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Yu H, Sun Z, Tan T, Pan H, Zhao J, Zhang L, Chen J, Lei A, Zhu Y, Chen L, Xu Y, Liu Y, Chen M, Sheng J, Xu Z, Qian P, Li C, Gao S, Daley GQ, Zhang J. rRNA biogenesis regulates mouse 2C-like state by 3D structure reorganization of peri-nucleolar heterochromatin. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6365. [PMID: 34753899 PMCID: PMC8578659 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus is the organelle for ribosome biogenesis and sensing various types of stress. However, its role in regulating stem cell fate remains unclear. Here, we present evidence that nucleolar stress induced by interfering rRNA biogenesis can drive the 2-cell stage embryo-like (2C-like) program and induce an expanded 2C-like cell population in mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells. Mechanistically, nucleolar integrity maintains normal liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of the nucleolus and the formation of peri-nucleolar heterochromatin (PNH). Upon defects in rRNA biogenesis, the natural state of nucleolus LLPS is disrupted, causing dissociation of the NCL/TRIM28 complex from PNH and changes in epigenetic state and reorganization of the 3D structure of PNH, which leads to release of Dux, a 2C program transcription factor, from PNH to activate a 2C-like program. Correspondingly, embryos with rRNA biogenesis defect are unable to develop from 2-cell (2C) to 4-cell embryos, with delayed repression of 2C/ERV genes and a transcriptome skewed toward earlier cleavage embryo signatures. Our results highlight that rRNA-mediated nucleolar integrity and 3D structure reshaping of the PNH compartment regulates the fate transition of mES cells to 2C-like cells, and that rRNA biogenesis is a critical regulator during the 2-cell to 4-cell transition of murine pre-implantation embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yu
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310003, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, 311121, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Center of Gene/Cell Engineering and Genome Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310003, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, 311121, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Center of Gene/Cell Engineering and Genome Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianyu Tan
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310003, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, 311121, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Center of Gene/Cell Engineering and Genome Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongru Pan
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310003, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, 311121, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Center of Gene/Cell Engineering and Genome Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310003, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, 311121, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Center of Gene/Cell Engineering and Genome Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310003, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, 311121, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Center of Gene/Cell Engineering and Genome Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiayu Chen
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anhua Lei
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310003, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, 311121, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Center of Gene/Cell Engineering and Genome Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuqing Zhu
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310003, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, 311121, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Center of Gene/Cell Engineering and Genome Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lang Chen
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310003, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, 311121, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Center of Gene/Cell Engineering and Genome Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuyan Xu
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310003, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, 311121, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
- Center of Gene/Cell Engineering and Genome Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaxin Liu
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310003, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinghao Sheng
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, and Cancer Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengping Xu
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, and Cancer Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengxu Qian
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310003, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, 311121, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Center for Statistical Science, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Shaorong Gao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - George Q Daley
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310003, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Laboratory for Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, 311121, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
- Center of Gene/Cell Engineering and Genome Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Hoencamp C, Dudchenko O, Elbatsh AMO, Brahmachari S, Raaijmakers JA, van Schaik T, Sedeño Cacciatore Á, Contessoto VG, van Heesbeen RGHP, van den Broek B, Mhaskar AN, Teunissen H, St Hilaire BG, Weisz D, Omer AD, Pham M, Colaric Z, Yang Z, Rao SSP, Mitra N, Lui C, Yao W, Khan R, Moroz LL, Kohn A, St Leger J, Mena A, Holcroft K, Gambetta MC, Lim F, Farley E, Stein N, Haddad A, Chauss D, Mutlu AS, Wang MC, Young ND, Hildebrandt E, Cheng HH, Knight CJ, Burnham TLU, Hovel KA, Beel AJ, Mattei PJ, Kornberg RD, Warren WC, Cary G, Gómez-Skarmeta JL, Hinman V, Lindblad-Toh K, Di Palma F, Maeshima K, Multani AS, Pathak S, Nel-Themaat L, Behringer RR, Kaur P, Medema RH, van Steensel B, de Wit E, Onuchic JN, Di Pierro M, Lieberman Aiden E, Rowland BD. 3D genomics across the tree of life reveals condensin II as a determinant of architecture type. Science 2021; 372:984-989. [PMID: 34045355 PMCID: PMC8172041 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe2218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated genome folding across the eukaryotic tree of life. We find two types of three-dimensional (3D) genome architectures at the chromosome scale. Each type appears and disappears repeatedly during eukaryotic evolution. The type of genome architecture that an organism exhibits correlates with the absence of condensin II subunits. Moreover, condensin II depletion converts the architecture of the human genome to a state resembling that seen in organisms such as fungi or mosquitoes. In this state, centromeres cluster together at nucleoli, and heterochromatin domains merge. We propose a physical model in which lengthwise compaction of chromosomes by condensin II during mitosis determines chromosome-scale genome architecture, with effects that are retained during the subsequent interphase. This mechanism likely has been conserved since the last common ancestor of all eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hoencamp
- Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Olga Dudchenko
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Ahmed M O Elbatsh
- Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Jonne A Raaijmakers
- Division of Cell Biology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom van Schaik
- Division of Gene Regulation, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Vinícius G Contessoto
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto - SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Roy G H P van Heesbeen
- Division of Cell Biology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bram van den Broek
- BioImaging Facility, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aditya N Mhaskar
- Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hans Teunissen
- Division of Gene Regulation, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Brian Glenn St Hilaire
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David Weisz
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Arina D Omer
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Melanie Pham
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zane Colaric
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhenzhen Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech, Pudong 201210, China
| | - Suhas S P Rao
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Namita Mitra
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christopher Lui
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Weijie Yao
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ruqayya Khan
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Leonid L Moroz
- Whitney Laboratory and Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Andrea Kohn
- Whitney Laboratory and Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Judy St Leger
- Department of Biosciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | | | - Fabian Lim
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Emma Farley
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nils Stein
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK Gatersleben), 06466 Seeland, Germany
- Center of Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Alexander Haddad
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniel Chauss
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ayse Sena Mutlu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Meng C Wang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Neil D Young
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Evin Hildebrandt
- Avian Diseases and Oncology Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Hans H Cheng
- Avian Diseases and Oncology Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | | | - Theresa L U Burnham
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Coastal and Marine Institute and Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | - Kevin A Hovel
- Coastal and Marine Institute and Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92106, USA
| | - Andrew J Beel
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pierre-Jean Mattei
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Roger D Kornberg
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wesley C Warren
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Gregory Cary
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - José Luis Gómez-Skarmeta
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo CSIC, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Veronica Hinman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Federica Di Palma
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Kazuhiro Maeshima
- Genome Dynamics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, Sokendai (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Asha S Multani
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sen Pathak
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Liesl Nel-Themaat
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Richard R Behringer
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Parwinder Kaur
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - René H Medema
- Division of Cell Biology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bas van Steensel
- Division of Gene Regulation, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elzo de Wit
- Division of Gene Regulation, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - José N Onuchic
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Chemistry, and Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Michele Di Pierro
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Erez Lieberman Aiden
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech, Pudong 201210, China
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Benjamin D Rowland
- Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Hoskins VE, Smith K, Reddy KL. The shifting shape of genomes: dynamics of heterochromatin interactions at the nuclear lamina. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 67:163-173. [PMID: 33774266 PMCID: PMC8489734 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus is a highly structured organelle with many chromatin and protein compartments that partition the genome into regulatory domains. One such a compartment within the mammalian nucleus is the microenvironment underlying the nuclear envelope (NE) where intermediate filament proteins, lamins, act as a link between cytoskeletal and inner nuclear membrane (INM) proteins, chromatin binders and modifiers, and heterochromatin. These dynamic interactions regulate many cellular processes and, when they are perturbed, can lead to genome dysregulation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Hoskins
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Center for Epigenetics, Department of Biological Chemistry, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Kristiana Smith
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Center for Epigenetics, Department of Biological Chemistry, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Karen L Reddy
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Center for Epigenetics, Department of Biological Chemistry, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Sidney Kimmel Cancer Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
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Doğan D, Arslan M, Uluçay T, Kalyoncu S, Dimitrov S, Kale S. CENP-A Nucleosome is a Sensitive Allosteric Scaffold for DNA and Chromatin Factors. J Mol Biol 2020; 433:166789. [PMID: 33387534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.166789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Centromeric loci of chromosomes are defined by nucleosomes containing the histone H3 variant CENP-A, which bind their DNA termini more permissively than their canonical counterpart, a feature that is critical for the mitotic fidelity. A recent cryo-EM study demonstrated that the DNA termini of CENP-A nucleosomes, reconstituted with the Widom 601 DNA sequence, are asymmetrically flexible, meaning one terminus is more clearly resolved than the other. However, an earlier work claimed that both ends could be resolved in the presence of two stabilizing single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies per nucleosome, and thus are likely permanently bound to the histone octamer. This suggests that the binding of scFv antibodies to the histone octamer surface would be associated with CENP-A nucleosome conformational changes, including stable binding of the DNA termini. Here, we present computational evidence that allows to explain at atomistic level the structural rearrangements of CENP-A nucleosomes resulting from the antibody binding. The antibodies, while they only bind the octamer façades, are capable of altering the dynamics of the nucleosomal core, and indirectly also the surrounding DNA. This effect has more drastic implications for the structure and the dynamics of the CENP-A nucleosome in comparison to its canonical counterpart. Furthermore, we find evidence that the antibodies bind the left and the right octamer façades at different affinities, another manifestation of the DNA sequence. We speculate that the cells could use induction of similar allosteric effects to control centromere function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Doğan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylül University Health Campus, Balçova, Izmir 35330, Turkey
| | - Merve Arslan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylül University Health Campus, Balçova, Izmir 35330, Turkey; Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University Health Campus, Balçova, Izmir 35330, Turkey
| | - Tuğçe Uluçay
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylül University Health Campus, Balçova, Izmir 35330, Turkey
| | - Sibel Kalyoncu
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylül University Health Campus, Balçova, Izmir 35330, Turkey
| | - Stefan Dimitrov
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylül University Health Campus, Balçova, Izmir 35330, Turkey; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Site Santé - Allée des Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Seyit Kale
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylül University Health Campus, Balçova, Izmir 35330, Turkey.
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Kurumizaka H, Kujirai T, Takizawa Y. Contributions of Histone Variants in Nucleosome Structure and Function. J Mol Biol 2020; 433:166678. [PMID: 33065110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin compacts genomic DNA in eukaryotes. The primary chromatin unit is the nucleosome core particle, composed of four pairs of the core histones, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4, and 145-147 base pairs of DNA. Since replication, recombination, repair, and transcription take place in chromatin, the structure and dynamics of the nucleosome must be versatile. These nucleosome characteristics underlie the epigenetic regulation of genomic DNA. In higher eukaryotes, many histone variants have been identified as non-allelic isoforms, which confer nucleosome diversity. In this article, we review the manifold types of nucleosomes produced by histone variants, which play important roles in the epigenetic regulation of chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Kurumizaka
- Laboratory of Chromatin Structure and Function, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
| | - Tomoya Kujirai
- Laboratory of Chromatin Structure and Function, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Takizawa
- Laboratory of Chromatin Structure and Function, Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
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Narlikar GJ. Phase-separation in chromatin organization. J Biosci 2020; 45:5. [PMID: 31965983 PMCID: PMC9107952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The organization of chromatin into different types of compact versus open states provides a means to fine tune gene regulation. Recent studies have suggested a role for phase-separation in chromatin compaction, raising new possibilities for regulating chromatin compartments. This perspective discusses some specific molecular mechanisms that could leverage such phase-separation processes to control the functions and organization of chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta J Narlikar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA,
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Lipiec E, Ruggeri FS, Benadiba C, Borkowska AM, Kobierski JD, Miszczyk J, Wood BR, Deacon GB, Kulik A, Dietler G, Kwiatek WM. Infrared nanospectroscopic mapping of a single metaphase chromosome. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:e108. [PMID: 31562528 PMCID: PMC6765102 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the chromatin structure is essential to every process occurring within eukaryotic nuclei. However, there are no reliable tools to decipher the molecular composition of metaphase chromosomes. Here, we have applied infrared nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR) to demonstrate molecular difference between eu- and heterochromatin and generate infrared maps of single metaphase chromosomes revealing detailed information on their molecular composition, with nanometric lateral spatial resolution. AFM-IR coupled with principal component analysis has confirmed that chromosome areas containing euchromatin and heterochromatin are distinguishable based on differences in the degree of methylation. AFM-IR distribution of eu- and heterochromatin was compared to standard fluorescent staining. We demonstrate the ability of our methodology to locate spatially the presence of anticancer drug sites in metaphase chromosomes and cellular nuclei. We show that the anticancer 'rule breaker' platinum compound [Pt[N(p-HC6F4)CH2]2py2] preferentially binds to heterochromatin, forming localized discrete foci due to condensation of DNA interacting with the drug. Given the importance of DNA methylation in the development of nearly all types of cancer, there is potential for infrared nanospectroscopy to be used to detect gene expression/suppression sites in the whole genome and to become an early screening tool for malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Lipiec
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Francesco S Ruggeri
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB21EW, UK
| | - Carine Benadiba
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna M Borkowska
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan D Kobierski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy Jagiellonian University Medical College, PL-31007 Cracow, Poland
| | - Justyna Miszczyk
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Bayden R Wood
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Glen B Deacon
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Monash University, 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrzej Kulik
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Dietler
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wojciech M Kwiatek
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
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8
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Akoury E, Ma G, Demolin S, Brönner C, Zocco M, Cirilo A, Ivic N, Halic M. Disordered region of H3K9 methyltransferase Clr4 binds the nucleosome and contributes to its activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:6726-6736. [PMID: 31165882 PMCID: PMC6649693 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterochromatin is a distinctive chromatin structure that is essential for chromosome segregation, genome stability and regulation of gene expression. H3K9 methylation (H3K9me), a hallmark of heterochromatin, is deposited by the Su(var)3-9 family of proteins; however, the mechanism by which H3K9 methyltransferases bind and methylate the nucleosome is poorly understood. In this work we determined the interaction of Clr4, the fission yeast H3K9 methyltransferase, with nucleosomes using nuclear magnetic resonance, biochemical and genetic assays. Our study shows that the Clr4 chromodomain binds the H3K9me3 tail and that both, the chromodomain and the disordered region connecting the chromodomain and the SET domain, bind the nucleosome core. We show that interaction of the disordered region with the nucleosome core is independent of H3K9me and contributes to H3K9me in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we show that those interactions with the nucleosome core are contributing to de novo deposition of H3K9me and to establishment of heterochromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Akoury
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102-2801, Lebanon
| | - Guoli Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Segolene Demolin
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia Brönner
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel Zocco
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, IRIBHM, Brussels B-1070, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Cirilo
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Nives Ivic
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Halic
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität LMU, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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9
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Greenwood J, Patel H, Cech TR, Cooper JP. Fission yeast telosomes: non-canonical histone-containing chromatin structures dependent on shelterin and RNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:8865-8875. [PMID: 29992245 PMCID: PMC6158490 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the prime importance of telomeres in chromosome stability, significant mysteries surround the architecture of telomeric chromatin. Through micrococcal nuclease mapping, we show that fission yeast chromosome ends are assembled into distinct protected structures ('telosomes') encompassing the telomeric DNA repeats and over half a kilobase of subtelomeric DNA. Telosome formation depends on the conserved telomeric proteins Taz1 and Rap1, and surprisingly, RNA. Although yeast telomeres have long been thought to be free of histones, we show that this is not the case; telomere repeats contain histones. While telomeric histone H3 bears the heterochromatic lys9-methyl mark, we show that this mark is dispensable for telosome formation. Therefore, telomeric chromatin is organized at an architectural level, in which telomere-binding proteins and RNAs impose a unique nucleosome arrangement, and a second level, in which histone modifications are superimposed upon the higher order architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Greenwood
- Telomere Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
- Cell Cycle Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Harshil Patel
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Thomas R Cech
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Julia Promisel Cooper
- Telomere Biology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Telomere Biology Section, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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10
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Lu M, He X. Ccp1 modulates epigenetic stability at centromeres and affects heterochromatin distribution in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12068-12080. [PMID: 29899117 PMCID: PMC6078436 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct chromatin organization features, such as centromeres and heterochromatin domains, are inherited epigenetically. However, the mechanisms that modulate the accuracy of epigenetic inheritance, especially at the individual nucleosome level, are not well-understood. Here, using ChIP and next-generation sequencing (ChIP-Seq), we characterized Ccp1, a homolog of the histone chaperone Vps75 in budding yeast that functions in centromere chromatin duplication and heterochromatin maintenance in fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe). We show that Ccp1 is enriched at the central core regions of the centromeres. Of note, among all histone chaperones characterized, deletion of the ccp1 gene uniquely reduced the rate of epigenetic switching, manifested as position effect variegation within the centromeric core region (CEN-PEV). In contrast, gene deletion of other histone chaperones either elevated the PEV switching rates or did not affect centromeric PEV. Ccp1 and the kinetochore components Mis6 and Sim4 were mutually dependent for centromere or kinetochore association at the proper levels. Moreover, Ccp1 influenced heterochromatin distribution at multiple loci in the genome, including the subtelomeric and the pericentromeric regions. We also found that Gar2, a protein predominantly enriched in the nucleolus, functions similarly to Ccp1 in modulating the epigenetic stability of centromeric regions, although its mechanism remained unclear. Together, our results identify Ccp1 as an important player in modulating epigenetic stability and maintaining proper organization of multiple chromatin domains throughout the fission yeast genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lu
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xiangwei He
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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11
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Berríos S, López Fenner J, Maignan A. Simulating aggregates of bivalents in 2n = 40 mouse meiotic spermatocytes through inhomogeneous site percolation processes. J Math Biol 2018; 77:1341-1362. [PMID: 29922920 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-018-1254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We show that an inhomogeneous Bernoulli site percolation process running upon a fullerene's dual [Formula: see text] can be used for representing bivalents attached to the nuclear envelope in mouse Mus M. Domesticus 2n = 40 meiotic spermatocytes during pachytene. It is shown that the induced clustering generated by overlapping percolation domains correctly reproduces the probability distribution observed in the experiments (data) after fine tuning the parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Berríos
- Programa Genética Humana, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julio López Fenner
- Ingeniería Matemática, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Aude Maignan
- Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann (LJK), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inria, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), 38000, Grenoble, France.
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12
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Desset S, Poulet A, Tatout C. Quantitative 3D Analysis of Nuclear Morphology and Heterochromatin Organization from Whole-Mount Plant Tissue Using NucleusJ. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1675:615-632. [PMID: 29052214 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7318-7_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Image analysis is a classical way to study nuclear organization. While nuclear organization used to be investigated by colorimetric or fluorescent labeling of DNA or specific nuclear compartments, new methods in microscopy imaging now enable qualitative and quantitative analyses of chromatin pattern, and nuclear size and shape. Several procedures have been developed to prepare samples in order to collect 3D images for the analysis of spatial chromatin organization, but only few preserve the positional information of the cell within its tissue context. Here, we describe a whole mount tissue preparation procedure coupled to DNA staining using the PicoGreen® intercalating agent suitable for image analysis of the nucleus in living and fixed tissues. 3D Image analysis is then performed using NucleusJ, an open source ImageJ plugin, which allows for quantifying variations in nuclear morphology such as nuclear volume, sphericity, elongation, and flatness as well as in heterochromatin content and position in respect to the nuclear periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Desset
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, GReD, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Axel Poulet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, GReD, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Christophe Tatout
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, INSERM, GReD, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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13
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Feitoza L, Costa L, Guerra M. Condensation patterns of prophase/prometaphase chromosome are correlated with H4K5 histone acetylation and genomic DNA contents in plants. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183341. [PMID: 28854212 PMCID: PMC5576753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitotic prophase chromosome condensation plays an essential role in nuclear division being therefore regulated by highly conserved mechanisms. However, degrees of chromatin condensation in prophase-prometaphase cells may vary along the chromosomes resulting in specific condensation patterns. We examined different condensation patterns (CPs) of prophase and prometaphase chromosomes and investigated their relationship with genome size and distribution of histone H4 acetylated at lysine 5 (H4K5ac) in 17 plant species. Our results showed that most species with small genomes (2C < 5 pg) (Arachis pusilla, Bixa orellana, Costus spiralis, Eleutherine bulbosa, Indigofera campestris, Phaseolus lunatus, P. vulgaris, Poncirus trifoliata, and Solanum lycopersicum) displayed prophase chromosomes with late condensing terminal regions that were highly enriched in H4K5ac, and early condensing regions with apparently non-acetylated proximal chromatin. The species with large genomes (Allium cepa, Callisia repens, Araucaria angustifolia and Nothoscordum pulchellum) displayed uniformly condensed and acetylated prophase/prometaphase chromosomes. Three species with small genomes (Eleocharis geniculata, Rhynchospora pubera, and R. tenuis) displayed CP and H4K5ac labeling patterns similar to species with large genomes, whereas a forth species (Emilia sonchifolia) exhibited a gradual chromosome labeling, being more acetylated in the terminal regions and less acetylated in the proximal ones. The nucleolus organizer chromatin was the only chromosomal region that in prometaphase or metaphase could be hyperacetylated, hypoacetylated or non-acetylated, depending on the species. Our data indicate that the CP of a plant chromosome complement is influenced but not exclusively determined by nuclear and chromosomal DNA contents, whereas the CP of individual chromosomes is clearly correlated with H4K5ac distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiane Feitoza
- Laboratory of Plant Cytogenetics and Evolution, Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Lucas Costa
- Laboratory of Plant Cytogenetics and Evolution, Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Guerra
- Laboratory of Plant Cytogenetics and Evolution, Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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14
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Li Q, Tjong H, Li X, Gong K, Zhou XJ, Chiolo I, Alber F. The three-dimensional genome organization of Drosophila melanogaster through data integration. Genome Biol 2017; 18:145. [PMID: 28760140 PMCID: PMC5576134 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1264-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome structures are dynamic and non-randomly organized in the nucleus of higher eukaryotes. To maximize the accuracy and coverage of three-dimensional genome structural models, it is important to integrate all available sources of experimental information about a genome's organization. It remains a major challenge to integrate such data from various complementary experimental methods. Here, we present an approach for data integration to determine a population of complete three-dimensional genome structures that are statistically consistent with data from both genome-wide chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) and lamina-DamID experiments. RESULTS Our structures resolve the genome at the resolution of topological domains, and reproduce simultaneously both sets of experimental data. Importantly, this data deconvolution framework allows for structural heterogeneity between cells, and hence accounts for the expected plasticity of genome structures. As a case study we choose Drosophila melanogaster embryonic cells, for which both data types are available. Our three-dimensional genome structures have strong predictive power for structural features not directly visible in the initial data sets, and reproduce experimental hallmarks of the D. melanogaster genome organization from independent and our own imaging experiments. Also they reveal a number of new insights about genome organization and its functional relevance, including the preferred locations of heterochromatic satellites of different chromosomes, and observations about homologous pairing that cannot be directly observed in the original Hi-C or lamina-DamID data. CONCLUSIONS Our approach allows systematic integration of Hi-C and lamina-DamID data for complete three-dimensional genome structure calculation, while also explicitly considering genome structural variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjiao Li
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 1050 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Harianto Tjong
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 1050 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Xiao Li
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 1050 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Ke Gong
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 1050 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Xianghong Jasmine Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Irene Chiolo
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 1050 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Frank Alber
- Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 1050 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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15
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Douet J, Corujo D, Malinverni R, Renauld J, Sansoni V, Posavec Marjanović M, Cantariño N, Valero V, Mongelard F, Bouvet P, Imhof A, Thiry M, Buschbeck M. MacroH2A histone variants maintain nuclear organization and heterochromatin architecture. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1570-1582. [PMID: 28283545 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.199216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic loss-of-function studies on development, cancer and somatic cell reprogramming have suggested that the group of macroH2A histone variants might function through stabilizing the differentiated state by a yet unknown mechanism. Here, we present results demonstrating that macroH2A variants have a major function in maintaining nuclear organization and heterochromatin architecture. Specifically, we find that a substantial amount of macroH2A is associated with heterochromatic repeat sequences. We further identify macroH2A on sites of interstitial heterochromatin decorated by histone H3 trimethylated on K9 (H3K9me3). Loss of macroH2A leads to major defects in nuclear organization, including reduced nuclear circularity, disruption of nucleoli and a global loss of dense heterochromatin. Domains formed by DNA repeat sequences are disorganized, expanded and fragmented, and mildly re-expressed when depleted of macroH2A. At the molecular level, we find that macroH2A is required for the interaction of repeat sequences with the nucleostructural protein lamin B1. Taken together, our results argue that a major function of macroH2A histone variants is to link nucleosome composition to higher-order chromatin architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Douet
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO - Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona 08916, Spain
- Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias and Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona 08916, Spain
| | - David Corujo
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO - Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona 08916, Spain
- Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias and Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona 08916, Spain
| | - Roberto Malinverni
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO - Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona 08916, Spain
- Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias and Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona 08916, Spain
| | - Justine Renauld
- Cell and tissue biology unit, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liege 4000, Belgium
| | - Viola Sansoni
- BioMedical Center and Center for Integrated Protein Sciences Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Großhaderner Straße 9, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Melanija Posavec Marjanović
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO - Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona 08916, Spain
| | - Neus Cantariño
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO - Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona 08916, Spain
| | - Vanesa Valero
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO - Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona 08916, Spain
- Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias and Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona 08916, Spain
| | - Fabien Mongelard
- Université de Lyon, Ecole normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Cancer Cell Plasticity Department, UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS5286, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Bouvet
- Université de Lyon, Ecole normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Cancer Cell Plasticity Department, UMR INSERM 1052 CNRS5286, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Axel Imhof
- BioMedical Center and Center for Integrated Protein Sciences Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Großhaderner Straße 9, Planegg-Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Marc Thiry
- Cell and tissue biology unit, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, C.H.U. Sart Tilman, Liege 4000, Belgium
| | - Marcus Buschbeck
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO - Germans Trias i Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona 08916, Spain
- Program of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias and Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona 08916, Spain
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16
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Teferi WM, Desaulniers MA, Noyce RS, Shenouda M, Umer B, Evans DH. The vaccinia virus K7 protein promotes histone methylation associated with heterochromatin formation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173056. [PMID: 28257484 PMCID: PMC5336242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well established that many vaccinia virus proteins suppress host antiviral pathways by targeting the transcription of antiviral proteins, thus evading the host innate immune system. However, whether viral proteins have an effect on the host’s overall cellular transcription is less understood. In this study we investigated the regulation of heterochromatin during vaccinia virus infection. Heterochromatin is a highly condensed form of chromatin that is less transcriptionally active and characterized by methylation of histone proteins. We examined the change in methylation of two histone proteins, H3 and H4, which are major markers of heterochromatin, during the course of viral infection. Using immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry we were able to track the overall change in the methylated levels of H3K9 and H4K20. Our results suggest that there is significant increase in methylation of H3K9 and H4K20 during Orthopoxviruses infection compared to mock-infected cells. However, this effect was not seen when we infected cells with Leporipoxviruses. We further screened several vaccinia virus single and multi-gene deletion mutant and identified the vaccinia virus gene K7R as a contributor to the increase in cellular histone methylation during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondimagegnehu M. Teferi
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Megan A. Desaulniers
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ryan S. Noyce
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mira Shenouda
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brittany Umer
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David H. Evans
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Toteva T, Mason B, Kanoh Y, Brøgger P, Green D, Verhein-Hansen J, Masai H, Thon G. Establishment of expression-state boundaries by Rif1 and Taz1 in fission yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:1093-1098. [PMID: 28096402 PMCID: PMC5293076 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614837114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Shelterin component Rif1 has emerged as a global regulator of the replication-timing program in all eukaryotes examined to date, possibly by modulating the 3D-organization of the genome. In fission yeast a second Shelterin component, Taz1, might share similar functions. Here, we identified unexpected properties for Rif1 and Taz1 by conducting high-throughput genetic screens designed to identify cis- and trans-acting factors capable of creating heterochromatin-euchromatin boundaries in fission yeast. The preponderance of cis-acting elements identified in the screens originated from genomic loci bound by Taz1 and associated with origins of replication whose firing is repressed by Taz1 and Rif1. Boundary formation and gene silencing by these elements required Taz1 and Rif1 and coincided with altered replication timing in the region. Thus, small chromosomal elements sensitive to Taz1 and Rif1 (STAR) could simultaneously regulate gene expression and DNA replication over a large domain, at the edge of which they established a heterochromatin-euchromatin boundary. Taz1, Rif1, and Rif1-associated protein phosphatases Sds21 and Dis2 were each sufficient to establish a boundary when tethered to DNA. Moreover, efficient boundary formation required the amino-terminal domain of the Mcm4 replicative helicase onto which the antagonistic activities of the replication-promoting Dbf4-dependent kinase and Rif1-recruited phosphatases are believed to converge to control replication origin firing. Altogether these observations provide an insight into a coordinated control of DNA replication and organization of the genome into expression domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Toteva
- Department of Biology, BioCenter, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Bethany Mason
- Department of Biology, BioCenter, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Yutaka Kanoh
- Department of Genome Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamkitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Peter Brøgger
- Department of Biology, BioCenter, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Daniel Green
- Department of Biology, BioCenter, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Janne Verhein-Hansen
- Department of Biology, BioCenter, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hisao Masai
- Department of Genome Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamkitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Geneviève Thon
- Department of Biology, BioCenter, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark;
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18
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Lukášová E, Kovarˇík A, Bacˇíková A, Falk M, Kozubek S. Loss of lamin B receptor is necessary to induce cellular senescence. Biochem J 2017; 474:281-300. [PMID: 27760841 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Cellular transition to senescence is associated with extensive chromatin reorganization and changes in gene expression. Recent studies appear to imply an association of lamin B1 (LB1) reduction with chromatin rearrangement in human fibroblasts promoted to senescence, while the mechanisms and structural features of these relationships have not yet been clarified. In this work, we examined the functions of LB1 and the lamin B receptor (LBR) in human cancer cells. We found that both LB1 and LBR tend to deplete during cancer cell transfer to senescence by γ-irradiation. A functional study employing silencing of LBR by small hairpin ribonucleic acid (shRNA) constructs revealed reduced LB1 levels suggesting that the regulation of both proteins is interrelated. The reduced expression of LBR resulted in the relocation of centromeric heterochromatin (CSH) from the inner nuclear membrane (INM) to the nucleoplasm and is associated with its unfolding. This indicates that LBR tethers heterochromatin to INM in cycling cancer cells and that LB1 is an integral part of this tethering. Down-regulation of LBR and LB1 at the onset of senescence are thus necessary for the release of heterochromatin binding to lamina, resulting in changes in chromatin architecture and gene expression. However, the senescence phenotype was not manifested in cell lines with reduced LBR and LB1 expression suggesting that other factors, such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage, are needed to trigger senescence. We conclude that the primary response of cells to various stresses leading to senescence consists of the down-regulation of LBR and LB1 to attain reversal of the chromatin architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lukášová
- Department of Cell Biology and Radiobiology, Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, Brno 61265, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Kovarˇík
- Department of Molecular Epigenetics, Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, Brno 61265, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Bacˇíková
- Department of Cell Biology and Radiobiology, Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, Brno 61265, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Falk
- Department of Cell Biology and Radiobiology, Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, Brno 61265, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Kozubek
- Department of Cell Biology and Radiobiology, Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, Brno 61265, Czech Republic
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19
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Volkova O, Ryabokon E, Magda I, Shckorbatov Y. IMPACT OF SMOKING HABITS ON THE STATE OF CHROMATIN AND MORPHOLOGY OF BUCCAL EPITHELIAL CELLS AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS. Georgian Med News 2017:111-115. [PMID: 28252440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The cells of buccal epithelium were investigated in groups of smoking and non-smoking students. Cell samples were collected by scraping with blunt sterile spatula, stained with orcein and photographed. The smoking of cigarettes and hookah induces significant decrease in nuclear and cell perimeter and cell area in cells of buccal epithelium. Smoking of hookah induces, besides, the heterochromatization in cell nuclei and the decrease of nuclear area. The data obtained indicate stress reaction in cells (heterochromatinization) and apoptosis-related changes in cells (decrease of nuclear and cell perimeter and cell area). These data show unfavorable effects of smoking cigarettes and even more harmful effect of hookah smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Volkova
- Kharkiv National Medical University; S.P. Grigoriev Institute for Medical Radiology of National Academy of Medical Science of Ukraine; V.N.Karazin Kharkiv National University, Ukraine
| | - E Ryabokon
- Kharkiv National Medical University; S.P. Grigoriev Institute for Medical Radiology of National Academy of Medical Science of Ukraine; V.N.Karazin Kharkiv National University, Ukraine
| | - I Magda
- Kharkiv National Medical University; S.P. Grigoriev Institute for Medical Radiology of National Academy of Medical Science of Ukraine; V.N.Karazin Kharkiv National University, Ukraine
| | - Y Shckorbatov
- Kharkiv National Medical University; S.P. Grigoriev Institute for Medical Radiology of National Academy of Medical Science of Ukraine; V.N.Karazin Kharkiv National University, Ukraine
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20
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Boonsanay V, Zhang T, Georgieva A, Kostin S, Qi H, Yuan X, Zhou Y, Braun T. Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Stem Cell Quiescence by Suv4-20h1-Dependent Facultative Heterochromatin Formation. Cell Stem Cell 2015; 18:229-42. [PMID: 26669898 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are required for regeneration of adult muscle following injury, a response that demands activation of mainly quiescent MuSCs. Despite the need for dynamic regulation of MuSC quiescence, relatively little is known about the determinants of this property. Here, we show that Suv4-20h1, an H4K20 dimethyltransferase, controls MuSC quiescence by promoting formation of facultative heterochromatin (fHC). Deletion of Suv4-20h1 reduces fHC and induces transcriptional activation and repositioning of the MyoD locus away from the heterochromatic nuclear periphery. These effects promote MuSC activation, resulting in stem cell depletion and impaired long-term muscle regeneration. Genetic reduction of MyoD expression rescues fHC formation and lost MuSC quiescence, restoring muscle regeneration capacity in Suv4-20h1 mutants. Together, these findings reveal that Suv4-20h1 actively regulates MuSC quiescence via fHC formation and control of the MyoD locus, thereby guarding and preserving the stem cell pool over a lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verawan Boonsanay
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ting Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Angelina Georgieva
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Sawa Kostin
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Hui Qi
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Xuejun Yuan
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Yonggang Zhou
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.
| | - Thomas Braun
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; Instituto de Investigacion en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, C1425FQD Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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21
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Mizuguchi T, Barrowman J, Grewal SIS. Chromosome domain architecture and dynamic organization of the fission yeast genome. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:2975-86. [PMID: 26096785 PMCID: PMC4598268 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Advanced techniques including the chromosome conformation capture (3C) methodology and its derivatives are complementing microscopy approaches to study genome organization, and are revealing new details of three-dimensional (3D) genome architecture at increasing resolution. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (S. pombe) comprises a small genome featuring organizational elements of more complex eukaryotic systems, including conserved heterochromatin assembly machinery. Here we review key insights into genome organization revealed in this model system through a variety of techniques. We discuss the predominant role of Rabl-like configuration for interphase chromosome organization and the dynamic changes that occur during mitosis and meiosis. High resolution Hi-C studies have also revealed the presence of locally crumpled chromatin regions called "globules" along chromosome arms, and implicated a critical role for pericentromeric heterochromatin in imposing fundamental constraints on the genome to maintain chromosome territoriality and stability. These findings have shed new light on the connections between genome organization and function. It is likely that insights gained from the S. pombe system will also broadly apply to higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Jemima Barrowman
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shiv I S Grewal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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22
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Klećkowska-Nawrot J, Chęć A, Goździewska-Harłajczuk K, Nowaczyk R, Barszcz K. Light and electron microscopic studies of the Harderian gland in Bilgorajska goose (Anser anser). Acta Biol Hung 2015; 66:249-57. [PMID: 26344021 DOI: 10.1556/018.66.2015.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Harderian gland (HG) in birds is the dominant orbital gland, which plays an important role in immunological response. Tissue sections taken from adult females of Bilgorajska goose were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Azan, PAS, AB pH 2.5, AF and HDI. Based on the histological structure the HG in Bilgorajska geese had compound tubular structure with multiple lobules and two types of epithelial cells lining the tubules. Epithelial cells in the central part of the lobes were dark in color and contained serous fluid, while in the deeper layers, epithelial cells were lightly coloured and contained mucous fluid. Histochemical studies showed the presence of neutral mucopolysaccharides and carboxylated acid mucopolysaccharides in the secretory cells. The small number of single plasma cells were present in HDI staining below the basement membrane of the secondary and primary ducts, near the crypts of the main duct. TEM study demonstrated that plasma cells had a large nucleus with condensed heterochromatin and were rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum. The knowledge of gland's structure, and above all an analysis of the immune system components may affect clinical practice and properly conducted immunization of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Klećkowska-Nawrot
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Environmental and Life Sciences , Kozuchowska 1/3, 51-631 Wroclaw , Poland
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23
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DiPaolo JA, Popescu NC. Cytogenetics of Syrian hamster and its relationships to in vitro neoplastic transformation. Prog Exp Tumor Res 2015; 24:2-16. [PMID: 395568 DOI: 10.1159/000402078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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24
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Cherepaninets VD, Zhironkina OA, Strelkova OS, Kurchashova SI, Kireev II. [Cohesion inside eu- and heterochromatin in human cells]. Tsitologiia 2015; 57:47-55. [PMID: 25872375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It is considered that sister chromatids are held together immediately after replication by special protein complex--cohesin that consists of Smc1--Smc3 core dimer and two additional subunits, Scc1 and Scc3. This process is called cohesion. We have characterized binding of cohesin complex to early- and late-replicated chromatin at different stages of the cell cycle in human cells HeLa and HT1080 using superresolution microscopy (based on Structural ilumination microscopy--SIM) and immunoelectron microscopy. It has been shown that cohesins do not play important role in cohesion of heterochromatic domains, but they provide cohesion and organization of subdomains in euchromatic regions.
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25
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Grudinina NA, Sasina LK, Noniashvili EM, Neronova EG, Pavlinova LI, Suchkova IO, Sofronov GA, Patkin EL. [THE INFLUENCE OF THE PREPARATION PRETREATMENT ON IN SITU DETECTION OF 5-METHYLCYTOSINE IN METAPHASE CHROMOSOMES AND IN INTERPHASE NUCLEI]. Tsitologiia 2015; 57:592-601. [PMID: 26591571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Qualitative and quantitate analysis of DNA methylation in situ at the level of cells, chromosomes and chromosomal domains is extremely important for the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases, the study of ageing and the consequences of environmental impacts. An important question arises, whether the revealed in situ methylation pattern reflects DNA methylation per se and (or) availability of the DNA for antibodies, which in turn depends on the peculiarities of chromatin structure and chromosome condensation. These events can lead to an incorrect evaluation of the actual pattern of DNA methylation. To avoid this shortcoming as far as possible, we have modified the most widely used method of revealing 5-methylcytosine in situ with monoclonal antibodies. Here we have shown that the detection of DNA methylation staining of chromosomes including C-heterochromatin, chromosomal arms and sister chromatids is drastically dependent on pretreatment of chromosomal preparations for immunocytochemical study using fluorescent antibodies. Using undifferentiated stem cells of mouse embryonal carcinoma line F9, it has been found that change in preparations storage results in a sharp fluorescence decrease up to complete disappearance of the signal in centromeric heterochromatin. With the help of the method described in the work, we have first revealed the asymmetry of sister chromatids methylation in metaphase chromosomes of F9 cell and lymphocytes of human periphery blood. This may lead to asymmetry of transcriptional signature of daughter cells after division. The proposed here modification of 5-methylcytosine detection in situ provides a more complete characterization of methylation of chromosomes and chromosomal domains, compared to previously published methods.
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26
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Piterou MC, Pantazidou IK, Havaki S, Liappas J, Radovitch MI. Structural chromatin alterations in peripheral blood leukocytes of alcohol-dependent individuals during detoxification therapy. In Vivo 2014; 28:529-539. [PMID: 24982219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the state of chromatin condensation in peripheral blood leukocytes of alcoholics, during the early detoxification period, in order to highlight structural modifications, indicating epigenetic mechanisms regulated by alcohol. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood samples were obtained from alcoholic patients, who were admitted for detoxification on an inpatient basis, and from healthy controls. The level of condensed heterochromatin and de-condensed euchromatin were detected through the ratio of lysine to arginine residues, by the application of the ammoniacal silver reaction (ASR) staining on leukocyte pellets, and through immunohistochemical localization of histone H1 on peripheral blood smears. RESULTS Lymphocytes and neutrophils with relaxed de-condensed chromatin were found, indicating a more reactive genome in alcoholics, even at the stage of detoxification. CONCLUSION The results underline the importance of chromatin structure of leukocytes as a sensitive, peripheral, biological marker for epigenetic studies in living chronic alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Chrysanthou Piterou
- Research Unit of Histochemistry and Electron Microscopy, First Department of Psychiatry, University of Athens, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Sophia Havaki
- Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodor Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, Greece Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - John Liappas
- Research Unit of Histochemistry and Electron Microscopy, First Department of Psychiatry, University of Athens, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Marietta Issidorides Radovitch
- Research Unit of Histochemistry and Electron Microscopy, First Department of Psychiatry, University of Athens, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece Neurobiology Research Institute, Theodor Theohari Cozzika Foundation, Athens, Greece
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27
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Kallgren SP, Andrews S, Tadeo X, Hou H, Moresco JJ, Tu PG, Yates JR, Nagy PL, Jia S. The proper splicing of RNAi factors is critical for pericentric heterochromatin assembly in fission yeast. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004334. [PMID: 24874881 PMCID: PMC4038458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterochromatin preferentially assembles at repetitive DNA elements, playing roles in transcriptional silencing, recombination suppression, and chromosome segregation. The RNAi machinery is required for heterochromatin assembly in a diverse range of organisms. In fission yeast, RNA splicing factors are also required for pericentric heterochromatin assembly, and a prevailing model is that splicing factors provide a platform for siRNA generation independently of their splicing activity. Here, by screening the fission yeast deletion library, we discovered four novel splicing factors that are required for pericentric heterochromatin assembly. Sequencing total cellular RNAs from the strongest of these mutants, cwf14Δ, showed intron retention in mRNAs of several RNAi factors. Moreover, introducing cDNA versions of RNAi factors significantly restored pericentric heterochromatin in splicing mutants. We also found that mutations of splicing factors resulted in defective telomeric heterochromatin assembly and mis-splicing the mRNA of shelterin component Tpz1, and that replacement of tpz1+ with its cDNA partially rescued heterochromatin defects at telomeres in splicing mutants. Thus, proper splicing of RNAi and shelterin factors contributes to heterochromatin assembly at pericentric regions and telomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P. Kallgren
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Stuart Andrews
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Xavier Tadeo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Haitong Hou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - James J. Moresco
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Patricia G. Tu
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Peter L. Nagy
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Songtao Jia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Ragoczy T, Telling A, Scalzo D, Kooperberg C, Groudine M. Functional redundancy in the nuclear compartmentalization of the late-replicating genome. Nucleus 2014; 5:626-35. [PMID: 25493640 PMCID: PMC4615584 DOI: 10.4161/19491034.2014.990863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic nucleus is structurally and functionally organized, as reflected in the distribution of its protein and DNA components. The genome itself is segregated into euchromatin and heterochromatin that replicate in a distinct spatio-temporal manner. We used a combination of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and DamID to investigate the localization of the early and late replicating components of the genome in a lymphoblastoid cell background. Our analyses revealed that the bulk of late replicating chromatin localizes to the nuclear peripheral heterochromatin (PH) in a chromosome size and gene density dependent manner. Late replicating DNA on small chromosomes exhibits a much lower tendency to localize to PH and tends to associate with alternate repressive subcompartments such as pericentromeric (PCH) and perinucleolar heterochromatin (PNH). Furthermore, multicolor FISH analysis revealed that late replicating loci, particularly on the smaller chromosomes, may associate with any of these 3 repressive subcompartments, including more than one at the same time. These results suggest a functional equivalence or redundancy among the 3 subcompartments. Consistent with this notion, disruption of nucleoli resulted in an increased association of late replicating loci with peripheral heterochromatin. Our analysis reveals that rather than considering the morphologically distinct PH, PCH and PNH as individual subcompartments, they should be considered in aggregate as a functional compartment for late replicating chromatin.
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Key Words
- Chr, chromosome
- DamID
- DamID, Dam identification
- EU, 5-Ethynyl uridine
- FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization
- LAD, lamina associated domain
- NOR, nucleolar organizing region
- PCH, pericentromeric heterochromatin
- PH, peripheral heterochromatin
- PNH, perinucleolar heterochromatin
- heterochromatin
- localization
- nuclear organization
- nuclear periphery, pericentromeric heterochromatin
- perinucleolar heterochromatin
- replication timing
- repressive compartments
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ragoczy
- Division of Basic Sciences; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA USA
| | - Agnes Telling
- Division of Basic Sciences; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA USA
| | - David Scalzo
- Division of Basic Sciences; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA USA
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA USA
| | - Mark Groudine
- Division of Basic Sciences; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Seattle, WA USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University of Washington School of Medicine; Seattle, WA USA
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29
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Zhironkina OA, Kurchashova SY, Bratseva AL, Cherepanynets VD, Strelkova OS, Belmont AS, Kireev II. [Resolution of spatial constraints during replication of peripheral chromatin]. Tsitologiia 2014; 56:899-906. [PMID: 25929131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tight association of peripheral chromatin with nuclear lamina unavoidably creates topological constraints during replication. Additional complications are associated with high stability of lamina meshwork, which may hinder an access of replication factors to the sites of DNA synthesis in highly condensed template with limited mobility. In the current work we studied structural organization and dynamics of lamina as a function of replicative status of associated peripheral heterochromatin. The studies of molecular mobility of laminas at various stages of S-phase in vivo and using super-resolution microscopy showed no correlation between lamina dynamics and replicative status of attached heterochromatin. These data support the hypothesis that lamina-chromatin interactions during S-phase are regulated at the level of adapter proteins. Ultrastructural studies have demonstrated that temporal break of lamina-chromatin connections during replication does not cause noticeable spatial separation of replicating domains from nuclear periphery.
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30
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Corpet A, Olbrich T, Gwerder M, Fink D, Stucki M. Dynamics of histone H3.3 deposition in proliferating and senescent cells reveals a DAXX-dependent targeting to PML-NBs important for pericentromeric heterochromatin organization. Cell Cycle 2013; 13:249-67. [PMID: 24200965 PMCID: PMC3906242 DOI: 10.4161/cc.26988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogene-induced senescence is a permanent cell cycle arrest characterized by extensive chromatin reorganization. Here, we investigated the specific targeting and dynamics of histone H3 variants in human primary senescent cells. We show that newly synthesized epitope-tagged H3.3 is incorporated in senescent cells but does not accumulate in senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF). Instead, we observe that new H3.3 colocalizes with its specific histone chaperones within the promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) and is targeted to PML-NBs in a DAXX-dependent manner both in proliferating and senescent cells. We further show that overexpression of DAXX enhances targeting of H3.3 in large PML-NBs devoid of transcriptional activity and promotes the accumulation of HP1, independently of H3K9me3. Loss of H3.3 from pericentromeric heterochromatin upon DAXX or PML depletion suggests that the targeting of H3.3 to PML-NBs is implicated in pericentromeric heterochromatin organization. Together, our results underline the importance of the replication-independent chromatin assembly pathway for histone replacement in non-dividing senescent cells and establish PML-NBs as important regulatory sites for the incorporation of new H3.3 into chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle Corpet
- Departement of Gynecology; University Hospital Zürich; Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Teresa Olbrich
- Departement of Gynecology; University Hospital Zürich; Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Myriam Gwerder
- Departement of Gynecology; University Hospital Zürich; Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Fink
- Departement of Gynecology; University Hospital Zürich; Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Stucki
- Departement of Gynecology; University Hospital Zürich; Schlieren, Switzerland
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Stępiński D. Nucleolar chromatin organization at different activities of soybean root meristematic cell nucleoli. Protoplasma 2013; 250:723-30. [PMID: 23011403 PMCID: PMC3659268 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-012-0456-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nucleolar chromatin, including nucleolus-associated chromatin as well as active and inactive condensed ribosomal DNA (rDNA) chromatin, derives mostly from secondary constrictions known as nucleolus organizer regions containing rDNA genes on nucleolus-forming chromosomes. This chromatin may occupy different nucleolar positions being in various condensation states which may imply different rDNA transcriptional competence. Sections of nucleoli originating from root meristematic cells of soybean seedlings grown at 25 °C (the control), then subjected to chilling stress (10 °C), and next transferred again to 25 °C (the recovery) were used to measure profile areas occupied by nucleolar condensed chromatin disclosed with sodium hydroxide methylation-acetylation plus uranyl acetate technique. The biggest total area of condensed chromatin was found in the nucleoli of chilled plants, while the smallest was found in those of recovered plants in relation to the amounts of chromatin in the control nucleoli. The condensed nucleolar chromatin, in the form of different-sized and different-shaped clumps, was mainly located in fibrillar centers. One can suppose that changes of condensed rDNA chromatin amounts might be a mechanism controlling the number of transcriptionally active rDNA genes as the nucleoli of plants grown under these experimental conditions show different transcriptional activity and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Stępiński
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland.
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Dzhokhadze TA, Buadze TZ, Gaĭozishvili MN, Baratashvili NA, Lezhava TA. [Deheterochromatinization of the chromatin in old age induced by oligopeptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro)]. Georgian Med News 2012:76-82. [PMID: 23221144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work is presented the data on the variability of the functional characteristics of the chromosomes in the cells exposed by oligopeptide bioregulator - Prostamax from old individuals (75-86 years). Evaluated: the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE); Ag-positive NORs (in associations and nonassociations), as well as the variability of the structural C-pericentromeric heterochromatin. Prostamax changed the chromosomal parameters: 1) increased the frequency of SCE to 12,0±0,28 exchange in per cell (in intact cells - 5,9±0,2); 2) increased the frequency of Ag-positive NORs to 2.5 per cell (in intact cells - 0.95) 3) reduced in the frequency of large segments of the options from the pericentromeric heterochromatin for the 1st and 9th chromosomes. Comparison of the results indicates the ability of Prostamax to decondensation, deheterchromatinization the chromatin during aging, and thus release by heterochromatinization repressed genes. On the other hand, the data obtained in this work suggest that the basis for the protective action of Prostamax its modifying effect on chromatin.
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Lorat Y, Schanz S, Schuler N, Wennemuth G, Rübe C, Rübe CE. Beyond repair foci: DNA double-strand break repair in euchromatic and heterochromatic compartments analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38165. [PMID: 22666473 PMCID: PMC3364237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) generated by ionizing radiation pose a serious threat to the preservation of genetic and epigenetic information. The known importance of local chromatin configuration in DSB repair raises the question of whether breaks in different chromatin environments are recognized and repaired by the same repair machinery and with similar efficiency. An essential step in DSB processing by non-homologous end joining is the high-affinity binding of Ku70-Ku80 and DNA-PKcs to double-stranded DNA ends that holds the ends in physical proximity for subsequent repair. Methods and Materials Using transmission electron microscopy to localize gold-labeled pKu70 and pDNA-PKcs within nuclear ultrastructure, we monitored the formation and repair of actual DSBs within euchromatin (electron-lucent) and heterochromatin (electron-dense) in cortical neurons of irradiated mouse brain. Results While DNA lesions in euchromatin (characterized by two pKu70-gold beads, reflecting the Ku70-Ku80 heterodimer) are promptly sensed and rejoined, DNA packaging in heterochromatin appears to retard DSB processing, due to the time needed to unravel higher-order chromatin structures. Complex pKu70-clusters formed in heterochromatin (consisting of 4 or ≥6 gold beads) may represent multiple breaks in close proximity caused by ionizing radiation of highly-compacted DNA. All pKu70-clusters disappeared within 72 hours post-irradiation, indicating efficient DSB rejoining. However, persistent 53BP1 clusters in heterochromatin (comprising ≥10 gold beads), occasionally co-localizing with γH2AX, but not pKu70 or pDNA-PKcs, may reflect incomplete or incorrect restoration of chromatin structure rather than persistently unrepaired DNA damage. Discussion Higher-order organization of chromatin determines the accessibility of DNA lesions to repair complexes, defining how readily DSBs are detected and processed. DNA lesions in heterochromatin appear to be more complex, with multiple breaks in spatial vicinity inducing severe chromatin disruptions. Imperfect restoration of chromatin configurations may leave DSB-induced epigenetic memory of damage with potentially pathological repercussions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Lorat
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schanz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Nadine Schuler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Gunther Wennemuth
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Christian Rübe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Claudia E. Rübe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Brunton H, Goodarzi AA, Noon AT, Shrikhande A, Hansen RS, Jeggo PA, Shibata A. Analysis of human syndromes with disordered chromatin reveals the impact of heterochromatin on the efficacy of ATM-dependent G2/M checkpoint arrest. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:4022-35. [PMID: 21791604 PMCID: PMC3187363 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.05289-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterochromatin (HC) poses a barrier to γH2AX focus expansion and DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair, the latter being relieved by ATM-dependent KAP-1 phosphorylation. Using high-resolution imaging, we show here that the HC superstructure markedly restricts ATM signaling to cell cycle checkpoint proteins. The impact of HC is greater than anticipated from the percentage of HC-DNA and, in distinction to DSB repair, ATM only partly overcomes the constraints posed by HC. Importantly, we examine ATM signaling in human syndromes with disordered HC. After depletion of MeCP2 and DNMT3B, proteins defective in the Rett and immunodeficiency with centromere instability and facial anomalies (ICF) syndromes, respectively, we demonstrate enhanced γH2AX signal expansion at HC-chromocenters in mouse NIH 3T3 cells, which have visible HC-chromocenters. Previous studies have shown that the G(2)/M checkpoint is inefficient requiring multiple DSBs to initiate arrest. MeCP2 and DNMT3B depletion leads to hypersensitive radiation-induced G(2)/M checkpoint arrest despite normal DSB repair. Cell lines from Rett, ICF, and Hutchinson-Guildford progeria syndrome patients similarly showed hyperactivated ATM signaling and hypersensitive and prolonged G(2)/M checkpoint arrest. Collectively, these findings reveal that heterochromatin contributes to the previously described inefficient G(2)/M checkpoint arrest and demonstrate how the signaling response can be uncoupled from DSB repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Brunton
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, East Sussex BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron A. Goodarzi
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, East Sussex BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Angela T. Noon
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, East Sussex BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Amruta Shrikhande
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, East Sussex BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
| | - R. Scott Hansen
- Departments of Medicine and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Penny A. Jeggo
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, East Sussex BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Atsushi Shibata
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, East Sussex BN1 9RQ, United Kingdom
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35
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Sheval' EV, Poliakov VI. [Nuclear matrix organization of the chromocenters in cultured murine fibroblasts]. Tsitologiia 2010; 52:412-419. [PMID: 20586277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In the current work, the structural organization of nuclear matrix of pericentromeric heterochromatin blocks (chromocenters) inside cultured murine fibroblasts was investigated. After 2 M NaCl extraction without DNase I treatment, chromocenters were extremely swelled, and it was impossible to detect them using conventional electron microscopy. Using immunogolding with anti-topoisomerase IIalpha antibody, we demonstrated that residual chromocenters were subdivided into numerous discrete aggregates. After 2 M NaCl extraction with DNase I treatment, the residual chromocenters appeared as a dense meshwork of thin fibers, and using this feature, the residual chromocenters were easily distinguished from the rest of nuclear matrix. After extraction with dextran sulfate and heparin, the chromocenters were decondensed, and chromatin complexes having rosette organization (central core from which numerous DNA fibers radiated) were seen. Probably, the appearance of these rosettes was a consequence of incomplete chromatin extraction. Thus, the nuclear matrix of pericentromeric chromosome regions in cultured murine fibroblasts differs morphologically from the rest of nuclear matrix.
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36
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Manteĭfel' VM, Karu TI. [Loosening of condensed chromatin in human blood lymphocytes exposed to irradiation with a low-energy He-Ne laser]. Izv Akad Nauk Ser Biol 2009:654-661. [PMID: 20143624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
It was shown that, 1 h after irradiation of human blood lymphocytes with a He-Ne laser at 56 J/m2 (5.6 W/m2, 10 s), the relative optical density of condensed chromatin masses observed in ultrathin sections was decreased (p < 0.01); i.e., the condensed chromatin became less compact. Such transition of condensed chromatin to a more "open" state may improve its availability for regulatory proteins and transcriptional factors. The irradiation also results in dispersion of condensed chromatin clumps in the nucleoplasm and enhancement of their angularity, i.e., in extension of the clump surface. These shifts, correlating with the activation of transcription, may be due to decompaction of the chromatin fibers not only on the periphery of chromatin clusters in the center of the nucleus, but also within the masses of condensed chromatin.
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Olins DE, Olins AL. Nuclear envelope-limited chromatin sheets (ELCS) and heterochromatin higher order structure. Chromosoma 2009; 118:537-48. [PMID: 19521714 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-009-0219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The interphase nucleus and nuclear envelope can acquire a myriad of shapes in normal or pathological cell states. There exist a wide variety of indentations and invaginations, of protrusions and evaginations. It has been difficult to classify and name all of these nuclear shapes and, consequently, a barrier to understanding the biochemical and biophysical causes. This review focuses upon one type of nuclear envelope shape change, named "nuclear envelope-limited chromatin sheets" (ELCS), which appears to involve exaggerated nuclear envelope growth, carrying with it one or more layers of approximately 30 nm diameter heterochromatin. A hypothesis on the formation of ELCS is proposed, relating higher order heterochromatin structure in an interphase nucleus, nuclear envelope growth, and nuclear envelope-heterochromatin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald E Olins
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA.
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38
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Lee ME, Rha SY, Jeung HC, Chung HC, Oh BK. Subtelomeric DNA methylation and telomere length in human cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2009; 281:82-91. [PMID: 19375218 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Subtelomeric epigenetic modifications are known to be associated with telomere length. We examined subtelomeric DNA methylation at seven sites for five chromosomes by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and two sites for two chromosomes by bisulfite genomic sequencing (BGS) in 20 human cancer cell lines and subsequently analyzed their association with telomere length. Full-methylation (55/140) was more frequently found compared to un-methylation (35/140) (p=0.01). Subtelomeric-methylation patterns varied from region to region; full-methylation and un-methylation were dominant at one of 9q sites (20/20) and 9p (18/20), respectively. MSP and BGS data exhibited no apparent correlation between methylation status and telomere length. In addition, Hep3B subclones that possessed different telomere lengths exhibited no changes in methylation status according to telomeres. In summary, subtelomeres might form distinct chromatin structures from region to region and effect of subtelomeric DNA methylation on telomere regulation might be little.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Eun Lee
- Cancer Metastasis Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seodaemun-ku, Seoul, South Korea
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40
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Nielsén K, Marcus M, Gropp A. Localization of NORs in chromosomes of mouse cell lines by a combined 33258-Hoechst and Ag-staining technique. Hereditas 2009; 90:31-7. [PMID: 84805 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1979.tb01291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
Heterochromatin, once thought to be the useless junk of chromosomes, is now known to play significant roles in biology. Underlying much of this newfound fame are links between the repressive chromatin structure and cohesin, the protein complex that mediates sister chromatid cohesion. Heterochromatin-mediated recruitment and retention of cohesin to domains flanking centromeres promotes proper attachment of chromosomes to the mitotic and meiotic spindles. Heterochromatin assembled periodically between convergently transcribed genes also recruits cohesin, which promotes a novel form of transcription termination. Heterochromatin-like structures in budding yeast also recruit cohesin. Here the complex appears to regulate transcriptional silencing and recombination between repeated DNA sequences. The link between heterochromatin and cohesin is particularly relevant to human health. In Roberts-SC phocomelia syndrome, heterochromatic cohesion is selectively lost due to mutation of the acetyltransferase responsible for cohesin activation. In this review I discuss recent work that relates to these relationships between heterochromatin and cohesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Gartenberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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42
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Kornienko OS, Gusachenko AM, Vysotskaia LV. [C-heterochromatin during synapsis and recombination in grey cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea spermatogenesis]. Tsitologiia 2009; 51:315-321. [PMID: 19505049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The behaviour of large distal C-heterochromatic blocks in spermatogenesis of grey cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea was investigated by light and electron microscopy. Heterochromatic blocks of some autosomes are involved into nonhomologous association with formation of chromocenter in early meiotic prophase I. Fluorescent in situ hybridization with ribosomal DNA-probe revealed the signal on only two pairs of middle chromosomes, which did not participate in the chromocenter formation, therefore appearance of ectopic contacts was not caused by the nucleolus formation. The analysis showed that heterochromatin in the chromocenter was eliminated spatially and functionally from main meiotic events. Heterochromatin does not participate in the bouquet formation, initiation of homologous pairing, and recombination events. Heterochromatic polymorphism results in asymmetric synaptonemal complexes with different degree of synaptic adjustment. Meiotic axis of sex univalent (XO -- sex male determination) is split in different regions irrespective of heterochromatin localization.
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43
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Podgornaia OI, Ostromyshenskiĭ DI, Kuznetsova IS, Matveev IV, Komissarov AS. [Heterochromatin and centromere structure paradox]. Tsitologiia 2009; 51:204-211. [PMID: 19435274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Centromere (CEN) is the structure responsible for the chromatid association, chromosome attachment to the spindle, and correct position in the plate. The only DNA found in the mammalian CEN belongs to the satellite DNA--high repeated tandem repeats. Mounting evidence indicates that both types of chromatin (CEN and peri-CEN) are required for proper centromere function. CEN, peri-CEN and peritelomeric regions remain white spots at the chromosome maps appeared after reading genomes of human, mouse, and rat. SatDNA is considered to be species-specific. Library hypothesis regards heterochromatin as the library of different satDNA one fragments of which became spread and fixed in species fixation. We have analyzed database Chromosome Unknown (ChrUn) and found several new classes of mouse tandem repeats. The features of these classes are similar with the ones from rat ChrUn, as well as their distributions according to GC-richness. We believe that similar fragments' structure, i. e. intermingling of fragments with different curvature rather than their primary sequence will help to solve the paradox, when CEN or peri-CEN fragments from different animals have nothing in common, but bind the same sets of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lienhard Schmitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Friedrichstrasse 24, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Wickramasinghe SN. Ultrastructural abnormalities and arrest of protein biosynthesis in some erythroblasts from homozygotes for haemoglobin C and double heterozygotes for haemoglobin C and beta-thalassaemia. Clin Lab Haematol 2008; 12:401-8. [PMID: 2081381 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2257.1990.tb00352.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Various ultrastructural abnormalities were found in the erythroblasts of three homozygotes for haemoglobin C (HbC), one patient with HbC/beta(+)-thalassaemia and one patient with HbC/beta (0) thalassaemia. These included a coarsely granular or reticular appearance and altered electron-density of the heterochromatin, loss of parts of the nuclear membrane, and oozing of nuclear material into the cytoplasm. In addition, the two patients with HbC/beta-thalassaemia, but not the others, showed precipitated intracytoplasmic alpha-chains in a few profiles of polychromatic erythroblasts and marrow reticulocytes. Electron microscope autoradiographic studies of bone marrow cells from two of the patients with HbC disease and the patient with HbC/beta (0)-thalassaemia showed a marked depression or failure of incorporation of 3H-leucine into protein in some of the ultrastructurally abnormal erythroblasts. This impairment of protein synthesis may lead to alterations in the erythroblast membrane that are involved in the recognition and phagocytosis of the abnormal erythroblasts by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Wickramasinghe
- Department of Haematology, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London
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46
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Thust R, Rønne M. Localization of SCEs and their possible relationship to dA . dT- or dG . dC-clusters, respectively, in Chinese hamster V79-E chromosomes. Hereditas 2008; 96:295-8. [PMID: 6286538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1982.tb00862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Abstract
Genomes of higher eukaryotes contain abundant non-coding repeated sequences whose overall biological impact is unclear. They comprise two categories. The first consists of retrotransposon-derived elements. These are three major families of retroelements (LINEs, SINEs and LTRs). SINEs are clustered in gene-rich regions and are found in promoters of genes while LINEs are concentrated in gene-poor regions and are depleted from promoters. The second class consists of non-coding tandem repeats (satellite DNAs and TTAGGG arrays), which are associated with mammalian centromeres, heterochromatin and telomeres. Terminal TTAGGG arrays are involved in telomere capping and satellite DNAs are located in heterochromatin, which is implicated in transcription silencing by gene repositioning (relocalization). It is unknown whether interstitial TTAGGG sequences, which are present in many vertebrates, have a function. Here, evidence will be presented that retroelements and TTAGGG arrays are involved in regulation of gene expression. Retroelements can provide binding sites for transcription factors and protect promoter CpG islands from repressive chromatin modifications, and may be also involved in nuclear compartmentalization of transcriptionally active and inactive domains. Interstitial telomere-like sequences can form dynamically maintained three-dimensional nuclear networks of transcriptionally inactive domains, which may be involved in transcription silencing like classic heterochromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai V Tomilin
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St.Petersburg, Tikchoretskii Av. 4, Russia.
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Colas I, Shaw P, Prieto P, Wanous M, Spielmeyer W, Mago R, Moore G. Effective chromosome pairing requires chromatin remodeling at the onset of meiosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:6075-80. [PMID: 18417451 PMCID: PMC2329686 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0801521105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During meiosis, homologous chromosomes (homologues) recognize each other and then intimately associate. Studies exploiting species with large chromosomes reveal that chromatin is remodeled at the onset of meiosis before this intimate association. However, little is known about the effect the remodeling has on pairing. We show here in wheat that chromatin remodeling of homologues can only occur if they are identical or nearly identical. Moreover, a failure to undergo remodeling results in reduced pairing between the homologues. Thus, chromatin remodeling at the onset of meiosis enables the chromosomes to become competent to pair and recombine efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Colas
- *John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Shaw
- *John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Pilar Prieto
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Alameda del Obispo s/n, Apartado 4084, 14080 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Michael Wanous
- Biology Department, Augustana College, 2001 South Summit Avenue, Sioux Falls, SD 57197; and
| | - Wolfgang Spielmeyer
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Rohit Mago
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Graham Moore
- *John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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Kaczmarczyk A, Rutten T, Melzer M, Keller ERJ. Ultrastructural changes associated with cryopreservation of potato (Solanum tuberosum l.) shoot tips. Cryo Letters 2008; 29:145-156. [PMID: 18516344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The ultrastructure of cells within shoot tips of S. tuberosum 'Désirée' was studied after different steps of the DMSO droplet cryopreservation method. After 2 h of DMSO treatment, cells contained numerous small vesicles, while at the same time mitochondria and chloroplasts had increased in size and vacuoles had assumed an irregular shape. After rapid cooling in liquid nitrogen, subsequent rewarming, and 1 h incubation there were no apparent changes in the ultrastructural organization of the cells, suggesting that they might be still intact. However, two days after rewarming, the meristematic dome area and part of the epidermis showed signs of extensive damage. Rupture of plasmalemma, plasmolysis and destruction of cell organelles as well as strong heterochromatisation of nuclei were observed. Survival and regeneration of cells were found mainly in leaf primordial regions. Here cells were very active, containing many mitochondria and intact or regenerating chloroplasts. Alternating temperature preculture of donor plants before shoot tip isolation improved the cryopreservation results (plant regeneration 46.5 percent) as compared to constantly warm precultured shoot tips (plant regeneration 20.0 percent), which showed slightly stronger damage after rewarming from liquid nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kaczmarczyk
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany.
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jankun
- Department of Basic Fishery Sciences, University of Agriculture and Technology, Olsztyn-Kortowo, Poland
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