristles, crista formation within the inner ear requires an additional step of sensory and non-sensory fate specification. Disruption of the sense of balance is highly debilitating, causing vertigo and nausea. Maintenance of proper balance requires sensory inputs from many body parts, including the inner ears and the eyes. Within the inner ear, the vestibular apparatus plays a key role in the sense of balance and is responsible for detecting head orientation and movements. The portion of the vestibular apparatus that detects angular head movements consists of three fluid-filled, semicircular canals oriented at right angles to each other. At one end of each canal is an enlargement that houses the sensory tissue, crista ampullaris, consisting of sensory hair cells and supporting cells. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4), a secreted signaling molecule, is expressed in these sensory regions during development. However, the lack of Bmp4 in mice affects the formation of not only the sensory regions but also their associated canals. These results demonstrate for the first time that a single gene, Bmp4, is required for the formation of the entire sensory apparatus for detecting angular head movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weise Chang
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zhengshi Lin
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Holger Kulessa
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jean Hebert
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Brigid L. M. Hogan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Centre, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Doris K. Wu
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ara J, See J, Mamontov P, Hahn A, Bannerman P, Pleasure D, Grinspan JB. Bone morphogenetic proteins 4, 6, and 7 are up-regulated in mouse spinal cord during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:125-35. [PMID: 17722066 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although spontaneous remyelination occurs in multiple sclerosis (MS), the extent of myelin repair is often inadequate to restore normal function. Oligodendrocyte precursors remaining in nonremyelinating MS plaques may be restricted by an inhibitory signal. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been implicated as repressors of oligodendrocyte development and inducers of astrogliogenesis. We hypothesized that BMPs are up-regulated in MS lesions and play a role in demyelination and astrogliosis. We examined expression of BMPs in an animal model of MS, chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide in C57BL/6 mice. By 14 days postimmunization, compared to those of control mice, the lumbar spinal cords of MOG-peptide EAE mice demonstrated prominent astrogliosis, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and disrupted expression of myelin proteins. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that expression of BMP4, BMP6, and BMP7 mRNA increased 2- to 4-fold in the lumbar spinal cords of animals with symptomatic EAE versus in vehicle-treated and untreated controls on days 14, 21, and 42 postimmunization. BMP2 mRNA expression was not altered. BMP4 mRNA was much more abundant in the spinal cords of all animals than was mRNA encoding BMP2, BMP6, and BMP7. Immunoblot analysis confirmed the increased expression of BMP4 in the EAE animals. Immunohistochemistry revealed increased BMP4 immunoreactivity in areas of inflammation in MOG-peptide EAE animals. BMP4 labeling was mostly limited to macrophages but was sometimes associated with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. These results indicate that members of the BMP family are differentially expressed in adult spinal cord and are up-regulated during EAE. (c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahan Ara
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
Communication among cells by means of the exchange of signaling cues is important for tissue and organ development. Recent reports indicate that one way that signaling cues can be delivered is by movement along cellular protrusions interconnecting cells. Here, by using confocal laser scanning microscopy and three-dimensional rendering, we describe in Drosophila melanogaster wing imaginal discs lateral protrusions interconnecting cells of the columnar epithelium. Moreover, we identified protrusions of the apical surface of columnar cells that reached and apparently contacted cells of the overlying squamous epithelium. Both apical and lateral protrusions could be visualized by expression of Tkv-GFP, a green fluorescent protein (GFP) -tagged version of a receptor of the Dpp/BMP4 signaling molecule, and the endosome marker GFP-Rab5. Our results demonstrate a previously unexpected richness of cellular protrusions within wing imaginal discs and support the view that cellular protrusions may provide a means for exchanging signaling cues between cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Demontis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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Marshall CJ, Sinclair JC, Thrasher AJ, Kinnon C. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 modulates c-Kit expression and differentiation potential in murine embryonic aorta-gonad-mesonephros haematopoiesis in vitro. Br J Haematol 2008; 139:321-30. [PMID: 17897310 PMCID: PMC2366020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β-related factor bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is expressed in the human embryonic aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) coincident with the emergence of haematopoietic cells and influences postnatal mammalian haematopoietic stem cells in vitro. To investigate the role of BMP4 in mammalian embryonic haematopoiesis, cells were isolated from murine AGM and two populations of CD34+ cells with different levels of c-Kit expression and multipotency were identified. CD34+/c-Kithigh cells express CD45 and are haematopoietic-restricted progenitors. In contrast, CD34+/c-Kitlow cells are Flk1+/CD45neg and generate adherent colonies in ex vivo culture that resemble haemangioblast colonies identified in other systems. The addition of BMP4 to AGM cells resulted in expansion of the CD34+/c-Kitlow cell pool within 48 h, via a combination of down modulation of the c-Kit receptor in CD34+/c-Kithigh cells and proliferation. In long-term culture, BMP4 increased the growth/survival of CD34+/c-Kithigh haematopoietic progenitors, effects that were blocked by BMP inhibitors. CD34+/c-Kithigh progenitors cultured with BMP4 also generated adherent colonies typical of c-Kitlow cells. These results suggest that BMP4 regulates c-Kit expression and differentiation potential in CD34+ AGM cells and supports a role for BMP signalling in the maintenance of multipotency during embryonic haematopoiesis, providing an insight into stem cell homeostasis within the mammalian haematopoietic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child HealthLondon, UK
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS TrustLondon, UK
| | - Christine Kinnon
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child HealthLondon, UK
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Molloy EL, Adams A, Moore JB, Masterson JC, Madrigal-Estebas L, Mahon BP, O'Dea S. BMP4 induces an epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like response in adult airway epithelial cells. Growth Factors 2008; 26:12-22. [PMID: 18365875 DOI: 10.1080/08977190801987166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are critical morphogens and play key roles in epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) during embryogenesis. BMP4 is required for early mesoderm formation and also regulates morphogenesis and epithelial cell differentiation in developing lungs. While, BMP signalling pathways are activated during lung inflammation in adult mice, the role of BMPs in adult lungs remains unclear. We hypothesised that BMPs are involved in remodelling processes in adult lungs and investigated effects of BMP4 on airway epithelial cells. BEAS-2B cell growth decreased in the presence of BMP4. Cells acquired a mesenchymal-like morphology with downregulation of adherens junction proteins and increased cell motility. Changes in extracellular matrix-related gene expression occurred with BMP4 treatment including upregulation of collagens, fibronectin and tenascin C. We conclude that the activity of BMP4 in EMT during development is recapitulated in adult airway epithelial cells and suggest that this activity may contribute to inflammation and fibrosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emer L Molloy
- Institute of Immunology, Biology Department, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Ireland
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Hess K, Steinbeisser H, Kurth T, Epperlein HH. Bone morphogenetic protein-4 and Noggin signaling regulates pigment cell distribution in the axolotl trunk. Differentiation 2008; 76:206-18. [PMID: 17662068 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2007.00203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Wild-type (dark) and white mutant axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) embryos were used to investigate the role of the secreted growth factor bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) and its antagonist, Noggin, in dorso-lateral trunk neural crest (NC) migration. Implantation of a BMP-4-coated microbead caused a melanophore-free zone around the bead, reduction of the dorsal fin above the bead, and disappearance of myotome tissue. We established a novel method that allows controlled induction of protein synthesis and release. Xenopus animal cap (XAC) cells injected with heat shock-inducible constructs for BMP-4 and Noggin were implanted into axolotl embryos and protein expression was induced at defined time points. With this approach, we could demonstrate for the first time that Noggin can stimulate melanophore migration in the white mutant. We further showed that implantation of BMP-4 expressing XAC cells alters pigment cell distribution without affecting muscle and dorsal fin development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Hess
- Sektion Entwicklungsgenetik, Institut für Humangenetik, Universität Heidelberg, INF 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Young JM, Juengel JL, Dodds KG, Laird M, Dearden PK, McNeilly AS, McNatty KP, Wilson T. The activin receptor-like kinase 6 Booroola mutation enhances suppressive effects of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), BMP4, BMP6 and growth and differentiation factor-9 on FSH release from ovine primary pituitary cell cultures. J Endocrinol 2008; 196:251-61. [PMID: 18252948 DOI: 10.1677/joe-07-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been shown to influence the regulation of FSH synthesis and secretion at the level of the pituitary. Primary pituitary cells were harvested and cultured from Booroola ewes homozygous for a mutation in activin receptor-like kinase 6 (ALK6) also known as BMP receptor IB (BMPRIB), and from wild-type (WT) ewes to determine if the mutation caused alterations in FSH secretion in vitro. The cells were collected 24 h following induction of luteolysis and cultured for 72 h prior to being challenged for 24 h with BMP2, BMP4, BMP6, growth and differentiation factor-9 (GDF9), transforming growth factor-beta 1, activin-A and GnRH. The levels of FSH and LH were measured by RIA and then compared with the untreated controls. Primary pituitary cell cultures from Booroola ewes secreted less FSH than WT cells in the presence of BMP2, BMP4 and BMP6. These BMPs did not affect the FSH stores within the cells, or the levels of LH released. GDF9 appeared to act in a BMP-like manner by suppressing FSH secretion. The ALK6 receptor however, was not found to co-localise with gonadotroph cells in either Booroola or WT pituitary tissues. These findings imply that the increased sensitivity of Booroola cells to BMP2, BMP4, BMP6 and GDF9 cannot be due to the direct action of the ALK6 mutant Booroola receptor in the cells that synthesise FSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Young
- AgResearch Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Bakrania P, Efthymiou M, Klein JC, Salt A, Bunyan DJ, Wyatt A, Ponting CP, Martin A, Williams S, Lindley V, Gilmore J, Restori M, Robson AG, Neveu MM, Holder GE, Collin JRO, Robinson DO, Farndon P, Johansen-Berg H, Gerrelli D, Ragge NK. Mutations in BMP4 cause eye, brain, and digit developmental anomalies: overlap between the BMP4 and hedgehog signaling pathways. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82:304-19. [PMID: 18252212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental ocular malformations, including anophthalmia-microphthalmia (AM), are heterogeneous disorders with frequent sporadic or non-Mendelian inheritance. Recurrent interstitial deletions of 14q22-q23 have been associated with AM, sometimes with poly/syndactyly and hypopituitarism. We identify two further cases of AM (one with associated pituitary anomalies) with a 14q22-q23 deletion. Using a positional candidate gene approach, we analyzed the BMP4 (Bone Morphogenetic Protein-4) gene and identified a frameshift mutation (c.226del2, p.S76fs104X) that segregated with AM, retinal dystrophy, myopia, brain anomalies, and polydactyly in a family and a nonconservative missense mutation (c.278A-->G, p.E93G) in a highly conserved base in another family. MR imaging and tractography in the c.226del2 proband revealed a primary brain developmental disorder affecting thalamostriatal and callosal pathways, also present in the affected grandmother. Using in situ hybridization in human embryos, we demonstrate expression of BMP4 in optic vesicle, developing retina and lens, pituitary region, and digits strongly supporting BMP4 as a causative gene for AM, pituitary, and poly/syndactyly. Because BMP4 interacts with HH signaling genes in animals, we evaluated gene expression in human embryos and demonstrate cotemporal and cospatial expression of BMP4 and HH signaling genes. We also identified four cases, some of whom had retinal dystrophy, with "low-penetrant" mutations in both BMP4 and HH signaling genes: SHH (Sonic Hedgehog) or PTCH1 (Patched). We propose that BMP4 is a major gene for AM and/or retinal dystrophy and brain anomalies and may be a candidate gene for myopia and poly/syndactyly. Our finding of low-penetrant variants in BMP4 and HH signaling partners is suggestive of an interaction between the two pathways in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Bakrania
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
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Ohta Y, Nakagawa K, Imai Y, Katagiri T, Koike T, Takaoka K. Cyclic AMP enhances Smad-mediated BMP signaling through PKA-CREB pathway. J Bone Miner Metab 2008; 26:478-84. [PMID: 18758906 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-008-0850-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental results indicating involvement of cyclic AMP (cAMP)-mediated signaling in bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-induced osteoblastic gene expression at the transcriptional level by luciferase activity assay in C2C12 cells using the promoter sequence of the Id1 gene, an early-response gene to BMPs, which contains both a BMP-responsive element (BRE) and a cAMP-response element (CRE). In cells transfected with luciferase gene driven by wild-type Id1 promoter, treatment with BMP-4 increased luciferase expression, which was further enhanced by the addition of dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP). This dbcAMP-enhanced luciferase expression was significantly suppressed when the CRE site in the Id1 promoter was replaced by mutated CRE or endogenous CRE-binding protein (CREB) was knocked down by transfection of CREB RNAi. Pretreatment of cells with protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, H89, also dramatically reduced dbcAMP-enhanced luciferase expression. Immunoprecipitation assay showed phosphorylated-Smad1/5/8, phosphorylated-CREB, and CREB-binding protein (CBP) formed the transcriptional complex. These data indicate that cAMP-PKA/CREB/CRE signaling potentially enhances BMP-induced transcription through the BRE in the promoter of the BMP-responsive gene through a PKA-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Ohta
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan.
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Torres CBB, Alves JB, Silva GAB, Goes VS, Nakao LYS, Goes AM. Role of BMP-4 during tooth development in a model with complete dentition. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:2-8. [PMID: 17803954 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Revised: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There are no reports in literature about roles of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) in tooth development in mammals with complete dentition (with all dental groups). The classical model of study is the mouse, which has distinctive incisor and molar patterns. The opossum Didelphis albiventris with five upper and four lower incisors, one canine, three premolars and four molars, on each side of the jaw, seems to be a convenient model for odontogenesis study. This investigation searched for similarities and differences in BMP-4 expression pattern between the opossum and the mouse. BMP-4 cDNA was obtained by RT-PCR and the expression pattern during molar tooth development was investigated by the immunoperoxidase method. Opossum BMP-4 mature protein has 95% of sequence similarity in relation to mouse and 94% to human. The BMP-4 expression pattern during opossum tooth development was suggestive of a role in dental organ initiation and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B B Torres
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Brazil.
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Takahashi T, Kamiya N, Kawabata N, Takagi M. The effect of retinoic acid on a zinc finger transcription factor, AJ18, during differentiation of a rat clonal preosteoblastic cell line, ROB-C20, into osteoblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:87-94. [PMID: 17825242 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A zinc finger type transcription factor, AJ18, is thought to be a negative regulator of osteoblast differentiation, but its expression mechanism is not fully understood. Retinoic acid (RA) is a metabolite of vitamin A and involves the proliferation and differentiation in a variety of cells. To verify the effect of RA on osteoblast differentiation, AJ18 expression level was examined using a rat clonal preosteoblastic cell line, ROB-C20 (C20). DESIGN Confluent C20 cells were treated with or without RA (10(-6)M) for several days. Northern, real time RT-PCR and Western blotting analyses were performed to examine AJ18 expression pattern in gene and protein levels. To identify the active promoter sequence of AJ18 gene, luciferase assay was designed. Furthermore, the effect of overexpressed AJ18 in C20 cells on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) mRNA expression and its activity was compared with that of RA-treated cells. RESULTS RA increased the expression of AJ18 mRNA from 2 to 13 days as well as its protein production. However, no significant changes of Runx2 mRNA expression and undetectable osterix mRNA expression were observed in C20 cells treated with or without RA. Luciferase assay showed increases in promoter activities in some constructs of 5'-flanking region of AJ18 gene in RA-treated C20 cells. On the other hand, RA decreases enzymatic activity and mRNA expression level of ALP, but mRNA expression levels of bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin were not altered. Interestingly, reduced ALP activity and its mRNA expression level were detected in exogenous AJ18-overexpressing C20 cells. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the hypothesis that RA may restrict to the differentiation of C20 cells into mature osteoblasts via inductive AJ18 expression with activation of multiple signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomihisa Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan.
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Fernández-Sánchez V, Mayani H. [BMP4: a key regulator of embryonic development and hematopoiesis]. Rev Invest Clin 2008; 60:68-74. [PMID: 18589589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) constitute a group of multifunctional growth factors that belong to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family. During the last few years, the roles of BMPs, both in development and in specific adult tissues, have been extensively studied. One of such proteins, BMP4, has been identified as a key regulator in the development of mesoderm, and particularly, in the specification of the vascular and hematopoietic systems. BMP4 has also been found to be an important regulator of the growth of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), participating in the control of their proliferation, expansion and differentiation. Herein, we present an overview on the different roles that BMP4 plays in mammal development, and in the regulation of hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Fernández-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Hematopoyesis y Células Troncales, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, México, DF.
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Krivicka-Uzkurele B, Pilmane M, Akota I. Barx1, growth factors and apoptosis in facial tissue of children with clefts. Stomatologija 2008; 10:62-66. [PMID: 18708738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clefts of lip and palate belong to the most common birth defects worldwide. Growth factors and genes play an important role in tissue growth, differentiation and induction and upregulation of growth factors, apoptosis and matrix metalloproteinases might be involved in pathogenesis of facial clefts. The aim of this study was investigation of palate tissue in children with unilateral cleft lip palate for detection of local tissue growth factors, barx1 and apoptosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated soft and hard palate tissue from 36 children with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate from cleft area.14 children were in age before and primary dentition, but 22 children were in mixed dentition period. We examined the localization of barx1, FGFR1, NGFR, TGFbeta, BMP2/4, MMP2, PGP 9,5 by immunohistochemistry. TUNEL method was performed for detection of apoptotic cells. RESULTS Abundance of FGFR1 positive cells was seen almost in all cases. FGFR richly stained cells of soft and hard palate tissue. Abundance of NGFR positive cells was detected in basal epithelium, hair follicles, nerve fibers in wall of blood vessels and subepithelium, and was more often seen in children before mixed dentition. TGFbeta has showed intensive expression in epithelium, cartilage and bone in both dentition ages. Chondrocytes, fibroblasts and macrophages expressed MMP2 predominant before mixed dentition. Regional expression of barx1 was observed in epithelium before the mixed dentition, while during mixed dentition gene appeared in hyaline cartilage. TUNEL discovered apoptosis in both dentition ages. CONCLUSIONS FGFR1 and TGFbeta are main tissue stimulating growth factors in both dentition ages. Expression of barx1 appears in cleft lip palate affected structures mainly in mixed dentition ages. NGFR and neuropeptides-containing structures are mainly characteristic in cleft tissue before mixed dentition. Distribution of genes, GF and apoptosis seem to correlate rather with dentition age than to type of CLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita Krivicka-Uzkurele
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, 9 Kronvalda boulevard, Riga, Latvia, LV-1010.
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Abstract
CONCLUSION This study is the first to show that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)-2, -4 and -7 play a role in active phase otosclerotic bone remodelling (otospongiosis). OBJECTIVES The role of BMPs in various tissue growth and repair mechanisms is an ongoing topic in the literature. BMP-2, -4 and -7 are known to be of major importance in bone formation and repair. Their role in otosclerotic bone transformation has not been analysed previously. The main goal of this study was to perform an immunohistological analysis of BMP-2, -4 and -7 in otoclerosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Parts of the stapedial footplates, collected during partial stapedectomies in 30 patients with clinical otosclerosis, were analysed for histological otosclerotic lesions after staining haematoxylin and eosin. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed using polyclonal IgG antibodies for BMP-2, -4 and -7, as well as biotinylated secondary antibodies, avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex reaction and alkaline phosphatase staining. RESULTS In all, 14 specimens contained otosclerosis; 3 of these were otospongiotic, 8 fibrotic, 2 sclerotic and 1 had both sclerotic and fibrotic lesions. Thus in total 14/30 specimens (47%) showed histological otosclerosis. Only the multiple osteoblasts and osteoclasts in those specimens exhibiting an otospongiotic phase showed distinct immunochemical staining for BMP-2, -4 and -7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goetz Lehnerdt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Durand C, Robin C, Bollerot K, Baron MH, Ottersbach K, Dzierzak E. Embryonic stromal clones reveal developmental regulators of definitive hematopoietic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:20838-43. [PMID: 18087045 PMCID: PMC2409228 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0706923105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) self-renewal and differentiation is regulated by cellular and molecular interactions with the surrounding microenvironment. During ontogeny, the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region autonomously generates the first HSCs and serves as the first HSC-supportive microenvironment. Because the molecular identity of the AGM microenvironment is as yet unclear, we examined two closely related AGM stromal clones that differentially support HSCs. Expression analyses identified three putative HSC regulatory factors, beta-NGF (a neurotrophic factor), MIP-1gamma (a C-C chemokine family member) and Bmp4 (a TGF-beta family member). We show here that these three factors, when added to AGM explant cultures, enhance the in vivo repopulating ability of AGM HSCs. The effects of Bmp4 on AGM HSCs were further studied because this factor acts at the mesodermal and primitive erythropoietic stages in the mouse embryo. In this report, we show that enriched E11 AGM HSCs express Bmp receptors and can be inhibited in their activity by gremlin, a Bmp antagonist. Moreover, our results reveal a focal point of Bmp4 expression in the mesenchyme underlying HSC containing aortic clusters at E11. We suggest that Bmp4 plays a relatively late role in the regulation of HSCs as they emerge in the midgestation AGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Durand
- *Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Catherine Robin
- *Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Karine Bollerot
- *Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Margaret H. Baron
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Gene and Cell Medicine, and Oncological Sciences and The Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Katrin Ottersbach
- *Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Elaine Dzierzak
- *Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and
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Abstract
BMP-4, a member of the TGF-beta superfamily of growth factors, is involved in various developmental processes. We investigated the effects of BMP-4 and its antagonist Noggin on axolotl trunk development. Implantation of BMP-4-coated microbeads caused inhibition of muscle and dorsal fin formation in the vicinity of the microbeads. At some distance, myotomes developed with reduced height but increased width, which was accompanied by increased cell proliferation. These effects could be modulated by co-implanting Noggin-coated beads. Immunostaining of Pax7 further revealed that although the dermomyotome was absent in the vicinity of BMP-4-coated beads, at some distance from them, it was thicker than in controls, indicating that moderate amounts of BMP-4 stimulate this layer of undifferentiated cells. In contrast, Noggin generally inhibited the dermomyotome, possibly indicating premature differentiation of dermomyotome cells. We conclude that BMP-4 and Noggin are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation during somite development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans H Epperlein
- Department of Anatomy, University of Technology, Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Hamada S, Satoh K, Hirota M, Kimura K, Kanno A, Masamune A, Shimosegawa T. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition through MSX2 induction on pancreatic cancer cell line. J Cell Physiol 2007; 213:768-74. [PMID: 17516553 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In our study, we found that bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) has a novel effect as an inducer of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) on Panc-1 cells, a human pancreatic carcinoma cell line. BMP4-treated Panc-1 cells showed loose cell contacts and a scattered, fibroblast-like appearance along with E-cadherin downregulation, Vimentin upregulation and enhanced cell migration, which are characteristic of EMT. BMP4 treatment also induced homeobox gene MSX2 expression, which we previously showed to be associated with EMT in pancreatic carcinoma cells. BMP4 treatment activated the Smad signaling pathway, and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) pathways in these cells. MSX2 was markedly induced by BMP4 through the ERK and p38 MAPK pathways in collaboration with the Smad signaling pathway. The repression of E-cadherin, induction of Vimentin and enhanced cell migration disappeared when siRNA-based MSX2 downregulated pancreatic cancer cells were treated with BMP4. These findings indicate that BMP4 may be involved in pancreatic carcinoma development through the promotion of EMT and that MSX2 is indispensable to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Goldstein M, Meller I, Orr-Urtreger A. FGFR1 over-expression in primary rhabdomyosarcoma tumors is associated with hypomethylation of a 5' CpG island and abnormal expression of the AKT1, NOG, and BMP4 genes. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:1028-38. [PMID: 17696196 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), the most common pediatric soft tissue sarcoma likely results from abnormal proliferation and differentiation during skeletal myogenesis. Multiple genetic alterations are associated with the three RMS histopathological subtypes, embryonal, alveolar, and pleomorphic adult variant. Recently, we reported the novel amplification of the FGFR1 gene in a RMS tumor. The involvement of FGFR1 in RMS was now further studied in primary tumors and RMS cell lines by mutation screening, quantitative RNA expression, and methylation analyses. No mutation was found by DHPLC and sequencing of the entire FGFR1 coding sequence and exon-intron boundaries. However, FGFR1 over-expression was detected in all primary RMS tumors and cell lines tested. A hypomethylation of a CpG island upstream to FGFR1 exon 1 was identified in the primary RMS tumors, using sodium bisulfite modification method, suggesting a molecular mechanism to FGFR1 over-expression. Expression analysis of additional genes, AKT1, NOG and its antagonist BMP4, which interact downstream to FGFR1, demonstrated expression differences between primary RMS tumors and normal skeletal muscles. Our data suggest an important role for FGFR1 and FGFR1-downstream genes in RMS tumorigenesis and a possible association with the deregulation of proliferation and differentiation of skeletal myoblasts in RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Goldstein
- Genetic Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, 64239 Israel
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41
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Truksa J, Peng H, Lee P, Beutler E. Different regulatory elements are required for response of hepcidin to interleukin-6 and bone morphogenetic proteins 4 and 9. Br J Haematol 2007; 139:138-47. [PMID: 17854319 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hepcidin is a major regulator of iron homeostasis. Hepcidin expression is upregulated by inflammatory cytokines, particularly interleukin (IL)-6 and even more potently by the bone morphogenetic proteins 2, 4 and 9 (BMP-2, BMP-4 and BMP-9). This study showed that the regulation of hepcidin expression by IL-6 and BMPs occurs through distinct regulatory elements. The induction of hepcidin by BMPs requires at least two regions of the Hamp1 promoter, one between 140-260 bp and the other between 1.6-2.0 kb upstream of the start of translation. Reporter constructs including 1.6-2.0 kb of the Hamp1 promoter were induced >16-fold by BMPs whereas a 260 bp reporter Hamp1 promoter construct was induced only two- to threefold. The distal 1.6-2.0 kb region appeared to contain several different BMP-responsive elements, as incremental lengthening of the promoter construct in this region produced gradual escalation of BMP-responsiveness. In contrast, the IL-6 response required only the proximal 260 bp Hamp1 promoter region. Furthermore, there were no regulatory elements located in the non-coding or coding regions of Hamp1 and activation of the Hamp1 promoter was absent or markedly reduced in cells of non-hepatic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Truksa
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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42
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Era T, Izumi N, Hayashi M, Tada S, Nishikawa S, Nishikawa SI. Multiple mesoderm subsets give rise to endothelial cells, whereas hematopoietic cells are differentiated only from a restricted subset in embryonic stem cell differentiation culture. Stem Cells 2007; 26:401-11. [PMID: 17991917 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the developing mouse, vascular endothelial cell (EC) and hematopoietic cell (HPC) lineages are two initial cell lineages that diverge from mesodermal cells, which have been roughly subdivided into three subtypes according to their geographical location: the organizer, embryonic mesoderm in the primitive streak, and extraembryonic mesoderm during gastrulation. Although the initial progenitors that become the two lineages appear in both vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2(+) (VEGFR2(+)) lateral and extraembryonic mesoderm, little is known about the underlying molecular events that regulate the derivation of ECs and HPCs. Here, we describe an experimental system consisting of two types of embryonic stem cell lines capable of distinguishing between organizer and the middle section of the primitive streak region. Using this system, we were able to establish a defined culture condition that can separately induce distinct types of mesoderm. Although we were able to differentiate ECs from all mesoderm subsets, however, the potential of HPCs was restricted to the VEGFR2(+) cells derived from primitive streak-type mesodermal cells. We also show that the culture condition for the progenitors of primitive erythrocytes is separated from that for the progenitors of definitive erythrocytes. These results suggest the dominant role of extrinsic regulation during diversification of mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Era
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, RIKEN Center for Development Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
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Abstract
Vascular calcification is a common clinical complication of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and end-stage renal failure, associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In this study we demonstrate that factors secreted by the hypertrophic chondrocytes induce matrix mineralization and osteoblastic transformation in cultured mouse vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In addition, these factors render VSMCs responsive to BMP4 and Wnt3a ligands. Neither BMP-4 nor Wnt3a could induce mineralization in short-term (up to 8 days) cultures of primary mouse VSMCs. However, both ligands act synergistically with the chondrocyte-conditioned medium causing a further increase in VSMC calcification. Finally, we show that commitment of VSMCs towards the BMP-regulated mineralization can be induced by the chondrocyte-secreted bone anabolic factor VEGF. In addition, expression profiling suggests a novel role in vascular calcification for the matrix proteins previously known to regulate bone formation and mineralization (including MMP3, fibulin, 11betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and retinoic acid receptor responder 2). The results of this study may contribute to further understanding of the cellular mechanisms responsible for vascular calcification and provide important information for the treatment of this pathology.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arteries/metabolism
- Arteries/pathology
- Arteries/physiopathology
- Bone Matrix/metabolism
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/metabolism
- Calcification, Physiologic/physiology
- Calcinosis/metabolism
- Calcinosis/pathology
- Calcinosis/physiopathology
- Cell Communication/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
- Wnt Proteins/metabolism
- Wnt3 Protein
- Wnt3A Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila Mikhaylova
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Hodge LK, Klassen MP, Han BX, Yiu G, Hurrell J, Howell A, Rousseau G, Lemaigre F, Tessier-Lavigne M, Wang F. Retrograde BMP signaling regulates trigeminal sensory neuron identities and the formation of precise face maps. Neuron 2007; 55:572-86. [PMID: 17698011 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Somatosensory information from the face is transmitted to the brain by trigeminal sensory neurons. It was previously unknown whether neurons innervating distinct areas of the face possess molecular differences. We have identified a set of genes differentially expressed along the dorsoventral axis of the embryonic mouse trigeminal ganglion and thus can be considered trigeminal positional identity markers. Interestingly, establishing some of the spatial patterns requires signals from the developing face. We identified bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) as one of these target-derived factors and showed that spatially defined retrograde BMP signaling controls the differential gene expressions in trigeminal neurons through both Smad4-independent and Smad4-dependent pathways. Mice lacking one of the BMP4-regulated transcription factors, Onecut2 (OC2), have defects in the trigeminal central projections representing the whiskers. Our results provide molecular evidence for both spatial patterning and retrograde regulation of gene expression in sensory neurons during the development of the somatosensory map.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liberty K Hodge
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3709, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Abstract
Deficiency of matrix GLA protein (MGP), an inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2/4, is known to cause arterial calcification and peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis. Yet the vascular role of MGP remains poorly understood. To further investigate MGP, we created a new MGP transgenic mouse model with high expression of the transgene in the lungs. The excess MGP led to a disruption of the pulmonary pattern of BMP-4, and resulted in significant morphological defects in the pulmonary artery tree. Specifically, the vascular branching pattern lacked characteristic side branching, whereas control lungs had extensive side branching accounting for as much as 40% of the vascular endothelium. The vascular changes could be explained by a dramatic reduction of phosphorylated SMAD1/5/8 in the alveolar epithelium, and in epithelial expression of the activin-like kinase receptor 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor, both critical in vascular formation. Abnormalities were also found in the terminal airways and in lung cell differentiation; high levels of surfactant protein-B were distributed in an abnormal pattern suggesting lost coordination between vasculature and airways. Ex vivo, lung cells from MGP transgenic mice showed higher proliferation, in particular surfactant protein B-expressing cells, and conditioned medium from these cells poorly supported in vitro angiogenesis compared with normal lung cells. The vascular branching defect can be mechanistically explained by a computational model based on activator/inhibitor reaction-diffusion dynamics, where BMP-4 and MGP are considered as an activating and inhibitory morphogen, respectively, suggesting that morphogen interactions are important for vascular branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1679
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46
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47
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Yanagita M. [Kidney diseases and bone morphogenetic protein]. Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 2007; 96:2305-10. [PMID: 18044172 DOI: 10.2169/naika.96.2305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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48
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Gromova KV, Friedrich M, Noskov A, Harms GS. Visualizing Smad1/4 signaling response to bone morphogenetic protein-4 activation by FRET biosensors. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007; 1773:1759-73. [PMID: 18006160 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Smad proteins are the major signal transducers for the Transforming Growth Factor superfamily of cytokines and their serine/threonine kinase receptors. Smads mediate the signal from the membrane into the nucleus. Bone Morphogenetic Protein-4 stimulates phosphorylation of Smad1, which interacts with Smad4. This complex translocates into the nucleus and regulates transcription of target genes. Here, we report our development of cellular fluorescence biosensors for direct visualization of Smad signaling in live mammalian cells. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer between cyan and yellow fluorescent proteins fused to the Smad1 and Smad4 proteins was used to unravel the temporal aspects of BMP/Smad signaling. A rate-limiting delay of 2-5 min occurred between BMP activation and Smad1 activity. A similar delay was observed in the Smad1/Smad4 complexation. Further experimentation indicated that the delay is dependent on the MH1 domain and linker of Smad1. These results give new insights into the dynamics of the BMP receptor -Smad1/4 signaling process and provide a new tool for studying Smads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira V Gromova
- Molecular Microscopy Group, Rudolf-Virchow-Center, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
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Gao H, Wu B, Giese R, Zhu Z. Xom interacts with and stimulates transcriptional activity of LEF1/TCFs: implications for ventral cell fate determination during vertebrate embryogenesis. Cell Res 2007; 17:345-56. [PMID: 17404593 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2007.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
LEF1/TCFs are high mobility group box-containing transcriptional factors mediating canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling during early embryogenesis and tumorigenesis. Beta-catenin forms a complex with LEF1/TCFs and transactivates LEF1/TCF-mediated transcriptions during dorsalization. Although LEF-mediated transcription is also implicated in ventralization, the underlying molecular mechanism is not well understood. Using the vertebrate Xenopus laevis model system, we found that Xom, which is a ventralizing homeobox protein with dual roles of transcriptional activation and repression, forms a complex with LEF1/TCF through its homeodomain and transactivates LEF1/TCF-mediated transcription through its N-terminal transactivation domain (TAD). Our data show that Xom lacking the N-terminal TAD fails to transactivate ventral genes, such as BMP4 and Xom itself, but retains the ability to suppress transcriptional activation of dorsal gene promoters, such as the Goosecoid promoter, indicating that transactivation and repression are separable functions of Xom. It has been postulated that Xom forms a positive re-enforcement loop with BMP4 to promote ventralization and to suppress dorsal gene expression. Consistent with an essential role of Xom transactivation of LEF1/TCFs during early embryogenesis, we found that expression of the dominant-negative Xom mutant that lacks the TAD fails to re-enforce the ventral signaling of BMP4 and causes a catastrophic effect during gastrulation. Our data suggest that the functional interaction of Xom and LEF1/TCF-factors is essential for ventral cell fate determination and that LEF1/TCF factors may function as a point of convergence to mediate the combined signaling of Wnt/beta-catenin and BMP4/Xom pathways during early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Gao
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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50
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van Bever Y, Balemans W, Duval ELIM, Jespers A, Eyskens F, van Hul W, Courtens W. Exclusion of OGDH and BMP4 as candidate genes in two siblings with autosomal recessive DOOR syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:763-7. [PMID: 17343268 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yolande van Bever
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium.
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