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de Amorim DB, de Camargo LJ, Ribeiro PR, Budaszewski RDF, Menegatt JCO, Paz MC, de Castro LT, Almeida PR, Olegário JC, Canal CW, Sonne L. Characterization of Cetacean Morbillivirus in Humpback Whales, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1296-1298. [PMID: 38781986 DOI: 10.3201/eid3006.231769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cetacean morbillivirus is an etiologic agent associated with strandings of live and dead cetacean species occurring sporadically or as epizootics worldwide. We report 2 cases of cetacean morbillivirus in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Brazil and describe the anatomopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular characterization findings in the specimens.
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Donato G, Masucci M, De Luca E, Alibrandi A, De Majo M, Berjaoui S, Martino C, Mangano C, Lorusso A, Pennisi MG. Feline Morbillivirus in Southern Italy: Epidemiology, Clinico-Pathological Features and Phylogenetic Analysis in Cats. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081449. [PMID: 34452315 PMCID: PMC8402783 DOI: 10.3390/v13081449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline morbillivirus (FeMV) was isolated for the first time in 2012 with an association with chronic kidney disease (CKD) suggested. This study aimed at investigating in cats from southern Italy FeMV prevalence and risk factors for exposure to FeMV, including the relationship with CKD; sequencing amplicons and analyzing phylogeny of PCR positive samples. Blood serum, K3EDTA blood and urine samples from 223 cats were investigated. Ten carcasses were also evaluated. FeMV RNA was detected in 2.4% (5/211) blood and 16.1% (36/223) urine samples. One carcass tested positive by qPCRFeMV from kidney, urinary bladder, and submandibular lymph nodes. Antibodies against FeMV were detected in 14.5% (28/193) cats. We followed up 27 cats (13 FeMV positive cats) and documented in some cases urine shedding after up to 360 days. Older and foundling cats and cats living in rescue catteries, were more frequently infected with FeMV. A significant correlation between FeMV and higher serum creatinine values or low urine specific gravity was found. FeMV positivity was significantly associated with retroviral infection, and the presence of some clinical signs apart from CKD clinicopathological markers. Our study highlights the possibility of a link between FeMV exposure and CKD and a general impairment of feline health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Donato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.M.); (M.D.M.); (C.M.); (M.G.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marisa Masucci
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.M.); (M.D.M.); (C.M.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Eliana De Luca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), 64100 Teramo, Italy; (E.D.L.); (S.B.); (C.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Angela Alibrandi
- Department of Economy, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Massimo De Majo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.M.); (M.D.M.); (C.M.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Shadia Berjaoui
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), 64100 Teramo, Italy; (E.D.L.); (S.B.); (C.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Camillo Martino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), 64100 Teramo, Italy; (E.D.L.); (S.B.); (C.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Cyndi Mangano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.M.); (M.D.M.); (C.M.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e Molise (IZSAM), 64100 Teramo, Italy; (E.D.L.); (S.B.); (C.M.); (A.L.)
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.M.); (M.D.M.); (C.M.); (M.G.P.)
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Williams D, Dilcher M, Dong H, Lester B, Marshall K, Pink R, Smith D, Wong J. Lessons from a system-wide response to a measles outbreak, Canterbury, February-April 2019. N Z Med J 2020; 133:71-83. [PMID: 32994618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite New Zealand's "measles elimination" status, the risk of measles outbreaks persists, due to ongoing measles importation and sub-optimal vaccination coverage, including specific sub-populations with higher proportions of susceptible people. From February to April 2019, Canterbury experienced a measles outbreak with 38 local cases and an unidentified index case. The outbreak strain was linked to a large outbreak in the Philippines. The whole-of-health-system response included active case and contact follow-up by public health and hospital staff, and a prioritised vaccination campaign in primary care. Important features of a measles outbreak response in an "elimination" context include cross-system liaison, co-ordination of communications, careful prioritisation of use of available resources, and support for households affected by isolation and/or quarantine requests. Closer analysis of the effectiveness of outbreak control measures would help prioritise use of scarce public health and health care resources during outbreaks. Future measles outbreaks could be prevented by a systematic primary care-based MMR catch-up campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Williams
- Public Health Physician, Community and Public Health, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch
| | - Meik Dilcher
- Scientific Officer, National Measles and Rubella Laboratory, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch
| | - Hongfang Dong
- Public Health Analyst, Community and Public Health, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch
| | - Bridget Lester
- Child, Youth and Family Portfolio Manager, Planning and Funding, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch
| | - Kerry Marshall
- Communities and Communicable Diseases Team Manager, Community and Public Health, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch
| | - Ramon Pink
- Medical Officer of Health and Clinical Director, Community and Public Health, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch
| | - Debbie Smith
- Health Protection Officer, Community and Public Health, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch
| | - Jimmy Wong
- Health Protection Officer, Community and Public Health, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch
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Ohishi K, Maruyama T, Seki F, Takeda M. Marine Morbilliviruses: Diversity and Interaction with Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecules. Viruses 2019; 11:E606. [PMID: 31277275 PMCID: PMC6669707 DOI: 10.3390/v11070606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological reports of phocine distemper virus (PDV) and cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) have accumulated since their discovery nearly 30 years ago. In this review, we focus on the interaction between these marine morbilliviruses and their major cellular receptor, the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM). The three-dimensional crystal structure and homology models of SLAMs have demonstrated that 35 residues are important for binding to the morbillivirus hemagglutinin (H) protein and contribute to viral tropism. These 35 residues are essentially conserved among pinnipeds and highly conserved among the Caniformia, suggesting that PDV can infect these animals, but are less conserved among cetaceans. Because CeMV can infect various cetacean species, including toothed and baleen whales, the CeMV-H protein is postulated to have broader specificity to accommodate more divergent SLAM interfaces and may enable the virus to infect seals. In silico analysis of viral H protein and SLAM indicates that each residue of the H protein interacts with multiple residues of SLAM and vice versa. The integration of epidemiological, virological, structural, and computational studies should provide deeper insight into host specificity and switching of marine morbilliviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Ohishi
- Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Polytechnic University, 1583, Iiyama, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0297, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Maruyama
- School of Marine Biosciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1, Kitazato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Fumio Seki
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1, Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1, Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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Díaz-Delgado J, Sierra E, Vela AI, Arbelo M, Zucca D, Groch KR, Fernández A. Coinfection by Streptococcus phocae and cetacean morbillivirus in a short-beaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis. Dis Aquat Organ 2017; 124:247-252. [PMID: 28492181 DOI: 10.3354/dao03124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe gross, histopathological, and immunohistochemical features of Streptococcus phocae and cetacean morbillivirus coinfection in a short-beaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis. Major gross findings were cutaneous purulent nodules in the tail fluke, vegetative mitral valve endocarditis, and presumed postpartum pyometra. Histologic examination revealed bacterial septicemia characterized by widespread intravascular coccoid bacterial emboli. These were associated with fibrinonecrotizing to pyogranulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis, embolic pneumonia, neutrophilic and lymphoplasmacytic meningochoroiditis, random neutrophilic hepatitis, lymphoplasmacytic myocarditis and epicarditis, necrotizing adrenalitis, suppurative endometritis, and multicentric reactive lymphadenopathy. Bacteriology and molecular analysis with sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene identified S. phocae from lung, brain, and adrenal gland tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis for morbillivirus detection revealed positive immunolabeling in the epithelium of the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle. Published reports on S. phocae infection in cetaceans are rare, and pathological details are limited. The present case indicates that S. phocae has potential pathogenic capacity in common dolphins. The pathogenesis is proposed to have involved cutaneous penetration after a skin trauma, leading to initial cutaneous disease and eventual systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Díaz-Delgado
- Veterinary Histology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Health, Veterinary College, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontana s/n, Arucas 35413, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Sharp CR, Nambulli S, Acciardo AS, Rennick LJ, Drexler JF, Rima BK, Williams T, Duprex WP. Chronic Infection of Domestic Cats with Feline Morbillivirus, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:760-2. [PMID: 26982566 PMCID: PMC4806961 DOI: 10.3201/eid2204.151921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Sierra E, Fernández A, Suárez-Santana C, Xuriach A, Zucca D, Bernaldo de Quirós Y, García-Álvarez N, De la Fuente J, Sacchini S, Andrada M, Díaz-Delgado J, Arbelo M. Morbillivirus and Pilot Whale Deaths, Canary Islands, Spain, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:740-2. [PMID: 26982571 PMCID: PMC4806956 DOI: 10.3201/eid2204.150954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Mazzariol S, Centelleghe C, Beffagna G, Povinelli M, Terracciano G, Cocumelli C, Pintore A, Denurra D, Casalone C, Pautasso A, Di Francesco CE, Di Guardo G. Mediterranean Fin Whales (Balaenoptera physalus) Threatened by Dolphin MorbilliVirus. Emerg Infect Dis 2016. [PMID: 26812485 PMCID: PMC4734534 DOI: 10.3201/eid2202.150882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2011-2013, dolphin morbillivirus was molecularly identified in 4 stranded fin whales from the Mediterranean Sea. Nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, and hemagglutinin gene sequences of the identified strain were highly homologous with those of a morbillivirus that caused a 2006-2007 epidemic in the Mediterranean. Dolphin morbillivirus represents a serious threat for fin whales.
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Mazzariol S, Centelleghe C, Beffagna G, Povinelli M, Terracciano G, Cocumelli C, Pintore A, Denurra D, Casalone C, Pautasso A, Di Francesco CE, Di Guardo G. Mediterranean Fin Whales (Balaenoptera physalus) Threatened by Dolphin MorbilliVirus. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:302-5. [PMID: 26812485 DOI: 10.3201/eid2202.15-0882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2011-2013, dolphin morbillivirus was molecularly identified in 4 stranded fin whales from the Mediterranean Sea. Nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, and hemagglutinin gene sequences of the identified strain were highly homologous with those of a morbillivirus that caused a 2006-2007 epidemic in the Mediterranean. Dolphin morbillivirus represents a serious threat for fin whales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antra Zeltina
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (TAB); (BL)
| | - Benhur Lee
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TAB); (BL)
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Jacob JM, West KL, Levine G, Sanchez S, Jensen BA. Initial characterization of novel beaked whale morbillivirus in Hawaiian cetaceans. Dis Aquat Organ 2016; 117:215-227. [PMID: 26758655 DOI: 10.3354/dao02941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) is a causative factor in epizootics that have resulted in thousands of deaths throughout the Atlantic and Mediterranean since 1987, but less is known of its presence and significance in the Pacific. The first case of CeMV reported in Hawai'i was in a Longman's beaked whale that stranded in 2010. The initial CeMV sequence from this individual indicated the possibility of a novel strain. To address this, archived samples from cetaceans that stranded in Hawai'i between 1997 and 2014 were screened for CeMV. The beaked whale morbillivirus (BWMV) was detected in 15 individuals representing 12 different species (24% of Code 1 and 2 stranded cetaceans). The earliest detected case was a humpback whale that stranded in 1998. Sequence comparisons of a 2.2 kb sequence spanning the phosphoprotein (P) and nucleocapsid (N) genes strongly suggest that the BWMV represents a novel strain of CeMV present in Hawai'i and the Central Pacific. In contrast to recently reported isolates from Brazil and Australia that may represent a distinct clade, BWMV appears to be more closely related to known strains of CeMV (dolphin morbillivirus; porpoise morbillivirus; and pilot whale morbillivirus). Detection rates with repeat sampling of positive lymph nodes were between 2 and 61%, illustrating the extreme heterogeneity that can occur in affected tissues. Taken together, these results suggest that BWMV may be common and established in Hawaiian cetacean populations. BWMV will be important for understanding CeMV and health threats in the relatively understudied cetaceans of the Pacific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Jacob
- College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Hawai'i Pacific University, 45-045 Kamehameha Highway, Kaneohe, Hawai'i 96744, USA
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Abstract
Research on morbillivirus infections has led to exciting developments in recent years. Global measles vaccination coverage has increased, resulting in a significant reduction in measles mortality. In 2011 rinderpest virus was declared globally eradicated - only the second virus to be eradicated by targeted vaccination. Identification of new cellular receptors and implementation of recombinant viruses expressing fluorescent proteins in a range of model systems have provided fundamental new insights into the pathogenesis of morbilliviruses, and their interactions with the host immune system. Nevertheless, both new and well-studied morbilliviruses are associated with significant disease in wildlife and domestic animals. This illustrates the need for robust surveillance and a strategic focus on barriers that restrict cross-species transmission. Recent and ongoing measles outbreaks also demonstrate that maintenance of high vaccination coverage for these highly infectious agents is critical. This introduction briefly summarizes the most important current research topics in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000, The Netherlands.
| | - W Paul Duprex
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston 02118, MA, USA.
| | - Rik L de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000, The Netherlands.
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Groch KR, Colosio AC, Marcondes MCC, Zucca D, Díaz-Delgado J, Niemeyer C, Marigo J, Brandão PE, Fernández A, Luiz Catão-Dias J. Novel cetacean morbillivirus in Guiana dolphin, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:511-3. [PMID: 24565559 PMCID: PMC3944878 DOI: 10.3201/eid2003.131557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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14
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Van Bressem MF, Duignan PJ, Banyard A, Barbieri M, Colegrove KM, De Guise S, Di Guardo G, Dobson A, Domingo M, Fauquier D, Fernandez A, Goldstein T, Grenfell B, Groch KR, Gulland F, Jensen BA, Jepson PD, Hall A, Kuiken T, Mazzariol S, Morris SE, Nielsen O, Raga JA, Rowles TK, Saliki J, Sierra E, Stephens N, Stone B, Tomo I, Wang J, Waltzek T, Wellehan JFX. Cetacean morbillivirus: current knowledge and future directions. Viruses 2014; 6:5145-81. [PMID: 25533660 PMCID: PMC4276946 DOI: 10.3390/v6125145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the molecular and epidemiological characteristics of cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) and the diagnosis and pathogenesis of associated disease, with six different strains detected in cetaceans worldwide. CeMV has caused epidemics with high mortality in odontocetes in Europe, the USA and Australia. It represents a distinct species within the Morbillivirus genus. Although most CeMV strains are phylogenetically closely related, recent data indicate that morbilliviruses recovered from Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus), from Western Australia, and a Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis), from Brazil, are divergent. The signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) cell receptor for CeMV has been characterized in cetaceans. It shares higher amino acid identity with the ruminant SLAM than with the receptors of carnivores or humans, reflecting the evolutionary history of these mammalian taxa. In Delphinidae, three amino acid substitutions may result in a higher affinity for the virus. Infection is diagnosed by histology, immunohistochemistry, virus isolation, RT-PCR, and serology. Classical CeMV-associated lesions include bronchointerstitial pneumonia, encephalitis, syncytia, and lymphoid depletion associated with immunosuppression. Cetaceans that survive the acute disease may develop fatal secondary infections and chronic encephalitis. Endemically infected, gregarious odontocetes probably serve as reservoirs and vectors. Transmission likely occurs through the inhalation of aerosolized virus but mother to fetus transmission was also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Françoise Van Bressem
- Cetacean Conservation Medicine Group (CMED), Peruvian Centre for Cetacean Research (CEPEC), Pucusana, Lima 20, Peru
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-30-53051397
| | - Pádraig J. Duignan
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AL T2N 4Z6, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Ashley Banyard
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Michelle Barbieri
- The Marine Mammal Centre, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA; E-Mails: (M.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Kathleen M Colegrove
- Zoological Pathology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Maywood, IL 60153 , USA; E-Mail:
| | - Sylvain De Guise
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, and Connecticut Sea Grant College Program, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Giovanni Di Guardo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Andrew Dobson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; E-Mails: (A.D.); (B.G.); (S.E.M.)
| | - Mariano Domingo
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Deborah Fauquier
- National Marine Fisheries Service, Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; E-Mails: (D.F.); (T.K.R.)
| | - Antonio Fernandez
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Institute of Animal Health, Veterinary School, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas 35413, Spain; E-Mails: (A.F.); (E.S.)
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Bryan Grenfell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; E-Mails: (A.D.); (B.G.); (S.E.M.)
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kátia R. Groch
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-207, Brazil; E-Mail:
- Instituto Baleia Jubarte (Humpback Whale Institute), Caravelas, Bahia 45900-000, Brazil
| | - Frances Gulland
- The Marine Mammal Centre, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA; E-Mails: (M.B.); (F.G.)
- Marine Mammal Commission, 4340 East-West Highway, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Brenda A Jensen
- Department of Natural Sciences, Hawai`i Pacific University, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Paul D Jepson
- Institute of Zoology, Regent’s Park, London NW1 4RY, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Ailsa Hall
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 8LB, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
| | - Sandro Mazzariol
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua 35020, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Sinead E Morris
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; E-Mails: (A.D.); (B.G.); (S.E.M.)
| | - Ole Nielsen
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Central and Arctic Region, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6 , Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Juan A Raga
- Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia 22085, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Teresa K Rowles
- National Marine Fisheries Service, Marine Mammal Health and Stranding Response Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; E-Mails: (D.F.); (T.K.R.)
| | - Jeremy Saliki
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA GA 30602 , USA; E-Mail:
| | - Eva Sierra
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Institute of Animal Health, Veterinary School, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas 35413, Spain; E-Mails: (A.F.); (E.S.)
| | - Nahiid Stephens
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Western Australia, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Brett Stone
- QML Vetnostics, Metroplex on Gateway, Murarrie, Queensland 4172, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Ikuko Tomo
- South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Jianning Wang
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Thomas Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; E-Mail:
| | - James FX Wellehan
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; E-Mail:
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Sierra E, Zucca D, Arbelo M, García-Álvarez N, Andrada M, Déniz S, Fernández A. Fatal systemic morbillivirus infection in bottlenose dolphin, canary islands, Spain. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20:269-71. [PMID: 24447792 PMCID: PMC3901504 DOI: 10.3201/eid2002.131463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A systemic morbillivirus infection was diagnosed postmortem in a juvenile bottlenose dolphin stranded in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean in 2005. Sequence analysis of a conserved fragment of the morbillivirus phosphoprotein gene indicated that the virus is closely related to dolphin morbillivirus recently reported in striped dolphins in the Mediterranean Sea.
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Casalone C, Mazzariol S, Pautasso A, Di Guardo G, Di Nocera F, Lucifora G, Ligios C, Franco A, Fichi G, Cocumelli C, Cersini A, Guercio A, Puleio R, Goria M, Podestà M, Marsili L, Pavan G, Pintore A, De Carlo E, Eleni C, Caracappa S. Cetacean strandings in Italy: an unusual mortality event along the Tyrrhenian Sea coast in 2013. Dis Aquat Organ 2014; 109:81-86. [PMID: 24781797 DOI: 10.3354/dao02726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An unusual mortality event involving cetaceans, mainly striped dolphins Stenella coeruleoalba (Meyen, 1833), occurred along the Tyrrhenian Sea coast of Italy during the first 3 mo of 2013. Based on post-mortem analyses carried out according to body condition on 66 dolphins (54% of stranded animals), several hypotheses to explain the causes of this mortality event were proposed. Although no definitive conclusions can be drawn, dolphin morbillivirus was deemed the most likely cause, although other infectious agents (including Photobacterium damselae damselae and herpesvirus) or environmental factors may also have contributed to this recent mortality event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Casalone
- IZS Piemonte Liguria Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna, 148,10154 Torino, Italy
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17
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Bossart GD, Romano TA, Peden-Adams MM, Schaefer A, McCulloch S, Goldstein JD, Rice CD, Saliki JT, Fair PA, Reif JS. Clinicoimmunopathologic findings in Atlantic bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus with positive cetacean morbillivirus antibody titers. Dis Aquat Organ 2011; 97:103-112. [PMID: 22303627 DOI: 10.3354/dao02410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sera from free-ranging Atlantic bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus inhabiting the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), Florida were tested for antibodies to cetacean morbilliviruses from 2003 to 2007 as part of a multidisciplinary study of individual and population health. A suite of clinicoimmunopathologic variables were evaluated in morbillivirus-seropositive dolphins (n = 14) and seronegative healthy dolphins (n = 49). Several important differences were found. Serum alkaline phosphatase, creatine phosphokinase, chloride, albumin and albumin/globulin ratios were significantly lower in seropositive dolphins. Innate immunity appeared to be upregulated with significant increases in lysozyme concentration and marginally significant increases in monocytic phagocytosis. Adaptive immunity was also impacted in dolphins with positive morbillivirus antibody titers. Mitogen-induced T lymphocyte proliferation responses were significantly reduced in dolphins with positive morbillivirus antibody titers, and marginally significant decreases were found for absolute numbers of CD4+ lymphocytes. The findings suggest impairment of cell-mediated adaptive immunity, similar to the immunologic pattern reported with acute morbillivirus infection in other species. In contrast, dolphins with positive morbillivirus antibody titers appeared to have at least a partially upregulated humoral immune response with significantly higher levels of gamma globulins than healthy dolphins, which may represent an antibody response to morbillivirus infection or other pathogens. These data suggest that subclinical dolphin morbillivirus infection in IRL dolphins may produce clinicoimmunopathologic perturbations that impact overall health.
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18
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Soto S, Alba A, Ganges L, Vidal E, Raga JA, Alegre F, González B, Medina P, Zorrilla I, Martínez J, Marco A, Pérez M, Pérez B, Pérez de Vargas Mesas A, Martínez Valverde R, Domingo M. Post-epizootic chronic dolphin morbillivirus infection in Mediterranean striped dolphins Stenella coeruleoalba. Dis Aquat Organ 2011; 96:187-194. [PMID: 22132497 DOI: 10.3354/dao02387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) has caused 2 epizootics with high mortality rates on the Spanish Mediterranean coast, in 1990 and 2006-07, mainly affecting striped dolphins Stenella coeruleoalba. Following the first epizootic unusual DMV infections affecting only the central nervous system of striped dolphins were found, with histological features similar to subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and old dog encephalitis, the chronic latent localised infections caused by defective forms of measles virus and canine distemper virus, respectively. Between 2008 and 2010, monitoring by microscopic and immunohistochemical (IHC) studies of 118 striped dolphins stranded along Catalonia, the Valencia Region and Andalusia showed similar localised DMV nervous system infections in 25.0, 28.6 and 27.4% of cases, respectively, with no significant differences among regions or sex. The body length of DMV-infected dolphins was statistically greater than that of non-infected dolphins (196.5 vs. 160.5 cm; p < 0.001). Molecular detection of DMV was performed by 2 different RT-PCR techniques amplifying a 429 bp fragment and a 78 bp fragment both within the phosphoprotein (P) gene. The 429 bp RT-PCR results contradicted the IHC-DMV results as only 3 of 6 dolphins with positive IHC-DMV had positive PCR results. All 6 cases were positive with the 78 bp RT-PCR. These findings contraindicate the use of the 429 bp RT-PCR protocol based on the P gene to detect this specific form of DMV. DMV localised nervous infection constitutes the most relevant single cause of stranding and death in Mediterranean striped dolphins in the years following a DMV epizootic, and it might even overwhelm the effects of the epizootic itself, at least in 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Soto
- 'CRESA (Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal), Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra-Barcelona, Spain.
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19
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Orsi A, Alicino C, Patria AG, Parodi V, Carloni R, Turello V, Comaschi M, Moscatelli P, Orengo G, Martini M, De Florentiis D. Epidemiological and molecular approaches for management of a measles outbreak in Liguria, Italy. J Prev Med Hyg 2010; 51:67-72. [PMID: 21155408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Since March 2010 a measles outbreak has been occurred in Genoa, Liguria, an administrative Region in Northern Italy. Epidemiological and molecular data on the outbreak, obtained from the passive mandatory notification system, the laboratory surveillance and an innovative syndrome surveillance system, were investigated. Overall 39 cases were reported in the urban area. Information about demography, vaccination status, hospitalization and geographic distribution of measles cases are available. 19 cases (48.7%) were laboratory-confirmed and were characterized by sequence analysis: 18 strains belonged to genotype D8, so identifying a new measles variant within the Liguria population. Adopted control measures seem to have limited viral circulation. The outbreak allowed to test the efficacy of the 3 surveillance systems active in Liguria, highlighting their advantages and some important limitations. More efforts are needed to collect and integrate any epidemiological and virological available data in order to better describe the local measles transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Orsi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy.
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20
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Stein-Zamir C, Zentner G, Abramson N, Shoob H, Aboudy Y, Shulman L, Mendelson E. Measles outbreaks affecting children in Jewish ultra-orthodox communities in Jerusalem. Epidemiol Infect 2008; 136:207-14. [PMID: 17433131 PMCID: PMC2870804 DOI: 10.1017/s095026880700845x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2003 and 2004 two measles outbreaks occurred in Jewish ultra-orthodox communities in Jerusalem. The index case of the first outbreak (March 2003) was a 2-year-old unvaccinated child from Switzerland. Within 5 months, 107 cases (mean age 8.3+/-7.5 years) emerged in three crowded neighbourhoods. The first cases of the second outbreak (June 2004) were in three girls aged 4-5 years in one kindergarten in another community. By November 2004, 117 cases (mean age 7.3+/-6.5 years) occurred. The virus genotypes were D8 and D4 respectively. Altogether, 96 households accounted for the two outbreaks, with two or more patients per family in 79% of cases. Most cases (91.5%) were unvaccinated. Immunization coverage was lower in outbreak than in non-outbreak neighbourhoods (88.3% vs. 90.3%, P=0.001). Controlling the outbreaks necessitated a culture-sensitive approach, and targeted efforts increased MMR vaccine coverage (first dose) to 95.2%. Despite high national immunization coverage (94-95%), special attention to specific sub-populations is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Stein-Zamir
- Jerusalem District Health Office, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel.
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21
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Kreutzer M, Kreutzer R, Siebert U, Müller G, Reijnders P, Brasseur S, Härkönen T, Dietz R, Sonne C, Born EW, Baumgärtner W. In search of virus carriers of the 1988 and 2002 phocine distemper virus outbreaks in European harbour seals. Arch Virol 2007; 153:187-92. [PMID: 17896075 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-1070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
European harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) populations decreased substantially during the phocine distemper virus (PDV) outbreaks of 1988 and 2002. Different hypotheses have stated that various seals and terrestrial carnivore species might be the source of infection. To further analyse these hypotheses, grey (Halichoerus grypus) and ringed (Phoca hispida) seals, polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and minks (Mustela lutreola) were sampled from the North Sea and East Greenland coasts between 1988 and 2004 and investigated by RT-PCR using a panmorbillivirus primer pair. However, all samples were negative for morbillivirus nucleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kreutzer
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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22
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Wohlsein P, Müller G, Haas L, Siebert U, Harder TC, Baumgärtner W. Antigenic characterization of phocine distemper virus causing mass mortality in 2002 and its relationship to other morbilliviruses. Arch Virol 2007; 152:1559-64. [PMID: 17458621 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-0970-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The antigenic relationship between the phocine distemper virus (PDV) strain causing the epidemic in 2002 and the PDV strain of 1988, canine distemper virus from two dogs and one marten, and one measles virus strain was investigated in vivo and in vitro using monospecific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies directed against five different proteins of canine or phocine distemper virus (N, P, M, F, H). Epitopic mapping revealed no difference between the PDV strains causing the epidemics in 1988 or 2002. However, the use of these antibodies allowed discrimination between different morbilliviruses including a vaccine strain of canine distemper virus. The major differences among the investigated morbilliviruses were found in the H protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
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23
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Kerdiles YM, Cherif B, Marie JC, Tremillon N, Blanquier B, Libeau G, Diallo A, Wild TF, Villiers MB, Horvat B. Immunomodulatory properties of morbillivirus nucleoproteins. Viral Immunol 2006; 19:324-34. [PMID: 16817775 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.19.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Morbillivirus infections have been known for a long time to be associated with an acute immunosuppression in their natural hosts. Here, we show that recombinant Morbillivirus nucleoproteins from canine distemper virus, peste-des-petits-ruminants virus, and Rinderpest virus bind B-lymphocytes from dogs, goats, and cattle, respectively, similarly to measles virus nucleoprotein in humans. The use of surface plasmon resonance imaging allowed the real time detection of differential interactions between Morbillivirus nucleoproteins and FcgammaRIIb (CD32). Moreover, those nucleoproteins which bind murine Fcgamma receptor inhibited the inflammatory immune responses in mice in a Fc receptor- dependent manner. In contrast, nucleoprotein from closely related Henipavirus genus, belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family as Morbillivirus, was devoid of capacity either to bind FcgammaRIIb or to inhibit inflammatory response. Altogether, these results suggest that nucleoprotein-FcR interaction is a common mechanism used by different Morbilliviruses to modulate the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann M Kerdiles
- INSERM U404, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, IFR128 BioScience Lyon-Gerland, Lyon, France
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24
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Ciofi Degli Atti ML, Filia A, Massari M, Pizzuti R, Nicoletti L, D'Argenzio A, de Campora E, Marchi A, Lombardo A, Salmaso S. Assessment of measles incidence, measles-related complications and hospitalisations during an outbreak in a southern Italian region. Vaccine 2006; 24:1332-8. [PMID: 16219394 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Revised: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A large measles epidemic occurred in 2002 in Campania, a region of southern Italy with inadequate vaccination coverage. We evaluated the burden of the outbreak in children <15 years of age using different data sources. The measles standardized incidence rate was 5,757/100,000, corresponding to 63,368 estimated cases (95% CI: 59,544--67,373). Measles virus strains were identified as belonging to the D7 genotype. The estimated complication rate was 7.6%. A total of 972 measles hospitalisations were detected, giving a hospitalisation rate of 88.3/100,000. Three deaths occurred. These results show that measles can still represent a serious health threat even in industrialized countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Luisa Ciofi Degli Atti
- Reparto Epidemiologia delle Malattie Infettive, Centro Nazionale di Epidemiologia Sorveglianza e Promozione della Salute, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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25
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Härkönen T, Dietz R, Reijnders P, Teilmann J, Harding K, Hall A, Brasseur S, Siebert U, Goodman SJ, Jepson PD, Dau Rasmussen T, Thompson P. The 1988 and 2002 phocine distemper virus epidemics in European harbour seals. Dis Aquat Organ 2006; 68:115-30. [PMID: 16532603 DOI: 10.3354/dao068115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We present new and revised data for the phocine distemper virus (PDV) epidemics that resulted in the deaths of more than 23 000 harbour seals Phoca vitulina in 1988 and 30,000 in 2002. On both occasions the epidemics started at the Danish island of Anholt in central Kattegat, and subsequently spread to adjacent colonies in a stepwise fashion. However, this pattern was not maintained throughout the epidemics and new centres of infection appeared far from infected populations on some occasions: in 1988 early positive cases were observed in the Irish Sea, and in 2002 the epidemic appeared in the Dutch Wadden Sea, 6 wk after the initiation of the outbreak at Anholt Island. Since the harbour seal is a rather sedentary species, such 'jumps' in the spread among colonies suggest that another vector species could have been involved. We discussed the role of sympatric species as disease vectors, and suggested that grey seal populations could act as reservoirs for PDV if infection rates in sympatric species are lower than in harbour seals. Alternatively, grey seals could act as subclinical infected carriers of the virus between Arctic and North Sea seal populations. Mixed colonies of grey and harbour seal colonies are found at all locations where the jumps occurred. It seems likely that grey seals, which show long-distance movements, contributed to the spread among regions. The harbour seal populations along the Norwegian coast and in the Baltic escaped both epidemics, which could be due either to genetic differences among harbour seal populations or to immunity. Catastrophic events such as repeated epidemics should be accounted for in future models and management strategies of wildlife populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tero Härkönen
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, 10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
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26
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Abstract
We performed a phylogenetic comparison of porpoise morbillivirus (PMV) and dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) isolates from porpoises and dolphins respectively according to criteria adopted by the World Health Organization for the phylogenetic comparison of measles viruses. PMV and DMV were more divergent than the most distantly related measles virus strains, thus challenging the classification of PMV and DMV as two strains of a single species, cetacean morbillivirus.
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27
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Abstract
In the last 13 years, four viruses belonging in the Morbillivirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae family have emerged as significant causes of disease and mortality in marine mammals. The viruses involved are canine distemper virus (CDV) in seals and polar bears, dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) and porpoise morbillivirus (PMV) in cetaceans, and phocine distemper virus (PDV) in pinnipeds. The two cetacean morbilliviruses (DMV and PMV) are now considered to be the same viral species, named cetacean morbillivirus (CMV). All three morbillivirus species (CDV, CMV, and PDV) are genetically and antigenically related and cross-react in various serological tests. The diagnosis of morbilliviral infections in marine mammal specimens poses two challenges. First, various marine mammal species can be infected by more than one closely related but distinct morbilliviruses, making definitive virus identification unattainable by classical virology methods. Second, standard immunological reagents such as anti-species conjugates are unavailable for most marine mammal species, rendering definitive serological diagnosis difficult by classical serological techniques. The objectives of this study were to develop two diagnostic approaches that alleviate these difficulties, providing simple, rapid, and cost-effective diagnostic methods. For nucleic acid detection, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and restriction endonuclease digestions were used to differentiate the three viruses. For antibody detection, a monoclonal antibody-based competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) was used on sera from several species, thus avoiding the need for multiple anti-species enzyme conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah T Saliki
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Measles is one of the most important diseases of mankind, which is so highly contagious and evokes such persistent immunity that the virus cannot be sustained in a population of less than about 500,000 persons. The first of the licensed live virus vaccines against measles was developed empirically and was approved in 1963. It provides high level and lasting immunity and is a paradigm for solving major medical problems without really understanding them. In spite of means for control by prophylactic immunization, research on measles infection continues to be part of the effort to understand the pathogenesis of many different viruses, which may have important similarities and differences and provide important insights. Measles, usually, is spontaneously reversible and is a prime model for understanding virus-induced immunodeficiency disease (AIDS) which is rarely reversible. Much has been learned of basic immunology and vaccinology in measles through observation of the inappropriate use of vaccines of appropriate composition, and through inappropriate host response to measles vaccines of inappropriate composition. This review provides a current overview of selected highlights of measles, the virus, its immunopathogenesis, and its control by use of live virus vaccine which may lead to elimination of the disease and eventually to eradication of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hilleman
- Merck Institute for Vaccinology, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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29
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Evermann JF, Leathers CW, Gorham JR, McKeirnan AJ, Appel MJ. Pathogenesis of two strains of lion (Panthera leo) morbillivirus in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). Vet Pathol 2001; 38:311-6. [PMID: 11355661 DOI: 10.1354/vp.38-3-311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) was previously considered to have a host range restricted to the canid family. In 1994, the virus was associated with sporadic outbreaks of distemper in captive felids. However, after severe mortality occurred in the Serengeti lions (Panthera leo), attention became focused on the pathogenesis of the virus and a concerted effort was made to identify the virus as CDV or a closely related feline morbillivirus. The present study was designed to explore the susceptibility of ferrets to challenge with two morbilliviruses isolated from lions and the protective effects of a modified-live mink distemper vaccine. Because mortality in ferrets infected with pathogenic CDV approaches 100%, the ferret was selected as a test animal. Two strains of lion morbillivirus were used as a challenge, A92-27/20 (California lion isolate) and A94-11/13 (Serengeti lion isolate). The two strains of lion morbillivirus were antigenically related to CDV (Rockborn strain), and ferrets were susceptible to both of the viruses when inoculated intraperitoneally. The inoculated ferrets were anorectic at 5-6 days postinoculation (PI), exhibited oculonasal discharge at 9-12 days PI, and became moribund at 12-22 days PI. Severe bilateral conjunctivitis was the typical clinical sign. Inclusion bodies characteristic of morbillivirus (eosinophilic, intranuclear, and intracytoplasmic) were distributed in many epithelial cells, including those of the skin, conjunctiva, gallbladder, liver, pancreas, stomach, trachea, lung, urinary bladder, and kidney. Virus was reisolated from selected lung tissues collected at necropsy and identified by CDV-specific immunofluorescence. Ferrets vaccinated with the mink distemper vaccine (Onderstepoort strain) were protected from challenge with the two lion strains, adding further support to the premise that the viruses are closely related to CDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Evermann
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99165-0734, USA.
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30
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Siqueira MM, Castro-Silva R, Cruz C, Oliveira IC, Cunha GM, Mello M, Rota PA, Bellini WJ, Friedrich F. Genomic characterization of wild-type measles viruses that circulated in different states in Brazil during the 1997 measles epidemic. J Med Virol 2001; 63:299-304. [PMID: 11241461 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9071(200104)63:4<299::aid-jmv1005>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the marked reduction in the incidence of measles in Brazil, a measles epidemic occurred in this country in 1997. The measles cases observed during this epidemic began to reappear in large numbers in São Paulo, and spread to Rio de Janeiro and other Brazilian states. In the present study molecular biology techniques were used for the detection and genomic characterization of measles viruses from clinical samples such as urine and nasopharyngeal secretions collected in the states of Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais and Paraná, during the 1997 epidemic. RT-PCR and nucleotide sequence analysis of part of the carboxyl-terminal region of the nucleoprotein gene of measles viruses obtained directly from clinical samples or from infected cell cultures during this epidemic classified all as wild-type of genotype D6. As the genotype D6 was identified in different Brazilian states, this study demonstrated that this genotype was circulating in Brazil during the 1997 epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Siqueira
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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31
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Hyypiä T, Vainionpää R. [Strain variation of morbillivirus, a threat for humans]. Duodecim 2001; 112:949-51. [PMID: 10592987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Hyypiä
- National Public Helath Institute, FIN-OO3OO Helsinki
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32
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van de Bildt MW, Martina BE, Sidi BA, Osterhaus AD. Morbillivirus infection in a bottlenosed dolphin and a Mediterranean monk seal from the Atlantic coast of West Africa. Vet Rec 2001; 148:210-1. [PMID: 11266000 DOI: 10.1136/vr.148.7.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M W van de Bildt
- Seal Rehabilitation and Research Centre, Pieterburen, The Netherlands
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33
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van de Bildt MW, Martina BE, Vedder EJ, Androukaki E, Kotomatas S, Komnenou A, Sidi BA, Jiddou AB, Barham ME, Niesters HG, Osterhaus AD. Identification of morbilliviruses of probable cetacean origin in carcases of Mediterranean monk seals (Monachus monachus). Vet Rec 2000; 146:691-4. [PMID: 10887981 DOI: 10.1136/vr.146.24.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Two morbilliviruses were isolated from carcases of Mediterranean monk seals (Monachus monachus) which had died in coastal areas of Greece and Mauritania. They were characterised as being closely related to the previously identified dolphin and porpoise morbilliviruses on the basis of their serological cross-reactivities in immunofluorescence assays, and sequence homologies in their N and P genes. The results suggest that morbilliviruses of aquatic mammals may cross barriers between species of different orders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W van de Bildt
- Seal Rehabilitation and Research Centre, Pieterburen, The Netherlands
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34
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Baumeister E, Siqueira MM, Savy V, Friedrich F. Genetic characterization of wild-type measles viruses isolated during the 1998 measles epidemic in Argentina. Acta Virol 2000; 44:169-74. [PMID: 11155360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on genomic characterization of six measles virus (MV) isolates obtained from a measles epidemic in Argentina in 1998. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nucleotide sequence analysis of the carboxyl-terminal region of the nucleoprotein (N) gene of these isolates classified all of them as wild type MV of D6 genotype. MVs of D6 genotype with identical nucleotide sequences in the region analyzed were also identified during the 1997 measles epidemic in Brazil and the 1999 measles outbreak in Uruguai. These results suggest that the MVs associated with the 1998 measles epidemic in Argentina might have originated from Brazil. As the D6 genotype is also widely distributed in Europe, it is possible that this genotype was brought to South America from Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Baumeister
- Servicio de Virosis Respiratorias, Departamento de Virologia, INEI-ANLIS C.G. Malbran, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Haffar A, Libeau G, Moussa A, Cécile M, Diallo A. The matrix protein gene sequence analysis reveals close relationship between peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and dolphin morbillivirus. Virus Res 1999; 64:69-75. [PMID: 10500284 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(99)00080-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding the matrix protein of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) has been cloned and its nucleotide sequence determined. This gene is 1466 nucleotides long and contains an open reading frame (ORF) capable of encoding a basic protein of 335 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 38,057 Da. This ORF starts at position 33-35 and ends with the codon TAA at position 1038-1040 thus leaving a long untranslated region (426 nucleotides) at the 3' end of the messenger RNA. This fragment is very G/C rich (68.5%) and in contrast to the ORF region appears to be least conserved in the M gene sequence of the morbilliviruses. A comparison of the PPRV M protein with those of other viruses in the group confirms the previously noted high degree of conservation for this protein sequence. The percent of identity within the group ranges from 76.7 to 86.9%, the highest being with the dolphin morbillivirus matrix protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Haffar
- Département d'Elevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire, Cirad-emvt, Campus International de Baillarguet, 34032 Montellier, BP 5035, Montpellier, France
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van de Bildt MW, Vedder EJ, Martina BE, Sidi BA, Jiddou AB, Ould Barham ME, Androukaki E, Komnenou A, Niesters HG, Osterhaus AD. Morbilliviruses in Mediterranean monk seals. Vet Microbiol 1999; 69:19-21. [PMID: 10515264 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Two morbilliviruses were isolated from Mediterranean monk seals (Monachus monachus), one from a stranded animal in Greece and the other one from carcasses washed ashore during a mass die-off in Mauritania. From both viruses N and P gene fragments were sequenced and compared to those of other known morbilliviruses. The monk seal morbilliviruses most closely resembled previously identified cetacean morbilliviruses, indicating that interspecies transmission from cetaceans to pinnipeds has occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W van de Bildt
- Seal Rehabilitation and Research Centre, Pieterburen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Morbilliviruses infections cause significant mortality in human beings and animals. Measles virus is responsible for up to two million childhood deaths annually in the developing world, while rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants cause severe epizootics in domestic and wild ruminants in areas of the world where they remain endemic. Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a cause of fatal disease in many species of carnivores. Distemper is controlled by vaccination in domestic dogs and farmed mink, but it may be impossible to eradicate the virus because of its global distribution and wide variety of susceptible host species, which includes both freshwater and marine seals. Research is currently under way to develop new recombinant vaccines, since the currently available live attenuated vaccines for CDV are not safe for use for all species and many valuable zoo animals need to be protected from CDV. New morbilliviruses with potentially disastrous ecological consequences for marine mammals have been discovered in the past decade; phocid distemper virus (PDV) in seals and the cetacean morbillivirus (CMV) has been found in dolphins, whales and porpoises. Reverse transcription, coupled with the polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR) and nucleic acid sequencing, has been used to characterise the morbilliviruses and has given insights into the evolution of this virus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Barrett
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, UK.
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Osterhaus A, van de Bildt M, Vedder L, Martina B, Niesters H, Vos J, van Egmond H, Liem D, Baumann R, Androukaki E, Kotomatas S, Komnenou A, Abou Sidi B, Jiddou AB, Barham ME. Monk seal mortality: virus or toxin? Vaccine 1998; 16:979-81. [PMID: 9682347 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
During the past few months, more than half of the total population of about 300 highly endangered Mediterranean monk seals (Monachus monachus) on the western Saharan coast of Africa, died in a mysterious disease outbreak. Epizootiological and postmortem findings were reminiscent of similar outbreaks amongst pinniped and cetacean species in recent years, which were caused by an infection with newly discovered morbilliviruses (for review see osterhaus et al.). Virological, as well as toxicological, analysis performed on tissue samples collected from relatively fresh carcasses during the outbreak indicate that infection with a virus closely related to dolphin morbillivirus (DMV), possibly originating from affected dolphins in the same area, was the primary cause of the outbreak. Therefore it is concluded that vaccination with a safe and effective non-replicating vaccine should be considered as a management tool in the conservation of Mediterranean monk seals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Osterhaus
- Erasmus University Hospital Rotterdam, Institute of Virology, The Netherlands.
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Osterhaus A, Groen J, Niesters H, van de Bildt M, Martina B, Vedder L, Vos J, van Egmond H, Abou-Sidi B, Barham ME. Morbillivirus in monk seal mass mortality. Nature 1997; 388:838-9. [PMID: 9278043 DOI: 10.1038/42163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Abstract
The genus morbillivirus presently comprises measles virus of man, rinderpest virus (RPV), peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), and canine distemper virus (CDV). 'Emerging' morbilliviruses, such as phocid distemper virus (PDV) of seals, dolphin (DMV) and porpoise morbillivirus (PMV) have probably been present for a long period of time and outbreaks are possibly related to introduction into a highly susceptible population and/or be the result of interspecies transmission. In this review some comparative aspects of morbillivirus infections, particularly with respect to rinderpest and canine distemper viruses, are presented. Topics include pathogenesis, epidemiology, molecular phylogeny, diagnosis and prophylaxis. Recent developments in molecular biology have created tools which have enabled us to achieve a better understanding of morbillivirus infections at the nucleic acid level ('molecular epidemiology') while recombinant DNA technology has allowed new bivalent recombinant vaccines with improved heat stability to be produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Haas
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Veterinary School, Germany
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41
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Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of the matrix protein of equine morbillivirus (EMV) was determined to be 1062 nucleotides and coded for a deduced protein of M(r) 40148 having a net charge of + 19 at neutral pH. The matrix protein gene was separated from the P and F genes by intercistronic regions of 546 and 469 nucleotides, respectively. The nucleotide sequence which coded for the F protein was 1641 nucleotides and coded for a deduced protein of 546 amino acids having an M(r) of 60,447 and a charge + 4 at neutral pH. Partial sequence information was also determined for the P/V proteins. M, P and F protein sequence comparisons revealed that a greater homology existed between EMV and known members of the morbillivirus genus than with other members of the Paramyxoviridae and that this homology resided within the central half of the protein for the fusion protein, the C-terminal half of the matrix protein and at certain sites with the P protein. Far greater homology was seen between the morbilliviruses and EMV than for the other paramyxoviridae. It was inferred from phylogenetic analyses that EMV was a distantly related member of the morbillivirus genus. A conserved sequence of 18 nucleotides (assumed to be the transcriptional editing site) was present in the P gene of EMV. Insertion of a single nucleotide residue within this site generated the C-terminus of a V-like, cysteine rich protein. Likewise, a conserved 'CTT' intergenic region presumed to be the transcription termination and polyadenylation signal was present in EMV between the P-M-F genes. The close sequence homology of these sites with that of morbilliviruses also inferred that EMV was a member of the morbillivirus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Gould
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
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Abstract
DMV, dolphin morbillivirus, a paramyxovirus of uncertain origin recently emerged in Mediterranean dolphins. This study presents the complete nucleotide sequence of the hemagglutinin (H) gene including the gene boundaries. The single open reading frame of the DMV H gene encodes a protein of 604 residues which exhibits overall sequence characteristics similar to the H genes of other morbilliviruses. When compared to its closest homologues, measles virus (MV) and rinderpest virus (RPV), DMV has, respectively, 44 and 46% of amino acid residues in identical positions. The primary sequence of the DMV H protein is markedly less conserved than that of the fusion protein. The comparative data at the genomic level correspond with cross-neutralization studies with different morbilliviruses. Retrospective serogical studies dating back to 1983 indicate DMV-like infections in whales of the eastern Atlantic. The presented data support and extend previous studies suggesting that this novel morbillivirus is one of the phylogenetically oldest morbilliviruses known to circulate today. The relationship of DMV and established morbilliviruses to the newly emerged candidate morbillivirus infecting horse and man is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Blixenkrone-Møller
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Selvey LA, Wells RM, McCormack JG, Ansford AJ, Murray K, Rogers RJ, Lavercombe PS, Selleck P, Sheridan JW. Infection of humans and horses by a newly described morbillivirus. Med J Aust 1995; 162:642-5. [PMID: 7603375 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1995.tb126050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical and epidemiological features of an outbreak of a viral infection affecting humans and horses. SETTING Stables in Hendra, a suburb of Brisbane. SUBJECTS Affected horses and humans, and at-risk human contacts. RESULTS A pregnant mare died two days after arrival from a paddock elsewhere in Brisbane. Eight to 11 days later, illness (depression, anorexia, fever, dyspnoea, ataxia, tachycardia, tachypnoea and nasal discharge) was reported among 17 other horses from the same or an adjoining stable. Fourteen horses died or were put down. Five and six days after the index mare's death, a stable-hand and then a horse-trainer, both of whom had had close contact with the sick mare's mucous secretions, developed influenza-like illnesses. The stable-hand recovered but the trainer developed pneumonitis, respiratory failure, renal failure and arterial thrombosis, and died from a cardiac arrest seven days after admission to hospital. A morbillivirus cultured from his kidney was identical to one isolated from the lungs of five affected horses. The two affected humans and eight other horses were seropositive for the infection, which was reproduced in healthy horses following challenge by spleen/lung homogenates from infected horses. There was no serological evidence of infection in 157 humans who had had contact with the stables or the sick horses or humans. CONCLUSIONS A previously undescribed morbillivirus infected a probable 21 horses and two humans; one human and 14 horses died. That no further cases were detected among humans suggests that the virus was of low infectivity. The source of infection remains undetermined.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Selvey
- Communicable Diseases Branch, Queensland Health, Brisbane
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Bolt G, Blixenkrone-Møller M, Gottschalck E, Wishaupt RG, Welsh MJ, Earle JA, Rima BK. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the matrix (M) and fusion (F) protein genes of cetacean morbilliviruses isolated from a porpoise and a dolphin. Virus Res 1994; 34:291-304. [PMID: 7531923 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(94)90129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Morbilliviruses have been isolated from stranded dolphins and porpoises. The present paper describes the cloning and sequencing of the porpoise morbillivirus (PMV) F gene and of the dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) M and F genes and their flanking regions. The gene order of the DMV genome appeared to be identical to that of other morbilliviruses. A genomic untranslated region of 837 nucleotides was found between the translated DMV M and F gene regions. The predicted DMV M protein were highly conserved with those of other morbilliviruses. Both the deduced PMV and DMV F0 proteins exhibited three major hydrophobic regions as well as a cysteine rich region, a leucine zipper motif and a cleavage motif allowing cleavage of the F0 protein into F1 and F2 subunits. Apparently the DMV F0 cleavage motif was not modified by adaptation of DMV to Vero cells. The predicted PMV and DMV F proteins were 94% identical. Comparisons with the corresponding sequences of other morbilliviruses demonstrated that the cetacean morbillivirus does not derive from any known morbillivirus but represents an independent morbillivirus lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bolt
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Fredericksberg, Denmark
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Baron MD, Goatley L, Barrett T. Cloning and sequence analysis of the matrix (M) protein gene of rinderpest virus and evidence for another bovine morbillivirus. Virology 1994; 200:121-9. [PMID: 8128616 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1994.1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have cloned and sequenced the entire M gene of the vaccine strain of rinderpest virus and that of the virulent Kabete "O" strain from which it was derived. The sequences of these two genes are essentially identical (99% at the nucleotide level), but were very different from a previously published Kabete O M gene sequence (M. Limo and T. Yilma, 1990, Virology 175, 323-327). Inspection of the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of known morbillivirus M genes showed that the earlier sequence was clearly from a morbillivirus, but neither from rinderpest virus nor from peste des petits ruminants virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Baron
- AFRC Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey, UK
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