1
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Abstract
The inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-2 (IL-2), is an important regulator of cellular functions. This relatively less studied member of the interleukin protein family is responsible for multiple immuno-modulatory and immuno-stimulatory tasks, like T cell activation, triggering of natural killer cells, inflammation, as well as proliferation and progression of autoimmune diseases and cancers. In this communication we report the temporally variant structural aspects of the IL-2 ligand and its receptor interfaces, based on the available crystal structures. The intended goal of this effort is to generate simulated results that could potentially aid the designs of novel structure based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmi Roy
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY, 13699-5820, USA.
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2
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes presents clinically with overt hyperglycemia resulting from progressive immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells and associated metabolic dysfunction. Combined genetic and immunological studies now highlight deficiencies in both the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor and its downstream signaling pathway as a central defect in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Prior intervention studies in animal models indicate that augmenting IL-2 signaling can prevent and reverse disease, with protection conferred primarily by restoration of regulatory T-cell (Treg) function. In this article, we will focus on studies of type 1 diabetes noting deficient IL-2 signaling and build what we believe forms the molecular framework for their contribution to the disease. This activity results in the identification of a series of potentially novel therapeutic targets that could restore proper immune regulation in type 1 diabetes by augmenting the IL-2 pathway.
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3
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Abstract
The cell-biology of intercellular communication between T cells and their partners has been greatly advanced over the past 10 years. The key morphological and motility features of cell contact-based communication between T cells and APCs can now be seen as a collection of patterns for cell-cell interactions amongst immune cells more generally, each serving to contribute to the outcome of the contact both locally and globally. Here we review the conservation of these patterns, amongst which is the emergent "immunological synapse," and describe a newly defined example, formed between the adjacent activating T cells. We subsequently seek to put these and the pattern more generally into the framework of system-wide behavior of the immune system. We postulate that the patterns are fine-tuned to provide quorum-like decisions by collections of activating and activated cells that interact over time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsang Doh
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Hyoja-dong, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea.
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4
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Olejniczak K, Kasprzak A. Biological properties of interleukin 2 and its role in pathogenesis of selected diseases--a review. Med Sci Monit 2008; 14:RA179-RA189. [PMID: 18830208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 2 (IL-2), or T-cell growth factor (TCGF), represents the first identified, fully-characterized, purified human interleukin. It is produced mainly by T helper (CD4+) lymphocytes, stimulates cell-mediated immune responses, controls growth and differentiation of B lymphocytes, and intensifies proliferation and activity of all cytotoxic cell clones. IL-2 is a growth factor in vitro and a mediator of self-tolerance in vivo, and therefore interests tumor immunotherapy investigators. The role of IL-2 in the cell cycle of neoplastic cells remains unclear. IL-2 inhibits growth of certain human tumor cells while proliferation of other cells remains intact or is even stimulated. Decreased IL-2 production is often observed in the more advanced clinical stages of human tumors, which provides rational for inclusion of recombinant IL-2 in the immunotherapy for some tumors. On the other hand, tumor cells themselves may produce IL-2 and promote tumor growth. This article summarizes the current physiological role of IL-2 and its role in the pathogenesis of select human diseases. Many papers (including reviews) pertain to the IL-2R receptor. The soluble form of the alpha subunit of the IL-2 receptor (sIL-2Ralpha) is elevated in most proliferative disturbances of the hematopoietic system and in many solid tumors. Special reference to the most important discoveries and our own experience in intracellular detection of IL-2 and IL-2Ralpha are included. IL-2 properties, cellular sources, and targets, including data on its expression in pathological conditions, continue to be supplemented. Attempts to treat tumors are also discussed, using modified varieties of therapy that use IL-2 itself and/or its receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Olejniczak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Karol Marcinkowski Medical University, Poznan, Poland
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5
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Chirifu M, Hayashi C, Nakamura T, Toma S, Shuto T, Kai H, Yamagata Y, Davis SJ, Ikemizu S. Crystal structure of the IL-15-IL-15Ralpha complex, a cytokine-receptor unit presented in trans. Nat Immunol 2007; 8:1001-7. [PMID: 17643103 DOI: 10.1038/ni1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 15 (IL-15) and IL-2, which promote the survival of memory CD8(+) T cells and regulatory T cells, respectively, bind receptor complexes that share beta- and gamma-signaling subunits. Receptor specificity is provided by unique, nonsignaling alpha-subunits. Whereas IL-2 receptor-alpha (IL-2Ralpha) is expressed together in cis with the beta- and gamma-subunits on T cells and B cells, IL-15Ralpha is expressed in trans on antigen-presenting cells. Here we present a 1.85-A crystal structure of the human IL-15-IL-15Ralpha complex. The structure provides insight into the molecular basis of the specificity of cytokine recognition and emphasizes the importance of water in generating this very high-affinity complex. Despite very low IL-15-IL-2 sequence homology and distinct receptor architecture, the topologies of the IL-15-IL-15Ralpha and IL-2-IL-2Ralpha complexes are very similar. Our data raise the possibility that IL-2, like IL-15, might be capable of being presented in trans in the context of its unique receptor alpha-chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Chirifu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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6
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Binder M, Vögtle FN, Michelfelder S, Müller F, Illerhaus G, Sundararajan S, Mertelsmann R, Trepel M. Identification of Their Epitope Reveals the Structural Basis for the Mechanism of Action of the Immunosuppressive Antibodies Basiliximab and Daclizumab. Cancer Res 2007; 67:3518-23. [PMID: 17440057 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and its receptor (IL-2R) play a major role in cellular immunity. The monoclonal antibodies basiliximab and daclizumab directed against the IL-2R subunit CD25 are widely used to prevent graft or host rejection after allogeneic tissue transplantation. Although these antibodies have been used for this purpose for many years, their common epitope within the CD25 protein is unknown. We screened a random phage display library to isolate peptides specifically binding to basiliximab. A striking amino acid sequence motif was enriched. This motif is homologous to the peptide ERIYHFV comprising amino acid positions 116 to 122 within the extracellular domain of CD25, suggesting that this is the basiliximab epitope. Basiliximab and daclizumab binding of selected phage was specific, as no binding was observed to isotype antibody controls. Phage binding could be inhibited by the cognate peptide. In cells expressing mutant CD25, binding of basiliximab was abolished when two or more amino acids of the suspected epitope were changed. In contrast, basiliximab binding remained unaffected in cells expressing CD25 versions with mutations outside this epitope. We therefore conclude that the (116)ERIYHFV(122) string within CD25 is the epitope recognized by basiliximab and daclizumab. This epitope overlaps with the interaction site of CD25 and IL-2, thus revealing the structural basis for the inhibition of IL-2R binding by this class of immunosuppressive antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mascha Binder
- Department of Hematology and Oncology and Institute for Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Hugstetter Strasse 55, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
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7
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Lucas PJ, Kim SJ, Mackall CL, Telford WG, Chu YW, Hakim FT, Gress RE. Dysregulation of IL-15-mediated T-cell homeostasis in TGF-beta dominant-negative receptor transgenic mice. Blood 2006; 108:2789-95. [PMID: 16788095 PMCID: PMC1895588 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-05-025676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell subpopulations, defined by their expression of CD4, CD8, naive, and memory cell-surface markers, occupy distinct homeostatic compartments that are regulated primarily by cytokines. CD8+ memory T cells, as defined by CD44(hi) surface expression, are dependent on IL-15 as a positive regulator of their homeostatic maintenance. Manipulation of IL-15 signaling through gene aberration, overexpression, or receptor alterations has been shown to dramatically affect T-cell homeostasis, with overexpression leading to fatal leukemia. Here we show that TGF-beta is the critical negative regulator of murine CD8+ memory T-cell homeostasis with direct opposition to the positive effects of IL-15. This negative regulation is mediated, at least in part, by the ability of TGF-beta to modulate expression of the beta-chain of the IL-15 receptor, thus establishing a central axis between these 2 cytokines for homeostatic control of CD8+ memory T-cell populations. These data establish TGF-beta as a critical and dominant tumor-suppressor pathway opposing IL-15-mediated CD8+ T-cell expansion and potential malignant transformation.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Female
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor
- Homeostasis
- Immunologic Memory
- Interleukin-15/deficiency
- Interleukin-15/genetics
- Interleukin-15/metabolism
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Interleukin-15
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Lucas
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, CRC/3-3288, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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8
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Stauber DJ, Debler EW, Horton PA, Smith KA, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of the IL-2 signaling complex: paradigm for a heterotrimeric cytokine receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:2788-93. [PMID: 16477002 PMCID: PMC1413841 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0511161103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-2 is a cytokine that functions as a growth factor and central regulator in the immune system and mediates its effects through ligand-induced hetero-trimerization of the receptor subunits IL-2R alpha, IL-2R beta, and gamma(c). Here, we describe the crystal structure of the trimeric assembly of the human IL-2 receptor ectodomains in complex with IL-2 at 3.0 A resolution. The quaternary structure is consistent with a stepwise assembly from IL-2/IL-2R alpha to IL-2/IL-2R alpha/IL-2R beta to IL-2/IL-2R alpha/IL-2R beta/gamma(c). The IL-2R alpha subunit forms the largest of the three IL-2/IL-2R interfaces, which, together with the high abundance of charge-charge interactions, correlates well with the rapid association rate and high-affinity interaction of IL-2R alpha with IL-2 at the cell surface. Surprisingly, IL-2R alpha makes no contacts with IL-2R beta or gamma(c), and only minor changes are observed in the IL-2 structure in response to receptor binding. These findings support the principal role of IL-2R alpha to deliver IL-2 to the signaling complex and act as regulator of signal transduction. Cooperativity in assembly of the final quaternary complex is easily explained by the extraordinarily extensive set of interfaces found within the fully assembled IL-2 signaling complex, which nearly span the entire length of the IL-2R beta and gamma(c) subunits. Helix A of IL-2 wedges tightly between IL-2R beta and gamma(c) to form a three-way junction that coalesces into a composite binding site for the final gamma(c) recruitment. The IL-2/gamma(c) interface itself exhibits the smallest buried surface and the fewest hydrogen bonds in the complex, which is consistent with its promiscuous use in other cytokine receptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J. Stauber
- *Department of Molecular Biology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Erik W. Debler
- *Department of Molecular Biology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Patricia A. Horton
- *Department of Molecular Biology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Kendall A. Smith
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- *Department of Molecular Biology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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9
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Abstract
A soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) is a circulating form of a membrane receptor
localized on lymphoid and some cancer cells. The biological function of sIL-2R has
not been completely understood. Substantially, it seems to reflect T-lymphocyte
activation in diseases of different pathology. Moreover, the soluble receptor has been
considered, at least in part, responsible for unsuccessful immunotherapy with IL-2 in
cancers. Several lines of evidence indicate sIL-2R measurements to be useful in
determining disease progress and prognosis. This review summarizes current knowledge
on the sIL-2R behavior in RA and solid cancers of varied etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Witkowska
- Department of Food Commodities Science and Technology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
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10
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-15 is a member of the small four alpha-helix bundle family of cytokines. IL-15 was discovered by its ability to mimic IL-2-mediated T-cell proliferation. Both cytokines share the beta and gamma receptor chains of the IL-2 receptor for signal transduction. However, in addition, they target specific alpha chain receptors IL-15Ralpha and IL-2Ralpha, respectively. The exceptionally high affinity binding of IL-15 to IL-15Ralpha is mediated by its sushi domain. Here we present the solution structure of the IL-15Ralpha sushi domain solved by NMR spectroscopy and a model of its complex with IL-15. The model shows that, rather than the familiar hydrophobic forces dominating the interaction interface between cytokines and their cognate receptors, the interaction between the IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha complex involves a large network of ionic interactions. This type of interaction explains the exceptionally high affinity of the IL-15.IL-15Ralpha complex, which is essential for the biological effects of this important cytokine and which is not observed in other cytokine/cytokine receptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inken Lorenzen
- Biochemisches Institut der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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11
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Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an immunoregulatory cytokine that acts through a quaternary receptor signaling complex containing alpha (IL-2Ralpha), beta (IL-2Rbeta), and common gamma chain (gc) receptors. In the structure of the quaternary ectodomain complex as visualized at a resolution of 2.3 angstroms, the binding of IL-2Ralpha to IL-2 stabilizes a secondary binding site for presentation to IL-2Rbeta. gammac is then recruited to the composite surface formed by the IL-2/IL-2Rbeta complex. Consistent with its role as a shared receptor for IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21, gammac forms degenerate contacts with IL-2. The structure of gammac provides a rationale for loss-of-function mutations found in patients with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency diseases (X-SCID). This complex structure provides a framework for other gammac-dependent cytokine-receptor interactions and for the engineering of improved IL-2 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinquan Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 299 Campus Drive, Fairchild D319, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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12
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Budagian V, Bulanova E, Orinska Z, Thon L, Mamat U, Bellosta P, Basilico C, Adam D, Paus R, Bulfone-Paus S. A promiscuous liaison between IL-15 receptor and Axl receptor tyrosine kinase in cell death control. EMBO J 2005; 24:4260-70. [PMID: 16308569 PMCID: PMC1356322 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Discrimination between cytokine receptor and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathways is a central paradigm in signal transduction research. Here, we report a 'promiscuous liaison' between both receptors that enables interleukin (IL)-15 to transactivate the signaling pathway of a tyrosine kinase. IL-15 protects murine L929 fibroblasts from tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)-induced cell death, but fails to rescue them upon targeted depletion of the RTK, Axl; however, Axl-overexpressing fibroblasts are TNFalpha-resistant. IL-15Ralpha and Axl colocalize on the cell membrane and co-immunoprecipitate even in the absence of IL-15, whereby the extracellular part of Axl proved to be essential for Axl/IL-15Ralpha interaction. Most strikingly, IL-15 treatment mimics stimulation by the Axl ligand, Gas6, resulting in a rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of both Axl and IL-15Ralpha, and activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. This is also seen in mouse embryonic fibroblasts from wild-type but not Axl-/- or IL-15Ralpha-/- mice. Thus, IL-15-induced protection from TNFalpha-mediated cell death involves a hitherto unknown IL-15 receptor complex, consisting of IL-15Ralpha and Axl RTK, and requires their reciprocal activation initiated by ligand-induced IL-15Ralpha.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lutz Thon
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Uwe Mamat
- Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Claudio Basilico
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dieter Adam
- Institute of Immunology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralf Paus
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Silvia Bulfone-Paus
- Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
- Department of Immunology & Cell Biology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany. Tel.: +49 4537 188200; Fax: +49 4537 188403; E-mail:
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13
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Mortier E, Quéméner A, Vusio P, Lorenzen I, Boublik Y, Grötzinger J, Plet A, Jacques Y. Soluble interleukin-15 receptor alpha (IL-15R alpha)-sushi as a selective and potent agonist of IL-15 action through IL-15R beta/gamma. Hyperagonist IL-15 x IL-15R alpha fusion proteins. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:1612-9. [PMID: 16284400 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m508624200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is crucial for the generation of multiple lymphocyte subsets (natural killer (NK), NK-T cells, and memory CD8 T cells), and transpresentation of IL-15 by monocytes and dendritic cells has been suggested to be the dominant activating process of these lymphocytes. We have previously shown that a natural soluble form of IL-15R alpha chain corresponding to the entire extracellular domain of IL-15R alpha behaves as a high affinity IL-15 antagonist. In sharp contrast with this finding, we demonstrate in this report that a recombinant, soluble sushi domain of IL-15R alpha, which bears most of the binding affinity for IL-15, behaves as a potent IL-15 agonist by enhancing its binding and biological effects (proliferation and protection from apoptosis) through the IL-15R beta/gamma heterodimer, whereas it does not affect IL-15 binding and function of the tripartite IL-15R alpha/beta/gamma membrane receptor. Our results suggest that, if naturally produced, such soluble sushi domains might be involved in the IL-15 transpresentation mechanism. Fusion proteins (RLI and ILR), in which IL-15 and IL-15R alpha-sushi are attached by a flexible linker, are even more potent than the combination of IL-15 plus sIL-15R alpha-sushi. After binding to IL-15R beta/gamma, RLI is internalized and induces a biological response very similar to the IL-15 high affinity response. Such hyper-IL-15 fusion proteins appear to constitute potent adjuvants for the expansion of lymphocyte subsets.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CHO Cells
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cricetinae
- Dimerization
- Humans
- Interleukin Receptor Common gamma Subunit
- Interleukin-15/chemistry
- Interleukin-15/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2 Receptor beta Subunit
- Kinetics
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Receptors, Interleukin/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-15
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/agonists
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Mortier
- INSERM, U601, Groupe de Recherche Cytokines et Récepteurs, Institut de Biologie, Nantes F-44093, France
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14
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Schluns KS, Stoklasek T, Lefrançois L. The roles of interleukin-15 receptor α: Trans-presentation, receptor component, or both? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 37:1567-71. [PMID: 15896666 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 receptor alpha (IL-15R alpha) is a high affinity IL-15 binding protein that is crucial for mediating IL-15 functions such as memory CD8 T cell proliferation and NK, NK/T cell, and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte development. However, the mechanism by which IL-15R alpha mediates IL-15 functions is unique among cytokines. Originally, IL-15R alpha was thought to be a component of a heterotrimeric receptor complex containing the IL-2/IL-15R beta and common gamma chains (gammaC) that were required for mediating signaling. Although IL-15R alpha may in some cases act as a component of this receptor complex, more recent evidence indicates that IL-15R alpha predominately functions by presenting IL-15 to opposing cells expressing the IL-15R betagamma signaling components. This theory is consistent with the broad, non-lymphoid expression pattern of IL-15R alpha and the evidence that IL-15R alpha expression by lymphocytes is dispensable for IL-15 action in vivo. This new concept of cytokine delivery will allow us to better understand the regulation and function IL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly S Schluns
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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15
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Abstract
BACKGROUND It was reported previously that malignant human tumors, like glioma and medulloblastoma, express high-density interleukin (IL-4) receptor mRNA and protein. Because IL-4 receptors (R) are sensitive targets for targeted therapeutics, knowledge of the expression of these receptors in other central nervous system tumors is of great interest. In this study, the authors examined the expression and subunit composition of IL-4R complex in primary human meningiomas. METHODS Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis for IL-13Ralpha1, IL-4Ralpha and IL-2Rgammac was performed on total RNA extracted from 35 meningiomas and a normal human brain tissue sample. Results were confirmed in nine randomly selected tumors by quantitative real-time PCR and in situ immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS Transcripts for the IL-4Ralpha and IL-13Ralpha1 chains were overexpressed in meningiomas compared with normal brain tissue. The levels of IL-4Ralpha mRNA appeared to be higher compared with the levels of IL-13Ralpha1 mRNA. The results also showed that tumors with higher disease grade tended to have increased mRNA expression for the IL-4Ralpha chain. This IL-4Ralpha mRNA overexpression appeared to be more frequent in younger patients (age < 37 years). The transcripts for IL-2Rgammac chain were not detected in any of the tumor samples or in normal brain tissue. Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed the results of the RT-PCR analysis. Meningiomas also demonstrated a bright immunofluorescent staining for the IL-4Ralpha and IL-13Ralpha1 chains but no staining for IL-2Rgammac. CONCLUSIONS Expression of the IL-4Ralpha and IL-13Ralpha1 chains and absence of IL-2gammac expression established that meningiomas expressed type II IL-4Rs. These receptors may serve as a target for cytotoxin/immunotoxin therapy in patients with meningioma who are not amenable to surgical resection or for recurrent tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Puri
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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16
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Abstract
IL-15 is a pleiotropic and multifunctional cytokine that has a diverse array of distinct biological effects in the body. It plays a crucial role in host defense from viral and non-viral intracellular pathogens. The cytokine is essential for the development and differentiation of NK cells and for homeostatic expansion of CD8+ memory T cells, NKT cells and certain subsets of intestinal intra-epithelial lymphocytes (iIEL). It acts as a survival factor and inhibits spontaneous apoptosis in T, B and NK cells by increasing expression of different anti-apoptotic proteins. Several studies have shown that IL-15 production is compromised in HIV-infected AIDS patients and exogenous IL-15 drastically enhances functions of immune cells from these patients. Considering these distinct immune enhancing effects, relative safety in animal models, and minimal effects on HIV replication, IL-15 may represent a better cytokine for immune reconstitution in these patients. Furthermore, IL-15 may also act as a better adjuvant in eliciting antiviral immunity in anti-HIV vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ahmad
- Ste Justine Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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17
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Kozanidou VI, Theocharis AD, Georgiadis A, Voulgari PV, Drosos AA, Karamanos NK. Signal Transduction by IL-2 and its Receptors as Target in Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 5:41-50. [PMID: 15777203 DOI: 10.2174/1568008053174741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and destructive arthropathy with systemic features, the etiopathogenesis of which remains unclear. It is characterized by relapsing and remitting inflammation and hyperplasia of synovial cells. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), play an important role in maintaining cartilage damage and severe destruction of the joints due to an uncontrolled activation of cellular immunity. An imbalance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators is likely to contribute to the chronicity of the disease. Therefore, insight into the activation state of T-cells in different stages of the disease may be important to understand pathogenetic mechanisms underlying RA and could be a lead for the design of future therapeutic strategies. Because of the central role of the IL-2/IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) system in mediation of the immune system, monitoring and manipulation of this system has important diagnostic and therapeutic implications. New approaches in RA therapy with anticytokine agents, which block cytokines and their receptors, are now used as antirheumatic drugs in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Kozanidou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26110 Patras, Greece
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18
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Cheng SP, Liu JL, Yuan J. Study of the effect of leeching on plasma endothelin and soluble interleukin-2 receptor in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Chin J Integr Med 2005; 11:65-8. [PMID: 15975313 DOI: 10.1007/bf02835754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to explore the mechanism of leeching in treating systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Forty-four patients with SLE were randomly divided into conventional corticosteroid treated group (control group, n = 20) and conventional treatment group with leeching intervention added (leeching group, n = 24). Before and after treatment the concentration of plasma endothelin (ET) and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) were determined. RESULTS Before treatment the level of plasma ET and sIL-2R in the SLE patients were all higher than those in the normal healthy group, (P < 0.01). But after treatment the level of these in both groups were significantly improved than those of before treatment (P < 0.05), and comparison between these two treated groups showed that the difference between them was significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Leeching added to conventional treatment of SLE could be more effective in improving the level of plasma ET and sIL-2R, and ameliorating the impairment of renal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-ping Cheng
- Nephrology Department, People's Hospital of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
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19
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Goto H, Tsurumi H, Takemura M, Ino-Shimomura Y, Kasahara S, Sawada M, Yamada T, Hara T, Fukuno K, Goto N, Okuno M, Takami T, Seishima M, Moriwaki H. Serum-soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) level determines clinical outcome in patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: in combination with the International Prognostic Index. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2004; 131:73-9. [PMID: 15503137 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-004-0600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2004] [Accepted: 05/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to assess the prognostic significance of serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) in aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). METHODS One hundred and thirteen consecutive patients with previously untreated aggressive NHL (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, 96; peripheral T-cell lymphoma, 17) prospectively participated in this study between 1995 and 2001. The patients were treated with 6-8 cycles of a CHOP or THP (pirarubicin)-COP regimen. RESULTS A high serum sIL-2R level (2,000 U/ml and over) at onset was associated with a low complete remission rate. Patients with high sIL-2R had significantly lower survival rates (5-year, 24%) than those with low sIL-2R (under 2,000 U/ml) (74%) (P<0.01). Multivariate analysis employing sIL-2R levels and conventional prognostic factors demonstrated that high sIL-2R, presence of B-symptoms, and advanced age (60 years and older) were significantly unfavorable variables for overall survival. In addition, we attempted to use sIL-2R in combination with the International Prognostic Index (IPI). The patients in the high (H) risk group and those with high sIL-2R in the low-intermediate (LI)/high-intermediate (HI) risk group had significantly lower survival rates than the patients in the low (L) risk group and those with low sIL-2R in the LI/HI risk group (P<0.001). CONCLUSION The results suggest that a high serum sIL-2R level predicts a poor prognosis in aggressive NHL and may be a useful biomarker for selecting appropriate treatment when used in combination with the IPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideko Goto
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, 501-1194 Gifu, Japan
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20
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Budagian V, Bulanova E, Orinska Z, Ludwig A, Rose-John S, Saftig P, Borden EC, Bulfone-Paus S. Natural Soluble Interleukin-15Rα Is Generated by Cleavage That Involves the Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-converting Enzyme (TACE/ADAM17). J Biol Chem 2004; 279:40368-75. [PMID: 15215246 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m404125200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study shows that the high affinity alpha-chain of the interleukin (IL)-15 receptor exists not only in membrane-anchored but also in soluble form. Soluble IL-15Ralpha (sIL-15Ralpha) can be detected in mouse sera and cell-conditioned media by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and by immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. This protein has a molecular mass of about 30 kDa because of the presence of a single N-glycosylation site, which is reduced to 26 kDa after N-glycosidase treatment. Transmembrane IL-15Ralpha is constitutively converted into its soluble form by proteolytic cleavage that involves tumor necrosis factor-alpha-converting enzyme (TACE), and this process is further enhanced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulation. The hydroxamate GW280264X, which is capable of blocking TACE and the closely related disintegrin-like metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10), effectively inhibited both spontaneous and PMA-inducible cleavage of IL-15Ralpha, whereas GI254023X, which preferentially blocks ADAM10, was ineffective. Overexpression of TACE but not ADAM10 in COS-7 cells enhanced the constitutive and PMA-inducible cleavage of IL-15Ralpha. Moreover, murine fibroblasts deficient in TACE but not ADAM10 expression exhibited a significant reduction in the spontaneous and inducible IL-15Ralpha shedding, whereas a reconstitution of TACE in these cells restored the release of sIL-15Ralpha, thereby suggesting that TACE-mediated proteolysis may represent a major mechanism for sIL-15Ralpha generation in mice. The existence of natural sIL-15Ralpha offers novel insights into the complex biology of IL-15 and envisages a new level for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Budagian
- Center for Cancer Drug Discovery and Development, Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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21
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Mortier E, Bernard J, Plet A, Jacques Y. Natural, Proteolytic Release of a Soluble Form of Human IL-15 Receptor α-Chain That Behaves as a Specific, High Affinity IL-15 Antagonist. J Immunol 2004; 173:1681-8. [PMID: 15265897 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.3.1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-15 and IL-2 are two structurally and functionally related cytokines whose high affinity receptors share the IL-2R beta-chain and gamma-chain in association with IL-15R alpha-chain (IL-15R alpha) or IL-2R alpha-chain, respectively. Whereas IL-2 action seems restricted to the adaptative T cells, IL-15 appears to be crucial for the function of the innate immune responses, and the pleiotropic expression of IL-15 and IL-15R alpha hints at a much broader role for the IL-15 system in multiple cell types and tissues. In this report, using a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay, we show the existence of a soluble form of human IL-15R alpha (sIL-15R alpha) that arises from proteolytic shedding of the membrane-anchored receptor. This soluble receptor is spontaneously released from IL-15R alpha-expressing human cell lines as well as from IL-15R alpha transfected COS-7 cells. This release is strongly induced by PMA and ionomycin, and to a lesser extent by IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. The size of sIL-15R alpha (42 kDa), together with the analysis of deletion mutants in the ectodomain of IL-15R alpha, indicates the existence of cleavage sites that are proximal to the plasma membrane. Whereas shedding induced by PMA was abrogated by the synthetic matrix metalloproteinases inhibitor GM6001, the spontaneous shedding was not, indicating the occurrence of at least two distinct proteolytic mechanisms. The sIL-15R alpha displayed high affinity for IL-15 and behaved as a potent and specific inhibitor of IL-15 binding to the membrane receptor, and of IL-15-induced cell proliferation (IC(50) in the range from 3 to 20 pM). These results suggest that IL-15R alpha shedding may play important immunoregulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Mortier
- Groupe de Recherche Cytokines et Récepteurs en Immunologie et Cancérologie, Département de Cancérologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 601, Institut de Biologie, Nantes, France
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22
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Rickert M, Boulanger MJ, Goriatcheva N, Garcia KC. Compensatory energetic mechanisms mediating the assembly of signaling complexes between interleukin-2 and its alpha, beta, and gamma(c) receptors. J Mol Biol 2004; 339:1115-28. [PMID: 15178252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2004] [Revised: 04/09/2004] [Accepted: 04/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 is a key immuno-regulatory cytokine whose actions are mediated by three different cell surface receptors: the alpha, beta and the "common gamma" (gamma(c)) chains. We have undertaken a complete thermodynamic characterization of the stepwise assembly cycle for multiple possible combinations of the receptor-ligand, and receptor-receptor interactions that are necessary for formation of the high-affinity IL-2/alphabetagamma(c) signaling complex. We find an entropically favorable high affinity interaction between IL-2 and its alpha receptor, a moderately entropically favorable low affinity interaction between IL-2 and its beta receptor, and no interaction between IL-2 and the shared receptor, gamma(c). Formation of the stable intermediate trimolecular complexes of IL-2 with alpha and beta receptors, as well as IL-2 with beta and gamma(c) receptors proceeds through enthalpy-entropy compensation mechanisms. Surprisingly, we see a moderate affinity interaction between the unliganded receptor alpha and beta chains, suggesting that a preformed alphabeta complex may serve as the initial interaction complex for IL-2. Reconstitution of the IL-2/Ralphabetagamma(c) high-affinity quaternary signaling complex shows it to be assembled through cooperative energetics to form a 1:1:1:1 assembly. Collectively, the favorable entropy of the bimolecular interactions appears to be offset by the loss in rigid body entropy of the receptor components in the higher-order complexes, but overcome by the formation of increasingly enthalpically favorable composite interfaces. This enthalpic mechanism utilized by gamma(c) contrasts with the favorable entropic mechanism utilized by gp130 for degenerate cytokine interaction. In conclusion, we find that several energetically redundant pathways exist for formation of IL-2 receptor signaling complexes, suggesting a more complex equilibrium on the cell surface than has been previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Rickert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Fairchild D321, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5124, USA
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23
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Vu MD, Li XC. The common gammac-cytokines and transplantation tolerance. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2004; 52:267-73. [PMID: 15467491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Accepted: 06/15/2004] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Transplant rejection, like tolerance, is a T cell-dependent event. There is compelling evidence to suggest that induction of transplant tolerance is an actively learned process in which T cells need to engage the alloantigens in order to learn to tolerate the allograft. A family of cytokines whose receptors use the same IL-2 receptor gamma chain (also called the common gammac) plays an important role in regulating multiple aspects of the allograft response (i.e. rejection vs. tolerance). It is undeniable that gammac-cytokines can drive clonal expansion and effector maturation of alloreactive T cells, and therefore, targeting such cytokines or their receptor components remains an attractive way of blocking transplant rejection. However, we just started to appreciate that gammac-cytokines also regulate the acquisition of transplant tolerance via programming activated T cells for apoptotic cell death and via guiding the evolution of regulatory T cells. Thus, understanding precisely the role of gammac-cytokines in regulating T cell homeostasis and T cell regulation is critically important in the induction of transplant tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Diem Vu
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Division of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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24
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Bernard J, Harb C, Mortier E, Quéméner A, Meloen RH, Vermot-Desroches C, Wijdeness J, van Dijken P, Grötzinger J, Slootstra JW, Plet A, Jacques Y. Identification of an Interleukin-15α Receptor-binding Site on Human Interleukin-15. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:24313-22. [PMID: 15039446 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m312458200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify the epitopes in human interleukin-15 (IL-15) that are responsible for binding to the interleukin-15 receptor alpha chain, antibody and receptor mapping by peptide scanning and site-directed mutagenesis was used. By using peptide scanning, we identified four regions in IL-15. The first region ((85)CKECEELEEKN(95)) is located in the C-D loop and is recognized by a set of non-inhibitory antibodies. The second region ((102)SFVHIVQMFIN(112)) is located in helix D and is recognized by two antibodies that are inhibitory of IL-15 bio-activity but not of IL-15 binding to IL-15Ralpha. The two remaining regions react with a recombinant soluble form of the IL-15Ralpha; the first ((44)LLELQVISL(52), peptide 1) corresponds to a sequence located in the B-helix and the second ((64)ENLII(68), peptide 2) to a sequence located in helix C. The latter is also contained in the epitope recognized by an antibody (monoclonal antibody B-E29) that prevents IL-15 binding to IL-15Ralpha. By site-directed mutagenesis, we confirmed that residues present in peptide 1 (Leu-45, Glu-46, Val-49, Ser-51, and Leu-52) and peptide 2 (Leu-66 and Ile-67) are involved in the binding of IL-15 to IL-15Ralpha. Furthermore, the results presented indicate that residues in the second peptide (Glu-64, Asn-65, and Ile-68) participate in IL-2Rbeta recruitment. This finding could have implications for the dynamics of receptor assembly. These results also indicate that the modes of interaction of IL-15 and IL-2 with their respective alpha chains are not completely analogous. Finally, some of the IL-15 mutants generated in this study displayed agonist or antagonist properties and may be useful as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Bernard
- Groupe de Recherche Cytokines et Récepteurs, Unité INSERM 601, Institut de Biologie, 9 Quai Moncousu, 44093 Nantes Cedex 01, France
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25
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Song PH, Xie HY, Zheng SS, Wu J. The inhibitory role of lactacystin and beta-lactacystin on T-cell activation and proliferation. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2004; 36:123-7. [PMID: 14970908 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/36.2.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of proteasome inhibitors lactacystin (LAC) and beta-lactacystin (beta-LAC) on the proliferation and activation of T lymphocytes, flow cytometry was used to analyze the proliferation and the expression of CD69, CD25 and CD3 of T lymphocytes activated by PHA. Furthermore, the expressions of PA28 and IL-2 mRNA were assayed by competitive RT-PCR. The results indicated that: (1) LAC and beta-LAC significantly decreased the incorporation of BrdU and inhibited T lymphocytes proliferation in T lymphocytes activated by PHA; (2) although LAC and beta-LAC did not affect the expression of CD69 at any time, they significantly inhibited the expression of CD25 (48 h, 72 h, P<0.05); (3) in comparison with control, LAC and beta--LAC significantly down-regulated the expression of PA28 and IL-2 mRNA (48 h, 72 h, P<0.05). LAC and beta-LAC significantly inhibited the proliferation and activation of T cells. Mechanisms involved are inhibition of CD25 and down-regulation of PA28 and IL-2 mRNA expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Hong Song
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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26
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Xu H, Elster EA, Blair PJ, Burkly LC, Tadaki DK, Harlan DM, Kirk AD. Effects of combined treatment with CD25- and CD154-specific monoclonal antibodies in non-human primate allotransplantation. Am J Transplant 2003; 3:1350-4. [PMID: 14525594 DOI: 10.1046/j.1600-6135.2003.00235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The CD154-specific monoclonal antibody (Mab) hu5c8 greatly prolongs allograft survival in primates. The CD25-specific Mab daclizumab has not, to date, been paired with hu5c8. We evaluated the effects of hu5c8 in vitro, alone and in combination with daclizumab on rhesus-mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs). We then evaluated therapy with hu5c8 and daclizumab in four monkey renal allograft recipients compared with monkeys untreated or contemporaneously treated with hu5c8 alone. Lymphocyte proliferation in MLR was reduced by both daclizumab and hu5c8, and their combined effects were additive. Rejection-free allograft survival in monkeys treated with both hu5c8 and daclizumab (74-479 days) was not significantly better than animals treated with hu5c8 alone (257-587 days), and one combined therapy animal rejected while still on hu5c8 therapy, a condition not typically seen with hu5c8 monotherapy. Although daclizumab and hu5c8 are additively effective in MLR, they do not appear to be synergistic in vivo in rhesus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Xu
- Transplantation and Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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27
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Matsumoto M, Misawa S, Tsumoto K, Kumagai I, Hayashi H, Kobayashi Y. On-column refolding and characterization of soluble human interleukin-15 receptor alpha-chain produced in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2003; 31:64-71. [PMID: 12963342 DOI: 10.1016/s1046-5928(03)00143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-15 receptor alpha-chain (IL-15Ralpha) is a member of the new cytokine receptor family, which possesses the sushi domain. To investigate the biochemical and biophysical characteristics of soluble human IL-15Ralpha (shIL-15Ralpha), shIL-15Ralpha was recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli. The shIL-15Ralpha containing a six histidine-tag was expressed as inclusion bodies, which were solubilized with urea, immobilized on a Ni-nitrilotriacetic acid column, and refolded by a decreasing gradient of urea concentration. The refolded shIL-15Ralpha exhibited a highly flexible structure, neutralized human interleukin-15-induced cell proliferation effectively, and bound to its ligand with the same affinity as human IL-15Ralpha on the cell surface, as demonstrated by circular dichroism, a cell proliferation assay, and surface plasmon resonance, respectively. Thus, we succeeded in refolding shIL-15Ralpha to an active form on an affinity column.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antibodies/immunology
- Binding, Competitive
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Chromatography, Gel
- Circular Dichroism
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Histidine/genetics
- Humans
- Interleukin-15/metabolism
- Interleukin-15/pharmacology
- Isoelectric Focusing
- Kinetics
- Mercaptoethanol/chemistry
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Binding
- Protein Folding
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Receptors, Interleukin-15
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
- Spleen/chemistry
- Surface Plasmon Resonance
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Urea/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Matsumoto
- Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology Laboratory, Japan Energy Corporation, 3-17-35 Niizo-Minami, Toda, 335-8502, Saitama, Japan
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28
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Lindemann MJ, Benczik M, Gaffen SL. Anti-apoptotic signaling by the interleukin-2 receptor reveals a function for cytoplasmic tyrosine residues within the common gamma (gamma c) receptor subunit. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:10239-49. [PMID: 12525482 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m209471200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) is composed of one affinity-modulating subunit (IL-2Ralpha) and two essential signaling subunits (IL-2Rbeta and gammac). Although most known signaling events are mediated through tyrosine residues located within IL-2Rbeta, no functions have yet been ascribed to gammac tyrosine residues. In this study, we describe a role for gammac tyrosines in anti-apoptotic signal transduction. We have shown previously that a tyrosine-deficient IL-2Rbeta chain paired with wild type gammac stimulated enhancement of bcl-2 mRNA in IL-2-dependent T cells, but it was not determined which region of the IL-2R or which pathway was activated to direct this signaling response. Here we show that up-regulation of Bcl-2 by an IL-2R lacking IL-2Rbeta tyrosine residues leads to increased cell survival after cytokine deprivation; strikingly, this survival signal does not occur in the absence of gammac tyrosine residues. These gammac-dependent signals are revealed only in the absence of IL-2Rbeta tyrosines, indicating that the IL-2R engages at least two distinct signaling pathways to regulate apoptosis and Bcl-2 expression. Mechanistically, the gammac-dependent signal requires activation of Janus kinases 1 and 3 and is sensitive to wortmannin, implicating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Consistent with involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt can be activated via tyrosine residues on gammac. Thus, gammac mediates an anti-apoptotic signaling pathway through Akt which cooperates with signals from its partner chain, IL-2Rbeta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Lindemann
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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29
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Abstract
A recombinant human IL-2 analog (rIL-2, Proleukin) is currently being evaluated for clinical benefit in HIV infected patients. It is approved for therapy of patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Treatment of cancer patients with rIL-2 results in durable responses but is associated with life-threatening toxicity, which limits its use to patients in relatively good health. Antitumor efficacy associated with rIL-2 therapy are hypothesized to be mediated by distinct types of cells that express structurally different forms of the IL-2 receptor. This hypothesis suggests that it might be possible to engineer an IL-2 variant addressing the risks associated with the therapeutic use of IL-2. In this article, we review the clinical experience with IL-2 and its analogs, the evidence that different IL-2 receptors may dissociate efficacy and toxicity, and describe the generation of a novel IL-2 variant with the potential for a superior therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delanie J Cassell
- Research Department, Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Division, Bayer Corporation, 800 Dwight Way, Berkeley, CA 94701, USA.
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30
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Kart L, Buyukoglan H, Tekin IO, Altin R, Senturk Z, Gulmez I, Demir R, Ozesmi M. Correlation of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-4 and soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels with radiologic and clinical manifestations in active pulmonary tuberculosis. Mediators Inflamm 2003; 12:9-14. [PMID: 12745543 PMCID: PMC1781590 DOI: 10.1080/0962935031000096926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise clinical manifestations of tuberculosis are likely to result from a complex interaction between the host and the pathogen. We took serum samples from a group of patients with a variety of clinical and radiological stages of pulmonary tuberculosis in order to characterize tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) response. We further evaluated whether the levels of TNF-alpha, IL-4 and soluble IL-2R are related with each other, and also evaluated the levels of TNF-alpha, IL-4 and sIL-2R after anti-tuberculosis therapy and relation with radiologic scores. Forty-three inpatients with active pulmonary tuberculosis and 19 healthy controls participated in the study. Patients were divided into four categories radiologically on chest X-ray (minimal, moderate-advanced, far-advanced and with miliary infiltration). Concentrations of TNF-alpha (20.9+/-10/15.4+/-8 pg/ml) and sIL-2R (2569+/-842/1444+/-514 pg/ml) were statistically different between patients and controls (p=0.02 and p=0.0001, respectively). Before chemotherapy there was a positive correlation between TNF-alpha and sIL-2R (r=0.34), but there was no correlation between IL-4 and TNF-alpha, and between IL-4 and sIL-2R (r=-0.23 and r=-0.22). The TNF-alpha level was not statistically different in four groups before and after chemotherapy. Results of this study provided some evidence confirming the previously reported role of TNF-alpha, IL-4 and sIL 2R in the control of tuberculosis, but these cytokines were not found related with disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levent Kart
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Karaelmas University, 67600 Zonguldak, Turkey.
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31
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Honma D, Uenishi H, Hiraiwa H, Watanabe S, Tang W, Kiyokawa N, Fujimoto J, Yasue H, Sakimura K. Cloning and characterization of porcine common gamma chain gene. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2003; 23:101-11. [PMID: 12744775 DOI: 10.1089/107999003321455499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The common gamma chain, which was originally identified as a component of interleukin-2 receptors (IL-2R), plays a key role in differentiation of T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. In the present study, cDNA of the porcine common gamma chain gene and its genomic DNA were molecularly cloned and characterized. The porcine common gamma chain gene was found to consist of 8 exons, spanning approximately 3.7 kb, and to encode a 368-amino acid polypeptide. The amino acid sequence showed 82.4%, 71.1%, 86.1%, and 84.8% similarities with that of human, murine, bovine, and canine chains, respectively. The common gamma chain gene was assigned to swine chromosome Xq13 by FISH analysis and was consistent with the result of radiation hybrid (RH) mapping. When various porcine tissues were examined for the expression of this gene, the expression was observed in lymphocytes and lymphocyte-related tissues. Since GATA, T cell factor-1 (TCF-1), Ets-1, activated protein2 (AP-2), and Ikaros2 binding motifs were demonstrated in the 5' upstream region of this gene, promoter activity was investigated using luciferase gene as a reporter. The results indicate that the Ets-1 binding motif in the segment from -95 to -59 (major transcription initiation site: +1) was an essential cis-acting regulatory element for the common gamma chain gene in lymphoid cells.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Chromosome Mapping
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Exons
- Female
- Genes, Reporter
- Genome
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Swine
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Honma
- Genome Research Department, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Church
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, UK.
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33
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Hengge UR. Clinical value of adjunctive interleukin-2: clarifications and corrections. J Infect Dis 2003; 187:340; author reply 340-1. [PMID: 12552465 DOI: 10.1086/346007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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34
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Bień E, Balcerska A. [Interleukin 2 receptor--the structure, function and clinical significance in malignant diseases of adults and children]. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2003; 57:669-83. [PMID: 15002163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper summarizes the up-to-date knowledge on structure, source, biological function and clinical significance of Interleukin-2 receptor measurements in patients suffering from neoplastic diseases. The authors review the role and clinical usefulness of soluble IL-2R alpha in neoplasms' diagnostics, prognosis and treatment monitoring both in adult patients and in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Bień
- Klinika Pediatrii, Hematologii, Onkologii i Endokrynologii Akademii Medycznej w Gdańsku.
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35
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Eisenman J, Ahdieh M, Beers C, Brasel K, Kennedy MK, Le T, Bonnert TP, Paxton RJ, Park LS. Interleukin-15 interactions with interleukin-15 receptor complexes: characterization and species specificity. Cytokine 2002; 20:121-9. [PMID: 12453470 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2002.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL-) 2 and IL-15 share the IL-2 receptor betagamma c subunits (IL-2Rbetagamma c) but have specific, unique alpha receptor subunits. We studied species specificity of human (hu), simian (si), and mouse (mu) IL-15 and found that hu and si IL-15 behaved similarly in all systems investigated. Hu and mu IL-15 bound hu or mu IL-15Ralpha with equal high affinity in the presence or absence of IL-2Rbetagamma c and exhibited similar proliferative activities on cells containing all three subunits. However, quantitative differences were noted in the specific activity of hu and mu IL-15 in both in vitro and in vivo systems utilizing IL-2Rbetagamma c in the absence of IL-15Ralpha. These data show that hu IL-15 may be used in mouse model systems, however care must be taken when comparing the efficacy and toxicity of cytokines across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Eisenman
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Immunex Corporation, 51 University Street, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.
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36
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Roy B, Bhattacharjee A, Xu B, Ford D, Maizel AL, Cathcart MK. IL-13 signal transduction in human monocytes: phosphorylation of receptor components, association with Jaks, and phosphorylation/activation of Stats. J Leukoc Biol 2002; 72:580-9. [PMID: 12223527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-13 regulates monocyte function and is a potent stimulator of 15-lipoxygenase expression. In different cell types, the functional IL-13 receptor complex can be comprised of variable protein components and has not been thoroughly examined in human monocytes. Here, we identify the receptor components and upstream signaling events initiated by IL-13 in primary human blood monocytes. The expression, phosphorylation and associated Jak kinases of the known, variable receptor components, IL-4R(alpha), IL-2Rgammac, IL-13R(alpha)1 and IL-13R(alpha)2, were examined. We determined that IL-4R(alpha) and IL13R(alpha)1 are phosphorylated upon exposure to IL-13. Although IL-2Rgammac is also expressed, it is not phosphorylated upon exposure to IL-13. Evaluation of the presence of IL-13R(alpha)2 failed to reveal significant mRNA or protein expression. Earlier, our laboratory showed that IL-13 induced the phosphorylation of Jak2 and Tyk2 in monocytes and that expression of both Jaks was essential for downstream signaling by IL-13. Here, we report that Jak2 is associated with IL-4R(alpha), and Tyk2 is associated with the IL-13R(alpha)1 component of the IL-13 receptor complex. Additionally, Stat proteins 1alpha, 3, 5A, 5B, and 6 are phosphorylated in response to IL-13. Further, the nuclear translocation and DNA binding of each of these Stats were induced by IL-13. These data represent the first complete report of the functional IL-13 receptor complex and early signaling events in human monocytes. This information is critical for understanding the IL-13 response of monocytes in inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
- DNA/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Interferon-Stimulated Gene Factor 3
- Interleukin-13/pharmacology
- Interleukin-13/physiology
- Interleukin-13 Receptor alpha1 Subunit
- Janus Kinase 2
- Macromolecular Substances
- Milk Proteins
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Protein Subunits
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin/drug effects
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-13
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- STAT3 Transcription Factor
- STAT5 Transcription Factor
- STAT6 Transcription Factor
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- TYK2 Kinase
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Roy
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA
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37
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Ellery JM, Nicholls PJ. Possible mechanism for the alpha subunit of the interleukin-2 receptor (CD25) to influence interleukin-2 receptor signal transduction. Immunol Cell Biol 2002; 80:351-7. [PMID: 12121224 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2002.01097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The receptors for interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interleukin 15 (IL-15) in T cells share the IL-2R beta subunit (CD122) and gamma(C) subunit but have private alpha subunits. Despite utilizing the same receptor chains known to be necessary and sufficient to transduce IL-2 signals the two cytokines manifest different cellular effects. It is commonly held that the alpha subunit of the IL-2R (CD25) is involved solely in the generation of a high affinity receptor complex. This is questioned by the development of autoimmune diseases in instances where the expression of CD25 is absent. The timely expression of CD25 in the thymus has been linked with clonal deletion. Evidence from peripheral T cells indicates that survival signals arising from the intermediate affinity IL-2R (lacking CD25) do not require the activation of Janus kinase 3 (Jak3) but do require the presence of the membrane proximal region of the gamma(C) chain. This particular signalling pathway is not observed in the high affinity receptor complex where Jak3 is activated. Recent data point to CD25 having a surface distribution consistent with it being localized within membrane microdomains. Here we suggest that in the absence of CD25 expression, IL-2R activation occurs within the soluble membrane fraction. This membrane environment and the absence of CD25 promotes Jak3 independent signal transduction and induction of antiapoptotic mechanisms. T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signalling leads to the induction of CD25 expression, which localizes to membrane microdomains. There is a dynamic pre-association of CD25 and CD122 leading to the loose association of the heterodimer with membrane microdomains. High affinity IL-2R signalling in the context of CD25 and the microdomain environment is characterized by Jak3 activation. The relative levels of high to intermediate affinity receptor signalling determines whether a cell proliferates or undergoes activation induced cell death dependent upon cell status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Ellery
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kent at Canterbury, Canterbury, UK
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38
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Usacheva A, Kotenko S, Witte MM, Colamonici OR. Two distinct domains within the N-terminal region of Janus kinase 1 interact with cytokine receptors. J Immunol 2002; 169:1302-8. [PMID: 12133952 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.3.1302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between receptors and kinases of the Janus kinase (Jak) family is critical for signaling by growth factors, cytokines, and IFNs. Therefore, the characterization of the domains involved in these interactions is pivotal not only in understanding kinase activation but also in the development of drugs that mimic or inhibit signaling. In this report, we have characterized the domains of Jak1 required to associate with distinct cytokine receptor subunits: IFN-alpha R beta L, IFN-gamma R alpha, IL-10R alpha, IL-2R beta, and IL-4R alpha. We demonstrate that two regions of Jak1 are necessary for the interaction with cytokine receptors. First, a common N-terminal region that includes Jak homology (JH) domain 7 and the first 19 aa of JH6, and, second, a C-terminal region (JH6-3) that was different for distinct receptors. The contribution of the two different regions of Jak1 to cytokine receptor binding was also variable. Deletion of JH7-6 impaired the association of IL-2R beta and IL-4R alpha chains with Jak1 but did not have a major impact on the binding of Jak1 to IFN-alpha R beta L or IL-10R alpha. Interestingly, regardless of the effect on receptor binding, removal of JH7-6 completely abrogated kinase activation, indicating that this domain is required for ligand-driven kinase activation and, thus, for proper signaling through cytokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Usacheva
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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39
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Jia HY, Du J, Zhu SH, Ma YJ, Chen HY, Yang BS, Cai HF. The roles of serum IL-18, IL-10, TNF-alpha and sIL-2R in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2002; 1:378-82. [PMID: 14607710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the roles of serum IL-18, IL-10, TNF-alpha and sIL-2R in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C and the effects of interferon on the mentioned serum cytokines. METHODS The levels of IL-18, IL-10, TNF-alpha and sIL-2R were detected in 10 healthy controls, 24 asymptomatic HCV carriers, and 27 patients with chronic hepatitis C (before and after IFN treatment) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The levels of IL-18, IL-10, TNF-alpha and sIL-2R in the patients of chronic hepatitis C were higher than those in the healthy controls (P<0.05) and in asymptomatic HCV carriers (P<0.05). The values of the mentioned cytokines showed a significant positive correlation to GPT. The levels of the mentioned cytokines decreased obviously after IFN treatment (P<0.05), while the serum levels of IL-10 and sIL-2R reduced in sequence in no-response group, partial-response group and complete-response group. CONCLUSIONS IL-18, IL-10, TNF-alpha and sIL-2R co-participate in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C, and are used to evaluate the effect of IFN on the immune state of organisms, and IL-10 and sIL-2R are important for predicting the anti-viral efficacy of IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yu Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Clinical College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China.
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40
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Tsai EJ, Malech HL, Kirby MR, Hsu AP, Seidel NE, Porada CD, Zanjani ED, Bodine DM, Puck JM. Retroviral transduction of IL2RG into CD34(+) cells from X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency patients permits human T- and B-cell development in sheep chimeras. Blood 2002; 100:72-9. [PMID: 12070011 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v100.1.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) is caused by mutations of the common gamma chain of cytokine receptors, gamma(c). Because bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for XSCID does not provide complete immune reconstitution for many patients and because of the natural selective advantage conferred on lymphoid progenitors by the expression of normal gamma(c), XSCID is a good candidate disease for therapeutic retroviral gene transfer to hematopoietic stem cells. We studied XSCID patients who have persistent defects in B-cell and/or combined B- and T-cell function despite having received T cell-depleted haploidentical BMT. We compared transduction of autologous B-cell lines and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral CD34(+) cells from these patients using an MFGS retrovirus vector containing the gamma(c) gene IL2RG pseudotyped with amphotropic, gibbon ape leukemia virus, or RD114 envelopes. Transduced B-cell lines and peripheral CD34(+) cells demonstrated provirus integration and new cell-surface gamma(c) expression. The chimeric sheep model was exploited to test development of XSCID CD34(+) cells into mature myeloid and lymphoid lineages. Transduced and untransduced XSCID CD34(+) cells injected into developing sheep fetuses gave rise to myeloid cells. However, only transduced gamma progenitors from XSCID patients developed into T and B cells. These results suggest that gene transfer to autologous peripheral CD34(+) cells using MFGS-gc retrovirus may benefit XSCID patients with persistent T- and B-cell deficits despite prior BMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Tsai
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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41
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Yan JJ, Shen F, Wang K, Wu MC. Patients with advanced primary hepatocellular carcinoma treated by melatonin and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization: a prospective study. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2002; 1:183-6. [PMID: 14607735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the clinical efficacy of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and TACE+MLT (melatonin) on inoperable advanced primary hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS From January 1997 to January 1998, one hundred patients with inoperable advanced primary hepatocellular carcinoma were treated separately by TACE (50) and TACE+MLT (20 mg/d at 8:00 PM orally, 7 days before TACE)(50). RESULTS The effective rates (WHO standards) of TACE and TACE+MLT were 16% and 28% respectively (P<0.05). After TACE or TACE+MLT, the resection rate at two-stage of TACE was 4% or 14% (P<0.01). The 0.5-, 1- and 2-year survival rates in the TACE group were 82%, 54% and 26% respectively; in the TACE+MLT group 100%, 68% and 40% respectively. The results were significantly better in the TACE+MLT group than in the TACE group. MLT could protect liver function from the damage caused by TACE. The IL-2 levels of all patients significantly increased, whereas sIL-2R expressions decreased after TACE+MLT as compared with the TACE group (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS With definite protection and treatment effect on the liver function damage caused by TACE, MLT can enhance the immunological activities of patients. It also can improve the effect of TACE by increasing the survival and resection rate after two-stage operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Yan
- Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China.
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42
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Xiao H, Yin T, Wang XY, Uchida T, Chung J, White MF, Yang YC. Specificity of interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain superfamily cytokines is mediated by insulin receptor substrate-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:8091-8. [PMID: 11788580 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m106650200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukins 9 (IL-9) and 4 are cytokines within the IL-2 receptor gamma chain (IL-2R gamma) superfamily that possess similar and unique biological functions. The signaling mechanisms, which may determine cytokine specificity and redundancy, are not well understood. IRS proteins are tyrosine-phosphorylated following IL-9 and IL-4 stimulation, a process in part mediated by JAK tyrosine kinases (Yin, T. G., Keller, S. R., Quelle, F. W., Witthuhn, B. A., Tsang, M. L., Lienhard, G. E., Ihle, J. N., and Yang, Y. C. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 20497--20502). In the present study, we used 32D cells stably transfected with insulin receptor (32D(IR)), which do not express any IRS proteins, as a model system to study the requirement of different structural domains of IRS proteins in IL-9- and IL-4-mediated functions. Overexpression of IRS-1 and IRS-2, but not IRS-4, induced proliferation of 32D(IR) cells in response to IL-9. The pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of IRS proteins is required for IRS-mediated proliferation stimulated by IL-9. The phosphotyrosine binding and Shc and IRS-1 NPXY binding domains are interchangeable for IRS to transduce the proliferative effect of IL-4. Therefore, the PH domain plays different roles in coupling IRS proteins to activated IL-9 and IL-4 receptors. The role of IRS proteins in determining cytokine specificity was corroborated by their ability to interact with different downstream signaling molecules. Although phosphatidylinositol 3' -kinase (PI3K) and Grb-2 interact with tyrosine-phosphorylated IRS proteins, Shp-2 only binds to IRS proteins following IL-4, but not IL-9, stimulation. Although PI3K activity is necessary for the IRS-1/2-mediated proliferative effect of IL-9 and IL-4, Akt activation is only required for cell proliferation induced by IL-4, but not IL-9. These data suggest that IRS-dependent signaling pathways work by recruiting different signaling molecules to determine specificity of IL-2R gamma superfamily cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4965, USA
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Dickerson EB, Fosmire S, Padilla ML, Modiano JF, Helfand SC. Potential to target dysregulated interleukin-2 receptor expression in canine lymphoid and hematopoietic malignancies as a model for human cancer. J Immunother 2002; 25:36-45. [PMID: 11924909 DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200201000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lymphohematopoietic malignancies are common spontaneous diseases of dogs whose clinical presentation and biologic behavior closely resemble their human counterparts. The goal of this study was to define the potential to use canine lymphoma and leukemia as suitable models to refine therapeutic approaches targeting the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R). The authors evaluated the patterns of IL-2R expression in 13 dogs with multicentric non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and in six dogs with leukemia (acute lymphocytic leukemia, n = 3; chronic lymphocytic leukemia in blast crisis, n = 1; acute monoblastic leukemia, n = 2). The authors first cloned and sequenced the complete coding domains of the wild-type canine IL-2R alpha-chain gene. They next used qualitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis to examine IL-2R alpha, beta, and gamma(c) subunit expression in the tumors. Messenger RNA (mRNA) for the interleukin-2 receptor alpha, beta, and gammac subunits that comprise the high-affinity receptor was present in samples from all dogs with NHL. Expression of functional surface IL-2R also was observed flow cytometrically in NHL cells from all four dogs tested. Leukemic cells from one dog with B cell acute lymphocytic leukemia and two dogs with acute monoblastic leukemia expressed mRNA for all three subunits, whereas cells from another dog with B cell leukemia and both dogs with T cell leukemia expressed only mRNA for the beta and gammac subunits that comprise the intermediate-affinity receptor. These results indicate that the IL-2R is commonly expressed in canine lymphohematopoietic malignancies, and support the suitability of this large-animal model to evaluate targeted IL-2R cancer therapy using approaches of interest in the treatment of humans with hemolymphatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin B Dickerson
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
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Azimi N, Nagai M, Jacobson S, Waldmann TA. IL-15 plays a major role in the persistence of Tax-specific CD8 cells in HAM/TSP patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:14559-64. [PMID: 11717409 PMCID: PMC64721 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.251540598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-15 is a critical cytokine for the maintenance of memory-phenotype CD8 cells in mice. Here, we investigated the role of IL-15 in the neurological disease termed human T cell lymphotropic virus I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The high number of viral-specific CD8 cells in these patients is associated with inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. Because IL-15 is overexpressed in these patients, we asked whether IL-15 contributes to the persistence of human T cell lymphotropic virus I viral-specific CD8 cells. Using ex vivo cultures of HAM/TSP peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we demonstrated that in the majority of patients examined here blocking IL-15 action resulted in a decrease in the number of viral-specific CD8 cells. This decrease was caused by both inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in these cells. The data indicate that IL-15 plays a major role in the maintenance of viral-specific CD8 cells in HAM/TSP.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology
- Antigens, Viral
- Apoptosis
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Division
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Gene Products, tax/immunology
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Interleukin-15/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-15/physiology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/immunology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/pathology
- Protein Subunits
- Receptors, Interleukin-15
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- N Azimi
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1374, USA.
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45
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Rocca A, Lamaze C, Subtil A, Dautry-Varsat A. Involvement of the ubiquitin/proteasome system in sorting of the interleukin 2 receptor beta chain to late endocytic compartments. Mol Biol Cell 2001; 12:1293-301. [PMID: 11359922 PMCID: PMC34584 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.12.5.1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Down-regulation of cell surface growth factor receptors plays a key role in the tight control of cellular responses. Recent reports suggest that the ubiquitin system, in addition to participating in degradation by the proteasome of cytosolic and nuclear proteins, might also be involved in the down-regulation of various membrane receptors. We have previously characterized a signal in the cytosolic part of the interleukin 2 receptor beta chain (IL2Rbeta) responsible for its targeting to late endosomes/lysosomes. In this report, the role of the ubiquitin/proteasome system on the intracellular fate of IL2Rbeta was investigated. Inactivation of the cellular ubiquitination machinery in ts20 cells, which express a thermolabile ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1, leads to a significant decrease in the degradation rate of IL2Rbeta, with little effect on its internalization. In addition, we show that a fraction of IL2Rbeta can be monoubiquitinated. Furthermore, mutation of the lysine residues of the cytosolic region of a chimeric receptor carrying the IL2Rbeta targeting signal resulted in a decreased degradation rate. When cells expressing IL2Rbeta were treated either by proteasome or lysosome inhibitors, a significant decrease in receptor degradation was observed. Our data show that ubiquitination is required for the sorting of IL2Rbeta toward degradation. They also indicate that impairment of proteasome function might more generally affect intracellular routing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rocca
- Unité de Biologie des Interactions Cellulaires, Unité de Recherche Associée Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 1960, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL-)2 and its receptor (IL-2R) constitute one of the most extensively studied cytokine receptor systems. IL-2 is produced primarily by activated T cells and is involved in early T cell activation as well as in maintaining homeostatic immune responses that prevent autoimmunity. This review focuses on molecular signaling pathways triggered by the IL-2/IL-2R complex, with an emphasis on how the IL-2R physically translates its interaction with IL-2 into a coherent biological outcome. The IL-2R is composed of three subunits, IL-2Ralpha, IL-2Rbeta and gammac. Although IL-2Ralpha is an important affinity modulator that is essential for proper responses in vivo, it does not contribute to signaling due a short cytoplasmic tail. In contrast, IL-2Rbeta and gammac together are necessary and sufficient for effective signal transduction, and they serve physically to connect the receptor complex to cytoplasmic signaling intermediates. Despite an absolute requirement for gammac in signaling, the majority of known pathways physically link to the receptor via IL-2Rbeta, generally through phosphorylated cytoplasmic tyrosine residues. This review highlights work performed both in cultured cells and in vivo that defines the functional contributions of specific receptor subdomains-and, by inference, the specific signaling pathways that they activate-to IL-2-dependent biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Gaffen
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY14214, USA.
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47
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Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) regulates the proliferation and homeostasis of lymphocytes through the coordinated activation of distinct signaling pathways. Deletion of the acidic-rich domain of the IL-2 receptor beta chain (IL-2Rbeta) prevents association of Src tyrosine kinases to the receptor, as well as IL-2-induced Akt activation. Cells bearing this deletion (BafbetaDeltaA) maintain full proliferation in response to IL-2 both in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that those pathways are dispensable for this important function of IL-2. In this study, we re-examined phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) activation in BafbetaDeltaA cells and found that, in BaF/3 IL-2RbetaDeltaA cells, deletion of the acidic domain induced constitutive activation of the receptor-associated PI3K activity. This, in turn, was responsible for the higher basal Akt activity observed in cells expressing this deletion. Based on these data, and since pharmacological abrogation of PI3K activity prevented IL-2-driven cell proliferation of BafbetaDeltaA cells, we conclude that the PI3K/Akt pathway is still functionally relevant in cells bearing this mutation. Moreover, we show that the PI3K-induced signals are, at least in part, responsible for c-myc expression. In conclusion, we have used this model to better identify those signals that are integral components of the molecular mechanisms responsible for IL-2-regulated cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ciprés
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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48
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Tang W, Huo H, Zhu J, Ji H, Zou W, Xu L, Sun L, Zheng Z, Theze J, Liu X. Critical sites for the interaction between IL-2Rgamma and JAK3 and the following signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 283:598-605. [PMID: 11341766 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.4824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
JAK3 is the only known protein tyrosine kinase associating with IL-2Rgamma. This interaction is supposed to be very important to IL-2 signaling. In order to identify the critical residues for these two molecular interactions and the following signal events, various mutants of gammac and JAK3 were constructed on the basis of computer analysis. The direct interaction was determined via the yeast two-hybrid system, while the signaling was analyzed with reporter genes under the control of the c-fos, c-myc, or tnf-beta promoters, respectively. Results showed that there are two key sites on gammac involved in this interaction and the following signal transduction: the critical one is E327 via electrostatic interaction, the other is L293 via hydrophobic interaction. As to JAK3, the data indicated that Y100 is important for the interaction with gammac. These results also document that the requirement for interaction between gammac and JAK3 is different to activate different signaling pathways mediated by gammac, such as c-fos, c-myc, and JAK-STAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Tang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 YueYang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
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Leonard WJ, Imada K, Nakajima H, Puel A, Soldaini E, John S. Signaling via the IL-2 and IL-7 receptors from the membrane to the nucleus. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2001; 64:417-24. [PMID: 11232316 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.1999.64.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Division
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Nucleus/immunology
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Dimerization
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Janus Kinase 3
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Milk Proteins
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation
- Phenotype
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytokine/chemistry
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/metabolism
- STAT5 Transcription Factor
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/genetics
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- X Chromosome/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674, USA
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50
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Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) specifically recognizes high-mannose type glycans with five or six mannosyl residues. To determine whether the carbohydrate recognition activity of IL-2 contributes to its physiological activity, the inhibitory effects of high-mannose type glycans on IL-2-dependent CTLL-2 cell proliferation were investigated. Man(5)GlcNAc(2)Asn added to CTLL-2 cell cultures inhibited not only phosphorylation of tyrosine kinases but also IL-2-dependent cell proliferation. We found that a complex of IL-2, IL-2 receptor alpha, beta, gamma subunits, and tyrosine kinases was formed in rhIL-2-stimulated CTLL-2 cells. Among the components of this complex, only the IL-2 receptor alpha subunit was stained with Galanthus nivalis agglutinin which specifically recognizes high-mannose type glycans. This staining was diminished after digestion of the glycans with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H or D, suggesting that at least a N-glycan containing Man(5)GlcNAc(2) is linked to the extracellular portion of the IL-2 receptor alpha subunit. Our findings indicate that IL-2 binds the IL-2 receptor alpha subunit through Man(5)GlcNAc(2) and a specific peptide sequence on the surface of CTLL-2 cells. When IL-2 binds to the IL-2Ralpha subunit, this may trigger formation of the high affinity complex of IL-2-IL-2Ralpha, -beta, and -gamma subunits, leading to cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fukushima
- Department of Biochemistry, Sasaki Institute, 2-2 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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