7901
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Abstract
This article reviews the evidence that adhesion molecules are critical in leukocyte recirculation and pathogenesis of diseases affecting the closely related tissues of the liver and gut, which offer novel opportunities for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ala
- Centre for Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Royal Free & University College School of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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7902
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Bonderup OK, Hansen JB, Birket-Smith L, Vestergaard V, Teglbjaerg PS, Fallingborg J. Budesonide treatment of collagenous colitis: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial with morphometric analysis. Gut 2003; 52:248-51. [PMID: 12524408 PMCID: PMC1774966 DOI: 10.1136/gut.52.2.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collagenous colitis is characterised by diarrhoea, lymphocytic inflammation, and a thickened subepithelial collagen layer in the colorectal mucosa. No standard treatment of the disease is established. AIMS To investigate the clinical and histological effect of oral budesonide (Entocort, AstraZeneca) in the treatment of collagenous colitis. PATIENTS Twenty patients with collagenous colitis (collagen layer >10 micro m) and diarrhoea (>4 stools/day and/or stool weight >200 g/day). METHODS A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial of budesonide treatment. Patients were randomised to placebo or budesonide for eight weeks. Stool frequency and stool weight were registered before and after treatment. Sigmoidoscopy was performed before and after treatment, and biopsies at fixed locations were obtained for morphometric analysis. RESULTS Ten patients were randomised to budesonide and 10 to placebo. All 10 patients receiving budesonide had a clinical response compared with two in the placebo group (p<0.001). In the budesonide group, stool weight was reduced from 574 g/day to 200 g/day and stool frequency was reduced from 6.2/day to 1.9/day (p<0.01). The histological inflammation grade in the sigmoid mucosa and the thickness of the collagen layer were significantly reduced. A correlation between the grade of inflammation as well as collagen layer thickness and stool weight was found. No side effects were reported. Eight of 10 patients had relapse of symptoms within eight weeks after stopping treatment. CONCLUSIONS Budesonide is a highly effective and well tolerated treatment of collagenous colitis. There is a high risk of relapse after stopping eight weeks of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- O K Bonderup
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark Institute of Pathology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
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7903
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Abstract
Women and men with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) frequently express concerns about fertility and pregnancy. The evidence suggests that women with IBD can expect to have a normal pregnancy outcome provided they have inactive disease. They have an increased risk of having a small or premature baby but the majority will have a normal outcome of pregnancy. The commonly used drugs appear to be safe and well tolerated in pregnancy. There remains a need for further studies in this area to help in the difficult decisions about the management of IBD around the time of conception and during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Alstead
- Bart's and the London School of Medicine, and Whipps Cross University Hospital, London, UK.
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7904
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Affiliation(s)
- J Compston
- Box 157, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.
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7905
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Gad M, Brimnes J, Claesson MH. CD4+ T regulatory cells from the colonic lamina propria of normal mice inhibit proliferation of enterobacteria-reactive, disease-inducing Th1-cells from scid mice with colitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 131:34-40. [PMID: 12519383 PMCID: PMC1808604 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells into scid mice leads to a chronic colitis in the recipients. The transferred CD4+ T cells accumulate in the intestinal lamina propria (LP), express an activated Th1 phenotype and proliferate vigorously when exposed ex vivo to enteric bacterial antigens. As LP CD4+ T cells from normal BALB/c mice do not respond to enteric bacterial antigens, we have investigated whether colonic LP-derived CD4+ T cells from normal mice suppress the antibacterial response of CD4+ T cells from scid mice with colitis. LP-derived CD4+ T cells cocultured with bone marrow-derived dendritic cells effectively suppress the antibacterial proliferative response of CD4+ T cells from scid mice with colitis. The majority of these LP T-reg cells display a nonactivated phenotype and suppression is independent of antigen exposure, is partly mediated by soluble factor(s) different from IL-10 and TGF-beta, and is not prevented by the addition of high doses of IL-2 to the assay culture. Functionally and phenotypically the T-reg cells of the present study differ from previously described subsets of T-reg cells. The presence of T cells with a regulatory potential in the normal colonic mucosa suggests a role for these cells in the maintenance of local immune homeostasis of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gad
- Department of Medical Anatomy A, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7906
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Zouali H, Lesage S, Merlin F, Cézard JP, Colombel JF, Belaiche J, Almer S, Tysk C, O'Morain C, Gassull M, Christensen S, Finkel Y, Modigliani R, Gower-Rousseau C, Macry J, Chamaillard M, Thomas G, Hugot JP. CARD4/NOD1 is not involved in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2003; 52:71-4. [PMID: 12477763 PMCID: PMC1773516 DOI: 10.1136/gut.52.1.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are complex genetic disorders. CARD15/NOD2, a member of the Ced4 superfamily which includes Apaf-1 and CARD4/NOD1, has recently been associated with genetic predisposition to CD but additional genetic factors remain to be identified. Because CARD4/NOD1 shares many structural and functional similarities with CARD15, we tested its putative role in IBD. PATIENTS AND METHODS The 11 exons of CARD4 were screened for the presence of variants in 63 unrelated IBD patients. The only non-private genetic variation encoding for a substitution in the peptidic chain was genotyped in 381 IBD families (235 CD, 58 UC, 81 mixed, and seven indeterminate colitis families) using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism procedure. Genotyping data were analysed by the transmission disequilibrium test. RESULTS Five of nine sequence variations identified in the coding sequence of the gene encoded for non-conservative changes (E266K, D372N, R705Q, T787M, and T787K). Four were present in only one family. The remaining variant (E266K), which exhibited an allele frequency of 0.28, was not associated with CD, UC, or IBD. Furthermore, IBD patients carrying sequence variations in their CARD4 gene had a similar phenotype to those with a normal sequence. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that CARD4 does not play a major role in genetic susceptibility to IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zouali
- Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH, Paris, France
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7907
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Interleukin (IL) 17 is a cytokine which exerts strong proinflammatory activities. In this study we evaluated changes in IL-17 expression in the inflamed mucosa and in the serum of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS Tissue samples were obtained endoscopically or surgically from patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) (n=20), Crohn's disease (CD) (n=20), infectious colitis (n=5), ischaemic colitis (n=8), and normal colorectal tissues (n=15). IL-17 expression was evaluated by a standard immunohistochemical procedure. Serum IL-17 levels were determined by ELISA. IL-17 mRNA expression was analysed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS IL-17 expression was not detected in samples from normal colonic mucosa, infectious colitis, or ischaemic colitis. In the inflamed mucosa of active UC and CD patients, IL-17 expression was clearly detectable in CD3(+) T cells or CD68(+) monocytes/macrophages. The average number of IL-17(+) cells was significantly increased in active UC and CD patients compared with inactive patients. IL-17 mRNA expression was not detected in normal mucosa but was detectable in the mucosa from active UC and CD patients. IL-17 was not detected in the sera from normal individuals, infectious colitis, or ischaemic colitis patients but IL-17 levels were significantly elevated in IBD patients. CONCLUSIONS IL-17 expression in the mucosa and serum was increased in IBD patients. It is likely that IL-17 expression in IBD may be associated with altered immune and inflammatory responses in the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fujino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tukinowa, Otsu 520-2192, Japan
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7908
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Matsuzawa J, Sugimura K, Matsuda Y, Takazoe M, Ishizuka K, Mochizuki T, Seki SS, Yoneyama O, Bannnai H, Suzuki K, Honma T, Asakura H. Association between K469E allele of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 gene and inflammatory bowel disease in a Japanese population. Gut 2003; 52:75-8. [PMID: 12477764 PMCID: PMC1773528 DOI: 10.1136/gut.52.1.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The genetic contribution to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is under investigation. Recent evidence indicates a significant linkage between a locus on chromosome 19p13 and IBD. We investigated the association between an intercellular adhesion molecule 1 gene (ICAM-1) polymorphism located on chromosome 19p13 and IBD in a Japanese population. METHODS We compared 207 Japanese patients who had IBD (79 with Crohn's disease (CD); 128 with ulcerative colitis (UC)) with 103 unrelated Japanese controls. We determined R241G and K469E polymorphisms of the ICAM-1 gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. RESULTS Both frequency and carriage rate of the K469 allele were significantly higher in IBD patients than in controls (allelic frequency, p(c)=0.0026; carriage rate, p(c)=0.0034; odds ratio 2.59; 95% confidence interval 1.42-4.68). Furthermore, the frequency of the K469 allele was significantly increased in both CD and UC. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that both K469 allelic frequency and K469 carriage rate were significantly higher in patients with the small bowel and colon type of CD and entire colitis compared with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS We identified an overall association between IBD and ICAM-1 K469 in a Japanese population. Further studies of this chromosome region are required to elucidate the gene responsible for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matsuzawa
- Division of Bio-systemic Gastroenterology, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine and Dental Science, Niigata, Japan.
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7909
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Büning C, Ockenga J, Krüger S, Jurga J, Baier P, Dignass A, Vogel A, Strassburg C, Weltrich R, Genschel J, Lochs H, Schmidt H. The C/C_₁₃₉₁₀ and G/G_₂₂₀₁₈ Genotypes for Adult-type Hypolactasia are not Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2003; 38:538-542. [PMID: 28443769 DOI: 10.1080/00365520310000555a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactose intolerance with adult-onset is due to the inadequate enzymatic activity of lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH). It is frequently seen in patients with Crohn disease, but the mechanism remains to be elucidated. Two DNA genotypes, C/C_₁₃₉₁₀ and G/G_₂₂₀₁₈, located upstream from the LCT locus, the gene encoding for LPH, were recently identified as representing genetic markers for lactose intolerance. We utilized these two DNA genotypes to study their role in inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS We investigated the prevalence of these two DNA variants using specific restriction enzyme digest assays in 166 patients with Crohn disease, in 120 healthy first-degree relatives of Crohn disease patients, in 63 patients with ulcerative colitis and in 187 healthy individuals. RESULTS The analysis revealed a frequency of 21.4% of the 2 genotypes for adult-type hypolactasia in our studied German cohort of healthy individuals, which is higher than previously reported (15%) based on the hydrogen (H₂) breath test. This might indicate a higher sensitivity of genotyping, but it has to be confirmed in larger cohorts. No significant difference was detectable in the frequency of the C/C_₁₃₉₁₀ and G/G_₂₂₀₁₈ genotypes in patients with Crohn Disease (C/C_₁₃₉₁₀: 21.7%; G/G_₂₂₀₁₈: 22.3%) compared to first-degree relatives (C/C_₁₃₉₁₀: 21.7%; G/G_₂₂₀₁₈: 20.8%), patients with ulcerative colitis (C/C_₁₃₉₁₀: 20.3%; G/G_₂₂₀₁₈: 20.3%) and healthy individuals (C/C_₁₃₉₁₀: 21.4%; G/G_₂₂₀₁₈: 21.4%). CONCLUSIONS The C/C_₁₃₉₁₀ and G/G_₂₂₀₁₈ genotype of adult-type hypolactasia is not associated with susceptibility to the pathogenesis of Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Büning
- a Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany; Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - J Ockenga
- a Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany; Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Krüger
- a Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany; Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - J Jurga
- a Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany; Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - P Baier
- a Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany; Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Dignass
- a Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany; Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Vogel
- a Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany; Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - C Strassburg
- a Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany; Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - R Weltrich
- a Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany; Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - J Genschel
- a Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany; Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - H Lochs
- a Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany; Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - H Schmidt
- a Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany; Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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7910
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Fahlgren A, Hammarström S, Danielsson A, Hammarström ML. Increased expression of antimicrobial peptides and lysozyme in colonic epithelial cells of patients with ulcerative colitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 131:90-101. [PMID: 12519391 PMCID: PMC1808590 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of chronic inflammation on the expression of human alpha-defensins 5 and 6 (HD-5, HD-6), beta-defensins 1 and 2 (hBD-1, hBD-2) and lysozyme in epithelial cells of small and large intestine was investigated. Intestinal specimens from 16 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), 14 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and 40 controls with no history of inflammatory bowel disease were studied. mRNA expression levels of the five defence molecules were determined in freshly isolated epithelial cells by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Specific copy standards were used allowing comparison between the expression levels of the different defensins. HD-5 and lysozyme protein expression was also studied by immunohistochemistry. Colonic epithelial cells from patients with UC displayed a significant increase of hBD-2, HD-5, HD-6 and lysozyme mRNA as compared to epithelial cells in controls. Lysozyme mRNA was expressed at very high average copy numbers followed by HD-5, HD-6, hBD-1 and hBD-2 mRNA. HD-5 and lysozyme protein was demonstrated in metaplastic Paneth-like cells in UC colon. There was no correlation between hBD-2 mRNA levels and HD-5 or HD-6 mRNA levels in colon epithelial cells of UC patients. Colonic epithelial cells of Crohn's colitis patients showed increased mRNA levels of HD-5 and lysozyme mRNA whereas ileal epithelial cells of Crohn's patients with ileo-caecal inflammation did not. Chronic inflammation in colon results in induction of hBD-2 and alpha-defensins and increased lysozyme expression. hBD-1 expression levels in colon remain unchanged in colitis. The high antimicrobial activity of epithelial cells in chronic colitis may be a consequence of changes in the epithelial lining, permitting adherence of both pathogenic bacteria and commensals directly to the epithelial cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fahlgren
- Department of Immunology, Umeå University, 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
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7911
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Sachar
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA.
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7912
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Card TR, Sawczenko A, Sandhu BK, Logan RFA. No seasonality in month of birth of inflammatory bowel disease cases: a prospective population based study of British under 20 year olds. Gut 2002; 51:814-5. [PMID: 12427782 PMCID: PMC1773488 DOI: 10.1136/gut.51.6.814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T R Card
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Nottingham, UK
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7913
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The taking of multiple colorectal biopsies is in widespread use although there is little research into their benefit for the pathological diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease. There is also still debate about appropriate morphological criteria for interpreting these biopsies. AIMS To determine the effect of single versus multiple biopsies on the accuracy of diagnosis and to study the accuracy and reproducibility of the different criteria used in the diagnosis of multiple biopsies by expert and non-expert pathologists. METHOD Thirteen expert and 12 non-expert international diagnostic histopathologists attended a workshop. Sixty cases with full follow up were viewed, blinded, in two rounds. Diagnoses were made on rectal biopsies and then full colonoscopic series. RESULTS Experts correctly identified 24% of Crohn's disease cases (non-experts, 12%) from the rectal biopsies. This improved to 64% (non-experts, 60%) with the full series. The accuracy of the diagnosis of ulcerative colitis also improved slightly with the full series from 64% to 74% overall. Experts had a similar (moderate) level of agreement and accuracy to non-experts. For Crohn's disease, the likelihood ratios (LR) for the most important individual features were 12.4 for granulomas and 3.3 for focal or patchy inflammation. Features favouring ulcerative colitis were diffuse crypt architectural irregularity (LR, 3.4), general crypt epithelial polymorphs (LR, 3.7), and reduced crypt numbers (LR, 2.9). CONCLUSIONS A full colonoscopic series gave more accurate diagnosis than a rectal biopsy. Accurate pathologists used the same evidence based criteria for multiple biopsies as for single biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bentley
- Division of Pathology, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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7914
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Björnsson E, Boberg KM, Cullen S, Fleming K, Clausen OP, Fausa O, Schrumpf E, Chapman RW. Patients with small duct primary sclerosing cholangitis have a favourable long term prognosis. Gut 2002; 51:731-5. [PMID: 12377815 PMCID: PMC1773443 DOI: 10.1136/gut.51.5.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with cholestatic liver function tests and histological features of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) but a normal cholangiogram are considered to have small duct PSC. The natural history of this condition is unknown. METHODS Thirty three patients with small duct PSC were identified among patients admitted for diagnostic workup of cholestatic liver function tests in one centre in the UK (Oxford) and one centre in Norway (Oslo). A total of 260 patients with large duct PSC were compared, and prognosis in terms of death, cholangiocarcinoma, biochemical features, histological features, and symptoms analysed. RESULTS Mean age at diagnosis was 38 years and 39 years in small duct and large duct PSC, respectively. Mean follow up was 106 months in small duct and 105 months in large duct patients. Four patients originally considered to have small duct developed large duct PSC. Two of these underwent liver transplantation during follow up. Of the remainder who did not develop large duct PSC, two patients died during follow up: one of liver failure and the other of cardiac death unrelated to her liver disease. A total of 122 (47%) large duct patients either required liver transplantation (34 patients) or died (88 patients). Small duct patients had a significantly better survival compared with large duct patients. Among small duct patients, none developed cholangiocarcinoma compared with 28 of 260 (11%) large duct patients. CONCLUSIONS Patients with small duct PSC seem to have a good prognosis in terms of survival and development of cholangiocarcinoma. Small duct PSC progresses to large duct PSC in a small proportion of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Björnsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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7915
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Borruel N, Carol M, Casellas F, Antolín M, de Lara F, Espín E, Naval J, Guarner F, Malagelada JR. Increased mucosal tumour necrosis factor alpha production in Crohn's disease can be downregulated ex vivo by probiotic bacteria. Gut 2002; 51:659-64. [PMID: 12377803 PMCID: PMC1773447 DOI: 10.1136/gut.51.5.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation in Crohn's disease. The effect of bacteria on TNF-alpha release by intestinal mucosa was investigated. METHODS Ileal specimens were obtained at surgery from 10 patients with Crohn's disease (ileal stricture) and five disease controls undergoing right hemicolectomy (caecal cancer). Mucosal explants from each specimen were cultured for 24 hours with either non-pathogenic Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus casei DN-114001, L bulgaricus LB10, or L crispatus (each study contained blank wells with no bacteria). Tissue and bacterial viability was confirmed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and culture. Concentrations of TNF-alpha were measured in supernatants and the phenotype of the intestinal lymphocytes was analysed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Coculture of mucosa with bacteria did not modify LDH release. Release of TNF-alpha by inflamed Crohn's disease mucosa was significantly reduced by coculture with L casei or L bulgaricus; changes induced by L crispatus or E coli were not significant. The effect of L casei and L bulgaricus was not prevented by protease inhibitors. Coculture with L casei and L bulgaricus reduced the number of CD4 cells as well as TNF-alpha expression among intraepithelial lymphocytes from Crohn's disease mucosa. None of the bacteria induced changes in non-inflamed mucosa. CONCLUSIONS Probiotics interact with immunocompetent cells using the mucosal interface and modulate locally the production of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Borruel
- Digestive System Research Unit, Hospitals Vall d'Hebron, Autonomous University, Barcelona, Spain
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7916
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Liptay S, Fulda S, Schanbacher M, Bourteele S, Ferri KF, Kroemer G, Adler G, Debatin KM, Schmid RM. Molecular mechanisms of sulfasalazine-induced T-cell apoptosis. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 137:608-20. [PMID: 12381674 PMCID: PMC1573529 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired apoptosis of T-lymphocytes is involved in the development of chronic inflammatory disorders. Previously we have shown that the anti-inflammatory drug sulfasalazine induces apoptosis in a murine T-lymphocyte cell line. The aims of the present study were to expand these observations to human systems and to analyse the molecular basis for sulfasalazine-induced apoptosis. Sulfasalazine induces apoptosis both in Jurkat cells, a human T-leukaemia cell line (ED50 value approximately 1.0 mM), and in primary human peripheral blood T-lymphocytes (ED50 value approximately 0.5 mM). In contrast SW620 colon carcinoma cells or primary human synoviocytes are not affected at these concentrations suggesting a cell type-specific sensitivity to sulfasalazine. Sulfasalazine triggers the mitochondrial accumulation of Bax and induces a collapse of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (deltapsi(m)). Sulfasalazine causes cytochrome c release from mitochondria and subsequent activation of caspase-3 and downstream substrates. However, the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD.fmk fails to inhibit sulfasalazine-induced apoptosis. Sulfasalazine stimulates mitochondrio-nuclear translocation of the novel apoptogenic factor apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and triggers large-scale DNA fragmentation, a characteristic feature of AIF-mediated apoptosis. Sulfasalazine-induced DeltaPsi(m) loss, AIF redistribution, and cell death are fully prevented by overexpression of Bcl-2. In conclusion, our data suggest that sulfasalazine-induced apoptosis of T-lymphocytes is mediated by mitochondrio-nuclear translocation of AIF and occurs in a caspase-independent fashion. Sulfasalazine-induced apoptosis by AIF and subsequent clearance of T-lymphocytes might thus provide the molecular basis for the beneficial therapeutic effects of sulfasalazine in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Liptay
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Ulm, 89070 Ulm, Germany
| | - Simone Fulda
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Ulm, 89070 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Soizic Bourteele
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, 89070 Ulm, Germany
| | - Karine F Ferri
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR1599, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR1599, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Adler
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Ulm, 89070 Ulm, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, 89070 Ulm, Germany
| | - Klaus M Debatin
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Ulm, 89070 Ulm, Germany
| | - Roland M Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, 89070 Ulm, Germany
- Author for correspondence:
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7917
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Rijcken E, Krieglstein CF, Anthoni C, Laukoetter MG, Mennigen R, Spiegel HU, Senninger N, Bennett CF, Schuermann G. ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 antisense oligonucleotides attenuate in vivo leucocyte adherence and inflammation in rat inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2002; 51:529-35. [PMID: 12235075 PMCID: PMC1773394 DOI: 10.1136/gut.51.4.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recruitment of circulating cells to the inflamed intestine is modulated by adhesion molecules expressed on the surface of both leucocytes and endothelial cells. AIMS The objective of this study was to test whether 2'-O-methoxyethyl chimeric antisense oligonucleotides directed against endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) can downregulate leucocyte-endothelial interactions and thereby attenuate inflammation in rat experimental ileitis. METHODS Indomethacin (7.5 mg/kg ) was injected subcutaneously into Sprague-Dawley rats 48 and 24 hours prior to intravital microscopy. Animals were treated with either ICAM-1 (ISIS 17470), VCAM-1 (ISIS 18155), or scrambled control antisense oligonucleotides administered subcutaneously or intravenously in parallel with indomethacin. Leucocyte trafficking was observed in ileal submucosal collecting venules. Macroscopic and histological grades of inflammation were measured 48 hours after the first indomethacin application. ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in ileal submucosal venules was detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Intravenous administration of ICAM-1 oligonucleotides 2 mg/kg (rolling leucocytes 5.7 (2.4)/0.01 mm(2) endothelial surface, adherent leucocytes 0.8 (1.1)) and VCAM-1 oligonucleotides 8 mg/kg (9.2 (4.4), 0.6 (0.8)) significantly reduced leucocyte adhesion compared with diseased controls (27.8 (5.3), 14 (4.4)) in a dose dependent manner whereas subcutaneous treatment did not. Correspondingly, macroscopic and histological inflammation was significantly decreased. ICAM-1 oligonucleotides markedly reduced endothelial ICAM-1 expression while VCAM-1 oligonucleotides clearly diminished endothelial VCAM-1 expression. CONCLUSIONS Both ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 2'-O-methoxyethyl chimeric antisense oligonucleotides attenuate rat ileitis by downregulation of leucocyte adherence and thus are potential candidates for anti-inflammatory treatment in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rijcken
- Department of General Surgery, Westphalian Wilhelms-University, Muenster, Germany
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7918
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Ransford RAJ, Langman MJS. Sulphasalazine and mesalazine: serious adverse reactions re-evaluated on the basis of suspected adverse reaction reports to the Committee on Safety of Medicines. Gut 2002; 51:536-9. [PMID: 12235076 PMCID: PMC1773410 DOI: 10.1136/gut.51.4.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-aminosalicylates are extensively prescribed for the treatment of ulcerative colitis but have a wide range of described adverse effects. AIMS To determine whether serious adverse effect profiles differ for sulphasalazine and mesalazine. METHODS Analysis of suspected serious adverse reactions reported to the Committee on Safety of Medicines of the UK in 1991-1998. Adverse effect profiles were categorised for interstitial nephritis, pancreatitis, serious skin reactions, hepatitis and hepatic failure, and blood dyscrasias. Report rates were calculated using prescribing data from the Department of Health and compared for mesalazine and sulphasalazine. Further analysis was undertaken for sulphasalazine according to disease indication of inflammatory bowel disease or rheumatoid arthritis. RESULTS A total of 4.7 million prescriptions were dispensed for sulphasalazine compared with 2.8 million for mesalazine. Interstitial nephritis was only described for mesalazine, with 11.1 reports per million prescriptions. Pancreatitis was reported seven times as frequently for mesalazine (7.5 per million prescriptions) compared with sulphasalazine (1.1 per million prescriptions) (odds ratio (OR) 7.0; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.6-18.6; p<0.001). There were no reports of serious skin disorders in patients prescribed sulphasalazine for inflammatory bowel disease. Blood dyscrasias were reported significantly more often in patients receiving sulphasalazine for rheumatoid arthritis than for inflammatory bowel disease (OR 5.31; 95% CI 2.6-11.0; p<0.001), and there was a similar trend for hepatic disorders. CONCLUSIONS Spontaneous reports suggest that within the five sets of disorders considered, there is no evidence to indicate a safety advantage of mesalazine over sulphasalazine in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Pancreatitis and interstitial nephritis appear significantly more common with mesalazine, and advice on renal monitoring in patients who receive mesalazine may need reinforcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A J Ransford
- Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
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7919
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7920
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Carlsen HS, Baekkevold ES, Johansen FE, Haraldsen G, Brandtzaeg P. B cell attracting chemokine 1 (CXCL13) and its receptor CXCR5 are expressed in normal and aberrant gut associated lymphoid tissue. Gut 2002; 51:364-71. [PMID: 12171958 PMCID: PMC1773345 DOI: 10.1136/gut.51.3.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In mice, the B lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC) CXC chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) is sufficient to induce a series of events leading to the formation of organised lymphoid tissue. Its receptor, CXCR5, is required for normal development of secondary lymphoid tissue. However, the human counterpart, B cell attracting chemokine 1 (BCA-1) has only been detected in the stomach and appendix and not in other parts of normal or diseased gut. Hence to elucidate the potential role of this chemokine and its receptor in human gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), we analysed their expression in normal intestine and ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS Frozen sections of surgical specimens were studied by multicolour immunofluorescence staining, in situ mRNA hybridisation, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS BCA-1 mRNA was detected in all normal colonic and UC specimens. BCA-1 was produced and accumulated in relation to peripheral dendritic elements of lymphoid follicles in Peyer's patches and normal colon, as well as in irregular lymphoid aggregates in UC lesions. BCA-1 was partially associated with the traditional follicular dendritic cell phenotype but also with extracellular fibrils in GALT structures. CXCR5 protein was expressed by mantle zone B cells and appeared at a high level on scattered germinal centre T cells. CONCLUSIONS BCA-1 and CXCR5 are expressed in normal GALT structures as well as in irregular lymphoid aggregates in UC. This strongly suggests that BCA-1 plays an important role not only in the formation of normal GALT but also in the generation of aberrant lymphoid tissue in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Carlsen
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology, Institute of Pathology, and Department of Surgery, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
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7921
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Abstract
T cells play an essential role in regulating mucosal immune responses in the gastrointestinal tract. Recent observations on T helper cell differentiation and activation by regulatory transcription factors-especially T-bet-in chronic inflammatory diseases have provided new perspectives for understanding mucosal immunity. Here we summarise recent advances in the field of transcription factors and discuss the implications of these findings for future therapeutic approaches in inflammatory bowel diseases. In particular, we have focused on the role of T-bet in controlling mucosal Th1 responses in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Weigmann
- Laboratory of Immunology, I Medical Clinic, University of Mainz, Germany
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7922
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Schreiber S, Rosenstiel P, Hampe J, Nikolaus S, Groessner B, Schottelius A, Kühbacher T, Hämling J, Fölsch UR, Seegert D. Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 in human chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2002; 51:379-85. [PMID: 12171960 PMCID: PMC1773344 DOI: 10.1136/gut.51.3.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, and interferon gamma, as well as activation of proinflammatory signalling molecules such as nuclear factor kappa B, is characteristic of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). AIMS To investigate expression and activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 in patients with IBD. PATIENTS Patients with active IBD (n=42), disease specificity controls (n=8), and normal controls (n=12) were investigated. METHODS Expression and activation of STAT1 were assessed by western blotting and electrophoretic mobility shift assays in extracts of endoscopic colonic biopsies. Cellular localisation was determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Western blots and immunohistochemical staining revealed an increase in STAT1 expression and activation in mucosal samples from ulcerative colitis and to a lesser extend in Crohn's disease patients. High levels of suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS)-3 expression, an inhibitor of STAT activation, were observed in Crohn's disease patients and normal controls in western blot experiments whereas no differences were observed for SOCS-1 expression. Phosphorylated (p) STAT1 was mainly detected in monocytic cells and neutrophils in the inflamed mucosa. Induction of remission by systemic glucocorticoids led to a decrease in levels of pSTAT1. In vitro studies indicated a direct effect of steroid treatment on STAT1 activation. CONCLUSIONS Expression and activation of STAT1 are predominantly heightened in ulcerative colitis and may therefore play an important role in the pathophysiology of colonic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schreiber
- 1st Department of Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University, Schittenhelmstrasse 12, Kiel, Germany.
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7923
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Hochepied T, Wullaert A, Berger FG, Baumann H, Brouckaert P, Steidler L, Libert C. Overexpression of alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein in transgenic mice leads to sensitisation to acute colitis. Gut 2002; 51:398-404. [PMID: 12171963 PMCID: PMC1773348 DOI: 10.1136/gut.51.3.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2002] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND alpha(1)-Acid glycoprotein (alpha(1)-AGP) is an acute phase protein in most mammalian species whose concentration rises 2-5-fold during an acute phase reaction. Its serum concentration has often been used as a marker of disease, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). High alpha(1)-AGP levels were found to have a prognostic value for an increased risk of relapse in IBD. AIMS To investigate a possible role for increased serum levels of alpha(1)-AGP in the development of IBD. METHODS Dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) 2% was added to the drinking water of transgenic mice, overexpressing the rat alpha(1)-AGP gene, to induce acute colitis, thus mimicking the conditions of relapse. Clinical parameters, inflammatory parameters, and histological analyses on colon sections were performed. RESULTS Homozygous alpha(1)-AGP-transgenic mice started losing weight and showed rectal bleeding significantly earlier than heterozygous transgenic or wild-type mice. Survival time of homozygous transgenic mice was significantly shorter compared with heterozygous and wild-type mice. The higher susceptibility of homozygous alpha(1)-AGP-transgenic mice to DSS induced acute colitis was also reflected in higher local myeloperoxidase levels, higher inflammation scores of the colon, and higher systemic levels of interleukin 6 and serum amyloid P component. Local inflammatory parameters were also significantly different in heterozygous transgenic mice compared with wild-type mice, indicating a local dosage effect. In homozygous transgenic mice, significantly higher amounts of bacteria were found in organs but IgA levels were only slightly lower than those of control mice. CONCLUSION Sufficiently high serum levels of alpha(1)-AGP result in a more aggressive development of acute colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hochepied
- Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology and University of Ghent, Department of Molecular Biology, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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7924
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Ohman L, Franzén L, Rudolph U, Birnbaumer L, Hörnquist EH. Regression of Peyer's patches in G alpha i2 deficient mice prior to colitis is associated with reduced expression of Bcl-2 and increased apoptosis. Gut 2002; 51:392-7. [PMID: 12171962 PMCID: PMC1773369 DOI: 10.1136/gut.51.3.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND G protein deficient (G alpha i2-/-) mice spontaneously develop an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) closely resembling ulcerative colitis. Previous studies have demonstrated that gut T cells are hyperreactive to the endogenous microflora in most IBD models. AIMS The aim of this study was to analyse Peyer's patches (PP), the inductive sites for gut mucosal immune responses. SUBJECTS AND METHODS G alpha i2-/- mice, an animal model for IBD, were analysed using immunological methods with regard to phenotype and function. RESULTS We found significantly decreased numbers of PP in G alpha i2-/- mice. Even before the onset of colitis, G alpha i2 deficient animals exhibited diminished size of PP, as judged by histology. This involution of PP was associated with strongly increased levels of apoptotic lymphocytes, associated with decreased levels of antiapoptotic intracellular protein Bcl-2. PP T lymphocytes showed highly elevated production of interferon gamma in response to the enteric flora compared with PP T cells from wild-type mice, which produced predominantly interleukin 10. CONCLUSIONS Thus even before the onset of colitis, the PP in G alpha i2 deficient mice is a Th1 dominated milieu associated with downregulated levels of Bcl-2, resulting in increased apoptosis of lymphocytes leading to regression of PP. We speculate that this Th1 dominated microenvironment in the inductive site for mucosal immune responses contributes to the development of colitis in G alpha i2 deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ohman
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Göteborg University, Sweden
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7925
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Affiliation(s)
- S J H van Deventer
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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7926
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Kullberg MC, Jankovic D, Gorelick PL, Caspar P, Letterio JJ, Cheever AW, Sher A. Bacteria-triggered CD4(+) T regulatory cells suppress Helicobacter hepaticus-induced colitis. J Exp Med 2002; 196:505-15. [PMID: 12186842 PMCID: PMC2196050 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20020556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that interleukin (IL)-10-deficient (IL-10 knockout [KO]) but not wild-type (WT) mice develop colitis after infection with Helicobacter hepaticus. Here, we show that infected recombination activating gene (RAG) KO mice develop intestinal inflammation after reconstitution with CD4(+) T cells from IL-10 KO animals and that the cotransfer of CD4(+) T cells from H. hepaticus-infected but not uninfected WT mice prevents this colitis. The disease-protective WT CD4(+) cells are contained within the CD45RB(low) fraction and unexpectedly were found in both the CD25(+) and the CD25(-) subpopulations of these cells, their frequency being higher in the latter. The mechanism by which CD25(+) and CD25(-) CD45RB(low) CD4(+) cells block colitis involves IL-10 and not transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, as treatment with anti-IL-10R but not anti-TGF-beta monoclonal antibody abrogated their protective effect. In vitro, CD45RB(low) CD4(+) cells from infected WT mice were shown to produce IL-10 and suppress interferon-gamma production by IL-10 KO CD4(+) cells in an H. hepaticus antigen-specific manner. Together, our data support the concept that H. hepaticus infection results in the induction in WT mice of regulatory T cells that prevent bacteria-induced colitis. The induction of such cells in response to gut flora may be a mechanism protecting normal individuals against inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika C Kullberg
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/NIH, Building 50, Room 6146, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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7927
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Hanauer
- Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, IL 60637, USA.
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7928
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7929
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Affiliation(s)
- A C J Windsor
- Department of Surgery, St Mark's Hospital, North London Hospitals NHS Trust, Harrow, Middlesex HA1 3UJ, UK.
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7930
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Brynskov J, Foegh P, Pedersen G, Ellervik C, Kirkegaard T, Bingham A, Saermark T. Tumour necrosis factor alpha converting enzyme (TACE) activity in the colonic mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2002; 51:37-43. [PMID: 12077089 PMCID: PMC1773288 DOI: 10.1136/gut.51.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) antibodies are effective in Crohn's disease and perhaps ulcerative colitis but antigenicity and the high cost have raised interest in other strategies to block TNF-alpha. These include the TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) which releases soluble TNF-alpha from transmembrane pro-TNF-alpha. AIM To investigate whether TACE activity is present in human colonic mucosa. MATERIALS AND METHODS Detergent extracts of cell membranes from colonic biopsies were obtained from 12 controls and 28 patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Enzyme activity was measured by hydrolysis assays using pro-TNF-alpha or oligopeptide substrates spanning the known pro-TNF-alpha cleavage site at Ala(76)-Val(77). Cleavage products were identified by western blotting, high pressure liquid chromatography, or mass spectrometry. TACE protein was localised by immunohistochemistry and identified by western blotting of detergent extracts from purified lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMNC) or epithelial cells. RESULTS Detergent extracts released TNF-alpha from pro-TNF-alpha and cleaved a model oligopeptide as predicted. Substrate hydrolysis was sensitive to known TACE/matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors, but not trocade which has low activity against TACE. The median TACE level was increased in active ulcerative colitis (147 arbitrary units (AU)/mg; p<0.01) but not in Crohn's disease (81 AU/mg) compared with controls (79 AU/mg). Both the full length proform and the active form of TACE protein were expressed in LPMNC cells and epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Functional TACE activity is ubiquitously expressed in the human colon and increased in ulcerative colitis, raising interest in MMP inhibitors targeting TACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brynskov
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology C, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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7931
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Affiliation(s)
- S J H van Deventer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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7932
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Affiliation(s)
- M J G Farthing
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, 12 Southpark Terrace, Glasgow GL12 8LG, UK.
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7933
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Affiliation(s)
- A Qasim
- Adelaide and Meath Hospital, Incorporating the National Children's Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Buckley
- Adelaide and Meath Hospital, Incorporating the National Children's Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C A O' Morain
- Adelaide and Meath Hospital, Incorporating the National Children's Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
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7934
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Sakai H, Suzuki T, Murota M, Oketani K, Uchiumi T, Murakami M, Takeguchi N. E3040 sulphate, a novel thromboxane synthase inhibitor, blocks the Cl- secretion induced by platelet-activating factor in isolated rat colon. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 136:383-90. [PMID: 12023941 PMCID: PMC1573361 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. E3040 (6-hydroxy-5,7-dimethyl-2-methylamino-4-(3-pyridylmethyl)benzothiazole), is a novel dual inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and thromboxane synthase (Tx synthase). Here, we examined the effects of E3040 sulphate, a sulphate conjugate of E3040, on these enzyme activities in cell-free systems and on the thromboxane A2 (TxA2)-mediated Cl- secretion induced by platelet-activating factor (PAF) in isolated rat colons. 2. E3040 sulphate inhibited Tx synthase activity in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50=0.013 microM), whereas it induced little effects on 5-LOX and cyclo-oxygenase activities (IC50>100 microM) with the cell-free enzyme assay. 3. With isolated rat colonic mucosa, E3040 sulphate in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50=1.8 microM) inhibited the Cl- secretion induced by 10 microM PAF. On the other hand, E3040 sulphate (30 microM) induced no effect on the prostaglandin E2 (0.5 microM)- and leukotriene D4 (1 microM)-induced Cl- secretion in the colon. 4. PAF (10 microM) increased a release of TxB2, a stable metabolite of TxA2, from the colonic mucosa. This increase was significantly inhibited by subsequent addition of E3040 sulphate (30 microM). 5. Probenecid (100 microM), an inhibitor of organic anion transporter, abolished the inhibitory effect of E3040 sulphate on the PAF-induced Cl- secretion. Another inhibitor, sulphobromophthalein (30 microM) partially but significantly attenuated the effect of E3040 sulphate. p-aminohippuric acid (1 mM) had no effect. 6. These findings suggest that E3040 sulphate is a novel Tx synthase inhibitor, and that E3040 sulphate taken up into the colonic cells by organic anion transporters inhibits the PAF-induced Cl- secretion by blocking a release of TxA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Sakai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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7935
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Cameron EAB, Middleton SJ, Roberts PJ. Expression of isoforms of nitric oxide synthase in collagenous colitis. Gut 2002; 50:899; author reply 899. [PMID: 12010901 PMCID: PMC1773257 DOI: 10.1136/gut.50.6.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E A B Cameron
- Department of Gastroenterology, Addenbrooke's NHS Trust, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - S J Middleton
- Department of Gastroenterology, Addenbrooke's NHS Trust, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - P J Roberts
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hinchingbrooke NHS Trust, Huntingdon, Cambridge PE18 8NT, UK
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7936
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Rubio
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Pathology, Research Laboratory, Karolinska Institute and Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden;
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7937
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Faust D, Raschke K, Hormann S, Milovic V, Stein J. Regulation of alpha1-proteinase inhibitor release by proinflammatory cytokines in human intestinal epithelial cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2002; 128:279-84. [PMID: 11985518 PMCID: PMC1906393 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2002.01843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
alpha1-Proteinase inhibitor (alpha1-PI) is the main serine proteinase inhibitor in human plasma. Apart from its synthesis in the liver, this anti-inflammatory protein is also synthesized by and excreted from human intestinal epithelial cells. Antiinflammatory actions of alpha1-PI are thought to be of relevance in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. To investigate the role of macrophage-derived cytokines on alpha1-PI secretion from intestinal epithelial cells, we cultured Caco-2 cells until differentiation (14 days in culture) on permeable filter supports. Monolayers of differentiated Caco-2 cells were then co-cultured with human peritoneal macrophages, grown on plastic in the basolateral chamber. Under these conditions, alpha1-PI secretion from Caco-2 cells was enhanced by 45%, probably by a direct action of macrophage-derived cytokines on Caco-2 cells. To extend this observation further, we treated differentiated Caco-2 cells with macrophage-derived proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-8, TNF-alpha), as well as with lymphocyte-derived cytokines IL-2, IL-6 and IFN-gamma. As early as after 24h treatment, IL-2 and IL-8 induced a significant and dose-dependent increase of alpha-1-PI secretion into cell culture medium; this effect was completely reversed after immunoneutralization by the antibodies against IL-2 and IL-8 alpha1-PI secretion was only slightly decreased after treatment with IFN-gamma, while IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha had no effect. alpha1-PI secretion correlated well with the expression of this protein in differentiated Caco-2 cells after cytokine treatment, as confirmed by Western blot. Our data imply that, in vitro, alpha1-PI secretion in enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells is up-regulated by IL-2 and IL-8. Our results suggest that both lymphocyte- and macrophage-derived cytokines regulate secretion of the anti-inflammatory protein alpha1-PI in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Faust
- 2nd Department of Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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7938
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Affiliation(s)
- A Morris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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7939
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Accumulation and infiltration by neutrophil granulocytes is a prominent feature in the local inflammatory process in ulcerative colitis (UC). The present study was performed to evaluate human neutrophil lipocalin (HNL) as a specific neutrophil marker in the inflamed lesions of the colon and rectum in patients with colitis and proctitis. METHODS The activity of intestinal neutrophils with respect to release of granule proteins was studied in 18 patients with UC (10 with colitis and eight with isolated proctitis) and in 18 healthy controls using perfusion fluid and biopsies from the sigmoid colon and rectum. The released amounts of the neutrophil granule proteins HNL and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were determined by radioimmunoassays, and the location of HNL and MPO in biopsies from colonic mucosa was examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Mucosal release of HNL and MPO was increased 10-55-fold in patients with colitis and proctitis compared with controls. Their bowel biopsies demonstrated that only neutrophils were stained with anti-HNL. We also found correlations between HNL and levels of granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) in perfusion fluids from the sigmoidal segments of patients with proctitis, between HNL and GM-CSF in rectal segments in patients with proctitis, and in sigmoidal segments in patients with colitis. CONCLUSION We conclude that the increased release of HNL and MPO in colorectal perfusion fluids indicates neutrophil involvement in the local inflammatory process, and suggest that HNL may serve as a specific marker of intestinal neutrophil activation in UC. GM-CSF, and to some extent IL-8, may play a role in neutrophil accumulation and priming in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carlson
- Laboratory for Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Uppsala, Sweden.
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7940
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Uhlmann V, Martin CM, Sheils O, Pilkington L, Silva I, Killalea A, Murch SB, Walker-Smith J, Thomson M, Wakefield AJ, O'Leary JJ. Potential viral pathogenic mechanism for new variant inflammatory bowel disease. Mol Pathol 2002; 55:84-90. [PMID: 11950955 PMCID: PMC1187154 DOI: 10.1136/mp.55.2.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A new form of inflammatory bowel disease (ileocolonic lymphonodular hyperplasia) has been described in a cohort of children with developmental disorder. This study investigates the presence of persistent measles virus in the intestinal tissue of these patients (new variant inflammatory bowel disease) and a series of controls by molecular analysis. METHODS Formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded and fresh frozen biopsies from the terminal ileum were examined from affected children and histological normal controls. The measles virus Fusion (F) and Haemagglutinin (H) genes were detected by TaqMan reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the Nucleocapsid (N) gene by RT in situ PCR. Localisation of the mRNA signal was performed using a specific follicular dendritic cell antibody. RESULTS Seventy five of 91 patients with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of ileal lymphonodular hyperplasia and enterocolitis were positive for measles virus in their intestinal tissue compared with five of 70 control patients. Measles virus was identified within the follicular dendritic cells and some lymphocytes in foci of reactive follicular hyperplasia. The copy number of measles virus ranged from one to 300,00 copies/ng total RNA. CONCLUSIONS The data confirm an association between the presence of measles virus and gut pathology in children with developmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Uhlmann
- Department of Pathology, Coombe Women's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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7941
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7942
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Söderholm JD, Olaison G, Peterson KH, Franzén LE, Lindmark T, Wirén M, Tagesson C, Sjödahl R. Augmented increase in tight junction permeability by luminal stimuli in the non-inflamed ileum of Crohn's disease. Gut 2002; 50:307-13. [PMID: 11839706 PMCID: PMC1773145 DOI: 10.1136/gut.50.3.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease is associated with deranged intestinal permeability in vivo, suggesting dysfunction of tight junctions. The luminal contents are important for development of neoinflammation following resection. Regulation of tight junctions by luminal factors has not previously been studied in Crohn's disease. AIMS The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of a luminal stimulus, known to affect tight junctions, on the distal ileum in patients with Crohn's disease. PATIENTS Surgical specimens from the distal ileum of patients with Crohn's disease (n=12) were studied, and ileal specimens from colon cancer patients (n=13) served as controls. METHODS Mucosal permeability to 51Cr-EDTA and electrical resistance were studied in Ussing chambers during luminal exposure to sodium caprate (a constituent of milk fat, affecting tight junctions) or to buffer only. The mechanisms involved were studied by mucosal ATP levels, and by electron and confocal microscopy. RESULTS Baseline permeability was the same in non-inflamed ileum of Crohn's disease and controls. Sodium caprate induced a rapid increase in paracellular permeability--that is, increased permeation of 51Cr-EDTA and decreased electrical resistance--which was more pronounced in non-inflamed ileum of Crohn's disease, and electron microscopy showed dilatations within the tight junctions. Moreover, sodium caprate induced disassembly of perijunctional filamentous actin was more pronounced in Crohn's disease mucosa. Mucosal permeability changes were accompanied by mitochondrial swelling and a fall in epithelial ATP content, suggesting uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS The tight junctions in the non-inflamed distal ileum of Crohn's disease were more reactive to luminal stimuli, possibly mediated via disturbed cytoskeletal contractility. This could contribute to the development of mucosal neoinflammation in Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Söderholm
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Research Centre, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.
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7943
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Tilg H, van Montfrans C, van den Ende A, Kaser A, van Deventer SJH, Schreiber S, Gregor M, Ludwiczek O, Rutgeerts P, Gasche C, Koningsberger JC, Abreu L, Kuhn I, Cohard M, LeBeaut A, Grint P, Weiss G. Treatment of Crohn's disease with recombinant human interleukin 10 induces the proinflammatory cytokine interferon gamma. Gut 2002; 50:191-5. [PMID: 11788558 PMCID: PMC1773093 DOI: 10.1136/gut.50.2.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin 10 (IL-10) exerts anti-inflammatory actions by counteracting many biological effects of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma). AIMS To investigate this in humans, we studied the effects of human recombinant IL-10 administration on IFN-gamma production by patient leucocytes. Furthermore, we assessed the IFN-gamma inducible molecule neopterin and nitrite/nitrate serum levels, which are indicative of endogenous nitric oxide formation. METHODS As part of two placebo controlled double blind studies, we analysed patients with chronic active Crohn's disease (CACD) who received either subcutaneous recombinant human IL-10 (n=44) or placebo (n=10) daily for 28 days, and patients with mild to moderate Crohn's disease (MCD) treated with either subcutaneous IL-10 (n=52) or placebo (n=16) daily for 28 days. Neopterin and nitrite/nitrate concentrations were measured in serum, and ex vivo IFN-gamma formation by lipopolysaccharide or phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated whole blood cells were investigated before, during, and after IL-10 therapy. RESULTS In patients with CACD, the highest dose of 20 microg/kg IL-10 caused a significant increase in serum neopterin on days +15 and +29 of therapy compared with pretreatment levels. No changes were observed for nitrite/nitrate levels under either condition. In MCD, treatment with 20 microg/kg IL-10 resulted in a significant increase in PHA induced IFN-gamma production. CONCLUSIONS High doses of IL-10 upregulate the production of IFN-gamma and neopterin. This phenomenon may be responsible for the lack of efficacy of high doses of IL-10 in the treatment of CACD and MCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tilg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Innsbruck, Austria.
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7944
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Affiliation(s)
- H Herfarth
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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7945
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Abstract
Dysregulated T cell responses to enteric bacteria have been implicated as a common mechanism underlying pathogenesis in rodent models of colitis. However, the bacterial species and T cell specificities that induce disease have been poorly defined. We have developed a model system in which target antigen, bacterial host, and corresponding T cell specificity are defined. OVA-specific T cells from DO11.RAG-2(-/-) TCR transgenic mice were transferred into RAG-2(-/-) recipients whose intestinal tracts were colonized with OVA-expressing or control Escherichia coli. Transfer of antigen-naive DO11.RAG-2(-/-) T cells into recipients colonized with OVA-E. coli resulted in enhanced intestinal recruitment and cell cycling of OVA-specific T cells; however, there was no development of disease. In contrast, transfer of polarized T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 populations resulted in severe wasting and colitis in recipients colonized with OVA-expressing but not control E. coli. The histopathologic features of disease induced by Th1 and Th2 transfers were distinct, but disease severity was comparable. Induction of disease by both Th1 and Th2 transfers was dependent on bacterially associated OVA. These results establish that a single bacterially associated antigen can drive the progression of colitis mediated by both Th1 and Th2 cells and provide a new model for understanding the immunoregulatory interactions between T cells responsive to gut floral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuzhat Iqbal
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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7946
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Arden
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
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7947
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Capasso R, Izzo AA, Fezza F, Pinto A, Capasso F, Mascolo N, Di Marzo V. Inhibitory effect of palmitoylethanolamide on gastrointestinal motility in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134:945-50. [PMID: 11682441 PMCID: PMC1573032 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. We have studied the effect of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA, 2.5 - 30 mg kg(-1), i.p.) on upper gastrointestinal transit in control mice and in mice with chronic intestinal inflammation induced by croton oil. 2. PEA significantly and dose-dependently decreased intestinal transit. The inhibitory effect of PEA (10 mg kg(-1)) was not modified by the cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist SR141716A (0.3 mg kg(-1), i.p.), the cannabinoid CB(2) receptor antagonist SR144528 (1 mg kg(-1), i.p.), N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 25 mg kg(-1), i.p.), yohimbine (1 mg kg(-1), i.p.), naloxone (2 mg kg(-1), i.p.) or hexamethonium (1 mg kg(-1), i.p.). 3. PEA levels were significantly decreased in the small intestine of croton oil-treated mice. In these animals, PEA also inhibited motility and this effect was not counteracted by SR141716A (0.3 mg kg(-1)), or SR144528 (1 mg kg(-1)). 4. Pre-treatment of mice with the amidase inhibitor phenylmethyl sulphonil fluoride (PMSF, 30 mg kg(-1), i.p.) did not modify the inhibitory effect of PEA, either in control or in mice with inflammation. 5. It is concluded that PEA inhibits intestinal motility with a peripheral mechanism independent from cannabinoid receptor activation. The decreased levels of PEA in croton oil-treated might contribute, at least in part, to the exaggerated transit observed during chronic intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salerno, via Ponte Don Melillo 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Angelo A Izzo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples ‘Federico II', via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples Italy
- Author for correspondence: :
| | - Filomena Fezza
- Institute for the Chemistry of Molecules of Biological Interest, National Research Council, via Campi Flegrei 34, Ex-comprensorio Olivetti, Fabbricato 70, 80078, Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Aldo Pinto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Salerno, via Ponte Don Melillo 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Francesco Capasso
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples ‘Federico II', via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples Italy
| | - Nicola Mascolo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples ‘Federico II', via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute for the Chemistry of Molecules of Biological Interest, National Research Council, via Campi Flegrei 34, Ex-comprensorio Olivetti, Fabbricato 70, 80078, Pozzuoli, Napoli, Italy
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7948
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Izzo AA, Fezza F, Capasso R, Bisogno T, Pinto L, Iuvone T, Esposito G, Mascolo N, Di Marzo V, Capasso F. Cannabinoid CB1-receptor mediated regulation of gastrointestinal motility in mice in a model of intestinal inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134:563-70. [PMID: 11588110 PMCID: PMC1572987 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2001] [Revised: 07/05/2001] [Accepted: 07/18/2001] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
1. We have studied the effect of cannabinoid agonists (CP 55,940 and cannabinol) on intestinal motility in a model of intestinal inflammation (induced by oral croton oil in mice) and measured cannabinoid receptor expression, endocannabinoids (anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol) and anandamide amidohydrolase activity both in physiological and pathophysiological states. 2. CP 55,940 (0.03 - 10 nmol mouse(-1)) and cannabinol (10 - 3000 nmol mouse(-1)) were more active in delaying intestinal motility in croton oil-treated mice than in control mice. These inhibitory effects were counteracted by the selective cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist SR141716A (16 nmol mouse(-1)). SR141716A (1 - 300 nmol mouse(-1)), administered alone, increased intestinal motility to the same extent in both control and croton oil-treated mice. 3. Croton oil-induced intestinal inflammation was associated with an increased expression of CB(1) receptor, an unprecedented example of up-regulation of cannabinoid receptors during inflammation. 4. High levels of anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol were detected in the small intestine, although no differences were observed between control and croton oil-treated mice; by contrast anandamide amidohydrolase activity increased 2 fold in the inflamed small intestine. 5. It is concluded that inflammation of the gut increases the potency of cannabinoid agonists possibly by 'up-regulating' CB(1) receptor expression; in addition, endocannabinoids, whose turnover is increased in inflamed gut, might tonically inhibit intestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Izzo
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples "Federico II", via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples Italy.
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7949
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Lienenlüke B, Stojanovic T, Fiebig T, Fayyazi A, Germann T, Hecker M. Thalidomide impairment of trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid-induced colitis in the rat - role of endothelial cell-leukocyte interaction. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 133:1414-23. [PMID: 11498529 PMCID: PMC1621145 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Immune response-modulating drugs such as thalidomide may be of therapeutic value in the treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases including Crohn's disease (CD). In the present study, we have investigated whether thalidomide exerts this effect by impairing endothelial cell-leukocyte interaction through down-regulation of the expression of pro-inflammatory gene products in these cells. 2. Transient CD-like colitis was induced in male Wistar rats by single enema with trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) in ethanol followed by macroscopic scoring, histology, intravital microscopy, RT - PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses. Thalidomide or its analogue supidimide were administered in olive oil by intragastric instillation 6 h prior to the induction of colitis and then daily for one week. 3. Both thalidomide and supidimide (200 mg kg(-1) d(-1)) significantly attenuated TNBS-induced colitis as compared to vehicle-treated control animals (44 and 37% inhibition, respectively), and this effect persisted for 7 days post cessation of thalidomide treatment (46% inhibition). 4. Moreover, thalidomide significantly reduced leukocyte sticking to postcapillary venular endothelial cells in the submucosa (by 45%), improved functional capillary density and perfusion, and attenuated endothelial interleukin-8 expression, as judged by IHC analysis. According to RT - PCR analysis, both thalidomide and supidimide also significantly reduced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 mRNA expression in the affected part of the descending colon. 5. These findings suggest that thalidomide and one of its derivatives impairs CD-like TNBS-induced colitis in the rat by down-regulating endothelial adhesion molecule and chemokine expression and, as a consequence, the interaction of these cells with circulating leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Lienenlüke
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Fiebig
- Department of Surgery, University of Goettingen, Germany
| | - Afshin Fayyazi
- Department of Pathology, University of Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tieno Germann
- Grünenthal GmbH, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Hecker
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, University of Goettingen, Germany
- Author for correspondence:
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7950
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Hausmann M, Spöttl T, Andus T, Rothe G, Falk W, Schölmerich J, Herfarth H, Rogler G. Subtractive screening reveals up-regulation of NADPH oxidase expression in Crohn's disease intestinal macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 125:48-55. [PMID: 11472425 PMCID: PMC1906098 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role during the pathogenesis of inflammation. In normal intestinal mucosa surface expression of typical macrophage markers such as CD14, CD16, CD11b or T-cell co-stimulatory molecules such as CD80 or CD86 is low indicating anergy and low pro-inflammatory activity of these cells. During inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) the mucosa is invaded by a population of macrophages displaying these markers, secreting higher cytokine levels and representing an activated cell population. CD33(+) cells (macrophages) were isolated from normal and Crohn's disease mucosa and mRNA was isolated by polyT magnetic beads. A subtractive screening was performed subtracting mRNA from normal macrophages from those of Crohn's disease macrophages. Oxidative burst activity was determined by flow cytometry. Seventy clones were obtained by the subtractive mRNA screening. Sequencing showed > 99% homology to mRNA of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) for three clones. Five clones obtained by subtraction revealed > 99% homology to mRNA of cytochrome b (subunit gp91). Differential expression of the cytochrome b subunit gp91 and the cytosolic NADPH oxidase subunit p67 was confirmed by RT-PCR and 'virtual' Northern blots. The fluorescence ratio of stimulated versus unstimulated cells was 0.9 +/- 0.16 in control macrophages indicating a lack of oxidative burst activity. In Crohn's disease this ratio was significantly increased to 1.80 +/- 0.8 (P = 0.004) confirming the molecular data. In conclusion NADPH oxidase mRNA is down-regulated or absent in macrophages from normal mucosa correlating with a lack of oxidative burst activity. In IBD macrophage-oxidative burst activity is increased and NADPH oxidase mRNA induced. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase could be a new therapeutical target in IBD and reduce mucosal tissue damage in active IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hausmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Germany
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