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Sravani S, Gopalakrishnan A, John AS, Ramasubramanian R, Kesavaperumal G, Prabhu NM, Dhasarathan B, Natarajan SB. Incidence of mud crab reovirus (MCRV) outbreak in polyculture ponds of Andhra Pradesh, south east coast of India. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 204:108092. [PMID: 38479455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Reovirus designated as Mud crab reovirus (MCRV) is associated with the mass mortalities of mud crabs resulting in significant economic loss to crab and shrimp-mud crab polyculture farmers in the Nagayalanka, Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh. The 100 % chronic mass mortalities have been attributed to the outbreak of Mud crab reovirus (MCRV) in the polyculture farms. The moribund crabs showed autotomy, discoloration of carapace, loss of appetite, slow movement and loose gills. Histopathological observations of the infected mud crabs showed an atrophied hepatopancreas, complete degeneration of tissues along with viral inclusions in hepatopancreas, gills and muscles. Further analysis using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), showed that the viral particles had a diameter of 70 nm and exhibited a non-enveloped, icosahedral shape arranged in a crystalline manner. The virus mainly infects the connective tissue of hepatopancreas, gills, muscle and develops in the cytoplasm. RT-PCR reconfirmed the presence of reovirus in the hepatopancreas of spontaneously infected mud crab Scylla serrata. The current study shows the importance of monitoring the MCRV prevalence in polyculture farms to minimize its spread and precautionary measures can be taken by screening the brooders from the crab hatchery and stocking of wild crabs without screening should be avoided in order to prevent MCRV outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savva Sravani
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608502, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ayyaru Gopalakrishnan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608502, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Anisha Shafni John
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608502, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Ramasubramanian
- M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF), 3rd Cross Road, Taramani Institutional Area, Chennai 600113, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kesavaperumal
- M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF), 3rd Cross Road, Taramani Institutional Area, Chennai 600113, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Balu Dhasarathan
- Department of Agricultural Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, India
| | - Sithranga Boopathy Natarajan
- M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF), 3rd Cross Road, Taramani Institutional Area, Chennai 600113, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ruiz-Fons F, García-Bocanegra I, Valero M, Cuadrado-Matías R, Relimpio D, Martínez R, Baz-Flores S, Gonzálvez M, Cano-Terriza D, Ortiz JA, Gortázar C, Risalde MA. Emergence of epizootic hemorrhagic disease in red deer (Cervus elaphus), Spain, 2022. Vet Microbiol 2024; 292:110069. [PMID: 38569324 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) virus serotype 8 (EHDV-8) emerged in Spain in autumn 2022. In this study, we aimed to (1) characterize the clinical and lesional presentation of EHDV infection in European red deer (Cervus elaphus), and (2) study the spatial spread of the virus in wild ruminants in Spain after its introduction, in 2022/2023. We confirmed EHDV infection in two clinically compatible sick red deer by PCR and detection of anti-EHDV specific antibodies. EHDV infection occurred in red deer with hyperacute to acute clinical signs and lesions associated to vascular changes leading to death of the animals. Partial sequences of variable segment 2 (VP2) and segment 5 (NS1) genes of the detected viruses had >99% nucleotide identity with EHDV-8 sequences from Tunisia and Italy. In a cross-sectional serological study of EHDV in 592 wild ruminants, mainly red deer (n=578), in southwestern Spain, we detected anti-EHDV antibodies in 37 of 592 samples (6.3%; 95% confidence interval: 4.3-8.2), all from red deer and from the localities where clinical cases of EHD were confirmed in red deer. We conclude that EHDV-8 infection causes severe EHD in European red deer. The serosurvey revealed a limited spread of EHDV-8 in Spanish wild ruminant populations in the first year of virus detection in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ruiz-Fons
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology) group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain; CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ignacio García-Bocanegra
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Marta Valero
- Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria (LCV), Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Cuadrado-Matías
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology) group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - David Relimpio
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology) group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Remigio Martínez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sara Baz-Flores
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology) group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Moisés Gonzálvez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - David Cano-Terriza
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio (Health and Biotechnology) group, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - María A Risalde
- CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Grupo de Investigación GISAZ, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
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Ben Hassine T, García-Carrasco JM, Sghaier S, Thabet S, Lorusso A, Savini G, Hammami S. Epidemiological Analyses of the First Incursion of the Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Serotype 8 in Tunisia, 2021-2022. Viruses 2024; 16:362. [PMID: 38543728 PMCID: PMC10974811 DOI: 10.3390/v16030362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) is a non-contagious arthropod-transmitted viral disease and a World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH)-listed disease of domestic and wild ruminants since 2008. EHDV is transmitted among susceptible animals by a few species of midges of genus Culicoides. During the fall of 2021, a large outbreak caused by the epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), identified as serotype 8, was reported in Tunisian dairy and beef farms with Bluetongue virus (BTV)-like clinical signs. The disease was detected later in the south of Italy, in Spain, in Portugal and, more recently, in France, where it caused severe infections in cattle. This was the first evidence of EHDV-8 circulation outside Australia since 1982. In this study, we analyzed the epidemiological situation of the 2021-2022 EHDV outbreaks reported in Tunisia, providing a detailed description of the spatiotemporal evolution of the disease. We attempted to identify the eco-climatic factors associated with infected areas using generalized linear models (GLMs). Our results demonstrated that environmental factors mostly associated with the presence of C. imicola, such as digital elevation model (DEM), slope, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and night-time land surface temperature (NLST)) were by far the most explanatory variables for EHD repartition cases in Tunisia that may have consequences in neighboring countries, both in Africa and Europe through the spread of infected vectors. The risk maps elaborated could be useful for disease control and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thameur Ben Hassine
- General Directorate of Veterinary Services, Regional Commissary for Agricultural Development of Nabeul, Nabeul 8000, Tunisia
| | - José-María García-Carrasco
- Biogeography, Diversity and Conservation Lab, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, E-29071 Malaga, Spain or
| | - Soufien Sghaier
- Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Subregional Office for North Africa, les Berges du Lac 1, Tunis 1053, Tunisia;
| | - Sarah Thabet
- Institut de la RechercheVétérinaire de Tunisie, Tunis 1006, Tunisia;
| | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Salah Hammami
- École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet (ENMV), Service de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Pathologie Générale, Université de la Manouba, Tunis 2020, Tunisia;
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Zhang X, Chen G, Liu R, Guo J, Mei K, Qin L, Li Z, Yuan S, Huang S, Wen F. Identification, pathological, and genomic characterization of novel goose reovirus associated with liver necrosis in geese, China. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103269. [PMID: 38064883 PMCID: PMC10749903 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2021, a novel strain of goose reovirus (GRV) has emerged within the goose farming industry in Guangdong province, China. This particular viral variant is distinguished by the presence of white necrotic foci primarily localized in the liver and spleen, leading to substantial economic losses for the poultry industry. However, the etiology, prevalence and genomic characteristics of the causative agent have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we conducted an epidemiological inquiry employing suspected GRV samples collected from May 2021 to September 2022. The macroscopic pathological and histopathological lesions associated with GRV-infected clinical specimens were examined. Moreover, we successfully isolated the GRV strain and elucidated the complete genome sequence of the isolate GD21/88. Through phylogenetic and recombination analysis, we unveiled that the GRV strains represent a novel variant resulting from multiple reassortment events. Specifically, the μNS, λC, and σNS genes of GRV were found to have originated from chicken reovirus, while the σA gene of GRV exhibited a higher degree of similarity with a novel duck reovirus. The remaining genes of GRV were traced back to Muscovy duck reovirus. Collectively, our findings underscore the significance of GRV as a pathogenic agent impacting the goose farming industry. The insights gleaned from this study contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology of GRV in Southern China and shed light on the genetic reassortment events exhibited by the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Gaojie Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Runzhi Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinyue Guo
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Mei
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Limei Qin
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhili Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Sheng Yuan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Huasheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd,Guangzhou 511300, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Wen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, Guangdong, China.
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Song Z, Bi X, Meng F, Yang Q, Cheng X, Zhou D, Zhang X, Ding L, Lang F, Deng B, Wang K, Cheng Z. Research Note: Genetic characterization and pathogenicity of an epidemic variant strain of avian reovirus. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103370. [PMID: 38150831 PMCID: PMC10788276 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The past few years have witnessed a rapid increase in cases of viral arthritis caused by avian reovirus (ARV) in chicken farms in China, attributed to the emergence of variant strains that render traditional vaccines ineffective, leading to substantial economic losses. In this study, we successfully isolated a novel ARV strain, designated as 2023ARV-GS-SDAU-1, from chickens in a broiler flock vaccinated with an ARV vaccine in Gansu province. We performed whole-genome sequencing and assessed its pathogenicity through 2 infection routes: oral administration and intraperitoneal injection. Our analysis revealed significant variations in the σA gene, associated with the inhibition of interferon secretion, compared to known ARV strains. The highest nucleotide identity observed was below 80%. Additionally, the σC gene exhibited notable variations compared to its homologous strains within the same group. Multiple alignment of the amino acid sequences classified the 2023ARV-GS-SDAU-1 strain under genotype I. Furthermore, our pathogenicity experiments indicated that the isolated strain exhibited more severe pathogenicity when administered via intraperitoneal injection in SPF chickens. In summary, our data suggest that the 2023ARV-GS-SDAU-1 strain represents a novel variant circulating in broiler flocks in China. These findings enrich currently available genetic information on ARV strains and provide a new complete genome sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenrui Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Xiaoqing Bi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Fanrun Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Xiangyu Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Defang Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Longying Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Feng Lang
- Qingdao Yibang Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Bing Deng
- Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Science Research and Promotion Center of Shigatse City, Shigatse 857000, China
| | - Kang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Ziqiang Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China.
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He Y, Meng J, Li N, Li Z, Wang D, Kou M, Yang Z, Li Y, Zhang L, Wang J. Isolation of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Serotype 10 from Culicoides tainanus and Associated Infections in Livestock in Yunnan, China. Viruses 2024; 16:175. [PMID: 38399951 PMCID: PMC10892452 DOI: 10.3390/v16020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Two strains of viruses, JC13C644 and JC13C673, were isolated from Culicoides tainanus collected in Jiangcheng County, Yunnan Province, situated along the border area shared by China, Laos, and Vietnam. JC13C644 and JC13C673 viruses can cause cytopathic effect (CPE) in mammalian cells BHK21 and Vero cells, and cause morbidity and mortality in suckling mice 48 h after intracerebral inoculation. Whole-genome sequencing was performed, yielding complete sequences for all 10 segments from Seg-1 (3942nt) to Seg-10 (810nt). Phylogenetic analysis of the sub-core-shell (T2) showed that the JC13C644 and JC13C673 viruses clustered with the Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (EHDV) isolated from Japan and Australia, with nucleotide and amino acid homology of 93.1% to 98.3% and 99.2% to 99.6%, respectively, suggesting that they were Eastern group EHDV. The phylogenetic analysis of outer capsid protein (OC1) and outer capsid protein (OC2) showed that the JC13C644 and JC13C673 viruses were clustered with the EHDV-10 isolated from Japan in 1998, with the nucleotide homology of 98.3% and 98.5%, and the amino acid homology of 99.6% and 99.6-99.8%, respectively, indicating that they belong to the EHDV-10. Seroepidemiological survey results demonstrated that JC13C644 virus-neutralizing antibodies were present in 29.02% (177/610) of locally collected cattle serum and 11.32% (89/786) of goat serum, implying the virus's presence in Jiangcheng, Yunnan Province. This finding suggests that EHDV-10 circulates not only among blood-sucking insects in nature but also infects local domestic animals in China. Notably, this marks the first-ever isolation of the virus in China and its discovery outside of Japan since its initial isolation from Japanese cattle. In light of these results, it is evident that EHDV Serotype 10 exists beyond Japan, notably in the natural vectors of southern Eurasia, with the capacity to infect local cattle and goats. Therefore, it is imperative to intensify the surveillance of EHDV infection in domestic animals, particularly focusing on the detection and monitoring of new virus serotypes that may emerge in the region and pose risks to animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen He
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Disease Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650224, China; (Y.H.); (J.M.); (N.L.); (M.K.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Jinxin Meng
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Disease Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650224, China; (Y.H.); (J.M.); (N.L.); (M.K.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Nan Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Disease Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650224, China; (Y.H.); (J.M.); (N.L.); (M.K.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhao Li
- Jiangcheng County Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Jiangcheng 665900, China; (Z.L.); (D.W.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Jiangcheng County Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Jiangcheng 665900, China; (Z.L.); (D.W.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Meiling Kou
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Disease Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650224, China; (Y.H.); (J.M.); (N.L.); (M.K.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhenxing Yang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Disease Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650224, China; (Y.H.); (J.M.); (N.L.); (M.K.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Yunhui Li
- Jiangcheng County Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Jiangcheng 665900, China; (Z.L.); (D.W.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Laxi Zhang
- Jiangcheng County Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Jiangcheng 665900, China; (Z.L.); (D.W.); (Y.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Disease Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming 650224, China; (Y.H.); (J.M.); (N.L.); (M.K.); (Z.Y.)
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Farnoushi Y, Heller D, Lublin A. Genetic characterization of newly emerging avian reovirus variants in chickens with viral arthritis/tenosynovitis in Israel. Virology 2024; 589:109908. [PMID: 37952464 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, new avian reovirus (ARV) variants caused a variety of symptoms in chickens worldwide, the most important of which was Viral arthritis/tenosynovitis which caused substantial economic losses and has become a concern to the worldwide chicken industry. In this study, we characterized emerging ARV variants in Israel and analyzed their genetic relationship with reference strains. One hundred thirty-four ARV variants were isolated from tendons and synovial fluids of commercial broiler chickens with signs of arthritis/tenosynovitis. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial segment of the sigma C (σC) gene confirmed that these field isolates from Israel could be clustered into all six known clusters. The majority of ARV isolates in Israel belonged to the genotypic cluster 5 (GC5). The strains in this study had a low sequence identity when compared to the commercial vaccine (strain S1133). The findings of this study demonstrated the genetic diversity of ARV strains in Israel from 2015 to 2022. It is reasonable to conclude from the preliminary results of this investigation that Israel has not been subject to selection pressure or the emergence of new ARV variants since the introduction of the live vaccine (ISR-7585). Due to the ongoing emergence of ARV variants, a robust epidemiological monitoring program supported by molecular biology techniques is required to track ARV strains in Israeli poultry flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigal Farnoushi
- Department of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, 5025001, Israel; Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Dan Heller
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Avishai Lublin
- Department of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, 5025001, Israel
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Madhun AS, Nilsen R, Barlaup BT, Karlsen Ø, Karlsbakk E. Occurrence of salmonid alphavirus and piscine orthoreovirus-1 infections in migrating salmon (Salmo salar L.) post-smolt in western Norway. J Fish Dis 2024; 47:e13874. [PMID: 37828712 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Viral diseases are a serious problem in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) farming in Norway, often leading to reduced fish welfare and increased mortality. Disease outbreaks in salmon farms may lead to spread of viruses to the surrounding environment. There is a public concern that viral diseases may negatively affect the wild salmon populations. Pancreas disease (PD) caused by salmonid alphavirus (SAV) and heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) caused by piscine orthoreovirus-1 (PRV-1) are common viral diseases in salmon farms in western Norway. In the current study, we investigated the occurrence of SAV and PRV-1 infections in 651 migrating salmon post-smolt collected from three fjord systems (Sognefjorden, Osterfjorden and Hardangerfjorden) located in western Norway in 2013 and 2014 by real-time RT-PCR. Of the collected post-smolts, 303 were of wild origin and 348 were hatchery-released. SAV was not detected in any of the tested post-smolt, but PRV-1 was detected in 4.6% of them. The Ct values of PRV-1 positive fish were usually high (mean 32.0; range: 20.1-36.8). PRV-1 prevalence in post-smolts from the three fjords was 6.1% in Sognefjorden followed by 4.8% in Osterfjorden and 2.3% in Hardangerfjorden. The prevalence PRV-1 was significantly higher in wild (6.9%) compared to hatchery-released post-smolt (2.6%). The occurrence of PRV-1 infection in the fish was lowest in the Hardangerfjorden which has the highest fish farming intensity. Our results suggest that SAV infection are uncommon in migrating smolt while PRV-1 infection can be detected at low level. These findings suggest that migrating smolts were at low risk from SAV or PRV-1 released from salmon farms located in their migration routes in 2013 and 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rune Nilsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn T Barlaup
- Laboratory for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Egil Karlsbakk
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Abstract
Avian reoviruses (ARVs) have a significant economic impact on the poultry industry, affecting commercial and backyard flocks. Spread feco-orally, or vertically, many do not cause morbidity, but pathogenic strains can contribute to several diseases, including tenosynovitis/arthritis, which is clinically the most significant. The last decade has seen a surge in cases in the US, and due to ongoing evolution, seven genotypic clusters have now been identified. Control efforts include strict biosecurity and vaccination with commercial and autogenous vaccines. Research priorities include improving understanding of pathogenesis and developing new vaccines guided by ongoing molecular and serologic surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Egana-Labrin
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Andrew J Broadbent
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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10
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Zhang T, Wang X, Jiang W, Fan X, Liu N, Miao R, Zhai X, Wei L, Jiao P, Jiang S. Research Note: Genetic characterization of novel duck reoviruses from Shandong Province, China in 2022. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102969. [PMID: 37566967 PMCID: PMC10440558 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2005, novel duck reoviruses have been outbreaks in duck breeding areas such as central China and South China. In recent years, the incidence rate of this disease is still increasing, bringing serious economic losses to waterfowl breeding industry. This study isolated 3 novel duck reoviruses (NDRV-SDLS, NDRV-SDWF, and NDRV-SDYC) from sick ducks in 3 local duck farms in Shandong Province. The study aimed to investigate the characteristics of these viruses. The virus is inoculated into duck embryo fibroblasts, where the virus replicates to produce syncytium and dies within 3 to 5 d. The viruses were also isolated from infected ducks, and RT-PCR amplified the whole genomes after passage purification in duck embryos. The resulting whole genome was analyzed for genetic evolution. The total length of the gene sequencing was 23,418 bp, divided into 10 fragments. Gene sequence comparison showed that the 3 strains had high similarity with novel duck reoviruses (NDRV) but low similarity with chicken-origin reovirus (chicken ARV) and Muscovy duck reovirus (MDRV), especially in the σC segment. Phylogenetic analysis of the 10 fragments showed that the 3 isolates constituted the same evolutionary clade as other DRV reference strains and were far related to ARV and MDRV in different evolutionary clades. The results of all 10 segments indicate that the isolates are in the evolutionary branch of NDRV, suggesting that the novel waterfowl reovirus is the dominant circulating strain in Shandong. This study complements the gene bank information of NDRV and provides references for vaccine research and disease prediction of NDRV in Shandong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an City 271000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiuyuan Wang
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wansi Jiang
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaole Fan
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Runchun Miao
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xinyu Zhai
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Liangmeng Wei
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China
| | - Peirong Jiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shijin Jiang
- Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City 271018, Shandong Province, China.
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11
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Shirafuji H, Murota K, Kishida N, Suda Y, Yanase T. Complete genome sequences of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotypes 5 and 6 isolated in Japan. Arch Virol 2023; 168:230. [PMID: 37578645 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05853-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the complete genome sequences of epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) virus serotypes 5 (EHDV-5) and 6 (EHDV-6) isolated in the Yaeyama Islands of Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. The EHDV-5 strain, ON-11/E/16, which was isolated in 2016, is, to our knowledge, the second EHDV-5 strain to be isolated after the first was isolated in Australia in 1977. In each of the genome segments, ON-11/E/16 was most closely related to EHDV strains of different serotypes isolated in Australia and Japan. Our results support the idea that various serotypes of EHDV have been circulating while causing reassortment in the Asia-Pacific region. In all genome segments, the EHDV-6 strain, ON-3/E/14, which was isolated in 2014, was highly similar to EHDV-6 strain HG-1/E/15, which was detected in affected cattle during the EHD epidemic in Hyogo prefecture in 2015. Therefore, these two EHDV-6 strains, ON-3/E/14 and HG-1/E/15, may have the same origin. However, it is unclear whether EHDV-6 was transmitted directly between the locations where those strains were isolated/detected (approx. 1,500 km apart) or whether EHDV-6 strains of the same origin entered each location at different times. In addition, we cannot rule out the possibility that EHDV-6 infection has spread unnoticed through asymptomatic cattle in other areas of Japan. Therefore, further investigation into EHDV infection in cattle is necessary for a more detailed understanding of the ecology of EHDV in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Shirafuji
- Exotic Disease Group, Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, National Institute of Animal Health (NIAH), National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 6-20-1 Josuihoncho, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-0022, Japan.
| | - Katsunori Murota
- Epidemiology and Arbovirus Group, Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, NIAH, NARO, 2702 Chuzan, Kagoshima, 891-0105, Japan
| | - Natsumi Kishida
- Virus Group, Division of Infectious Animal Disease Research, NIAH, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Yuto Suda
- Virus Group, Division of Infectious Animal Disease Research, NIAH, NARO, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Tohru Yanase
- Epidemiology and Arbovirus Group, Division of Transboundary Animal Disease Research, NIAH, NARO, 2702 Chuzan, Kagoshima, 891-0105, Japan
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12
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Lorusso A, Cappai S, Loi F, Pinna L, Ruiu A, Puggioni G, Guercio A, Purpari G, Vicari D, Sghaier S, Zientara S, Spedicato M, Hammami S, Ben Hassine T, Portanti O, Breard E, Sailleu C, Ancora M, Di Sabatino D, Morelli D, Calistri P, Savini G. Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Serotype 8, Italy, 2022. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1063-1065. [PMID: 37081599 PMCID: PMC10124640 DOI: 10.3201/eid2905.221773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the detection of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) serotype 8 in cattle farms in Sardinia and Sicily in October-November 2022. The virus has a direct origin in North Africa; its genome is identical (>99.9% nucleotide sequence identity) to EHDV serotype 8 strains detected in Tunisia in 2021.
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13
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Sghaier S, Sailleau C, Marcacci M, Thabet S, Curini V, Ben Hassine T, Teodori L, Portanti O, Hammami S, Jurisic L, Spedicato M, Postic L, Gazani I, Ben Osman R, Zientara S, Bréard E, Calistri P, Richt JA, Holmes EC, Savini G, Di Giallonardo F, Lorusso A. Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease Virus Serotype 8 in Tunisia, 2021. Viruses 2022; 15:16. [PMID: 36680057 PMCID: PMC9866946 DOI: 10.3390/v15010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) is a Culicoides-borne viral disease caused by the epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) associated with clinical manifestations in domestic and wild ruminants, primarily white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and cattle (Bos taurus). In late September 2021, EHDV was reported in cattle farms in central/western Tunisia. It rapidly spread throughout the country with more than 200 confirmed outbreaks. We applied a combination of classical and molecular techniques to characterize the causative virus as a member of the serotype EHDV-8. This is the first evidence of EHDV- 8 circulation since 1982 when the prototype EHDV-8 strain was isolated in Australia. This work highlights the urgent need for vaccines for a range of EHDV serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soufien Sghaier
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
| | - Corinne Sailleau
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Maurilia Marcacci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Sarah Thabet
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
| | - Valentina Curini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Thameur Ben Hassine
- Direction Générale des Services Vétérinaires, Commissariat Régional au Développement Agricole de Nabeul, Nabeul 1082, Tunisia
| | - Liana Teodori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Ottavio Portanti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Salah Hammami
- Service de Microbiologie, Immunologie et Pathologie Générale, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, IRESA, Universitè de la Manouba, Winnipeg 2010, Tunisia
| | - Lucija Jurisic
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Piano D’Accio-Teramo, Italy
| | - Massimo Spedicato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Lydie Postic
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Ines Gazani
- CRDA Ministère d’Agriculture, Avenue Habib Bourguiba, Kasserine 1200, Tunisia
| | - Raja Ben Osman
- National Drug Control Laboratory, Vaccine Control Unit, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Stephan Zientara
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emmanuel Bréard
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Paolo Calistri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Jürgen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Alessio Lorusso
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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14
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Leong WJ, Voon K, Wong ST, Teng CL, Leong PP, Wang L. Seroprevalence of Pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV) Infection among Outpatients in a Clinic in Rembau, Malaysia. Biomed Environ Sci 2022; 35:755-759. [PMID: 36127788 DOI: 10.3967/bes2022.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wai Jing Leong
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kenny Voon
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siew Tung Wong
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cheong Lieng Teng
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pooi Pooi Leong
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Linfa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore
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15
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Mazzoni Baldini MH, De Moraes AN. Bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease in wildlife with emphasis on the South American scenario. Vet Ital 2021; 57. [PMID: 34971497 DOI: 10.12834/vetit.1679.8914.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease affect domestic ruminants and cervids. However, other species may act as pathogen carriers in the transition of bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). The wild species affected by these diseases manifest a variable range of clinical signs and lesions, and while some species appear to be extremely susceptible, showing high levels of mortality, some are resistant to these pathogens, acting as potential reservoirs of these orbiviruses. The purpose of the following review is to describe the clinical and pathological manifestations related to these diseases in wild species and to review studies performed on non-domestic species in South America, emphasizing the challenges of studying infectious diseases in free-living animals and the gaps in knowledge about bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease epidemiology. These gaps should be filled by more studies on the range of species affected and the transmission mechanisms, including in domestic species.
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16
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Murota K, Ishii K, Mekaru Y, Araki M, Suda Y, Shirafuji H, Kobayashi D, Isawa H, Yanase T. Isolation of Culicoides- and Mosquito-Borne Orbiviruses in the Southwestern Islands of Japan Between 2014 and 2019. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:796-808. [PMID: 34463150 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The circulation of arboviruses in livestock ruminants has often gone unrecognized owing to the fact that a significant percentage of arboviruses probably induce subclinical infections and/or negligible symptoms in infected animals. To determine the current situation of arbovirus circulation in the Yaeyama Islands, attempts to isolate viruses from bovine blood samples collected between 2014 and 2019 have been made. In total, 308 blood samples were collected during the study period, and 43 of them induced cytopathic effects (CPEs) in cell cultures. The identification of the CPE agents was performed by reported RT-PCR assays and a high-throughput analysis with a next-generation sequencing platform. The obtained viruses consisted of an orthobunyavirus (Peaton virus), Culicoides-borne orbiviruses (bluetongue virus serotypes 12 and 16, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus [EHDV] serotypes 5, 6, and 7, D'Aguilar virus, and Bunyip Creek virus), and potential mosquito-borne orbiviruses (Yunnan orbivirus, Guangxi orbivirus, and Yonaguni orbivirus). Most of the orbiviruses were recovered from washed blood cells with mosquito cell cultures, suggesting that this combination was more efficient than other combinations such as plasma/blood cells and hamster cell lines. This marked the first time that the isolation of EHDV serotypes 5 and 6 and three potential mosquito-borne orbiviruses was recorded in Japan, showing a greater variety of orbiviruses on the islands than previously known. Genetic analysis of the isolated orbiviruses suggested that the Yaeyama Islands and its neighboring regions were epidemiologically related. Some of the viruses, especially the potential mosquito-borne orbiviruses, were isolated during several consecutive years, indicating their establishment on the islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Murota
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Keiko Ishii
- Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Animal Health, Uruma, Japan
| | - Yuji Mekaru
- Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Animal Health, Uruma, Japan
| | - Miho Araki
- Yaeyama Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Ishigaki, Japan
| | - Yuto Suda
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shirafuji
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Isawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Tohru Yanase
- Kagoshima Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kagoshima, Japan
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17
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Harima H, Sasaki M, Orba Y, Okuya K, Qiu Y, Wastika CE, Changula K, Kajihara M, Simulundu E, Yamaguchi T, Eto Y, Mori-Kajihara A, Sato A, Taniguchi S, Takada A, Saijo M, Hang’ombe BM, Sawa H. Attenuated infection by a Pteropine orthoreovirus isolated from an Egyptian fruit bat in Zambia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009768. [PMID: 34492038 PMCID: PMC8448348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV) is an emerging bat-borne zoonotic virus that causes severe respiratory illness in humans. Although PRVs have been identified in fruit bats and humans in Australia and Asia, little is known about the prevalence of PRV infection in Africa. Therefore, this study performed an PRV surveillance in fruit bats in Zambia. Methods Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus, n = 47) and straw-colored fruit bats (Eidolon helvum, n = 33) captured in Zambia in 2017–2018 were screened for PRV infection using RT-PCR and serum neutralization tests. The complete genome sequence of an isolated PRV strain was determined by next generation sequencing and subjected to BLAST and phylogenetic analyses. Replication capacity and pathogenicity of the strain were investigated using Vero E6 cell cultures and BALB/c mice, respectively. Results An PRV strain, tentatively named Nachunsulwe-57, was isolated from one Egyptian fruit bat. Serological assays demonstrated that 98% of sera (69/70) collected from Egyptian fruit bats (n = 37) and straw-colored fruit bats (n = 33) had neutralizing antibodies against PRV. Genetic analyses revealed that all 10 genome segments of Nachunsulwe-57 were closely related to a bat-derived Kasama strain found in Uganda. Nachunsulwe-57 showed less efficiency in viral growth and lower pathogenicity in mice than another PRV strain, Miyazaki-Bali/2007, isolated from a patient. Conclusions A high proportion of Egyptian fruit bats and straw-colored fruit bats were found to be seropositive to PRV in Zambia. Importantly, a new PRV strain (Nachunsulwe-57) was isolated from an Egyptian fruit bat in Zambia, which had relatively weak pathogenicity in mice. Taken together, our findings provide new epidemiological insights about PRV infection in bats and indicate the first isolation of an PRV strain that may have low pathogenicity to humans. Pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV) is a causative agent of acute respiratory illness in humans in tropical and sub-tropical regions in Southeast Asia. PRVs have been originally isolated from fruit bats, and it is assumed that PRVs spread to humans by both bat-to-human and human-to-human transmission. Recently, an PRV was also detected from a fruit bat in the Afrotropical region and might potentially cause an emerging infection of the bat-borne zoonotic virus in Africa. However, little is known about the prevalence of PRV infection in Africa. In this study, we demonstrated the high prevalence of PRV infection in bat populations in Zambia and isolated a new strain of PRV from Egyptian fruit bats. In addition, we found that the bat-derived PRV strain had lower pathogenicity in mice than a human-derived PRV strain isolated from a patient in Southeast Asia. Our findings provide new epidemiological information about PRV in fruit bats in the Afrotropical region and indicate the first isolation of an PRV strain that may cause attenuated infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Harima
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michihito Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Okuya
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yongjin Qiu
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Christida E. Wastika
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Katendi Changula
- Department of Para-clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, the University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Masahiro Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, the University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaguchi
- Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Eto
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akina Mori-Kajihara
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sato
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Drug Discovery & Disease Research Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Taniguchi
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayato Takada
- International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, the University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, the University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Masayuki Saijo
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bernard M. Hang’ombe
- Department of Para-clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, the University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, the University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, the University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, the University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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18
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Abstract
In 2018, a strain of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), named YNDH/V079/2018, was isolated from a sentinel calf in Mangshi County, Yunnan Province, China. Nucleotide sequencing and neutralization tests indicated that the virus belongs to a novel serotype of EHDV that had not been reported previously.
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19
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Mordecai GJ, Miller KM, Bass AL, Bateman AW, Teffer AK, Caleta JM, Di Cicco E, Schulze AD, Kaukinen KH, Li S, Tabata A, Jones BR, Ming TJ, Joy JB. Aquaculture mediates global transmission of a viral pathogen to wild salmon. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/22/eabe2592. [PMID: 34039598 PMCID: PMC8153721 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe2592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Global expansion of aquaculture and agriculture facilitates disease emergence and catalyzes transmission to sympatric wildlife populations. The health of wild salmon stocks critically concerns Indigenous peoples, commercial and recreational fishers, and the general public. Despite potential impact of viral pathogens such as Piscine orthoreovirus-1 (PRV-1) on endangered wild salmon populations, their epidemiology in wild fish populations remains obscure, as does the role of aquaculture in global and local spread. Our phylogeographic analyses of PRV-1 suggest that development of Atlantic salmon aquaculture facilitated spread from Europe to the North and South East Pacific. Phylogenetic analysis and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction surveillance further illuminate the circumstances of emergence of PRV-1 in the North East Pacific and provide strong evidence for Atlantic salmon aquaculture as a source of infection in wild Pacific salmon. PRV-1 is now an important infectious agent in critically endangered wild Pacific salmon populations, fueled by aquacultural transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon J Mordecai
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Kristina M Miller
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada.
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Forest Sciences Centre, 3041 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Arthur L Bass
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew W Bateman
- Pacific Salmon Foundation, 1682 W 7th Ave., Vancouver, BC V6J 4S6, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Room 3055, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
- Salmon Coast Field Station General Delivery, Simoom Sound, BC V0P 1S0, Canada
| | - Amy K Teffer
- David H. Smith Conservation Research Fellowship, Society for Conservation Biology, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jessica M Caleta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Emiliano Di Cicco
- Pacific Salmon Foundation, 1682 W 7th Ave., Vancouver, BC V6J 4S6, Canada
| | - Angela D Schulze
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Karia H Kaukinen
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Shaorong Li
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Amy Tabata
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Brad R Jones
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Bioinformatics Programme, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tobi J Ming
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Jeffrey B Joy
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Bioinformatics Programme, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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20
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Ye D, Ji Z, Shi H, Chen J, Shi D, Cao L, Liu J, Li M, Dong H, Jing Z, Wang X, Liu Q, Fan Q, Cong G, Zhang J, Han Y, Zhou J, Gu J, Zhang X, Feng L. Molecular characterization of an emerging reassortant mammalian orthoreovirus in China. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2367-2372. [PMID: 32757058 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04712-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian orthoreoviruses (MRVs) infect almost all mammals, and there are some reports on MRVs in China. In this study, a novel strain was identified, which was designated as HLJYC2017. The results of genetic analysis showed that MRV HLJYC2017 is a reassortant strain. According to biological information analysis, different serotypes of MRV contain specific amino acid insertions and deletions in the σ1 protein. Neutralizing antibody epitope analysis revealed partial cross-protection among MRV1, MRV2, and MRV3 isolates from China. L3 gene recombination in MRV was identified for the first time in this study. The results of this study provide valuable information on MRV reassortment and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Ye
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zhaoyang Ji
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Da Shi
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Liyan Cao
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Mingwei Li
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zhaoyang Jing
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Qiuge Liu
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Qianjin Fan
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Guangyi Cong
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yuru Han
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinyan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Li Feng
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China.
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21
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Becker ME, Healy S, Forbes W, Roberts J, LaCour J, Foil LD. POSTMORTEM DETECTION OF BLUETONGUE AND EPIZOOTIC HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE VIRUSES IN THE BONE MARROW OF WHITE-TAILED DEER ( ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS). J Wildl Dis 2020; 56:58-65. [PMID: 31403899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We determined the temporal aspects of detecting bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) in postmortem bone marrow samples of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) using molecular and in vitro cell culture techniques. Bone marrow samples from carcasses were collected and assayed on the day of death and at intervals up to 16 wk after death. We recovered BTV and EHDV from fresh bone marrow collected at day 0 by isolation in Vero and BHK-21 cell cultures. However, attempts to replicate the viruses from aged bone marrow in Vero and BHK-21 cell cultures failed. The real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) results confirmed that EHDV and BTV can be detected in aged bone marrow for up to 12 and 16 wk, respectively, after death. The RNA of BTV and EHDV could be detected by qRT-PCR in white-tailed deer bone marrow for extended periods of time postmortem. This technique will provide a useful tool for retrospective determination of BTV or EHDV infection of white-tailed deer at the time of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Becker
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Entomology, 415 Life Sciences, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Sean Healy
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Entomology, 415 Life Sciences, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Will Forbes
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Agricultural Experiment Station, Bob R. Jones Idlewild Research Station, 4419 Idlewild Drive, Clinton, Louisiana 70722, USA
| | - Jonathan Roberts
- Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry, Room 102 Agricultural Chemistry Building, 110 LSU Union Square, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - James LaCour
- Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, PO Box 98000, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70898, USA
| | - Lane D Foil
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Entomology, 415 Life Sciences, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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22
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Cauvin A, Dinh ETN, Orange JP, Shuman RM, Blackburn JK, Wisely SM. Antibodies to Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (EHDV) in Farmed and Wild Florida White-Tailed Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus). J Wildl Dis 2020; 56:208-213. [PMID: 31298969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The transmission of multiple serotypes of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) between farmed and free-ranging wildlife is of interest to livestock industries and natural resource agencies. We compared the seroprevalence of EHDV-1, -2, and -6 in wild and farmed white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) herds in Florida, US. We compared serological prevalence, circulating serotypes, antibody titers, and viremia with the use of 171 whole-blood samples from 150 unvaccinated white-tailed deer from farm pens, a farm preserve, and wild deer on adjacent public lands between March 2016 and May 2017. Despite aggressive chemical vector control on the farm, we found higher seroprevalence and titers against the predominant EHDV serotype in farmed deer (in pens and the preserve) than in wild deer. The higher exposure to EHDV of farmed vs. wild deer may have been because of the higher densities of farmed vs. wild deer, the presence of exotic amplifying hosts such as elk (Cervus canadensis) in the preserve, or genetic factors that predisposed farmed deer to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Cauvin
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Emily T N Dinh
- Spatial Epidemiology & Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, 3141 Turlington Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, 2055 Mowry Road, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Jeremy P Orange
- Spatial Epidemiology & Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, 3141 Turlington Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, 2055 Mowry Road, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Rebecca M Shuman
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 1105 SW Williston Road, Gainesville, Florida 32601, USA
| | - Jason K Blackburn
- Spatial Epidemiology & Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, 3141 Turlington Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, 2055 Mowry Road, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Samantha M Wisely
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, 110 Newins-Ziegler Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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23
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Forzán MJ, Renshaw RW, Bunting EM, Buckles E, Okoniewski J, Hynes K, Laverack M, Fadden M, Dastjerdi A, Schuler K, Dubovi EJ. A NOVEL ORTHOREOVIRUS ASSOCIATED WITH EPIZOOTIC NECROTIZING ENTERITIS AND SPLENIC NECROSIS IN AMERICAN CROWS ( CORVUS BRACHYRHYNCHOS). J Wildl Dis 2019; 55:812-822. [PMID: 31107635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Epizootic mortalities in American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) during the winter months, referred to as winter mortality of crows, have been recorded in North America for almost two decades. The most common postmortem findings include necrotizing enteritis, colitis, and fibrinous splenic necrosis. These findings are proposed to be due to infection with a Reovirus sp. Our objectives were to characterize the pathology and seasonality of the epizootics in New York State (NYS), confirm the causative role of an Orthoreovirus sp., and determine its phylogeny. On the basis of our proposed case definition for reovirosis, we examined case data collected by the NYS Wildlife Health Program for 16 yr. A total of 558 cases of reovirosis were recorded between 2001 and 2017. Reovirosis had a clear seasonal presentation: cases occurred almost exclusively in winter months (71% in December-January). Detailed data from a 2-yr period (2016-17) demonstrated that reovirosis caused up to 70% of all recorded crow deaths during epizootic months. Crows with positive orthoreovirus isolation from the spleen or intestine were 32 times more likely to die with characteristic histologic lesions of enteritis or enterocolitis and splenic necrosis than crows with negative isolation results. An in situ hybridization probe specific to virus isolated from NYS crow reovirosis cases demonstrated a direct association between viral presence and characteristic histologic lesions. Sigma C (capsid protein) sequences of isolates from NYS crows showed high homology with Tvärminne avian virus, recently proposed as a novel Corvus orthoreovirus clade, and only distantly related to the avian orthoreovirus clade. Our study indicated that a novel orthoreovirus was the cause of winter mortality (or reovirosis) of American Crows and placed the NYS isolates in the newly proposed genus of Corvid orthoreovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Forzán
- Cornell Wildlife Health Laboratory, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell School of Veterinary Medicine, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell School of Veterinary Medicine, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Randall W Renshaw
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell School of Veterinary Medicine, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Bunting
- Cornell Wildlife Health Laboratory, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell School of Veterinary Medicine, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Elizabeth Buckles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell School of Veterinary Medicine, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Joseph Okoniewski
- Wildlife Health Unit, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, 108 Game Farm Road, Delmar, New York 12054, USA
| | - Kevin Hynes
- Wildlife Health Unit, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, 108 Game Farm Road, Delmar, New York 12054, USA
| | - Melissa Laverack
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell School of Veterinary Medicine, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Melissa Fadden
- Cornell Wildlife Health Laboratory, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell School of Veterinary Medicine, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Akbar Dastjerdi
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Krysten Schuler
- Cornell Wildlife Health Laboratory, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell School of Veterinary Medicine, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Edward J Dubovi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell School of Veterinary Medicine, 240 Farrier Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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24
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Wang L, Lanka S, Cassout D, Mateus-Pinilla NE, Li G, Wilson WC, Yoo D, Shelton P, Fredrickson RL. Inter-serotype reassortment among epizootic haemorrhagic disease viruses in the United States. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1809-1820. [PMID: 31131970 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
First described in 1955 in New Jersey, epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) causes a severe clinical disease in wild and domestic ruminants worldwide. Epizootic haemorrhagic disease outbreaks occur in deer populations each year from summer to late autumn. The etiological agent is EHD virus (EHDV) which is a double-stranded segmented icosahedral RNA virus. EHD virus utilizes point mutations and reassortment strategies to maintain viral fitness during infection. In 2018, EHDV serotype 2 was predominantly detected in deer in Illinois. Whole genome sequencing was conducted for two 2018 EHDV2 isolates (IL41747 and IL42218) and the sequence analyses indicated that IL42218 was a reassortant between different serotypes whereas IL41747 was a genetically stable strain. Our data suggest that multiple strains contribute to outbreaks each year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Saraswathi Lanka
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Debbie Cassout
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Nohra E Mateus-Pinilla
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois
| | - Ganwu Li
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - William C Wilson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Dongwan Yoo
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Paul Shelton
- Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife Resources, Springfield, Illinois
| | - Richard L Fredrickson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
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25
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Vendramin N, Cuenca A, Sørensen J, Alencar ALF, Christiansen DH, Jacobsen JA, Axen C, Lieffrig F, Ruane NM, Martin P, Sheehan T, Iburg TM, Rimstad E, Olesen NJ. Presence and genetic variability of Piscine orthoreovirus genotype 1 (PRV-1) in wild salmonids in Northern Europe and North Atlantic Ocean. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:1107-1118. [PMID: 31140193 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Piscine orthoreovirus genotype 1 (PRV-1) is widespread in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) populations in northern Europe, Canada and Chile. PRV-1 occurs in wild fish in Norway and Canada; however, little information of its geographical distribution in wild populations is currently available, and the effect of PRV-1 infection in wild populations is currently unknown. In this study, we present the findings of a survey conducted on 1,130 wild salmonids sampled in Denmark, Sweden, Ireland, Faroe Islands, France, Belgium and Greenland between 2008 and 2017. PRV-1 is reported for the first time in wild salmonids in Denmark, Sweden, Faroe Island and Ireland. The annual PRV-1 prevalence ranged from 0% in France, Belgium and Greenland to 43% in Faroe Islands. In total, 66 samples tested positive for PRV-1, including Atlantic salmon broodfish returning to spawn and Atlantic salmon collected at the feeding ground north of Faroe Islands. The phylogenetic analysis of S1 sequences of the PRV-1 isolates obtained in this survey did not show systematic geographical distribution. This study sheds light on the spread and genetic diversity of the virus identified in populations of free-living fish and provides rationale for screening wild broodfish used in restocking programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccoló Vendramin
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Argelia Cuenca
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Juliane Sørensen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anna L F Alencar
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Debes H Christiansen
- National Reference Laboratory for fish diseases, Faroese Food and Veterinary Authority (FFVA), Torshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Jan A Jacobsen
- Havstovan Faroe Marine Research Institute (FAMRI), Torshavn, Faroe Islands
| | - Charlotte Axen
- Swedish National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Neil M Ruane
- Fish Health Unit, Marine Institute, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Timothy Sheehan
- Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | - Tine M Iburg
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Niels J Olesen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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26
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Schirtzinger EE, Jasperson DC, Ruder MG, Stallknecht DE, Chase CCL, Johnson DJ, Ostlund EN, Wilson WC. Evaluation of 2012 US EHDV-2 outbreak isolates for genetic determinants of cattle infection. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:556-567. [PMID: 30869580 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a summer of severe drought and abnormally high temperatures, a major outbreak of EHDV occurred during 2012 in the USA. Although EHDV-1, -2 and -6 were isolated, EHDV-2 was the predominant virus serotype detected during the outbreak. In addition to large losses of white-tailed deer, the Midwest and northern Plains saw a significant amount of clinical disease in cattle. Phylogenetic analyses and sequence comparisons of newly sequenced whole genomes of 2012 EHDV-2 cattle isolates demonstrated that eight of ten EHDV-2 genomic segments show no genetic changes that separate the cattle outbreak sequences from other EHDV-2 isolates. Two segments, VP2 and VP6, did show several unique genetic changes specific to the 2012 cattle outbreak isolates, although the impact of the genetic changes on viral fitness is unknown. The placement of isolates from 2007 and 2011 as sister group to the outbreak isolates, and the similarity between cattle and deer isolates, point to environmental variables as having a greater influence on the severity of the 2012 EHDV outbreak than viral genetic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Schirtzinger
- 1United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Dane C Jasperson
- 1United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Mark G Ruder
- 1United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
- 2Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David E Stallknecht
- 2Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Christopher C L Chase
- 3Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, SAR 125, Box 2175, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Donna J Johnson
- 4United States Department of Agriculture, Animal-Plant Health Inspection Service, National Veterinary Service Laboratories, Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, PO Box 844, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Eileen N Ostlund
- 4United States Department of Agriculture, Animal-Plant Health Inspection Service, National Veterinary Service Laboratories, Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, PO Box 844, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - William C Wilson
- 1United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
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27
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Garseth ÅH, Moldal T, Gåsnes SK, Hjortaas MJ, Sollien VP, Gjevre A. Piscine orthoreovirus-3 is prevalent in wild seatrout (Salmo trutta L.) in Norway. J Fish Dis 2019; 42:391-396. [PMID: 30659618 PMCID: PMC6850415 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In 2017, a PCR-based survey for Piscine orthoreovirus-3 (PRV-3) was conducted in wild anadromous and non-anadromous salmonids in Norway. In seatrout (anadromous Salmo trutta L.), the virus was present in 16.6% of the fish and in 15 of 21 investigated rivers. Four of 221 (1.8%) Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) from three of 15 rivers were also PCR-positive, with Ct-values indicating low amounts of viral RNA. All anadromous Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.) were PCR-negative. Neither non-anadromous trout (brown trout) nor landlocked salmon were PRV-3 positive. Altogether, these findings suggest that in Norway PRV-3 is more prevalent in the marine environment. In contrast, PRV-3 is present in areas with intensive inland farming in continental Europe. PRV-3 genome sequences from Norwegian seatrout grouped together with sequences from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) in Norway and Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch Walbaum) in Chile. At present, the origin of the virus remains unknown. Nevertheless, the study highlights the value of safeguarding native fish by upholding natural and artificial barriers that hinder introduction and spread, on a local or national scale, of alien fish species and their pathogens. Accordingly, further investigations of freshwater reservoirs and interactions with farmed salmonids are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Anne‐Gerd Gjevre
- Norwegian Veterinary InstituteOsloNorway
- Norwegian Food Safety AuthorityOsloNorway
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Dommergues L, Viarouge C, Métras R, Youssouffi C, Sailleau C, Zientara S, Cardinale E, Cêtre-Sossah C. Evidence of bluetongue and Epizootic Haemorrhagic disease circulation on the island of Mayotte. Acta Trop 2019; 191:24-28. [PMID: 30590029 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the epidemiological situation in Mayotte regarding two orbiviruses: Bluetongue virus (BTV) and Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease virus (EHDV). In all, 385 individual asymptomatic cattle were blood-sampled (one EDTA and one serum tube per animal) between February and June 2016. Antibody (ELISA) and genome prevalence (PCR) was assessed. Almost all the selected cattle showed antibodies against both BTV and EHDV, at 99.5% (CI95% [98.00, 100]) and 96.9% (CI95% [94.5, 98.3]), respectively. Most of the cattle acquired antibodies in their first years of age. EHDV and BTV genomes were detected in 25.2% (CI95% [21.1, 29.8]) and 18.2% (CI95% [14.6, 22.4]) of samples, respectively. Coinfection with BTV and EHDV was observed in 9.4% of samples (CI95% [6.8, 12.7]). Cattle under three years old were more frequently reported as positive for genome detection by PCR than older cattle. Five serotypes of BTV and one serotype of EHDV were identified from eight samples: BTV-4, BTV-9, BTV-11, BTV-15, BTV-19 and EHDV-6, of which some were reported in neighbouring areas. BTV and EHDV both circulate in Mayotte and in its surrounding territories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Dommergues
- GDS Mayotte-Coopérative Agricole des éleveurs Mahorais, Coconi, Mayotte, France.
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Raphaëlle Métras
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France; ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Corinne Sailleau
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stephan Zientara
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Eric Cardinale
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France; CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Catherine Cêtre-Sossah
- ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France; CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
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Kamomae Y, Kamomae M, Ohta Y, Nabe M, Kagawa Y, Ogura Y, Kato T, Tanaka S, Yanase T, Shirafuji H. Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Serotype 6 Infection in Cattle, Japan, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:902-905. [PMID: 29664367 PMCID: PMC5938786 DOI: 10.3201/eid2405.171859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During October–December 2015, an epizootic hemorrhagic disease outbreak occurred in cattle in Japan. Forty-six animals displayed fever, anorexia, cessation of rumination, salivation, and dysphagia. Virologic, serologic, and pathologic investigations revealed the causative agent was epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 6. Further virus characterization is needed to determine virus pathogenicity.
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Abstract
A virus isolated from a sick horse from India in 2008 was confirmed by next-generation sequencing analysis to be equine encephalosis virus (EEV). EEV in India is concerning because several species of Culicoides midge, which play a major role in EEV natural maintenance and transmission, are present in this country.
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Sloyer KE, Burkett-Cadena ND, Yang A, Corn JL, Vigil SL, McGregor BL, Wisely SM, Blackburn JK. Ecological niche modeling the potential geographic distribution of four Culicoides species of veterinary significance in Florida, USA. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0206648. [PMID: 30768605 PMCID: PMC6377124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) is a viral arthropod-borne disease affecting wild and domestic ruminants, caused by infection with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). EHDV is transmitted to vertebrate animal hosts by biting midges in the genus Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Culicoides sonorensis Wirth and Jones is the only confirmed vector of EHDV in the United States but is considered rare in Florida and not sufficiently abundant to support EHDV transmission. This study used ecological niche modeling to map the potential geographical distributions and associated ecological variable space of four Culicoides species suspected of transmitting EHDV in Florida, including Culicoides insignis Lutz, Culicoides stellifer (Coquillett), Culicoides debilipalpis Hoffman and Culicoides venustus Lutz. Models were developed with the Genetic Algorithm for Rule Set Production in DesktopGARP v1.1.3 using species occurrence data from field sampling along with environmental variables from WorldClim and Trypanosomiasis and Land use in Africa. For three Culicoides species (C. insignis, C. stellifer and C. debilipalpis) 96-98% of the presence points were predicted across the Florida landscape (63.8% - 72.5%). For C. venustus, models predicted 98.00% of presence points across 27.4% of Florida. Geographic variations were detected between species. Culicoides insignis was predicted to be restricted to peninsular Florida, and in contrast, C. venustus was predicted to be primarily in north Florida and the panhandle region. Culicoides stellifer and C. debilipalpis were predicted nearly statewide. Environmental conditions also differed by species, with some species' ranges predicted by more narrow ranges of variables than others. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was a major predictor of C. venustus and C. insignis presence. For C. stellifer, Land Surface Temperature, Middle Infrared were the most limiting predictors of presence. The limiting variables for C. debilipalpis were NDVI Bi-Annual Amplitude and NDVI Annual Amplitude at 22.5% and 28.1%, respectively. The model outputs, including maps and environmental variable range predictions generated from these experiments provide an important first pass at predicting species of veterinary importance in Florida. Because EHDV cannot exist in the environment without the vector, model outputs can be used to estimate the potential risk of disease for animal hosts across Florida. Results also provide distribution and habitat information useful for integrated pest management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E. Sloyer
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nathan D. Burkett-Cadena
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, Florida, United States of America
| | - Anni Yang
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Geography Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Joseph L. Corn
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stacey L. Vigil
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bethany L. McGregor
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, Florida, United States of America
| | - Samantha M. Wisely
- Department of Wildlife, Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jason K. Blackburn
- Spatial Epidemiology and Ecology Research Laboratory, Geography Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Vakalova EV, Butenko AM, Vishnevskaya TV, Dorofeeva TE, Gitelman AK, Kulikova LN, Lvov DK, Alkhovsky SV. [Results of investigation of ticks in Volga river delta (Astrakhan region, 2017) for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (Nairoviridae, Orthonairovirus, CCHFV) and other tick-borne arboviruses.]. Vopr Virusol 2019; 64:221-228. [PMID: 32167687 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-2019-64-5-221-228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are natural foci of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) that vectored by Hyalomma marginatum ticks in Volga river delta (Astrakhan region, South of Russia). The circulation of Dhori virus (DHOV) (Thogotovirus: Orthomyxoviridae) has been also shown here. We hypothesized that other tick-borne arboviruses are also likely to circulate in the region. In particular, Bhanja virus (Phlebovirus: Phenuiviridae), Wad Medani virus (Orbivirus: Reoviridae), and Tamdy virus (Orthonairovirus: Nairoviridae), which were found to circulate in neighboring regions and are vectored by Haemaphysalis spp., Dermacenter spp., and Hyalomma spp. ticks. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to examine ixodid ticks in Volga river delta for the presence of CCHFV, DHOV, Bhanja virus, Wad Medani virus, and Tamdy virus. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ticks were collected in Volga river delta in 2017. We used molecular genetic methods for the detection and analysis of nucleic acids (PCR, sequencing, phylogenetic analysis). RESULTS We detect CCHFV and DHOV RNA in H. marginatum ticks. The rate of infected H. marginatum ticks was 1.98% for CCHFV and 0.4% for DHOV. The results of genetic analysis showed that found DHOV strains are almost identical (99-100% in the M gene) and forms a separate genetic lineage alongside of Batken virus from Central Asia. At the same time, Bhanja virus, Wad Medani virus, and Tamdy virus were not found in ticks, collected in this region. CONCLUSIONS DHOV is circulating in the natural foci of CCHF in the Volga river delta. The ratio of infection of H. marginatum with CCHFV and DHOV was determined for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Vakalova
- Astrakhan Anti-plague Station, Astrakhan, 414024, Russia
- Astrakhan State Medical University, Astrakhan, 414011, Russia
- A.M. Nichogi Regional Infectious Clinical Hospital, Astrakhan, 414011, Russia
| | - A M Butenko
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - T V Vishnevskaya
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - T E Dorofeeva
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - A K Gitelman
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - L N Kulikova
- Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology in Astrakhan region, Astrakhan, 414057, Russia
| | - D K Lvov
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - S V Alkhovsky
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya, Moscow, 123098, Russia
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Has the mystery of brown trout deaths been solved? Vet Rec 2018; 183:676-7. [PMID: 30523179 DOI: 10.1136/vr.k5174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Every year, brown trout die in rivers in central Europe. But now, researchers think they have found the causative agent. Georgina Mills reports.
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Madhun AS, Isachsen CH, Omdal LM, Einen ACB, Maehle S, Wennevik V, Niemelä E, Svåsand T, Karlsbakk E. Prevalence of piscine orthoreovirus and salmonid alphavirus in sea-caught returning adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in northern Norway. J Fish Dis 2018; 41:797-803. [PMID: 29388217 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) caused by piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) and pancreas disease (PD) caused by salmonid alphavirus (SAV) are among the most prevalent viral diseases of Atlantic salmon farmed in Norway. There are limited data about the impact of disease in farmed salmon on wild salmon populations. Therefore, the prevalence of PRV and SAV in returning salmon caught in six sea sites was determined using real-time RT-PCR analyses. Of 419 salmon tested, 15.8% tested positive for PRV, while none were positive for SAV. However, scale reading revealed that 10% of the salmon had escaped from farms. The prevalence of PRV in wild salmon (8%) was significantly lower than in farm escapees (86%), and increased with fish length (proxy for age). Sequencing of the S1 gene of PRV from 39 infected fish revealed a mix of genotypes. The observed increase in PRV prevalence with fish age and the lack of phylogeographic structure of the virus could be explained by virus transmission in the feeding areas. Our results highlight the need for studies about the prevalence of PRV and other pathogens in Atlantic salmon in its oceanic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Madhun
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - L M Omdal
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - A C B Einen
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - S Maehle
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - V Wennevik
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - E Niemelä
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Svåsand
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - E Karlsbakk
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Purcell MK, Powers RL, Evered J, Kerwin J, Meyers TR, Stewart B, Winton JR. Molecular testing of adult Pacific salmon and trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) for several RNA viruses demonstrates widespread distribution of piscine orthoreovirus in Alaska and Washington. J Fish Dis 2018; 41:347-355. [PMID: 29159930 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This research was initiated in conjunction with a systematic, multiagency surveillance effort in the United States (U.S.) in response to reported findings of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) RNA in British Columbia, Canada. In the systematic surveillance study reported in a companion paper, tissues from various salmonids taken from Washington and Alaska were surveyed for ISAV RNA using the U.S.-approved diagnostic method, and samples were released for use in this present study only after testing negative. Here, we tested a subset of these samples for ISAV RNA with three additional published molecular assays, as well as for RNA from salmonid alphavirus (SAV), piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV) and piscine orthoreovirus (PRV). All samples (n = 2,252; 121 stock cohorts) tested negative for RNA from ISAV, PMCV, and SAV. In contrast, there were 25 stock cohorts from Washington and Alaska that had one or more individuals test positive for PRV RNA; prevalence within stocks varied and ranged from 2% to 73%. The overall prevalence of PRV RNA-positive individuals across the study was 3.4% (77 of 2,252 fish tested). Findings of PRV RNA were most common in coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch Walbaum) and Chinook (O. tshawytscha Walbaum) salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Purcell
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - R L Powers
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J Evered
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Olympia Fish Health Center, Lacey, WA, USA
| | - J Kerwin
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA, USA
| | - T R Meyers
- Division of Commercial Fisheries, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, AK, USA
| | - B Stewart
- Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission, Olympia, WA, USA
| | - J R Winton
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Mills MK, Ruder MG, Nayduch D, Michel K, Drolet BS. Dynamics of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus infection within the vector, Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188865. [PMID: 29176848 PMCID: PMC5703522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Culicoides sonorensis biting midges are confirmed vectors of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), which causes mortality in white-tailed deer and ruminant populations. Currently, of the seven EHDV serotypes, only 1, 2, and 6 are detected in the USA, and very few studies have focused on the infection time course of these serotypes within the midge. The objective of this current research was to characterize EHDV-2 infection within the midge by measuring infection prevalence, virus dissemination, and viral load over the course of infection. Midges were fed a blood meal containing 106.9 PFU/ml EHDV-2, collected every 12 h from 0-2 days post feeding (dpf) and daily from 3-10 dpf, and cohorts of 20 C. sonorensis were processed using techniques that assessed EHDV infection and dissemination. Cytopathic effect assays and quantitative (q)PCR were used to determine infection prevalence, revealing a 50% infection rate by 10 dpf using both methods. Using immunohistochemistry, EHDV-2 infection was detectable at 5 dpf, and shown to disseminate from the midgut to other tissues, including fat body, eyes, and salivary glands by 5 dpf. Stain intensity increased from 5-8 dpf, indicating replication of EHDV-2 in secondary infection sites after dissemination. This finding is also supported by trends in viral load over time as determined by plaque assays and qPCR. An increase in titer between 4-5 dpf correlated with viral replication in the midgut as seen with staining at day 5, while the subsequent gradual increase in viral load from 8-10 dpf suggested viral replication in midges with disseminated infection. Overall, the data presented herein suggest that EHDV-2 disseminates via the hemolymph to secondary infection sites throughout the midge and demonstrate a high potential for transmission at five days at 25°C after an infective blood-meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K. Mills
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Mark G. Ruder
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dana Nayduch
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Kristin Michel
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BD); (KM)
| | - Barbara S. Drolet
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (BD); (KM)
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Nham EG, Pearl DL, Slavic D, Ouckama R, Ojkic D, Guerin MT. Flock-level prevalence, geographical distribution, and seasonal variation of avian reovirus among broiler flocks in Ontario. Can Vet J 2017; 58:828-834. [PMID: 28761188 PMCID: PMC5508928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) is an economically significant pathogen of broiler chickens. Our objective was to determine the prevalence, geographical distribution, and seasonal variation of ARV infection among commercial broiler flocks in Ontario, Canada during grow-out. A cross-sectional study of 231 randomly selected flocks was conducted from July 2010 to January 2012. Fifteen blood samples, 15 whole intestines, and 15 cloacal swabs per flock were collected at slaughter; ELISA and PCR were used to determine a flock's ARV exposure status. Avian reovirus prevalence was 91% (95% CI: 87 to 94). District alone did not significantly explain the overall variation in the prevalence of ARV (univariable logistic regression; P = 0.073), although geographical differences were identified. The odds of ARV presence were significantly lower in the summer/autumn compared to the winter/spring (univariable exact logistic regression; P < 0.001). There was no association between flock mortality and flock ELISA mean titer or PCR status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G. Nham
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Eric G. Nham; e-mail:
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Kaithal B, Jindal N, Kumar P, Mor SK. Detection and molecular characterization of enteric viruses in enteritis-affected commercial broiler chickens in India. Acta Virol 2017; 60:361-371. [PMID: 27928915 DOI: 10.4149/av_2016_04_361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to detect and characterize the enteric viruses (chicken astrovirus, avian nephritis virus and avian orthoreovirus) present in flocks of commercial broiler chickens suffering from enteritis in Haryana, India. The intestinal contents were collected from 65 enteritis-affected flocks (cases) and tested by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Of these 65 cases, 35 (53.80%) were positive for a single virus and 26 (40.00%) for two viruses. The remaining four samples were negative for all three viruses tested. Of the 65 cases, 57 were positive for chicken astrovirus (CAstV) while 30 cases had avian nephritis virus (ANV). None of the cases were positive for orthoreovirus. Comparison of 12 CAstVs of this study with previously published CAstV sequences revealed nucleotide identities ranging from 73.20 to 98.00%. The nucleotide identities ranged between 83.10-95.50% when nine ANVs of this study were compared with previously reported ANV sequences. The amino acid sequences of CAstVs in comparison to previously published sequences revealed certain unique changes. Phylogeny based on polymerase gene revealed that CAstVs and ANVs of this study were under the same monophyletic clade. In conclusion, a large number of broiler chicken flocks experiencing enteritis were positive for CAstV and ANV by RT-PCR. The presence of more than one enteric virus in enteritis-affected flocks and changes at the genetic level in these viruses may affect the severity of disease.
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Madhun AS, Isachsen CH, Omdal LM, Bårdsgjære Einen AC, Bjørn PA, Nilsen R, Karlsbakk E. Occurrence of salmonid alphavirus (SAV) and piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) infections in wild sea trout Salmo trutta in Norway. Dis Aquat Organ 2016; 120:109-113. [PMID: 27409234 DOI: 10.3354/dao03009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Viral diseases represent a serious problem in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) farming in Norway. Pancreas disease (PD) caused by salmonid alphavirus (SAV) and heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) caused by piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) are among the most frequently diagnosed viral diseases in recent years. The possible spread of viruses from salmon farms to wild fish is a major public concern. Sea trout S. trutta collected from the major farming areas along the Norwegian coast are likely to have been exposed to SAV and PRV from farms with disease outbreaks. We examined 843 sea trout from 4 counties in Norway for SAV and PRV infections. We did not detect SAV in any of the tested fish, although significant numbers of the trout were caught in areas with frequent PD outbreaks. Low levels of PRV were detected in 1.3% of the sea trout. PRV-infected sea trout were caught in both salmon farming and non-farming areas, so the occurrence of infections was not associated with farming intensity or HSMI cases. Our results suggest that SAV and PRV infections are uncommon in wild sea trout. Hence, we found no evidence that sea trout are at risk from SAV or PRV released from salmon farms.
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Garver KA, Johnson SC, Polinski MP, Bradshaw JC, Marty GD, Snyman HN, Morrison DB, Richard J. Piscine Orthoreovirus from Western North America Is Transmissible to Atlantic Salmon and Sockeye Salmon but Fails to Cause Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146229. [PMID: 26730591 PMCID: PMC4701501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) is a significant and often fatal disease of cultured Atlantic salmon in Norway. The consistent presence of Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) in HSMI diseased fish along with the correlation of viral load and antigen with development of lesions has supported the supposition that PRV is the etiologic agent of this condition; yet the absence of an in vitro culture system to demonstrate disease causation and the widespread prevalence of this virus in the absence of disease continues to obfuscate the etiological role of PRV with regard to HSMI. In this study, we explore the infectivity and disease causing potential of PRV from western North America—a region now considered endemic for PRV but without manifestation of HSMI—in challenge experiments modeled upon previous reports associating PRV with HSMI. We identified that western North American PRV is highly infective by intraperitoneal injection in Atlantic salmon as well as through cohabitation of both Atlantic and Sockeye salmon. High prevalence of viral RNA in peripheral blood of infected fish persisted for as long as 59 weeks post-challenge. Nevertheless, no microscopic lesions, disease, or mortality could be attributed to the presence of PRV, and only a minor transcriptional induction of the antiviral Mx gene occurred in blood and kidney samples during log-linear replication of viral RNA. Comparative analysis of the S1 segment of PRV identified high similarity between this North American sequence and previous sequences associated with HSMI, suggesting that factors such as viral co-infection, alternate PRV strains, host condition, or specific environmental circumstances may be required to cause this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A. Garver
- Pacific Biological Station, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Stewart C. Johnson
- Pacific Biological Station, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark P. Polinski
- Pacific Biological Station, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julia C. Bradshaw
- Pacific Biological Station, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gary D. Marty
- Animal Health Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Heindrich N. Snyman
- Animal Health Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Jon Richard
- Pacific Biological Station, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
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Abstract
Summary Epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) is an arthropod-transmitted viral disease of certain wild ungulates, notably North American white-tailed deer and, more rarely, cattle. The disease in white-tailed deer results from vascular injury analogous to that caused by bluetongue virus (BTV), to which EHD virus (EHDV) is closely related. There are seven serotypes of EHDV recognised, and Ibaraki virus, which is the cause of sporadic disease outbreaks in cattle in Asia, is included in EHDV serotype 2. The global distribution and epidemiology of BTV and EHDV infections are also similar, as both viruses occur throughout temperate and tropical regions of the world where they are transmitted by biting Culicoides midges and infect a wide variety of domestic and wild ungulates. However, the global distribution and epidemiology of EHDV infection are less well characterised than they are for BTV. Whereas most natural and experimental EHDV infections (other than Ibaraki virus infection) of livestock are subclinical or asymptomatic, outbreaks of EHD have recently been reported among cattle in the Mediterranean Basin, Reunion Island, South Africa, and the United States. Accurate and convenient laboratory tests are increasingly available for the sensitive and specific serological and virological diagnosis of EHDV infection and confirmation of EHD in animals, but commercial vaccines are available only for prevention of Ibaraki disease and not for protection against other strains and serotypes of EHDV.
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Méndez-López MR, Attoui H, Florin D, Calisher CH, Florian-Carrillo JC, Montero S. Association of vectors and environmental conditions during the emergence of Peruvian horse sickness orbivirus and Yunnan orbivirus in northern Peru. J Vector Ecol 2015; 40:355-363. [PMID: 26611971 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Since 1983, cases of diseased donkeys and horses with symptoms similar to those produced by alphaviruses were identified in two departments in northern Peru; however serological testing ruled out the presence of those viruses and attempts to isolate an agent were also unproductive. In 1997, also in northern Peru, two new orbiviruses were discovered, each recognized as a causative agent of neurological diseases in livestock and domestic animals and, at the same time, mosquitoes were found to be infected with these viruses. Peruvian horse sickness virus (PHSV) was isolated from pools of culicid mosquitoes, Aedes serratus and Psorophora ferox, and Yunnan virus (YUOV) was isolated from Aedes scapularis in the subtropical jungle (upper jungle) located on the slope between the east side of the Andes and the Amazonian basin in the Department of San Martín. Both viruses later were recovered from mosquitoes collected above the slope between the west side of the Andes and the coast (Department of Piura) in humid subtropical areas associated with the Piura River basin. In this region, PHSV was isolated from Anopheles albimanus and YUOV was isolated from Ae. scapularis. We discuss the ecology of vector mosquitoes during the outbreaks in the areas where these mosquitoes were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- María R Méndez-López
- Instituto de Investigación de la Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Av. Alameda del Corregidor 1561, La Molina, Lima, Perú.
| | - Houssam Attoui
- Department of Vector-Borne Viral Diseases, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - David Florin
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Charles H Calisher
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.A
| | - J Christian Florian-Carrillo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical "Daniel A. Carrión", Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos - Facultad de Medicina. Ciudad Universitaria, Lima, Peru
| | - Stephanie Montero
- Instituto de Investigación de la Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Av. Alameda del Corregidor 1561, La Molina, Lima, Perú
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43
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Siah A, Morrison DB, Fringuelli E, Savage P, Richmond Z, Johns R, Purcell MK, Johnson SC, Saksida SM. Piscine Reovirus: Genomic and Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis from Farmed and Wild Salmonids Collected on the Canada/US Pacific Coast. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141475. [PMID: 26536673 PMCID: PMC4633109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Piscine reovirus (PRV) is a double stranded non-enveloped RNA virus detected in farmed and wild salmonids. This study examined the phylogenetic relationships among different PRV sequence types present in samples from salmonids in Western Canada and the US, including Alaska (US), British Columbia (Canada) and Washington State (US). Tissues testing positive for PRV were partially sequenced for segment S1, producing 71 sequences that grouped into 10 unique sequence types. Sequence analysis revealed no identifiable geographical or temporal variation among the sequence types. Identical sequence types were found in fish sampled in 2001, 2005 and 2014. In addition, PRV positive samples from fish derived from Alaska, British Columbia and Washington State share identical sequence types. Comparative analysis of the phylogenetic tree indicated that Canada/US Pacific Northwest sequences formed a subgroup with some Norwegian sequence types (group II), distinct from other Norwegian and Chilean sequences (groups I, III and IV). Representative PRV positive samples from farmed and wild fish in British Columbia and Washington State were subjected to genome sequencing using next generation sequencing methods. Individual analysis of each of the 10 partial segments indicated that the Canadian and US PRV sequence types clustered separately from available whole genome sequences of some Norwegian and Chilean sequences for all segments except the segment S4. In summary, PRV was genetically homogenous over a large geographic distance (Alaska to Washington State), and the sequence types were relatively stable over a 13 year period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Siah
- British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Elena Fringuelli
- Veterinary Sciences Division, AFBI Stormont, Stoney Road, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Savage
- Veterinary Sciences Division, AFBI Stormont, Stoney Road, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Zina Richmond
- British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert Johns
- British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maureen K. Purcell
- US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | | | - Sonja M. Saksida
- British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada
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Lu H, Tang Y, Dunn PA, Wallner-Pendleton EA, Lin L, Knoll EA. Isolation and molecular characterization of newly emerging avian reovirus variants and novel strains in Pennsylvania, USA, 2011-2014. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14727. [PMID: 26469681 PMCID: PMC4606735 DOI: 10.1038/srep14727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) infections of broiler and turkey flocks have caused significant clinical disease and economic losses in Pennsylvania (PA) since 2011. Most of the ARV-infected birds suffered from severe arthritis, tenosynovitis, pericarditis and depressed growth or runting-stunting syndrome (RSS). A high morbidity (up to 20% to 40%) was observed in ARV-affected flocks, and the flock mortality was occasionally as high as 10%. ARV infections in turkeys were diagnosed for the first time in PA in 2011. From 2011 to 2014, a total of 301 ARV isolations were made from affected PA poultry. The molecular characterization of the Sigma C gene of 114 field isolates, representing most ARV outbreaks, revealed that only 21.93% of the 114 sequenced ARV isolates were in the same genotyping cluster (cluster 1) as the ARV vaccine strains (S1133, 1733, and 2048), whereas 78.07% of the sequenced isolates were in genotyping clusters 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 (which were distinct from the vaccine strains) and represented newly emerging ARV variants. In particular, genotyping cluster 6 was a new ARV genotype that was identified for the first time in 10 novel PA ARV variants of field isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaguang Lu
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Yi Tang
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Patricia A. Dunn
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Eva A. Wallner-Pendleton
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Lin Lin
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Eric A. Knoll
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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45
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Stevens G, McCluskey B, King A, O’Hearn E, Mayr G. Review of the 2012 Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Outbreak in Domestic Ruminants in the United States. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133359. [PMID: 26244773 PMCID: PMC4526531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An unusually large number of cases of Epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) were observed in United States cattle and white-tailed deer in the summer and fall of 2012. USDA APHIS Veterinary Services area offices were asked to report on foreign animal disease investigations and state diagnostic laboratory submissions which resulted in a diagnosis of EHD based on positive PCR results. EHD was reported in the following species: cattle (129 herds), captive white-tailed deer (65 herds), bison (8 herds), yak (6 herds), elk (1 herd), and sheep (1 flock). A majority of the cases in cattle and bison were found in Nebraska, South Dakota, and Iowa. The majority of cases in captive white-tailed deer were found in Ohio, Iowa, Michigan, and Missouri. The most common clinical sign observed in the cattle and bison herds was oral lesions. The major observation in captive white-tailed deer herds was death. Average within-herd morbidity was 7% in cattle and bison herds, and 46% in captive white-tailed deer herds. The average within-herd mortality in captive white-tailed deer herds was 42%.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Stevens
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - B. McCluskey
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - A. King
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Jefferson City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - E. O’Hearn
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island, New York, United States of America
| | - G. Mayr
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island, New York, United States of America
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46
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Marty GD, Morrison DB, Bidulka J, Joseph T, Siah A. Piscine reovirus in wild and farmed salmonids in British Columbia, Canada: 1974-2013. J Fish Dis 2015; 38:713-28. [PMID: 25048977 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Piscine reovirus (PRV) was common among wild and farmed salmonids in British Columbia, western Canada, from 1987 to 2013. Salmonid tissues tested for PRV by real-time rRT-PCR included sections from archived paraffin blocks from 1974 to 2008 (n = 363) and fresh-frozen hearts from 2013 (n = 916). The earliest PRV-positive sample was from a wild-source steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), from 1977. By histopathology (n = 404), no fish had lesions diagnostic for heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI). In some groups, lymphohistiocytic endocarditis affected a greater proportion of fish with PRV than fish without PRV, but the range of Ct values among affected fish was within the range of Ct values among unaffected fish. Also, fish with the lowest PRV Ct values (18.4-21.7) lacked endocarditis or any other consistent lesion. From 1987 to 1994, the proportion of PRV positives was not significantly different between farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. (44% of 48), and wild-source salmonids (31% of 45). In 2013, the proportion of PRV positives was not significantly different between wild coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), sampled from British Columbia (5.0% of 60) or the reference region, Alaska, USA (10% of 58).
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Marty
- Animal Health Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, BC, Canada
| | - D B Morrison
- Marine Harvest Canada, Campbell River, BC, Canada
| | - J Bidulka
- Animal Health Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, BC, Canada
| | - T Joseph
- Animal Health Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - A Siah
- British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, Campbell River, BC, Canada
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47
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Zainathan SC, Carlile G, Carson J, McColl KA, Crane MSJ, Williams LM, Hoad J, Moody NJG, Aiken HM, Browning GF, Nowak BF. Development and application of molecular methods (PCR) for detection of Tasmanian Atlantic salmon reovirus. J Fish Dis 2015; 38:739-754. [PMID: 25130771 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Molecular (PCR) diagnostic tests for the detection and identification of aquareovirus in general, and Tasmanian Atlantic salmon reovirus (TSRV) specifically, were developed, and their diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were determined and compared with virus isolation in cell culture. Intralaboratory and interlaboratory comparison of PCR (conventional hemi-nested RT-PCR & RT-qPCR) and virus isolation in cell culture using finfish cell lines, CHSE-214 and EPC, was carried out for the detection and identification of TSRV using field samples of farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, L. from various aquaculture sites around Tasmania. The interlaboratory comparison of diagnostic methods was carried out between two laboratories, AAHL-CSIRO and DPIPWE-Tasmania. A total of 144 fish from nine sites (12-33 fish per site) were sampled from two regions of Tasmania (Tamar River estuary in the north and Huon River estuary in the south-east) during late spring to early summer of 2009, and the data were analysed using different statistical approaches. The prevalence of TSRV ranged from 6% to 22% in both regions. All the diagnostic methods (data from both laboratories) had high specificity, while the estimated sensitivity varied between tests with RT-qPCR being the most sensitive (95.2%) method followed by virus isolation and then conventional hemi-nested RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Zainathan
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - G Carlile
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - J Carson
- Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment, Department, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - K A McColl
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - M St J Crane
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - L M Williams
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - J Hoad
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - N J G Moody
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - H M Aiken
- Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, Department, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - G F Browning
- Veterinary Microbiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - B F Nowak
- National Centre for Marine Conservation and Resource Sustainability, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
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48
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Blindheim S, Nylund A, Watanabe K, Plarre H, Erstad B, Nylund S. A new aquareovirus causing high mortality in farmed Atlantic halibut fry in Norway. Arch Virol 2015; 160:91-102. [PMID: 25348270 PMCID: PMC4284399 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A new aquareovirus was isolated from cultured Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) fry at a facility where massive mortalities had occurred during the start-feeding phase. The same virus was also detected in juveniles (about 10 grams) of the 2013 generation at two other production sites, but not in larger fish from generations 2007-2012. The virus replicated in BF-2 and CHSE-214 cell cultures and produced syncytia and plaque-like cytopathic effects. This Atlantic halibut reovirus (AHRV) was associated with necrosis of the liver and pancreas, syncytium formation in these tissues, and distinct viroplasm areas within the syncytium in halibut fry. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the viroplasm contained virions, non-enveloped, icosahedral particles approximately 70 nm in diameter with a double capsid layer, amorphous material, and tubular structures. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene from the AHRV isolates showed the highest amino acid sequence identity (80 %) to an isolate belonging to the species Aquareovirus A, Atlantic salmon reovirus TS (ASRV-TS). A partial sequence from the putative fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) protein of AHRV was obtained, and this sequence showed the highest amino acid sequence identity (46.8 %) to Green River Chinook virus which is an unassigned member of the genus Aquareovirus, while a comparison with isolates belonging to the species Aquareovirus A showed <33 % identity. A proper assessment of the relationship of AHRV to all members of the genus Aquareovirus, however, is hampered by the absence of genetic data from members of several Aquareovirus species. AHRV is the first aquareovirus isolated from a marine coldwater fish species and the second reovirus detected in farmed fish in Norway. A similar disease of halibut fry, as described in this paper, has also been described in halibut production facilities in Canada and Scotland.
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49
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Schachner O, Soliman H, Straif M, Schilcher F, El-Matbouli M. Isolation and characterization of a novel reovirus from white bream Blicca bjoerkna. Dis Aquat Organ 2014; 112:131-138. [PMID: 25449324 DOI: 10.3354/dao02797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
During a fish health inspection in the Viennese waterway 'Old Danube', a virus was isolated exclusively from white bream Blicca bjoerkna (L.) (formerly Abramis bjoerkna L.), one of the most abundant cyprinids present and not known as a host species for this virus. The virus preferentially replicated in cultures of the epithelioma papulosum cyprini cell line where focal plaques of infection developed slowly. Examination of infected cell cultures by electron microscopy revealed non-enveloped 60 to 70 nm icosahedral virions that had characteristic multiple segregated protrusions of their outer capsid. A partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene sequence was obtained and a BLAST search indicated 76% identity to golden shiner reovirus and grass carp reovirus. These results suggested that the virus belonged to the genus Aquareovirus (Family Reoviridae). Phylogenetic analysis placed the isolated virus within a clade of the species Aquareovirus C species. Accordingly, the virus was tentatively designated as white bream reovirus (WBRV) strain A-127/06 within the species Aquareovirus C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Schachner
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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50
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Yang S, Wu S, Li N, Shi C, Deng G, Wang Q, Zeng W, Lin Q. A cross-sectional study of the association between risk factors and hemorrhagic disease of grass carp in ponds in Southern China. J Aquat Anim Health 2013; 25:265-273. [PMID: 24341768 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2013.830996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A cross-sectional survey of 215 Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella ponds was conducted in southern China between May 2010 and November 2011. An in-depth questionnaire was developed to evaluate a series of biosecurity practices, environmental factors, and management factors at the farm level. Fish samples with clinical hemorrhagic signs were also collected from each pond to assess the clinical disease of Grass Carp reovirus by using reverse transcription (RT) PCR assay. The association between the incidence of Grass Carp hemorrhagic disease (GCHD) and risk factors was analyzed using logistic regression. Of the 215 ponds, 144 showed GCHD-positive responses to RT-PCR assay. In addition, survey results revealed that inferior environmental conditions occurred in most ponds with an incidence of GCHD; such conditions included a thick mud layer; no cleansing and restoration practices (CRPs) before culture; and poor water quality (i.e., high ammonia nitrogen and nitrite concentrations and low transparency). Logistic regression model results suggested that decreased risks were associated with fry vaccination, a safe water source, and deepening of the water level, whereas increased risk factors mainly included no CRPs, excessive rearing density, disease history, and inferior water quality. Presently, control efforts are restricted to immunization of Grass Carp as the best management option for farms. Deepening the water levels and improving water sources can also effectively reduce the incidence of GCHD by diluting the pond rearing densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yang
- a Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development; Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangdong Province , Guangzhou , 510380 , China
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