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Dhanze H, Singh BB, Walsh M, Kumar MS, Kumar A, Bhilegaonkar KN, Brookes VJ. Spatio-temporal epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in pig populations of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, 2013-2022. Zoonoses Public Health 2024; 71:429-441. [PMID: 38484761 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Japanese encephalitis (JE) is endemic in India. Although pigs are considered important hosts and sentinels for JE outbreaks in people, limited information is available on JE virus (JEV) surveillance in pigs. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated the spatio-temporal distribution of JEV seroprevalence and its association with climate variables in 4451 samples from pigs in 10 districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, over 10 years from 2013 to 2022. The mean seroprevalence of IgG (2013-2022) and IgM (2017-2022) was 14% (95% CI 12.8-15.2) and 10.98% (95% CI 9.8-12.2), respectively. Throughout the region, higher seroprevalence from 2013 to 2017 was observed and was highly variable with no predictable spatio-temporal pattern between districts. Seroprevalence of up to 60.8% in Sant Kabir Nagar in 2016 and 69.5% in Gorakhpur district in 2017 for IgG and IgM was observed, respectively. IgG seroprevalence did not increase with age. Monthly time-series decomposition of IgG and IgM seroprevalence demonstrated annual cyclicity (3-4 peaks) with seasonality (higher, broader peaks in the summer and monsoon periods). However, most variance was due to the overall trend and the random components of the time series. Autoregressive time-series modelling of pigs sampled from Gorakhpur was insufficiently predictive for forecasting; however, an inverse association between humidity (but not rainfall or temperature) was observed. CONCLUSIONS Detection patterns confirm seasonal epidemic periods within year-round endemicity in pigs in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Lack of increasing age-associated seroprevalence indicates that JEV might not be immunizing in pigs which needs further investigation because models that inform public health interventions for JEV could be inaccurate if assuming long-term immunity in pigs. Although pigs are considered sentinels for human outbreaks, sufficient timeliness using sero-surveillance in pigs to inform public health interventions to prevent JEV in people will require more nuanced modelling than seroprevalence and broad climate variables alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Dhanze
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Balbir B Singh
- Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Michael Walsh
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- One Health Centre, The Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
- The Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - M Suman Kumar
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Victoria J Brookes
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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Gossner CM, Dhollander S, Presser LD, Briet O, Bakonyi T, Schaffner F, Figuerola J. Potential for emergence of Japanese encephalitis in the European Union. Zoonoses Public Health 2024; 71:274-280. [PMID: 38110840 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE No autochthonous human cases of Japanese encephalitis (JE) have been reported to date in the European Union (EU). In this study, we assess the likelihood of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) introduction and transmission within the EU and propose outbreak response measures. RISK ASSESSMENT Given the global geographical distribution of JEV, the probability of virus introduction into the EU is currently very low, with viremic bird migration being the most plausible pathway of introduction. However, this likelihood would significantly increase if the virus were to become established in the Middle East, Caucasus, Central Asia or Africa. Considering the environmental conditions that are expected to be conducive for virus circulation, there is a high likelihood of virus transmission within the EU after its introduction in environmentally suitable areas. The spread of the virus within the EU would likely occur through the movement of wild birds, pigs and mosquitoes. MITIGATION To mitigate or potentially contain the emergence of JE in the EU, early detection of both human and animal cases will be crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline M Gossner
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Lance D Presser
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Briet
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tamas Bakonyi
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Jordi Figuerola
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain and CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Muddassar H, Chen M, Zhang T, Mohsin N, Kang L, Zheng J, Li Z, Shao D, Wei J, Li B, Qiu Y, Ma Z, Liu K. Short Communication: Mosquito Histone 2A Protein Facilitate Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection in the Mosquito. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2024; 24:245-248. [PMID: 38441490 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus is mainly prevalent in the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Oceania. Through immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry analysis using monoclonal antibodies targeting JEV E protein, we found that mosquito Histone 2A protein could bind to JEV particles. The binding of H2A and JEV was detected in the salivary gland and supernatant of mosquito cells. Furthermore, RNA interference experiments in vitro and in vivo confirmed that H2A protein promotes JEV infection in mosquitoes. In summary, we found that mosquito H2A is a factor that supports JEV infection and can potentially facilitate cross-species transmission of JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hameed Muddassar
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Center for Zoonotic and Arthropod-Borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Mengli Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Nawaz Mohsin
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Lei Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jiayang Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zongjie Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Li C, Zhang L, Tang C, Zhang Y, Zhao W. Isolation and identification of a duck-derived Japanese encephalitis virus and evaluation of its virulence in mice. Vet Microbiol 2024; 290:109976. [PMID: 38198922 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Birds including domestic and wild birds, as the amplifying or reservoir hosts of JEV, were sensitive to JEV infection and could develop a sufficiently high viremia to infect mosquitoes. However, most of JEV positive reports in birds were based on molecular detection, with few viruses isolated from clinical cases. In this study, one JEV strain, designated duck/2022-SD-1, was first isolated and identified from blood samples of ducks in 2022 in Shandong province of China. The JEV duck/2022-SD-1 strain was classified into genotype I cluster and shared 96.5 to 99.5 % nucleotide sequence identity with other GI JEV strains. Biological characteristics revealed that duck/2022-SD-1 possessed similar replication ability to a virulent strain Beijing/2020-1. Based on the amino acid identity comparison of E protein, amino acid sites responsible for JEV virulence were conserved between duck/2022-SD-1 and other virulence strains. Through virulence assays in mice, we further determined that duck/2022-SD-1 was a highly virulent JEV strain with highly neuroinvasive in mice, which is similar to the virulence of another virulent strain Beijing/2020-1. Thus, the potential threat of JEV strains originating from domestic birds should be brought to people's attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Linjie Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chenyang Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yanbing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Department of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Engineering, Cangzhou Technical College, Cangzhou 061000, China.
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Zhong D, Wahaab A, Zheng J, Zhang J, Ma Z, Wei J. Development of Colloidal Gold-Based Immunochromatographic Strips for Rapid Detection and Surveillance of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Dogs across Shanghai, China. Viruses 2024; 16:258. [PMID: 38400034 PMCID: PMC10892515 DOI: 10.3390/v16020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes acute encephalitis in humans and is of major public health concern in most Asian regions. Dogs are suitable sentinels for assessing the risk of JEV infection in humans. A neutralization test (NT) or an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is used for the serological detection of JEV in dogs; however, these tests have several limitations, and, thus, a more convenient and reliable alternative test is needed. In this study, a colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip (ICS), using a purified recombinant EDIII protein, was established for the serological survey of JEV infection in dogs. The results show that the ICSs could specifically detect JEV antibodies within 10 min without cross-reactions with antibodies against other canine viruses. The test strips could detect anti-JEV in serum with dilution up to 640 times, showing high sensitivity. The coincidence rate with the NT test was higher than 96.6%. Among 586 serum samples from dogs in Shanghai examined using the ICS test, 179 (29.98%) were found to be positive for JEV antibodies, and the high seropositivity of JEV in dogs in China was significantly correlated with the season and living environment. In summary, we developed an accurate and economical ICS for the rapid detection of anti-JEV in dog serum samples with great potential for the surveillance of JEV in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengke Zhong
- Shanghai Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Shanghai 201600, China;
| | - Abdul Wahaab
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (Z.M.)
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
| | - Jiayang Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (Z.M.)
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (Z.M.)
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (Z.M.)
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (Z.M.)
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Adeleke R, Olanipekun T, Abiola J, Aluko A, Sule W, Oluwayelu D. Serological Investigation of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection in Commercially Reared Pigs, Southwestern Nigeria. Vet Ital 2023; 59. [PMID: 38756025 DOI: 10.12834/vetit.3021.20221.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a zoonotic arbovirus that causes abortion, stillbirth, and congenital defects in pigs, and epidemic encephalitis in humans. Currently, there is scarcity of information on JEV infection in pigs in Nigeria. Since the Culex tritaeniorhynchus vector of JEV is present in Nigeria and considering recent anecdotal reports of abortions and birth of weak piglets in some pig farms in southwestern Nigeria, there is a need for studies on the presence of the virus and its true burden among pig populations in the country. Serum samples (n=368) obtained from farm-reared pigs in four States of southwestern Nigeria were screened for JEV-specific IgG antibodies using a commercial ELISA kit. An overall JEV seropositivity of 35.1% (95% CI: 30.18 - 39.93%) was obtained, with detectable antibodies in pigs of all age groups, breeds, sex, and locations. Our results suggest natural exposure of these unvaccinated intensively reared pigs to JEV circulating silently in the swine population with significant association of the seropositivity with location (state/community in which the pig farms exist) and breed of the pigs studied. This first report of detection of anti-JEV antibodies in pigs in Nigeria indicates that JEV circulated among these pigs and underscores the need for active surveillance for JEV in humans, pigs, and mosquitoes to provide valuable epidemiological data for the design of effective control strategies against the virus, thus forestalling potential future outbreaks of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Adeleke
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Tobi Olanipekun
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - John Abiola
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adegboyega Aluko
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Waidi Sule
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Daniel Oluwayelu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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7
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Dusadeepong R, Maquart PO, Hide M, Boyer S. Phylogeny and spatial distribution of Japanese encephalitis virus vector species in Cambodia. Med Vet Entomol 2023; 37:737-744. [PMID: 37404158 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
In Southeast Asia, despite the use of Japanese encephalitis vaccines and vaccination coverage, Japanese encephalitis (JE) transmission is still a major public health issue. The main vectors of this virus are mosquitoes from the genus Culex, which diversity and density are important in Southeast Asia. The main vector species of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in Cambodia belong to the Vishnui subgroup. However, their morphological identification solely based on the adult stage remains challenging, making their segregation and detection difficult. In order to identify and describe the distribution of the three main JEV vector species in Cambodia, namely Culex vishnui, Cx. pseudovishnui and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, mosquito samplings were carried out throughout the country in different environments. Phylogenetic analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (coI) gene using maximum-likelihood tree with ultrafast bootstrap and phylogeographic analysis were performed. The three main Culex species are phylogenetically separated, and represent two distinct clades, one with Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and the second with Cx. vishnui and Cx. pseudovishnui, the latter appearing as a subgroup of Cx. vishnui. The phylogeographic analysis shows a distribution of the Vishnui subgroup on the entire Cambodian territory with an overlapped distribution areas leading to a sympatric distribution of these species. The three JEV vector species are geographically well-defined with a strong presence of Cx. pseudovishnui in the forest. Combined with the presence of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. vishnui in rural, peri-urban, and urban areas, the presence of JEV-competent vectors is widespread in Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutaiwan Dusadeepong
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Pierre-Olivier Maquart
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Mallorie Hide
- Medical Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), CNRS, Montpellier, France
- LMI Drug Resistance in South East Asia, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sebastien Boyer
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Ecology and Emergence of Arthropod-borne diseases, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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8
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Wang Q, Yang S, Yang K, Li X, Dai Y, Zheng Y, Cao S, Yan Q, Huang X, Wen Y, Zhao Q, Du S, Lang Y, Zhao S, Wu R. CD4 is an important host factor for Japanese encephalitis virus entry and replication in PK-15 cells. Vet Microbiol 2023; 287:109913. [PMID: 38006719 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a flavivirus that is spread through mosquito bites and is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. JEV can infect a variety of cell types; however, crucial receptor molecules remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine whether porcine CD4 protein is a receptor protein that impacts JEV entry into PK15 cells and subsequent viral replication. We confirmed the interaction between the JEV E protein and the CD4 protein through Co-IP, virus binding and internalization, antibody blocking, and overexpression and created a PK-15 cell line with CD4 gene knockdown by CRISPR/Cas9. The results show that CD4 interacts with JEV E and that CD4 knockdown cells altered virus adsorption and internalization, drastically reducing virus attachment. The level of viral transcription in CD4 antibody-blocked cells, vs. control cells, was decreased by 49.1%. Based on these results, we believe that CD4 is a receptor protein for JEVs. Furthermore, most viral receptors appear to be associated with lipid rafts, and colocalization studies demonstrate the presence of CD4 protein on lipid rafts. RT‒qPCR and WB results show that virus replication was suppressed in PK-15-CD4KD cells. The difference in viral titer between KD and WT PK-15 cells peaked at 24 h, and the viral titer in WT PK-15 cells was 5.6 × 106, whereas in PK-15-CD4KD cells, it was only 1.8 × 106, a 64% drop, demonstrating that CD4 deficiency has an effect on the process of viral replication. These findings suggest that JEV enters porcine kidney cells via lipid raft-colocalized CD4, and the proliferation process is positively correlated with CD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Shuqing Yang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Xinran Li
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Yu Dai
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Qigui Yan
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Yiping Wen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Senyan Du
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Yifei Lang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China; Sichuan Science-observation Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 611330, China; National Animal Experiments Teaching Demonstration Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611330, China.
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Park SL, Huang YJS, Lyons AC, Ayers VB, Hettenbach SM, McVey DS, Noronha LE, Burton KR, Higgs S, Vanlandingham DL. Infection of Feral Phenotype Swine with Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2023; 23:645-652. [PMID: 37672628 PMCID: PMC10698774 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic flavivirus and the leading cause of pediatric encephalitis in the Asian Pacific region. The transmission cycle primarily involves Culex spp. mosquitoes and Ardeid birds, with domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) being the source of infectious viruses for the spillover of JEV from the natural endemic transmission cycle into the human population. Although many studies have concluded that domestic pigs play an important role in the transmission cycle of JEV, and infection of humans, the role of feral pigs in the transmission of JEV remains unclear. Since domestic and feral pigs are the same species, and because feral pig populations in the United States are increasing and expanding geographically, the current study aimed to test the hypothesis that if JEV were introduced into the United States, feral pigs might play a role in the transmission cycle. Materials and Methods: Sinclair miniature pigs, that exhibit the feral phenotype, were intradermally inoculated with JEV genotype Ib. These pigs were derived from crossing miniature domestic pig with four strains of feral pigs and were used since obtaining feral swine was not possible. Results: The Sinclair miniature pigs became viremic and displayed pathological outcomes similar to those observed in domestic swine. Conclusion: Based on these findings, we conclude that in the event of JEV being introduced into the United States, feral pig populations could contribute to establishment and maintenance of a transmission cycle of JEV and could lead to the virus becoming endemic in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Lee Park
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Yan-Jang S. Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Amy C. Lyons
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Victoria B. Ayers
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Susan M. Hettenbach
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - D. Scott McVey
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Leela E. Noronha
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Kenneth R. Burton
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Dana L. Vanlandingham
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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10
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Li XH, Chen J, Ou YD, Zhong X, Hu JH, Sun RC, Lv YJ, Wei JC, Go YY, Zhou B. m 6A modification associated with YTHDF1 is involved in Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Vet Microbiol 2023; 287:109887. [PMID: 37925877 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most common modification in mammalian mRNA and viral RNA, regulates mRNA structure, stability, translation, and nuclear export. The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus causing severe neurologic disease in humans. To date, the role of m6A modification in JEV infection remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to determine the impact of m6A methylation modification on JEV replication in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrated that the overexpression of the m6A reader protein YTHDF1 in vitro significantly inhibits JEV proliferation. Additionally, YTHDF1 negatively regulates JEV proliferation in YTHDF1 knockdown cells and YTHDF1 knockout mice. MeRIP-seq analysis indicated that YTHDF1 interacts with several interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), especially in IFIT3. Overall, our data showed that YTHDF1 played a vital role in inhibiting JEV replication. These findings bring novel insights into the specific mechanisms involved in the innate immune response to infection with JEV. They can be used in the development of novel therapeutics for controlling JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Han Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-da Ou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Zhong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Huan Hu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui-Cong Sun
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying-Jun Lv
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Chao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Young Go
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Bin Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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11
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Olson MF, Brooks C, Kakazu A, Promma P, Sornjai W, Smith DR, Davis TJ. Mosquito surveillance on U.S military installations as part of a Japanese encephalitis virus detection program: 2016 to 2021. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011422. [PMID: 37856569 PMCID: PMC10617694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) continues to circulate throughout Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific where approximately 3 billion people in 24 countries are at risk of infection. Surveillance targeting the mosquito vectors of JEV was conducted at four military installations on Okinawa, Japan, between 2016 and 2021. Out of a total of 10,426 mosquitoes from 20 different species, zero were positive for JEV. The most abundant mosquito species collected were Aedes albopictus (36.4%) followed by Culex sitiens (24.3%) and Armigeres subalbatus (19%). Statistically significant differences in mosquito species populations according to location were observed. Changes in land use over time appear to be correlated with the species and number of mosquitoes trapped in each location. JEV appears to be absent from mosquito populations on Okinawa, but further research on domestic pigs and ardeid birds is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F. Olson
- United States Air Force, Pacific Air Forces, Theater Preventive Medicine Flight, Armed Forces Pacific, United States of America
| | - Caroline Brooks
- United States Air Force, Pacific Air Forces, Theater Preventive Medicine Flight, Armed Forces Pacific, United States of America
| | - Akira Kakazu
- United States Air Force, Pacific Air Forces, Theater Preventive Medicine Flight, Armed Forces Pacific, United States of America
| | - Ploenphit Promma
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Wannapa Sornjai
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Duncan R. Smith
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Timothy J. Davis
- United States Air Force, Pacific Air Forces, Theater Preventive Medicine Flight, Armed Forces Pacific, United States of America
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12
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Tian Z, Zhang H, Yu R, Du J, Gao S, Wang Q, Guan G, Yin H. The GTPase activity and isoprenylation of Swine GBP1 are critical for inhibiting the production of Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Vet Microbiol 2023; 284:109843. [PMID: 37540998 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a flavivirus that cause severe neurological deficits. The guanylate-binding protein 1 (GBP1) gene is an interferon-stimulated gene and exerts antiviral functions on many RNA and DNA viruses via diverse mechanisms, however, the roles and the action modes of GBP1 in the antiviral effect on the production of JEV RNA and infectious virions remain to be clarified. In this study, we found that the RNA levels of swine GBP1 (sGBP1) in PK15 cells were up-regulated at the late stage of JEV infection. The overexpression of sGBP1 significantly inhibited the production of JEV while the knockdown of sGBP1 promoted the production of JEV. The GTPase activity and isoprenylation of sGBP1 both are critical for anti-JEV activity. The GTPase activity of sGBP1 is responsible for inhibiting the production of JEV genomic RNA. The isoprenylation of sGBP1 inhibited the expression and cleavage of JEV prM to decrease the yields of infectious virions, which may be associated with the interaction between sGBP1 and cellular proprotein convertase furin. Taken together, the study dissected the action modes of sGBP1with potent anti-JEV activity in more details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhancheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China.
| | - Hongge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Ruiming Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Junzheng Du
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Shandian Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Qiongjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
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13
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Kumar SS, Dhanze H, Mehta D, Hussain M, Gupta M, Kumar MS. Sero-molecular epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus in swine population of western Uttar Pradesh, India: Unraveling the geographical expansion of the virus. J Vector Borne Dis 2023; 60:292-299. [PMID: 37843240 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.374041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Swine is a good sentinel for forecast of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) outbreaks in humans. The present study was envisaged with objectives to know the sero-conversion period of JEV and to assess the prevalence of JEV in swine population of western Uttar Pradesh state of India. METHODS A total of 252 swine serum samples were screened using IgM ELISA over the period of one year to determine the sero-conversion rate and compared seasonally to check the transmission peak of virus. Further, 321 swine blood and serum samples were collected from all seven divisions of western Uttar Pradesh to determine prevalence of JEV using real time RT-PCR and ELISA. RESULTS Seasonal sero-conversion rate was high during monsoon and post-monsoon (32%) followed by winter (22.91%) and summer (10.71%) seasons. The sero-conversion was observed in all months indicating viral activity throughout the year in the region. The low degree of correlation was found between meteorological variables (day temperature, rainfall) and sero-conversion rate. A total of 52 samples (16.19%) were found positive by real time RT-PCR while sero-positivity of 29.91% was observed using IgG and IgM ELISA(s). The overall prevalence of JEV was 39.25%. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION The presence of JEV was recorded throughout the year with peak occurrence during monsoon and post-monsoon season indicating that virus has spread its realm to western region of the state. The information generated in the present study will aid in initiating timely vector control measures and human vaccination program to mitigate risk of JEV infection in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh S Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Himani Dhanze
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepa Mehta
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mir Hussain
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Megha Gupta
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - M Suman Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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14
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Zhao G, Gao Y, Shi N, Zhang S, Xiao P, Zhang J, Xie C, Ha Z, Feng S, Li C, Zhang X, Xie Y, Yu N, Zhang H, Bi J, Jin N. Molecular Detection and Genetic Characterization of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Animals from 11 Provinces in China. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030625. [PMID: 36992334 PMCID: PMC10051441 DOI: 10.3390/v15030625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which uses a mosquito primary vector and swine as a reservoir host, poses a significant risk to human and animal health. JEV can be detected in cattle, goats and dogs. A molecular epidemiological survey of JEV was conducted in 3105 mammals from five species, swine, fox, racoon dog, yak and goat, and 17,300 mosquitoes from 11 Chinese provinces. JEV was detected in pigs from Heilongjiang (12/328, 3.66%), Jilin (17/642, 2.65%), Shandong (14/832, 1.68%), Guangxi (8/278, 2.88%) and Inner Mongolia (9/952, 0.94%); in goats (1/51, 1.96%) from Tibet; and mosquitoes (6/131, 4.58%) from Yunnan. A total of 13 JEV envelope (E) gene sequences were amplified in pigs from Heilongjiang (5/13), Jilin (2/13) and Guangxi (6/13). Swine had the highest JEV infection rate of any animal species, and the highest infection rates were found in Heilongjiang. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the predominant strain in Northern China was genotype I. Mutations were found at residues 76, 95, 123, 138, 244, 474 and 475 of E protein but all sequences had predicted glycosylation sites at ′N154. Three strains lacked the threonine 76 phosphorylation site from non-specific (unsp) and protein kinase G (PKG) site predictions; one lacked the threonine 186 phosphorylation site from protein kinase II (CKII) prediction; and one lacked the tyrosine 90 phosphorylation site from epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) prediction. The aim of the current study was to contribute to JEV prevention and control through the characterization of its molecular epidemiology and prediction of functional changes due to E-protein mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Ning Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shiheng Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Pengpeng Xiao
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory for Virology and Immunology, Institute of Virology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Changzhan Xie
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Zhuo Ha
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Sheng Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Chenghui Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Xuancheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yubiao Xie
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Ning Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - He Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (J.B.); (N.J.)
| | - Junlong Bi
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (J.B.); (N.J.)
| | - Ningyi Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (J.B.); (N.J.)
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15
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Furlong M, Adamu AM, Hoskins A, Russell TL, Gummow B, Golchin M, Hickson RI, Horwood PF. Japanese Encephalitis Enzootic and Epidemic Risks across Australia. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020450. [PMID: 36851664 PMCID: PMC9962251 DOI: 10.3390/v15020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an arboviral, encephalitogenic, zoonotic flavivirus characterized by its complex epidemiology whose transmission cycle involves reservoir and amplifying hosts, competent vector species and optimal environmental conditions. Although typically endemic in Asia and parts of the Pacific Islands, unprecedented outbreaks in both humans and domestic pigs in southeastern Australia emphasize the virus' expanding geographical range. To estimate areas at highest risk of JEV transmission in Australia, ecological niche models of vectors and waterbirds, a sample of piggery coordinates and feral pig population density models were combined using mathematical and geospatial mapping techniques. These results highlight that both coastal and inland regions across the continent are estimated to have varying risks of enzootic and/or epidemic JEV transmission. We recommend increased surveillance of waterbirds, feral pigs and mosquito populations in areas where domestic pigs and human populations are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Furlong
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Andrew M. Adamu
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Andrew Hoskins
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Tanya L. Russell
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4870, Australia
| | - Bruce Gummow
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Maryam Golchin
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Roslyn I. Hickson
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Correspondence: (R.I.H.); (P.F.H.); Tel.: +61-7-4781-6106
| | - Paul F. Horwood
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
- Correspondence: (R.I.H.); (P.F.H.); Tel.: +61-7-4781-6106
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Chapagain S, Pal Singh P, Le K, Safronetz D, Wood H, Karniychuk U. Japanese encephalitis virus persists in the human reproductive epithelium and porcine reproductive tissues. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010656. [PMID: 35905074 PMCID: PMC9337681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the emerging and geographically expanding flavivirus and the major causative agent of encephalitis in humans in Asia. There are risks of JEV introduction into the Americas given a large population of amplifying hosts—pigs and wild boars, and insect vectors—Culex mosquitoes. There are emerging concerns about vector-free ways of flavivirus transmission, for example sexual and transplacental Zika virus transmissions, which may change flavivirus epidemiology and expand the geographical range to territories with no insect vectors. It is unknown whether JEV has tropism in the female lower reproductive tract and the potential for sexual transmission in humans. While clinical outcomes of transplacental JEV infection are described in humans and pigs, cellular targets and tissue tropism in the upper reproductive tract are also unknown. Here, we studied JEV infection phenotypes and host transcriptional responses in human reproductive epithelial cells. We found that JEV caused persistent infection and cytopathology in the vaginal epithelium, endometrial epithelium, and trophoblast. Human vaginal epithelial cells infected with JEV had altered transcriptional responses associated with inflammation and disruption of epithelial barrier function. Also, using pigs—the native amplifying host for JEV, we confirmed JEV tropism in the female lower and upper reproductive tracts. We discovered that JEV persists in the vaginal mucosa for at least 28 days and pigs shed the virus in vaginal secretions. We also found JEV persistence in the endometrium and placenta with transplacental and fetal infections. Altogether, we discovered that JEV targets the vaginal epithelium and has the potential for sexual transmission in humans. We also contributed to a better understanding of JEV pathogenesis during transplacental infection. Further studies are needed to better understand the interactions of JEV with reproductive tissues, how persistent infection affects female reproductive functions, and the risks for non-vector transmission. Emerging viruses—newly discovered or with increasing disease incidence—pose a constant threat to public health. The most recent examples of devastating outbreaks of emerging viruses are Ebola virus, new coronaviruses, and Zika virus epidemics. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the emerging flavivirus related to Zika virus; it is the most important cause of brain infections in Asia that may cause death and severe neurological sequela in patients. Almost half of the world’s population lives in territories where JEV is permanently circulating. Like Zika virus, JEV is transmitted to humans via mosquito bites. However, there are emerging concerns about alternative beyond mosquito-borne ways of flavivirus transmission which may expand the geographical pathogen range to territories with no insect vectors. For example, sexual and transplacental Zika virus transmissions with replication in human vaginal epithelial cells, placenta, and fetuses have been described. Here, we questioned whether JEV also has potential for sexual transmission and studied its tropism in the human female reproductive epithelium—the primary barrier cells of the reproductive system. Also, using pigs—the native amplifying host for JEV, we studied JEV infection in the female lower and upper reproductive tract tissues. We discovered that JEV replicates in different reproductive epithelial cells and tissues of both humans and pigs for a long time, causing molecular and clinical pathology. Thus, further studies are needed to better understand the interactions of JEV with reproductive tissues, how persistent infection affects female reproductive functions, and the risks for non-mosquito transmissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subash Chapagain
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Prince Pal Singh
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Khanh Le
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - David Safronetz
- The National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Heidi Wood
- The National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Uladzimir Karniychuk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- * E-mail:
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17
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Chiou SS, Chen JM, Chen YY, Chia MY, Fan YC. The feasibility of field collected pig oronasal secretions as specimens for the virologic surveillance of Japanese encephalitis virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009977. [PMID: 34860839 PMCID: PMC8673640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Virologic surveillance of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) relies on collecting pig blood specimens and adult mosquitoes in the past. Viral RNAs extracted from pig blood specimens suffer from low detecting positivity by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The oronasal transmission of the virus has been demonstrated in experimentally infected pigs. This observation suggested oronasal specimens could be useful source in the virus surveillance. However, the role of this unusual route of transmission remains unproven in the operational pig farm. In this study, we explore the feasibility of using pig oronasal secretions collected by chewing ropes to improve the positivity of detection in commercial pig farms. The multiplex genotype-specific RT-PCR was used in this study to determine and compare the positivity of detecting JEV viral RNAs in pig’s oronasal secretions and blood specimens, and the primary mosquito vector. Oronasal specimens had the overall positive rate of 6.0% (95% CI 1.3%–16.6%) (3/50) to 10.0% (95% CI 2.1%–26.5%) (3/30) for JEV during transmission period despite the negative results of all blood-derived specimens (n = 2442). Interestingly, pig oronasal secretions and female Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquito samples collected from the same pig farm showed similar viral RNA positive rates, 10.0% (95% CI 2.1%–26.5%) (3/30) and 8.9% (95% CI 2.5%–21.2%) (4/45), respectively (p> 0.05). Pig oronasal secretion-based surveillance revealed the seasonality of viral activity and identified closely related genotype I virus derived from the mosquito isolates. This finding indicates oronasal secretion-based RT-PCR assay can be a non-invasive, alternative method of implementing JEV surveillance in the epidemic area prior to the circulation of virus-positive mosquitoes. Mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) has either endemic or seasonal patterns of transmission in Asia and Australia. Most hosts infected by the virus remains asymptomatic but can result in severe encephalitis in humans and horses, and abortion or stillbirth in pregnant sows. Isolation of virus in adult mosquitoes or pig seroconversion has been used as an early indicator of upcoming JE outbreak in humans. Genotype identification of the virus is important since current human and domestic animal vaccines are all genotype III (GIII) specific. GIII vaccine elicited immunity has reduced cross-protections to genotypes other than GIII. Our virologic surveillance using pig’s oronasal secretion detected higher prevalence and earlier genotype I virus activity than using pig’s blood and mosquitoes, respectively. This proposed surveillance tool might be more effective that will allow the public health agency to properly implement the preventive measures, such as implementing mosquito control, encouraging booster vaccination, and encouraging the use of mosquito repellent, to reduce the impact of upcoming outbreak. Collection of pig’s oronasal secretion is non-invasive to pigs and less technically demanding to operators. Thus we propose the use of pig’s oronasal secretions as the novel source of specimens for virologic surveillance to replace the traditional pig blood or adult mosquito specimens to monitor and control JE outbreak/epidemic in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyan-Song Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Mei Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Min-Yuan Chia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chin Fan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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18
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Zahid MH, Kribs CM. Impact of cattle on joint dynamics and disease burden of Japanese encephalitis and leptospirosis. Math Biosci Eng 2021; 18:3046-3072. [PMID: 34198375 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2021153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne neglected tropical disease. JE is mostly found in rural areas where people usually keep cattle at home for their needs. Cattle in households reduce JE virus infections since they distract vectors and act as a dead-end host for the virus. However, the presence of cattle introduces risk of leptospirosis infections in humans. Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that spreads through direct or indirect contact of urine of the infected cattle. Thus, cattle have both positive and negative impacts on human disease burden. This study uses a mathematical model to study the joint dynamics of these two diseases in the presence of cattle and to identify the net impact of cattle on the annual disease burden in JE-prevalent areas. Analysis indicates that the presence of cattle helps to reduce the overall disease burden in JE-prevalent areas. However, this reduction is dominated by the vector's feeding pattern. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the joint dynamics of JE and leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mondal Hasan Zahid
- Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at Arlington, Box 19408, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Christopher M Kribs
- Department of Mathematics, University of Texas at Arlington, Box 19408, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
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19
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Pham-Thanh L, Nguyen-Tien T, Magnusson U, Bui-Nghia V, Bui-Ngoc A, Le-Thanh D, Lundkvist Å, Can-Xuan M, Nguyen-Thi Thu T, Vu-Thi Bich H, Lee HS, Nguyen-Viet H, Lindahl J. Dogs as Sentinels for Flavivirus Exposure in Urban, Peri-Urban and Rural Hanoi, Vietnam. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030507. [PMID: 33808552 PMCID: PMC8003331 DOI: 10.3390/v13030507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases caused by flaviviruses, including dengue fever and Japanese encephalitis, are major health problems in Vietnam. This cross-sectional study explored the feasibility of domestic dogs as sentinels to better understand risks of mosquito-borne diseases in Hanoi city. A total of 475 dogs serum samples from 221 households in six districts of Hanoi were analyzed by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for antibodies to the pr-E protein of West Nile virus and other flaviviruses due to cross-reactivity. The overall flavivirus seroprevalence in the dog population was 70.7% (95% CI = 66.4–74.8%). At the animal level, significant associations between seropositive dogs and district location, age, breed and keeping practice were determined. At the household level, the major risk factors were rural and peri-urban locations, presence of pigs, coil burning and households without mosquito-borne disease experience (p < 0.05). Mosquito control by using larvicides or electric traps could lower seropositivity, but other measures did not contribute to significant risk mitigation of flavivirus exposure in dogs. These results will support better control of mosquito-borne diseases in Hanoi, and they indicate that dogs can be used as sentinels for flavivirus exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Pham-Thanh
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (T.N.-T.); (H.S.L.); (H.N.-V.); (J.L.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +84-934-109-999
| | - Thang Nguyen-Tien
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (T.N.-T.); (H.S.L.); (H.N.-V.); (J.L.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Ulf Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Vuong Bui-Nghia
- National Institute for Veterinary Research, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (V.B.-N.); (A.B.-N.); (D.L.-T.)
| | - Anh Bui-Ngoc
- National Institute for Veterinary Research, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (V.B.-N.); (A.B.-N.); (D.L.-T.)
| | - Duy Le-Thanh
- National Institute for Veterinary Research, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (V.B.-N.); (A.B.-N.); (D.L.-T.)
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Minh Can-Xuan
- Hanoi Sub-Department of Livestock Production and Animal Health, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam;
| | - Thuy Nguyen-Thi Thu
- National Institute for Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (T.N.-T.T.); (H.V.-T.B.)
| | - Hau Vu-Thi Bich
- National Institute for Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (T.N.-T.T.); (H.V.-T.B.)
| | - Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (T.N.-T.); (H.S.L.); (H.N.-V.); (J.L.)
| | - Hung Nguyen-Viet
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (T.N.-T.); (H.S.L.); (H.N.-V.); (J.L.)
| | - Johanna Lindahl
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 10000, Vietnam; (T.N.-T.); (H.S.L.); (H.N.-V.); (J.L.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
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20
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Kuwata R, Torii S, Shimoda H, Supriyono S, Phichitraslip T, Prasertsincharoen N, Takemae H, Bautista RCJT, Ebora VDBM, Abella JAC, Dargantes AP, Hadi UK, Setiyono A, Baltazar ET, Simborio LT, Agungpriyono S, Jittapalapong S, Rerkamnuaychoke W, Hondo E, Maeda K. Distribution of Japanese Encephalitis Virus, Japan and Southeast Asia, 2016-2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:125-128. [PMID: 31855535 PMCID: PMC6924880 DOI: 10.3201/eid2601.190235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2016–2018, we conducted surveillance for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in mosquitoes and pigs in Japan, Thailand, the Philippines, and Indonesia. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that our isolates (genotypes Ia, Ib, III, IV) were related to JEV isolates obtained from the same regions many years ago. Indigenous JEV strains persist in Asia.
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21
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Zhang R, Liu Y, Li J, Mi L, You L, Wang Y, You L, Yue H, Sui H, Fu L, Zhang N, Zhao J. Comment on serological evidence of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in pigs in a low human incidence state, Goa, India. Prev Vet Med 2020; 179:104944. [PMID: 32173070 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyan Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Yumin Liu
- Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun 130600, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Lijuan Mi
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Lixia You
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Gongji Township, Huadian 132402, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Lixin You
- Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun 130600, China
| | - Huixian Yue
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonoses Prevention and Control, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Hui Sui
- College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Lin Fu
- Jilin Teyan Biotechnology Co., LTD., Changchun 130122, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Research, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Jinghui Zhao
- Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun 130600, China.
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22
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Chethan Kumar HB, Dhanze H, Bhilegaonkar KN, Chakurkar EB, Kumar A, Yathish HM. Reply to commentary on Serological evidence of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in pigs in a low human incidence state, Goa, India. Prev Vet Med 2020; 177:104945. [PMID: 32213450 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H B Chethan Kumar
- ICAR - Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute, Old Goa, Goa, 403402, India.
| | - H Dhanze
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - K N Bhilegaonkar
- Training and Education Centre, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Shivajinagar, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 005, India
| | - E B Chakurkar
- ICAR - Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute, Old Goa, Goa, 403402, India
| | - A Kumar
- Division of Animal Science, Krishi Bhavan, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, 110 114, India
| | - H M Yathish
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560 024, Karnataka, India
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23
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Li X, Qiao M, Deng X, Chen X, Sun S, Zhang Q, Zhang W, Tan F, Sun Z, Chen X, Sun M, Tian K. Lethal Encephalitis in Seals with Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection, China, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1539-1542. [PMID: 31310219 PMCID: PMC6649316 DOI: 10.3201/eid2508.181663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) from brain samples of 2 seals with lethal encephalitis at Weihai Aquarium, Weihai, China, in 2017. We confirmed our findings by immunohistochemical staining and electron microscopy. Phylogenetic analysis showed this virus was genotype I. Our findings suggest that JEV might disseminate though infected zoo animals.
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24
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Ladreyt H, Durand B, Dussart P, Chevalier V. How Central Is the Domestic Pig in the Epidemiological Cycle of Japanese Encephalitis Virus? A Review of Scientific Evidence and Implications for Disease Control. Viruses 2019; 11:E949. [PMID: 31618959 PMCID: PMC6832429 DOI: 10.3390/v11100949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the existence of human vaccines, Japanese encephalitis (JE) remains the leading cause of human encephalitis in Asia. Pigs are described as the main amplifying host, but their role in JE epidemiology needs to be reassessed in order to identify and implement efficient control strategies, for both human and animal health. We aimed to provide a systematic review of publications linked to JE in swine, in terms of both individual and population characteristics of JE virus (JEV) infection and circulation, as well as observed epidemiological patterns. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement to select and analyze relevant articles from the Scopus database, 127 of which were included in the review. Pigs are central, but the implication of secondary hosts cannot be ruled out and should be further investigated. Although human vaccination cannot eradicate the virus, it is clearly the most important means of preventing human disease. However, a better understanding of the actual involvement of domestic pigs as well as other potential JEV hosts in different JEV epidemiological cycles and patterns could help to identify additional/complementary control measures, either by targeting pigs or not, and in some specific epidemiological contexts, contribute to reduce virus circulation and protect humans from JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héléna Ladreyt
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
- Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Benoit Durand
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia.
| | - Véronique Chevalier
- Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, F-34090 Montpellier, France.
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, PO Box 983, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia.
- Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), UMR ASTRE, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia.
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25
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Lee HS, Thanh TL, Ly NK, Nguyen-Viet H, Thakur KK, Grace D. Seroprevalence of leptospirosis and Japanese encephalitis in swine in ten provinces of Vietnam. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214701. [PMID: 31369564 PMCID: PMC6675114 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease with a global distribution, affecting a wide range of mammalian animals and humans. Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus is the major vector-borne zoonotic disease in the Asia-Pacific region. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of serovar-specific Leptospira and JE in swine from 10 provinces in Vietnam. METHODS Samples were initially collected for swine influenza surveillance from March to April 2017 at large-scale farms (with at least 50 sows and/or 250 fattening pigs) with pigs that tested positive for influenza in the previous surveillance period (2015-16). FINDINGS A total of 2,000 sera samples were analyzed from 10 provinces. Overall, the seroprevalence of leptospirosis was 21.05% (95% CI: 19.28-22.90) using a cut-off titer of ≥ 1:100. The apparent prevalence of JE was 73.45% (95% CI: 71.46-75.37) while the true prevalence was slightly higher (74.46%, 95% credible interval: 73.73-86.41). We found a relatively high presence of leptospirosis and JE in pigs kept on large farms. Prevalence was comparable with other studies suggesting opportunistic testing of samples collected for other surveillance purposes can be a valuable tool to better understand and prevent the potential transmission of these zoonotic diseases from pigs to people in Vietnam. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence to veterinarians and animal health professionals for evidence-based practice such as diagnosis, vaccination and zoonotic control. Further investigation into the possible role of different domestic animals, wildlife species or environmental factors is needed to identify the potential risk factors and transmission routes in Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - To Long Thanh
- National Center for Veterinary Diagnosis, 15/78 Duong Giai Phong-Phuong Mai Dong Da Hanoi, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Khanh Ly
- National Center for Veterinary Diagnosis, 15/78 Duong Giai Phong-Phuong Mai Dong Da Hanoi, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Krishna K Thakur
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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26
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Dhanze H, Bhilegaonkar KN, Rawat S, Chethan Kumar HB, Kumar A, Gulati BR, Mishra BP, Singh RK. Development of recombinant nonstructural 1 protein based indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for sero-surveillance of Japanese encephalitis in swine. J Virol Methods 2019; 272:113705. [PMID: 31351167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes severe neurological disease in humans, especially among children. The disease is endemic in several South Asian countries including India. Swine play a major role as amplifier host for JEV and act as a source of infection to humans through mosquito bite. Early detection of either virus or antibodies in swine will aid to undertake control measures to prevent virus spread to humans. Swine seldom show symptoms of JEV infection and the viraemic phase lasts for a short period of 3 to 4 days indicating the potential of detection of antibodies, which remain for relatively longer period, as a suitable alternative. Cost effective and sensitive assays for the detection of JEV antibodies in swine are not available indigenously. Hence, we have developed a recombinant nonstructural protein 1 (rNS1) based enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of IgG antibodies against JEV in swine. The test is robust, highly sensitive (91%), specific (97%), reproducible and affordable. Field validation of the assay was done by screening 3628 swine Serum samples collected from different parts of India. The overall sero-positivity was found to be 32.22%. The developed ELISA can be readily incorporated into surveillance programs for detection of Japanese encephalitis virus activity in swine population thereby aiding in prediction of outbreaks in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dhanze
- ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India.
| | | | - S Rawat
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, SVPUA&T, Meerut, India
| | | | - A Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India
| | - B R Gulati
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, India
| | - B P Mishra
- ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India
| | - R K Singh
- ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India
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27
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Di Francesco J, Choeung R, Peng B, Pring L, Pang S, Duboz R, Ong S, Sorn S, Tarantola A, Fontenille D, Duong V, Dussart P, Chevalier V, Cappelle J. Comparison of the dynamics of Japanese encephalitis virus circulation in sentinel pigs between a rural and a peri-urban setting in Cambodia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006644. [PMID: 30138381 PMCID: PMC6107123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis is mainly considered a rural disease, but there is growing evidence of a peri-urban and urban transmission in several countries, including Cambodia. We, therefore, compared the epidemiologic dynamic of Japanese encephalitis between a rural and a peri-urban setting in Cambodia. We monitored two cohorts of 15 pigs and determined the force of infection-rate at which seronegative pigs become positive-in two study farms located in a peri-urban and rural area, respectively. We also studied the mosquito abundance and diversity in proximity of the pigs, as well as the host densities in both areas. All the pigs seroconverted before the age of 6 months. The force of infection was 0.061 per day (95% confidence interval = 0.034-0.098) in the peri-urban cohort and 0.069 per day (95% confidence interval = 0.047-0.099) in the rural cohort. Several differences in the epidemiologic dynamic of Japanese encephalitis between both study sites were highlighted. The later virus amplification in the rural cohort may be linked to the later waning of maternal antibodies, but also to the higher pig density in direct proximity of the studied pigs, which could have led to a dilution of mosquito bites at the farm level. The force of infection was almost identical in both the peri-urban and the rural farms studied, which shifts the classic epidemiologic cycle of the virus. This study is a first step in improving our understanding of Japanese encephalitis virus ecology in different environments with distinct landscapes, human and animal densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Di Francesco
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- University of Calgary, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Calgary, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Rithy Choeung
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Borin Peng
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Long Pring
- Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Senglong Pang
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Raphaël Duboz
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sivuth Ong
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - San Sorn
- Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Department of Animal Health and Production, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Arnaud Tarantola
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Veasna Duong
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Véronique Chevalier
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Cappelle
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRA, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- UMR EpiA, VetAgro Sup, INRA, Marcy l’étoile, France
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28
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Lyons AC, Huang YJS, Park SL, Ayers VB, Hettenbach SM, Higgs S, McVey DS, Noronha L, Hsu WW, Vanlandingham DL. Shedding of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Oral Fluid of Infected Swine. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:469-474. [PMID: 29742002 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne flavivirus endemic in the Asia-Pacific region. Maintenance of JEV in nature involves enzootic transmission by competent Culex mosquitoes among susceptible avian and swine species. Historically, JEV has been regarded as one of the most important arthropod-borne viruses in Southeast Asia. Oronasal shedding of JEV from infected amplification hosts was not recognized until the recent discovery of vector-free transmission of JEV among domestic pigs. In this study, oral shedding of JEV was characterized in domestic pigs and miniature swine representing the feral phenotype. A rope-based sampling method followed by the detection of viral RNA using RT-qPCR allowed the collection and detection of JEV in oral fluid samples collected from intradermally challenged animals. The results suggest that the shedding of JEV in oral fluid can be readily detected by molecular diagnostic assays at the acute phase of infection. It also demonstrates the feasibility of this technique for the diagnosis and surveillance of JEV in swine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Lyons
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
- 2 Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Yan-Jang S Huang
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
- 2 Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - So Lee Park
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
- 2 Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Victoria B Ayers
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
- 2 Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Susan M Hettenbach
- 2 Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Stephen Higgs
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
- 2 Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - D Scott McVey
- 3 Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Leela Noronha
- 3 Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Wei-Wen Hsu
- 4 Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Dana L Vanlandingham
- 1 Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
- 2 Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
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29
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Cappelle J, Duong V, Pring L, Kong L, Yakovleff M, Prasetyo DB, Peng B, Choeung R, Duboz R, Ong S, Sorn S, Dussart P, Tarantola A, Buchy P, Chevalier V. Intensive Circulation of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Peri-urban Sentinel Pigs near Phnom Penh, Cambodia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005149. [PMID: 27926937 PMCID: PMC5142769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the increased use of vaccination in several Asian countries, Japanese Encephalitis (JE) remains the most important cause of viral encephalitis in Asia in humans with an estimated 68,000 cases annually. Considered a rural disease occurring mainly in paddy-field dominated landscapes where pigs are amplifying hosts, JE may nevertheless circulate in a wider range of environment given the diversity of its potential hosts and vectors. The main objective of this study was to assess the intensity of JE transmission to pigs in a peri-urban environment in the outskirt of Phnom Penh, Cambodia. We estimated the force of JE infection in two cohorts of 15 sentinel pigs by fitting a generalised linear model on seroprevalence monitoring data observed during two four-month periods in 2014. Our results provide evidence for intensive circulation of JE virus in a periurban area near Phnom Penh, the capital and most populated city of Cambodia. Understanding JE virus transmission in different environments is important for planning JE virus control in the long term and is also an interesting model to study the complexity of vector-borne diseases. Collecting quantitative data such as the force of infection will help calibrate epidemiological model that can be used to better understand complex vector-borne disease epidemiological cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Cappelle
- CIRAD-ES, UPR AGIRs, Montpellier, France
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Veasna Duong
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Long Pring
- Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Lida Kong
- Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Maud Yakovleff
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Borin Peng
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Rithy Choeung
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Raphaël Duboz
- CIRAD-ES, UPR AGIRs, Montpellier, France
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sivuth Ong
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - San Sorn
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Arnaud Tarantola
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Lord
- Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Emily S. Gurley
- Centre for Communicable Diseases, icddr,b, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Juliet R. C. Pulliam
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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Khan SU, Salje H, Hannan A, Islam MA, Bhuyan AAM, Islam MA, Rahman MZ, Nahar N, Hossain MJ, Luby SP, Gurley ES. Dynamics of Japanese encephalitis virus transmission among pigs in Northwest Bangladesh and the potential impact of pig vaccination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3166. [PMID: 25255286 PMCID: PMC4177832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus infection can cause severe disease in humans, resulting in death or permanent neurologic deficits among survivors. Studies indicate that the incidence of JE is high in northwestern Bangladesh. Pigs are amplifying hosts for JE virus (JEV) and a potentially important source of virus in the environment. The objectives of this study were to describe the transmission dynamics of JEV among pigs in northwestern Bangladesh and estimate the potential impact of vaccination to reduce incidence among pigs. Methodology/Principal Findings We conducted a comprehensive census of pigs in three JE endemic districts and tested a sample of them for evidence of previous JEV infection. We built a compartmental model to describe JEV transmission dynamics in this region and to estimate the potential impact of pig vaccination. We identified 11,364 pigs in the study area. Previous JEV infection was identified in 30% of pigs with no spatial differences in the proportion of pigs that were seropositive across the study area. We estimated that JEV infects 20% of susceptible pigs each year and the basic reproductive number among pigs was 1.2. The model suggest that vaccinating 50% of pigs each year resulted in an estimated 82% reduction in annual incidence in pigs. Conclusions/Significance The widespread distribution of historic JEV infection in pigs suggests they may play an important role in virus transmission in this area. Future studies are required to understand the contribution of pig infections to JE risk in humans and the potential impact of pig vaccination on human disease. Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus infection can cause severe neurological disease in man. More JE cases are seen in northwestern districts in Bangladesh. Pigs are the most common amplifying host of the virus and can act as a potential environmental source. We conducted a comprehensive census of pigs in three JE endemic districts and tested a sample of them for evidence of previous JEV infection. We built a compartmental model to describe JEV transmission dynamics in this region and to estimate the potential impact of pig vaccination. We identified 11,364 pigs in our study area, mostly raised in backyards. About 30% of the pigs had evidence of previous JE virus infection. Our model suggests that vaccinating 50% of pigs each year resulted in an estimated 82% reduction in annual incidence in pigs. Pigs in northwestern Bangladesh may play a significant role in JE virus transmission. JE incidence may be substantially reduced through reasonable pig vaccination coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Uddin Khan
- Centre for Communicable Diseases, i,cddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- College of Public Health and Health Professions - Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Henrik Salje
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - A. Hannan
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | - M. Ziaur Rahman
- Centre for Communicable Diseases, i,cddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nazmun Nahar
- Centre for Communicable Diseases, i,cddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Stephen P. Luby
- Centre for Communicable Diseases, i,cddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Global Disease Detection Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Emily S. Gurley
- Centre for Communicable Diseases, i,cddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Mukherjee S, Ghosh S, Nazmi A, Basu A. RIG-I knockdown impedes neurogenesis in a murine model of Japanese encephalitis. Cell Biol Int 2014; 39:224-9. [PMID: 25077467 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I) is a well established pattern recognition receptor (PRR) in neurons infected with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) as reported previously from our laboratory. Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus infection in brain has been shown to decrease the proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) which has its implications in neurological sequelae in JE survivors. We have found that ablation of RIG-I both in vivo and in vitro models results in significant decrease in NSPC proliferation post JEV infection. We hypothesize that knockdown of RIG-I diminishes the expression of antiviral molecules resulting in an increase in viral replication, which in turn results in enhancement of the expression of cell cycle inhibitors, hence affecting the proliferation of NSPCs.
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Cleton N, Koopmans M, Braks M, Van Maanen K, Reusken C. [Japanese encephalitis in Southern Europe]. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 2014; 139:20-25. [PMID: 25090898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In 2012, a fragment of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genome was isolated from a pool of Culex pipiens mosquitoes caught in 2010 and 2011 in Northern Italy. JEV has a broad geographical distribution in South and Southeast Asia and Oceania, and is the most important cause of viral encephalitis in Asia in humans and also causes encephalitis in horses and fertility problems in pigs. However, recently isolated JEV genome fragments in mosquitoes in Italy could be an indication of repeated introduction of JEV, enzootic circulation of JEV or a related virus in Southern Europe. Until more information is available, Japanese encephalitis remains a travel-related infectious disease for travellers to JEV endemic and epidemic areas outside of Europe.
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Dhakal S, Joshi DD, Ale A, Sharma M, Dahal M, Shah Y, Pant DK, Stephen C. Regional variation in pig farmer awareness and actions regarding Japanese encephalitis in Nepal: implications for public health education. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85399. [PMID: 24416402 PMCID: PMC3887053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease that has pigs as the major amplifying hosts. It is the most important cause of viral encephalitis in people in Nepal and is spreading in its geographic distribution in that country. Pig farming is increasing in Nepal due to reducing cultural biases against pigs and government programs to support pig farming for poverty alleviation. Major strategies for JE prevention and control include education, vector control, and immunization of people and pigs. This study used a survey of 400 pig farmers in 4 areas of Nepal with different JE and pig farming histories to explore regional variations in farmer awareness and actions towards JE, the association of awareness and actions with farm and farmer variables, and the implications of these associations for public health education. Exposure to JE risk factors was common across pig farms and pig farming districts but there were significant district level differences in knowledge and practices related to on-farm JE risk reduction. Social factors such as literacy, gender, and cultural practices were associated with farmer attitudes, knowledge and practices for JE control. JE vaccine uptake was almost non-existent and mosquito control steps were inconsistently applied across all 4 districts. Income was not a determining factor of the differences, but all farmers were very poor. The low uptake of vaccine and lack of infrastructure or financial capacity to house pigs indoors or away from people suggest that farmer personal protection should be a priority target for education in Nepal. This study re-enforces the need to attack root causes of people's personal disease prevention behaviours and take into account local variation in needs and capacities when designing health or agriculture education programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Dhakal
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Durga Datt Joshi
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Anita Ale
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Minu Sharma
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Meena Dahal
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Yogendra Shah
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Dhan Kumar Pant
- National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene Research Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Craig Stephen
- Centre for Coastal Health, Nanaimo British Columbia, Canada and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Ramey AM, Spackman E, Yeh JY, Fujita G, Konishi K, Uchida K, Reed JA, Wilcox BR, Brown JD, Stallknecht DE. Antibodies to H5 subtype avian influenza virus and Japanese encephalitis virus in northern pintails (Anas acuta) sampled in Japan. Jpn J Vet Res 2013; 61:117-123. [PMID: 24059097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Blood samples from 105 northern pintails (Anas acuta) captured on Hokkaido, Japan were tested for antibodies to avian influenza virus (AIV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and West Nile virus (WNV) to assess possible involvement of this species in the spread of economically important and potentially zoonotic pathogens. Antibodies to AIV were detected in 64 of 105 samples (61%). Of the 64 positives, 95% and 81% inhibited agglutination of two different H5 AIV antigens (H5N1 and H5N9), respectively. Antibodies to JEV and WNV were detected in five (5%) and none of the samples, respectively. Results provide evidence for prior exposure of migrating northern pintails to H5 AIV which couldhave implications for viral shedding and disease occurrence. Results also provide evidence for limited involvement of this species in the transmission and spread of flaviviruses during spring migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Ramey
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, 4210 University Drive, Anchorage, Alaska 99508, USA.
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Kurane I, Shibasaki KI, Kotaki A, Hijioka Y, Takasaki T. The effect of precipitation on the transmission of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus in nature: a complex effect on antibody-positive rate to JE virus in sentinel pigs. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2013; 10:1831-44. [PMID: 23644830 PMCID: PMC3709351 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10051831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is one of the most important mosquito-borne viral diseases in Asia. Pigs are a natural host and the amplifier of JE virus. The sero-conversion rate to JE virus in sentinel pigs reflects the activity of JE virus in the region. We analyzed whether precipitation has any effect on the sero-conversion rate to JE virus in sentinel pigs. Linear regression analysis was performed to determine the correlations between the levels of precipitation and sero-conversion rates to JE virus, in the entire year and during summertime over the period of 32 years from 1969 to 2000. The levels of the annual and summertime precipitation demonstrated statistically significant positive correlations with sero-conversion rates for the whole of the country and for some regions in Japan. The levels of the summertime precipitation, on the other hand, demonstrated statistically significant inverse correlations with the sero-conversion rates in other regions. Further, the levels of precipitation during preceding 10-day periods from days 1-40 before blood collection showed inverse correlation with antibody-positive rates in some regions. The results indicate that the relationship between the annual and summertime precipitation, and the sero-conversion rate to JE virus is complex; both positive and inverse effects are demonstrated depending on the regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kurane
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjukuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-3-5285-1111 (ext. 2007); Fax: +81-3-5285-1356
| | - Ken-ichi Shibasaki
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjukuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; E-Mails: (K.S.); (A.K.); (T.T.)
| | - Akira Kotaki
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjukuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; E-Mails: (K.S.); (A.K.); (T.T.)
| | - Yasuaki Hijioka
- Sustainable Social Systems Section, Center for Social and Environmental Systems Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba-City, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Tomohiko Takasaki
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjukuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; E-Mails: (K.S.); (A.K.); (T.T.)
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Routray D, Sahoo JR, Singh P, Agarwal A, Jain SK, Singh SV. Public health response to the first case of Japanese encephalitis in Delhi, 2011. J Commun Dis 2012; 44:157-161. [PMID: 25145063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Japanese Encephalitis (JE) is an acute viral zoonotic infection of the central nervous system. A confirmed case of JE was reported in the MVH, Pooth Khurd, following which the epidemiological investigation was carried out in the study area. Clinical/Syndromic surveillance started in the hospital. The local practitioners and anganwadi workers were contacted and requested to report similar cases in their areas. Serosurveillance to delineate high risk population, animal and vector survey done by taking transect walks through the colony to look for presence of amplifying hosts like pigs, ducks etc. Out of 2328 persons surveyed, 404 persons were found to have/had fever in the preceding one month. Current fever cases were 166, out of which 9 fitted into the criteria of AES. Large water body with vegetations was present within the colony. Piggeries and ducks were found in the colony. In the hospital 9 AES cases were screened. In total only 18 (9 from field, 9 from hospital) cases subjected to testing and found to be negative for IgM specific for JE. In total only 18 (9 from field, 9 from hospital) cases subjected to testing and found to be negative for IgM specific for JE. Most probably the above case of nine year child is the first case of JE indigenous to Delhi. The environmental conditions were conducive for the transmission of the viral agent. Further research is hence recommended to find the missing links and to prevent outbreaks in Delhi.
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Platonov A, Rossi G, Karan L, Mironov K, Busani L, Rezza G. Does the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) represent a threat for human health in Europe? Detection of JEV RNA sequences in birds collected in Italy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 17. [PMID: 22913940 DOI: 10.2807/ese.17.32.20241-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Tian CJ, Lin ZX, He XM, Luo Q, Luo CB, Yu HQ, Chen R, Wu XW, Zhu DZ, Ren ZJ, Bi YZ, Ji J. Development of a fluorescent-intercalating-dye-based reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of seasonal Japanese B encephalitis outbreaks in pigs. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1481-8. [PMID: 22573187 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The standardization and validation of a one-step, single-tube, accelerated fluorescent-intercalating-dye-based reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay targeting the NS3 gene of Japanese B encephalitis virus (JEV) is described for rapid, simple, and high-throughput detection of JEV. The amplification can be completed in 35 min under isothermal conditions at 63°C by employing a set of six primers targeting the NS3 gene of JEV. The RT-LAMP assay described demonstrated high sensitivity for detecting JEV, with a detection limit in swine samples of 8.13 PFU/ml. The specificity of the selected primer sets was established by cross-reactivity studies with pathogens that exhibit similar clinical signs and testing of samples from healthy animals. The clinical applicability of the RT-LAMP assay was validated using either spiked samples or samples from seasonal outbreaks. The comparative evaluation of the RT-LAMP assay revealed 79.59 % concordance with conventional RT-PCR targeting the E gene of JEV. The RT-LAMP assay reported here is a valuable tool for rapid real-time and high-throughput seasonal infection surveillance and quarantine after outbreak through blood sampling by using ordinary real-time PCR thermocyclers without purchasing an expensive Loopamp real-time turbidimeter.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Tian
- Guangdong Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China.
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Yeh JY, Lee JH, Park JY, Seo HJ, Moon JS, Cho IS, Kim HP, Yang YJ, Ahn KM, Kyung SG, Choi IS, Lee JB. A diagnostic algorithm to serologically differentiate West Nile virus from Japanese encephalitis virus infections and its validation in field surveillance of poultry and horses. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2012; 12:372-9. [PMID: 22217162 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of West Nile virus (WNV) in areas endemic for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is complicated by the extensive serological cross-reactivity between the two viruses. A testing algorithm was developed and employed for the detection of anti-WNV antibody in areas endemic for JEV. Using this differentiation algorithm, a serological survey of poultry (2004 through 2009) and horses (2007 through 2009) was performed. Among 2681 poultry sera, 125 samples were interpreted as being positive for antibodies against JEV, and 14 were suspected to be positive for antibodies against undetermined flaviviruses other than WNV and JEV. Of the 2601 horse sera tested, a total of 1914 (73.6%) were positive to the initial screening test. Of these positive sera, 132 sera (5.1%) had been collected from horses that had been imported from the United States, where WNV is endemic. These horses had WNV vaccination records, and no significant pattern of increasing titer was observed in paired sera tests. Of the remaining 1782 positive sera 1468 sera (56.4%) were also found to contain anti-JEV antibodies, and were interpreted to be JEV-specific antibodies by the differentiation algorithm developed in this study. The remaining 314 horses (12.1%) for which a fourfold difference in neutralizing antibody titer could not be demonstrated, were determined to contain an antibody against an unknown (unidentified or undetermined) flavivirus. No evidence of WNV infections were found during the period of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yong Yeh
- Foreign Animal Disease Division, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang-city, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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Carney J, Daly JM, Nisalak A, Solomon T. Recombination and positive selection identified in complete genome sequences of Japanese encephalitis virus. Arch Virol 2011; 157:75-83. [PMID: 22033595 PMCID: PMC3249550 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes encephalitis in man but not in pigs. Complete genomes of a human, mosquito and pig isolate from outbreaks in 1982 and 1985 in Thailand were sequenced with the aim of identifying determinants of virulence that may explain the differences in outcomes of JEV infection between pigs and man. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that five of these isolates belonged to genotype I, but the 1982 mosquito isolate belonged to genotype III. There was no evidence of recombination among the Thai isolates, but there were phylogenetic signals suggestive of recombination in a 1994 Korean isolate (K94P05). Two sites of the genome under positive selection were identified: codons 996 and 2296 (amino acids 175 of the non-structural protein NS1 and 24 of NS4B, respectively). A structurally significant substitution was seen at NS4B position 24 of the human isolate compared with the mosquito and pig isolates from the 1985 outbreak in Thailand. The potential importance of the two sites in the evolution and ecology of JEV merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Carney
- Brain Infections Group, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA UK
| | - Janet M. Daly
- Brain Infections Group, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA UK
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire LE12 5RD UK
| | - Ananda Nisalak
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (AFRIMS), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tom Solomon
- Brain Infections Group, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA UK
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Duong V, Sorn S, Holl D, Rani M, Deubel V, Buchy P. Evidence of Japanese encephalitis virus infections in swine populations in 8 provinces of Cambodia: implications for national Japanese encephalitis vaccination policy. Acta Trop 2011; 120:146-50. [PMID: 21803019 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although Cambodia, a Southeast Asian country, is suspected to be highly endemic for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), there are no nationally representative data on JEV transmission. Most of the existing data on human disease comes from few sentinel hospitals, and there have been no previous studies or surveillance for JEV transmission among pigs--the amplifying hosts in the natural cycle of JEV transmission. In preparation to develop a nationwide vaccination policy, data are required to show transmission of JEV in all the geographical regions of Cambodia. Analysis of JEV transmission among pigs will provide additional data on geographical scope and intensity of JEV transmission in Cambodia and will help to inform human vaccination policies in Cambodia. In this study, 505 sera obtained from swine bred in familial settings from 8 different provinces in Cambodia were tested by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and ELISA tests to assess the presence of an immunological response to a JEV infection. Three hundred and thirty two sera (65.7%) were tested positives by HI assay and 321 (63.5%) by ELISA. Our results indicate that pigs particularly older than 6 months (95.2%) were highly infected with JEV in the 8 provinces. The high prevalence of HI antibodies and the high HI titer (>160 in 65.2% of cases and ≥ 1280 in 24.6% of cases) found in this age group suggest the important role of pigs in the transmission cycle of JEV in nature as they become probably rapidly infected and repeatedly re-exposed to the virus. Since the current pig rearing practices (within the backyard of home) are the same all over Cambodia, the results suggest that the human disease is also likely to be highly prevalent in the other provinces and warrant comprehensive policies for human vaccination and strengthened surveillance for acute meningo-encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veasna Duong
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, # 5, Monivong boulevard, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Yeh JY, Park JY, Ostlund EN. Serologic evidence of West Nile Virus in wild ducks captured in major inland resting sites for migratory waterfowl in South Korea. Vet Microbiol 2011; 154:96-103. [PMID: 21767922 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The rapid global expansion of West Nile virus (WNV) has recently raised concerns regarding its possible spread into South Korea. To date, WNV infection in wild birds in South Korea has not been identified. Bird migration is thought to be involved in spreading WNV, and wild birds are the possible routes of introduction of WNV infection. To assess the risk of WNV infection in South Korea, we conducted a nationwide WNV surveillance of wild birds, with an emphasis on migratory ducks from WNV-affected areas. Our chief aim was to determine whether birds with the potential to introduce WNV are present in South Korea by testing migrating and resident wild birds for WNV antibodies. We collected blood samples from 1531 wild birds representing 57 bird species at several major inland resting sites for migratory waterfowl in South Korea. A seroepidemiological analysis of WNV and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infections was conducted using plaque-reduction neutralization tests (PRNTs) for each virus. To search for recent WNV infections, sera were also evaluated by IgM antibody capture ELISA. Of the 1531 serum samples, 5 (0.3%) tested positive for WNV-specific antibodies, and 70 (4.6%) tested positive for JEV-specific antibodies. A total of 9 (0.6%) samples were positive for both WNV and JEV antibodies; these samples were interpreted as having a flavivirus exposure. All birds that had neutralizing antibodies specific to WNV were negative for IgM, which indicates the likelihood of a relatively old infection. Along with the recognized distribution of flaviviruses along several duck species' migratory routes, our findings strongly suggest that some of the birds captured in this study had been exposed to WNV or JEV.
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MESH Headings
- Animal Migration
- Animals
- Animals, Wild/immunology
- Animals, Wild/virology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Bird Diseases/blood
- Bird Diseases/epidemiology
- Bird Diseases/immunology
- Bird Diseases/virology
- Ducks/immunology
- Ducks/virology
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/blood
- Encephalitis, Japanese/epidemiology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/veterinary
- Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary
- Immunoglobulin M/blood
- Neutralization Tests/veterinary
- Republic of Korea/epidemiology
- Seroepidemiologic Studies
- West Nile Fever/blood
- West Nile Fever/epidemiology
- West Nile Fever/immunology
- West Nile Fever/veterinary
- West Nile Fever/virology
- West Nile virus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yong Yeh
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, 480 Anyang-6-Dong, Manan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 430-824, Republic of Korea.
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Dutta P, Khan SA, Khan AM, Borah J, Sarmah CK, Mahanta J. The effect of insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITMNs) on Japanese encephalitis virus seroconversion in pigs and humans. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011; 84:466-72. [PMID: 21363988 PMCID: PMC3042826 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITMNs) on Japanese Encephalitis (JE) virus seroconversion in pigs and humans was studied in Assam, Northeast India. A sharp reduction of seroconversion rate in human and pig was found in treated localities after intervention. A marked reduction was achieved in humans (risk ratio [RR] = 0.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.16-0.49) and pigs (RR = 0.21, CI = 0.11-0.40) in the Kollolua locality where ITMNs were used on both humans and pigs compared with the other two area, Athabari and Rajmai, where ITMNs were covering only either humans or pigs. Monitoring of the mosquito population in and around cattle sheds during dusk revealed no significant decline (P > 0.05) of vector density during the post-intervention period in study localities. In spite of the high preponderance of potential JE vector outdoors during the post-intervention period, an encouraging line of defense against circulation of JE virus through the use of ITMNs can be achieved in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prafulla Dutta
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Division of Entomology and Filariasis, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India.
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Yamanaka A, Mulyatno KC, Susilowati H, Hendrianto E, Utsumi T, Amin M, Lusida MI, Soegijanto S, Konishi E. Prevalence of antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus among pigs in Bali and East Java, Indonesia, 2008. Jpn J Infect Dis 2010; 63:58-60. [PMID: 20093765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a fatal disease in Asia. Pigs are considered to be the effective amplifying host for JEV in the peridomestic environment. Bali Island and Java Island in Indonesia provide a model to assess the effect of pigs on JEV transmission, since the pig density is nearly 100-fold higher in Bali than Java, while the geographic and climatologic environments are equivalent in these areas. We surveyed antibodies to JEV among 123 pigs in Mengwi (Bali) and 96 pigs in Tulungagung (East Java) in 2008 by the hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) test. Overall prevalences were 49% in Bali and 6% in Java, with a significant difference between them (P < 0.001). Monthly infection rates estimated from age-dependent antibody prevalences were 11% in Bali and 2% in Java. In addition, 2-mercaptoethanol-sensitive antibodies were found only from Bali samples. Further, the average HAI antibody titer obtained from positive samples was significantly higher in Bali (1:52) than Java (1:10; P < 0.001). These results indicated that JEV transmission in nature is more active in Bali than East Java.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamanaka
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Tang WF, Ogawa M, Eshita Y, Aono H, Makino Y. Molecular evolution of Japanese encephalitis virus isolates from swine in Oita, Japan during 1980-2009. Infect Genet Evol 2009; 10:329-36. [PMID: 20035900 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to identify the patterns of genetic change of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) strains circulating in Oita, the complete envelope (E) gene has been sequenced for 35 isolates from swine in a 30-year span. Based on nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences, the genetic variation was examined, phylogeny was estimated and selection pressures were also analyzed. This study demonstrated that the major genotype (G) of JEV isolates had shifted from GIII to GI in the mid-1990s in Oita. The intensities of selection acting on the Oita GIII and GI strains were found to be almost same. It suggests that the intensity of selection might not be the reason for such a genotype shift observed in Oita. Pairwise comparisons revealed the high conservation of the E gene at the protein level. Compared with the Oita GIII strains, all the Oita GI strains shared four amino acid changes at E129 (T-M), E222 (A-S), E327 (S-T) and E366 (A-S). Among all 70 JEV isolates involved in this paper, the GI strains shared only one amino acid change at E222 (A-S) in comparison with the GIII strains. No strong evidence for positive selection was found, the JEV evolution has generally been subject to strong purifying selection, but one ongoing evolutionary pathway was found to be under relaxed purifying selection in Oita. This study is a localized example of JEV molecular evolution in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Feng Tang
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Hasama-machi, Yufu-shi, Oita 879-5593, Japan
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47
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Konishi E. Status of natural infection with Japanese encephalitis virus in Japan: prevalence of antibodies to the nonstructural 1 protein among humans and horses. Vaccine 2009; 27:7129-30. [PMID: 19799840 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The literature on natural infections with Japanese encephalitis virus in Japan and subclinical:clinical infection rates was summarized. To detect natural infections, conventional serologic methods were used in the past, while nonstructural 1 protein-based methods have been used recently. Annual infection rates in humans and horses indicated the status of natural virus activity in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Konishi
- Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0142, Japan.
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48
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Nidaira M, Taira K, Okano S, Shinzato T, Morikawa T, Tokumine M, Asato Y, Tada Y, Miyagi K, Matsuda S, Itokazu K, Kudaka J, Nakamura M, Tamanaha K. Survey of Japanese encephalitis virus in pigs on Miyako, Ishigaki, Kume, and Yonaguni Islands in Okinawa, Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 2009; 62:220-224. [PMID: 19468186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Serum specimens were collected from 125 pigs on Miyako Island, 112 pigs on Ishigaki Island, and 42 pigs on Kume Island from 2005 to 2007, and 54 pigs on Yonaguni Island from 2006 to 2007. Their sera were tested for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) antibody by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. Five serum samples (4.5%) from Ishigaki Island were positive for HI antibody, and 4 of the 5 samples were positive for 2-mercaptoethanol- sensitive antibody (IgM Ab). All samples from Miyako, Kume, and Yonaguni Islands were negative for HI antibody. Our results indicate that JEV transmission activity was extremely low on Miyako, Ishigaki, Kume, and Yonaguni Islands. The JEV genome (JEV-RNA) was detected from the sera of one pig on Ishigaki Island. The partial gene of the E region (151 nt) was analyzed phylogenetically. The analysis showed that the new JEV-RNA belonged to genotype 3 and was closely related to JEV strains isolated in Taiwan from 1985 to 1996. It was suggested that JEV previously introduced from Taiwan had been maintained on Ishigaki Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Nidaira
- Department of Biological Science, Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, Okinawa 901-1202, Japan.
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Li P, Cao RB, Zheng QS, Liu JJ, Li Y, Wang EX, Li F, Chen PY. Enhancement of humoral and cellular immunity in mice against Japanese encephalitis virus using a DNA prime-protein boost vaccine strategy. Vet J 2008; 183:210-6. [PMID: 19008134 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic multi-epitope gene containing critical epitopes of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) envelope gene was cloned into both prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression vectors. The recombinant plasmid and purified recombinant protein (heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli) were used as immunogens in a mouse model. The results indicate that both the recombinant protein and the DNA vaccine induce humoral and cellular immune responses. Neutralising antibody titres in mice in the pcDNA-TEP plus rEP group increased considerably relative to mice immunised using either pcDNA-TEP or rEP alone (P<0.05). Furthermore, the highest levels of interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-gamma and IL-4 were induced following priming with the DNA vaccine and boosting with the recombinant protein. Together these findings demonstrate that a DNA-recombinant protein prime-boost vaccination strategy can produce high levels of antibody and trigger significant T cell responses in mice, highlighting the potential value of such an approach in the prevention of JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Diagnosis and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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50
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Nerome R, Tajima S, Takasaki T, Yoshida T, Kotaki A, Lim CK, Ito M, Sugiyama A, Yamauchi A, Yano T, Kameyama T, Morishita I, Kuwayama M, Ogawa T, Sahara K, Ikegaya A, Kanda M, Hosoya Y, Itokazu K, Onishi H, Chiya S, Yoshida Y, Tabei Y, Katsuki K, Tabata K, Harada S, Kurane I. Molecular epidemiological analyses of Japanese encephalitis virus isolates from swine in Japan from 2002 to 2004. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:2762-2768. [PMID: 17872529 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82941-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) strains recently prevalent in Japan, JEV surveillance was performed in pigs from 2002 to 2004. Eleven new JEV isolates were obtained and compared with previous isolates from Japan and other Asian countries. All of the isolates were classified into genotype 1 by nucleotide sequence analysis of the E gene. Two new isolates with different levels of neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness, but with only one nucleotide difference in the E gene, Sw/Mie/34/2004 and Sw/Mie/40/2004, were isolated at the same farm on the same day. Sw/Mie/40/2004 displayed higher neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness in mice than the other four new isolates. Another new isolate, Sw/Hiroshima/25/2002, was neutralized by antiserum to Beijing-1 at a level similar to the homologous Beijing-1 strain, whilst seven other new isolates were neutralized at 10-fold-lower titres. However, there were no amino acid differences in the E protein among these eight isolates. The present study indicated that the 11 new JEV isolates were genetically similar, but biologically and serologically heterogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Nerome
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tajima
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Takasaki
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshida
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Bio-Clinical Laboratories Inc., Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Akira Kotaki
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Chang-Kweng Lim
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Mikako Ito
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Akira Sugiyama
- Mie Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Mie, Japan
| | - Akinori Yamauchi
- Mie Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Mie, Japan
| | - Takuya Yano
- Mie Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Mie, Japan
| | - Taeko Kameyama
- Kagawa Prefectural Institute of Environment and Health, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Ichiko Morishita
- Kagawa Prefectural Institute of Environment and Health, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Masaru Kuwayama
- Hiroshima Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ogawa
- Chiba Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keiji Sahara
- Shizuoka Prefectural Institute of Environment and Hygiene, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Asaka Ikegaya
- Shizuoka Prefectural Seibu Meat Inspection Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kanda
- Shizuoka Prefectural Seibu Meat Inspection Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hosoya
- Shizuoka Prefectural Seibu Meat Inspection Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kiyomasa Itokazu
- Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hajime Onishi
- Ishikawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Seizou Chiya
- The Public Health Institute of Kochi Prefecture, Kochi, Japan
| | - Yasuko Yoshida
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tabei
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuko Katsuki
- Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Koji Tabata
- Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Seiya Harada
- Kumamoto Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kurane
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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