901
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Latimer-Cheung AE, Martin Ginis KA, Hicks AL, Motl RW, Pilutti LA, Duggan M, Wheeler G, Persad R, Smith KM. Development of evidence-informed physical activity guidelines for adults with multiple sclerosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2013; 94:1829-1836.e7. [PMID: 23770262 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Most adults with multiple sclerosis (MS) are physically inactive. Physical activity guidelines are an important tool for exercise prescription, promotion, and monitoring. This article describes the application of international standards for guideline development in the creation of evidence-based physical activity guidelines for people with MS. The development process was informed by the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation II instrument. The evidence base for the guidelines consisted of a systematic review of research examining the effects of exercise on fitness, fatigue, mobility, and health-related quality of life among people with MS. A multidisciplinary consensus panel deliberated the evidence and generated the guidelines and a preamble. Expert and stakeholder reviews of the materials led to refinement of the wording of both components of the guidelines. The resulting guidelines state that to achieve important fitness benefits, adults with MS who have mild to moderate disability need at least 30 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic activity 2 times per week and strength training exercises for major muscle groups 2 times per week. Meeting these guidelines may also reduce fatigue, improve mobility, and enhance elements of health-related quality of life. People with MS and health professionals are encouraged to adopt these rigorously developed guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Latimer-Cheung
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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902
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Kalkan G, Yigit S, Karakus N, Baş Y, Seçkin HY. Association between interleukin 4 gene intron 3 VNTR polymorphism and recurrent aphthous stomatitis in a cohort of Turkish patients. Gene 2013; 527:207-10. [PMID: 23756192 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common oral mucosal diseases, with a multifactorial etiopathogenesis, an interaction between predisposing factors and/or systemic conditions and immunological components in genetically predisposed subjects. Although there is no clear genetic mode of inheritance, there is evidence that inheritance of specific gene polymorphisms may predispose individuals to RAS. The purpose of the present study was to investigate a possible association between the functional interleukin 4 (IL4) VNTR genetic polymorphism and RAS in a sample of Turkish patients. METHODS The study included 145 unrelated patients with a clinical diagnosis of RAS and 150 unrelated healthy controls. Genomic DNA was isolated and IL4 gene 70 bp VNTR polymorphism determined by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primers. RESULTS The distribution of genotype and allele frequencies of IL4 gene intron 3 VNTR polymorphism was statistically different between RAS patients and control group (p<0.0001 and p<0.0001, respectively) P2P2 genotype and P2 allele were also found to be protective with a lower risk for susceptibility to RAS (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that intron 3 VNTR polymorphism in the IL4 gene is associated with RAS susceptibility in Turkish population.
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903
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Dhadi SR, Deshpande A, Driscoll K, Ramakrishna W. Major cis-regulatory elements for rice bidirectional promoter activity reside in the 5'-untranslated regions. Gene 2013; 526:400-10. [PMID: 23756196 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bidirectional promoters are defined as those that regulate adjacent genes organized in a divergent fashion (head to head orientation) and separated by <1 kb. In order to dissect bidirectional promoter activity in a model plant, deletion analysis was performed for seven rice promoters using promoter-reporter gene constructs, which identified three promoters to be bidirectional. Regulatory elements located in or close to the 5'-untranslated regions (UTR) of one of the genes (divergent gene pair) were found to be responsible for their bidirectional activity. DNA footprinting analysis identified unique protein binding sites in these promoters. Deletion/alteration of these motifs resulted in significant loss of expression of the reporter genes on either side of the promoter. Changes in the motifs at both the positions resulted in a remarkable decrease in bidirectional activity of the reporter genes flanking the promoter. Based on our results, we propose a novel mechanism for the bidirectionality of rice bidirectional promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendar Reddy Dhadi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
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904
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Polge C, Uttenweiler-Joseph S, Leulmi R, Heng AE, Burlet-Schiltz O, Attaix D, Taillandier D. Deciphering the ubiquitin proteome: Limits and advantages of high throughput global affinity purification-mass spectrometry approaches. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2136-46. [PMID: 23764619 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a posttranslational modification of proteins that involves the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, either as a single moiety or as polymers. This process controls almost every cellular metabolic pathway through a variety of combinations of linkages. Mass spectrometry now allows high throughput approaches for the identification of the thousands of ubiquitinated proteins and of their ubiquitination sites. Despite major technological improvements in mass spectrometry in terms of sensitivity, resolution and acquisition speed, the use of efficient purification methods of ubiquitinated proteins prior to mass spectrometry analysis is critical to achieve an efficient characterization of the ubiquitome. This critical step is achieved using different approaches that possess advantages and pitfalls. Here, we discuss the limits that can be encountered when deciphering the ubiquitome. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Molecular basis of muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Polge
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63122 Saint Genès Champanelle, France
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905
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Abstract
Gerbera jamesonii (gerbera) is an important cut-flower in the global floricultural industry. Micropropagation is the main system used to clonally propagate gerbera in vitro resulting in the production of millions of plantlets each year. Numerous types of explants and protocols for micropropagation have been established and used for gerbera. Shoot tips are the commonly used explant while adventitious shoot induction from the capitulum is also a popular method. Most papers in the literature have focused on testing the influence of different types and combinations of plant growth regulators with the aim of improving the regeneration and multiplication stage of one or few cultivars. Genotype is one of the most influential factors on the response of gerbera in vitro. Despite this, no successful universal protocol has yet been developed for multiple cultivars, limiting the usefulness of current protocols for commercial biotechnology labs. Slow-growing endogenous bacteria are one of the most important problems in gerbera micropropagation but require more studies on control and prevention. Individual shoots are normally easy to root, usually in excess of 90% of plantlets, but the acclimatization stage requires improvements and new technologies to increase the survival of plants. Epigenetic variations in micropropagated gerbera are frequently observed only with high concentrations of cytokinins in the culture medium but somaclonal variation is rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean C Cardoso
- Depto. de Desenvolvimento Rural, Centro de Ciências Agrárias/Universidade Federal de São Carlos (CCA/UFSCAR), Rod. Anhanguera, km 174, CEP 13600-000 Araras, Brazil.
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906
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Murphy SA, Nicolaou A. Lipidomics applications in health, disease and nutrition research. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:1336-46. [PMID: 23729171 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The structural and functional diversity of lipids accounts for their involvement into a wide range of homeostatic processes and disease states, including lifestyle-related diseases as well as genetic conditions. Challenges presented by this diversity have been addressed to a great extent by the development of lipidomics, a platform that makes possible the detailed profiling and characterisation of lipid species present in any cell, organelle, tissue or body fluid, and allows for a wider appreciation of the biological role of lipid networks. Progress in the field of lipidomics has been greatly facilitated by recent advances in MS and includes a range of analytical platforms supporting applications spanning from qualitative and quantitative assessment of multiple species to lipid imaging. Here we review these MS techniques currently in routine use in lipidomics, alongside with new ones that have started making an impact in the field. Recent applications in health, disease and nutrition-related questions will also be discussed with a view to convey the importance of lipidomics contributions to biosciences and food technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Murphy
- School of Pharmacy and Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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907
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Rubio N, Almanza A, Mercado F, Arévalo MÁ, Garcia-Segura LM, Vega R, Soto E. Upregulation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in mouse astrocytes infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). Neuroscience 2013; 247:309-18. [PMID: 23742846 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) induces demyelination in susceptible strains of mice through a CD4(+) Th1 T cell-mediated immunopathological process. TMEV infection produces a syndrome in mice that resembles multiple sclerosis. In this work, we focused on the increased expression of the genes encoding voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel subunits in SJL/J mouse astrocytes infected in culture with a BeAn strain of TMEV. Affymetrix DNA murine genome U74v2 DNA microarray hybridized with cRNA from mock- and TMEV-infected astrocytes revealed the upregulation of four sequences encoding Ca(2+)-binding and Ca(2+) channel subunit proteins. The DNA hybridization results were further validated using conventional RT-PCR and quantitative RT-PCR, demonstrating the increased expression of mRNA encoding channel subunit proteins. Western blotting also showed the increased synthesis of L- and N-type channel subunit specific proteins after infection. The reduced expression and the functional upregulation of functional voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels in mock- and TMEV-infected cells, respectively, was demonstrated using voltage clamp experiments. TMEV infection in mouse astrocytes induced a Ca(2+) current with a density proportional to the amount of viral particles used for infection. The use of Ca(2+) channel blockers, nimodipine and ω-conotoxin-GVIA, showed that both functional L- and N-type Ca(2+) channels were upregulated in infected astrocytes. The upregulation of Ca(2+) channels in astrocytes after TMEV infection provides insight into the molecular processes and potential role of astrocyte Ca(2+) dysregulation in the pathophysiology of encephalomyelitis and is important for the development of novel therapeutic strategies leading to prevention of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rubio
- Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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908
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Tse WKF, Sun J, Zhang H, Law AYS, Yeung BHY, Chow SC, Qiu JW, Wong CKC. Transcriptomic and iTRAQ proteomic approaches reveal novel short-term hyperosmotic stress responsive proteins in the gill of the Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica). J Proteomics 2013; 89:81-94. [PMID: 23735544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Osmoregulation is critical for the survival of fishes that migrate between freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW). The eel, as a catadromous fish, has been studied for decades to reveal the mechanisms of osmoregulation. These studies, however, have been limited by the lack of a genomic database to decipher the mechanism of osmoregulation at a molecular level. In this study, using high-throughput transcriptomic and proteomic technologies, we have provided the first genome-wide study to identify hyperosmotic responsive proteins in the gills of the Japanese eel. Deep sequencing using the 454 platform produced over 660,000 reads with a mean length of 385 bp. For the proteomic study, we collected gill samples from three different treatment groups of fish that had fully adapted to FW/SW or were transferred from FW to SW for 6h. The respective group of gill proteins were extracted and labeled using an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) using LTQ-Orbitrap, a high resolution mass spectrometer. Among the 1519 proteins identified from the gill samples, 96 proteins were differentially expressed between FW and SW adapted fish. Nineteen hyperosmotic responsive proteins were detected (10 up-regulated and 9 down-regulated proteins) after 6h post FW to SW transfer. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The study has provided the most comprehensive, targeted investigation of eel gill proteins to date, and shown the powerfulness of combining transcriptomic and proteomic approaches to provide molecular insights of osmoregulation mechanisms in a non-model organism, eel.
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909
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Abstract
The BAFF system plays a key role in the development of autoimmunity, especially in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This often leads to the assumption that BAFF is mostly a B cell factor with a specific role in autoimmunity. Focus on BAFF and autoimmunity, driven by pharmaceutical successes with the recent approval of a novel targeted therapy Belimumab, has relegated other potential roles of BAFF to the background. Far from being SLE-specific, the BAFF system has a much broader relevance in infection, cancer and allergy. In this review, we provide the latest views on additional roles of the BAFF system in health and diseases, as well as an update on BAFF and autoimmunity, with particular focus on current clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fabienne Mackay
- Corresponding author at: Department of Immunology, Monash University, Central Clinical School, Alfred Hospital, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia. Tel.: +61 3 99030713; fax: +61 3 99030038.
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910
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Wang Z, Xu M, Peng J, Jiang L, Hu Z, Wang H, Zhou S, Zhou R, Hultström M, Lai EY. Prevalence and associated metabolic factors of fatty liver disease in the elderly. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:705-9. [PMID: 23721951 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolic risk factors for fatty liver disease in the elderly, and determine the prevalence of fatty liver disease in the elderly in Wuhan, central China. METHODS The study was a case-control study based on all 4226 adults above 60 years of age from a cohort investigated in 2010-11 at the medical examination center of Zhongnan hospital, using 3145 randomly selected adults under 60 years of age from the same cohort as controls. Fatty liver disease (FLD) was identified with ultrasound imaging. The risk factors measured were body mass index (BMI), and plasma concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and serum uric acid (SUA). The probability of steatohepatitis with advanced fibrosis was predicted using a score based on BMI, age, ALT, and TG (BAAT),and using AST/ALT ratio (AAR). RESULTS FLD was higher in the elderly (26.7%) than in the non-elderly (22.8%) and similar in the elderly between men and women (26.6% vs 27.0%, p>0.05). BMI, TC, TG, LDL, SUA, AST and ALT were all significantly higher in FLD, whereas the level of HDL was markedly lower. Multiple regression analyses showed that obesity, high TC, TG, SUA, low HDL, and elevated ALT, AAR<1 were closely related to the elderly FLD, while male sex, obesity, high TC, TG, low HDL, elevated ALT, AST and AAR<1 were closely related to the non-elderly FLD. The prevalence of steatohepatitis with advanced fibrosis estimated as BAAT index≥3 was 2.4% in all subjects, and was higher in the elderly FLD patients than in the non-elderly FLD patients. CONCLUSION The prevalence of FLD is higher in the elderly, and is broadly related to the same metabolic risk factors as in the non-elderly. However, female-sex is no longer protective with increasing age, and the prevalence of steatohepatitis with advanced fibrosis is estimated to be considerably higher in the elderly FLD patients than in the non-elderly FLD controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongli Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine & Geriatrics, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China.
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911
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Xu Y, Liu Y, Zhu J, Wang E. Discovered triethylamine as impurity in synthetic DNAs for and by electrochemiluminescence techniques. Talanta 2013; 116:308-14. [PMID: 24148408 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.03.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purity of the synthetic oligonucleotides is very important because it is crucial for the accuracy of the established biological assays. Herein, it was discovered that one impurity in synthetic DNAs might affect the experiment results of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection techniques, which was never reported before. According to a series of experiments using ECL detection methods combined with capillary electrophoresis (CE) (CE-ECL), the impurity was identified as triethylamine (TEA), which came from incomplete removal after HPLC purification of synthetic DNAs. Moreover, CE-ECL technique was for the first time to be proposed for discovering, identifying and sensitive determining the possible impurity such as TEA in various DNA samples, which was usually neglected by other detection techniques for purification quality control of synthetic oligonucleotides. A detection range from 5.00×10(-10) to 2.00×10(-5) M with a detection limit as low as 50 nM (S/N=3) was reached for TEA. Through further designed ECL methods and data analysis, situations which would be really affected by the impurity of TEA were studied. To avoid or eliminate the impact of the TEA impurity on ECL applications, judgment basis for choosing purification ways was discussed according to individual requirements.
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912
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Trillo L, Das D, Hsieh W, Medina B, Moghadam S, Lin B, Dang V, Sanchez MM, De Miguel Z, Ashford JW, Salehi A. Ascending monoaminergic systems alterations in Alzheimer's disease. translating basic science into clinical care. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1363-79. [PMID: 23707776 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Extensive neuropathological studies have established a compelling link between abnormalities in structure and function of subcortical monoaminergic (MA-ergic) systems and the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The main cell populations of these systems including the locus coeruleus, the raphe nuclei, and the tuberomamillary nucleus undergo significant degeneration in AD, thereby depriving the hippocampal and cortical neurons from their critical modulatory influence. These studies have been complemented by genome wide association studies linking polymorphisms in key genes involved in the MA-ergic systems and particular behavioral abnormalities in AD. Importantly, several recent studies have shown that improvement of the MA-ergic systems can both restore cognitive function and reduce AD-related pathology in animal models of neurodegeneration. This review aims to explore the link between abnormalities in the MA-ergic systems and AD symptomatology as well as the therapeutic strategies targeting these systems. Furthermore, we will examine possible mechanisms behind basic vulnerability of MA-ergic neurons in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Trillo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of San Agustin, Arequipa, Peru
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913
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Hendriks WJAJ, Pulido R. Protein tyrosine phosphatase variants in human hereditary disorders and disease susceptibilities. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1673-96. [PMID: 23707412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reversible tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins is a key regulatory mechanism to steer normal development and physiological functioning of multicellular organisms. Phosphotyrosine dephosphorylation is exerted by members of the super-family of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) enzymes and many play such essential roles that a wide variety of hereditary disorders and disease susceptibilities in man are caused by PTP alleles. More than two decades of PTP research has resulted in a collection of PTP genetic variants with corresponding consequences at the molecular, cellular and physiological level. Here we present a comprehensive overview of these PTP gene variants that have been linked to disease states in man. Although the findings have direct bearing for disease diagnostics and for research on disease etiology, more work is necessary to translate this into therapies that alleviate the burden of these hereditary disorders and disease susceptibilities in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiljan J A J Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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914
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Bager R, Johansen JS, Jensen JK, Stensballe A, Jendroszek A, Buxbom L, Sørensen HP, Andreasen PA. Protein conformational change delayed by steric hindrance from an N-linked glycan. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:2867-77. [PMID: 23702291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Very few studies have attributed a direct, active, functional role to N-linked glycans. We describe here an N-linked glycan with a unique role for maintaining the active conformation of a protein of the serpin family. The distinguishing feature of serpins is the "stressed-to-relaxed" transition, in which the reactive center loop inserts as a β-strand into the central β-sheet A. This transition forms the basis for the conversion of serpins to the inactive latent state. We demonstrate that plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) from zebrafish converts to the latent state about 5-fold slower than human PAI-1. In contrast to human PAI-1, fish PAI-1 carries a single N-linked glycan at Asn185 in the gate region through which the reactive center loop passes during latency transition. While the latency transition of human PAI-1 is unaffected by deglycosylation, deglycosylated zebrafish PAI-1 (zfPAI-1) goes latent about 50-fold faster than the glycosylated zfPAI-1 and about 25-fold faster than non-glycosylated human PAI-1. X-ray crystal structure analysis of glycosylated fish PAI-1 confirmed the presence of an N-linked glycan in the gate region and a lack of glycan-induced structural changes. Thus, latency transition of zfPAI-1 is delayed by steric hindrance from the glycan in the gate region. Our findings reveal a previously unknown mechanism for inhibition of protein conformational changes by steric hindrance from N-linked glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Bager
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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915
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Ihara H, Hanashima S, Tsukamoto H, Yamaguchi Y, Taniguchi N, Ikeda Y. Difucosylation of chitooligosaccharides by eukaryote and prokaryote α1,6-fucosyltransferases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4482-90. [PMID: 23688399 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The synthesis of eukaryotic N-glycans and the rhizobia Nod factor both involve α1,6-fucosylation. These fucosylations are catalyzed by eukaryotic α1,6-fucosyltransferase, FUT8, and rhizobial enzyme, NodZ. The two enzymes have similar enzymatic properties and structures but display different acceptor specificities: FUT8 and NodZ prefer N-glycan and chitooligosaccharide, respectively. This study was conducted to examine the fucosylation of chitooligosaccharides by FUT8 and NodZ and to characterize the resulting difucosylated chitooligosaccharides in terms of their resistance to hydrolysis by glycosidases. METHODS The issue of whether FUT8 or NodZ catalyzes the further fucosylation of chitooligosaccharides that had first been monofucosylated by the other. The oligosaccharide products from the successive reactions were analyzed by normal-phase high performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. The effect of difucosylation on sensitivity to glycosidase digestion was also investigated. RESULTS Both FUT8 and NodZ are able to further fucosylate the monofucosylated chitooligosaccharides. Structural analyses of the resulting oligosaccharides showed that the reducing terminal GlcNAc residue and the third GlcNAc residue from the non-reducing end are fucosylated via α1,6-linkages. The difucosylation protected the oligosaccharides from extensive degradation to GlcNAc by hexosamidase and lysozyme, and also even from defucosylation by fucosidase. CONCLUSIONS The sequential actions of FUT8 and NodZ on common substrates effectively produce site-specific-difucosylated chitooligosaccharides. This modification confers protection to the oligosaccharides against various glycosidases. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The action of a combination of eukaryotic and bacterial α1,6-fucosyltransferases on chitooligosaccharides results in the formation of difucosylated products, which serves to stabilize chitooligosaccharides against the action of glycosidases.
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Key Words
- COSY
- Chitooligosaccharide
- FUT8-monofucosylated chitooligosaccharide
- Fuc
- Fucosylation
- Fucosyltransferase
- GDP
- GN1
- GN2
- GN3
- GN4
- GN5
- GN6
- GNF
- GNFF′
- GNF′
- GlcNAc or N-acetylglucosamine
- Glycosidase
- HPLC
- HSQC
- Lysozyme
- MALDI
- MS
- N,N′,N″,N‴,N‴′,N‴″-hexaacetyl chitohexaose
- N,N′,N″,N‴,N‴′-pentaacetyl chitopentaose
- N,N′,N″,N‴-tetraacetyl chitotetraose
- N,N′,N″-triacetyl chitotriose
- N,N′-diacetyl chitobiose
- NMR
- NodZ-monofucosylated chitooligosaccharide
- TOCSY
- TOF
- correlation spectroscopy
- difucosylated chitooligosaccharide
- fucose
- guanine nucleotide diphosphate
- hetero-nuclear single quantum coherence
- high performance liquid chromatography
- mass spectrometry
- matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
- nuclear magnetic resonance
- time of flight
- total correlation spectroscopy
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Ihara
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
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916
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Li SJ, Wang D, Zhang J, Zheng J, Chen WX. Development of test strips for rapid buprenorphine detection in vitro. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:1093-1098. [PMID: 23665439 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Buprenorphine (BUP) is the primary treatment for narcotic addiction, but it is often abused by opioid-dependent patients in many countries. For timely and effective detection and controlling the amount of BUP used in therapy, a rapid and sensitive test is needed. In the present study, we describe the development of test strips using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for the detection of BUP. DESIGN AND METHODS The MAbs were generated from hybridomas, and purified MAbs were used to create colloidal gold-antibody conjugates that were placed in the test strips. RESULTS The BUP test strips had a limit of detection (LOD) of 12.5 ng/mL and did not cross-react with other drugs tested at physiological levels. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, this assay has sufficient sensitivity and specificity for BUP detection in urine specimens so that the dosage of BUP given to individuals being treated for opioid dependence can be monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Jin Li
- The Pneumology Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Ding Wang
- The Laboratory Medicine Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- The Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- The Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wei-Xian Chen
- The Laboratory Medicine Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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917
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Podojil JR, Liu LN, Marshall SA, Chiang MY, Goings GE, Chen L, Langermann S, Miller SD. B7-H4Ig inhibits mouse and human T-cell function and treats EAE via IL-10/Treg-dependent mechanis ms. J Autoimmun 2013; 44:71-81. [PMID: 23683881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the therapeutic efficacy and mechanisms of action of both mouse and human B7-H4 Immunoglobulin fusion proteins (mB7-H4Ig; hB7-H4Ig) in treating EAE. The present data show that mB7-H4Ig both directly and indirectly (via increasing Treg function) inhibited CD4⁺ T-cell proliferation and differentiation in both Th1- and Th17-cell promoting conditions while inducing production of IL-10. B7-H4Ig treatment effectively ameliorated progression of both relapsing (R-EAE) and chronic EAE correlating with decreased numbers of activated CD4⁺ T-cells within the CNS and spleen, and a concurrent increase in number and function of Tregs. The functional requirement for Treg activation in treating EAE was demonstrated by a loss of therapeutic efficacy of hB7-H4Ig in R-EAE following inactivation of Treg function either by anti-CD25 treatment or blockade of IL-10. Significant to the eventual translation of this treatment into clinical practice, hB7-H4Ig similarly inhibited the in vitro differentiation of naïve human CD4⁺ T-cells in both Th1- and Th17-promoting conditions, while promoting the production of IL-10. B7-H4Ig thus regulates pro-inflammatory T-cell responses by a unique dual mechanism of action and demonstrates significant promise as a therapeutic for autoimmune diseases, including MS.
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918
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Mierzwa AJ, Zhou YX, Hibbits N, Vana AC, Armstrong RC. FGF2 and FGFR1 signaling regulate functional recovery following cuprizone demyelination. Neurosci Lett 2013; 548:280-5. [PMID: 23684572 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, remyelination offers the potential to recover function of viable denuded axons by restoring saltatory conduction and/or protecting from further damage. Mice with genetic reduction of fibroblast growth factor 2 (Fgf2) or Fgf receptor 1 (Fgfr1) exhibit dramatically improved remyelination following experimental demyelination with cuprizone. The current studies are the first to test neurobehavioral outcomes with these gene deletions that improved remyelination. The cuprizone protocols used did not produce overt abnormalities but did reduce bilateral sensorimotor coordination (complex wheel task) and increase sociability (two chamber apparatus with novel mouse). A significant effect of genotype was observed on the complex wheel task but not in the sociability apparatus. Specifically, complex wheel velocities for Fgf2 nulls improved significantly after removal of cuprizone from the diet. This improvement in Fgf2 null mice occurred following either acute (6 weeks) or chronic (12 weeks) demyelination. Plp/CreERT:Fgfr1(fl/fl) mice administered tamoxifen at 10 weeks of cuprizone treatment to induce Fgfr1 knockdown also showed improved recovery of running velocities on the complex wheels. Therefore, constitutive deletion of Fgf2 or Fgfr1 knockdown in oligodendrocyte lineage cells is sufficient to overcome impairment of sensorimotor coordination after cuprizone demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Mierzwa
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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919
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Patel DN, Li L, Kee CL, Ge X, Low MY, Koh HL. Screening of synthetic PDE-5 inhibitors and their analogues as adulterants: analytical techniques and challenges. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 87:176-90. [PMID: 23721687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The popularity of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) enzyme inhibitors for the treatment of erectile dysfunction has led to the increase in prevalence of illicit sexual performance enhancement products. PDE-5 inhibitors, namely sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil, and their unapproved designer analogues are being increasingly used as adulterants in the herbal products and health supplements marketed for sexual performance enhancement. To date, more than 50 unapproved analogues of prescription PDE-5 inhibitors were found as adulterants in the literature. To avoid detection of such adulteration by standard screening protocols, the perpetrators of such illegal products are investing time and resources to synthesize exotic analogues and devise novel means for adulteration. A comprehensive review of conventional and advance analytical techniques to detect and characterize the adulterants is presented. The rapid identification and structural elucidation of unknown analogues as adulterants is greatly enhanced by the wide myriad of analytical techniques employed, including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography mass-spectrometry (LC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, vibrational spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry (LC-FT-ICR-MS), liquid chromatograph-hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer with information dependent acquisition, ultra high performance liquid chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-TOF-MS), ion mobility spectroscopy (IMS) and immunoassay methods. The many challenges in detecting and characterizing such adulterants, and the need for concerted effort to curb adulteration in order to safe guard public safety and interest are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhavalkumar Narendrabhai Patel
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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920
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Wang Y, Kim SG, Wu J, Huh HH, Lee SJ, Rakwal R, Agrawal GK, Park ZY, Young Kang K, Kim ST. Secretome analysis of the rice bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae (Xoo) using in vitro and in planta syste ms. Proteomics 2013; 13:1901-12. [PMID: 23512849 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes bacterial blight disease in rice, and that severely affects yield loss (upto 50%) of total rice production. Here, we report a proteomics investigation of Xoo (compatible race K3)-secreted proteins, isolated from its in vitro culture and in planta infected rice leaves. 2DE coupled with MALDI-TOF-MS and/or nLC-ESI-MS/MS approaches identified 139 protein spots (out of 153 differential spots), encoding 109 unique proteins. Identified proteins belonged to multiple biological and molecular functions. Metabolic and nutrient uptake proteins were common up to both in vitro and in planta secretomes. However, pathogenicity, protease/peptidase, and host defense-related proteins were highly or specifically expressed during in planta infection. A good correlation was observed between protein and transcript abundances for nine proteins secreted in planta as per semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis. Transgenic rice leaf sheath (carrying PBZ1 promoter::GFP cell death reporter), when used to express a few of the identified secretory proteins, showed a direct activation of cell death signaling, suggesting their involvement in pathogenicity related with secretion effectors. This work furthers our understanding of rice bacterial blight disease, and serves as a resource for possible translation in generating disease resistant rice plants for improved seed yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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921
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Gomez-Mejiba SE, Zhai Z, Della-Vedova MC, Muñoz MD, Chatterjee S, Towner RA, Hensley K, Floyd RA, Mason RP, Ramirez DC. Immuno-spin trapping from biochemistry to medicine: advances, challenges, and pitfalls. Focus on protein-centered radicals. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:722-9. [PMID: 23644035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immuno-spin trapping (IST) is based on the reaction of a spin trap with a free radical to form a stable nitrone adduct, followed by the use of antibodies, rather than traditional electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, to detect the nitrone adduct. IST has been successfully applied to mechanistic in vitro studies, and recently, macromolecule-centered radicals have been detected in models of drug-induced agranulocytosis, hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and ischemia/reperfusion, as well as in models of neurological, metabolic and immunological diseases. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW To critically evaluate advances, challenges, and pitfalls as well as the scientific opportunities of IST as applied to the study of protein-centered free radicals generated in stressed organelles, cells, tissues and animal models of disease and exposure. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Because the spin trap has to be present at high enough concentrations in the microenvironment where the radical is formed, the possible effects of the spin trap on gene expression, metabolism and cell physiology have to be considered in the use of IST and in the interpretation of results. These factors have not yet been thoroughly dealt with in the literature. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The identification of radicalized proteins during cell/tissue response to stressors will help define their role in the complex cellular response to stressors and pathogenesis; however, the fidelity of spin trapping/immuno-detection and the effects of the spin trap on the biological system should be considered. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Current methods to study reactive oxygen species - pros and cons and biophysics of membrane proteins. Guest Editor: Christine Winterbourn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra E Gomez-Mejiba
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute Multidisciplinary of Biological Investigations-San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), National Bureau of Science and Technology (CONICET) and National University of San Luis, San Luis, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
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922
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Azami Tameh A, Clarner T, Beyer C, Atlasi MA, Hassanzadeh G, Naderian H. Regional regulation of glutamate signaling during cuprizone-induced demyelination in the brain. Ann Anat 2013; 195:415-23. [PMID: 23711509 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate excitotoxicity is associated with a wide range of neurodegenerative disorders and also seems to be involved in the pathology of demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Cuprizone-induced toxic demyelination shows clear characteristics of MS such as demyelination and axonal damage without the involvement of the innate immune system. In this study, we have evaluated glutamate signaling during cuprizone-induced demyelination in the white and gray matter of mouse brain by studying the expression of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate-receptors and -transporters by Affymetrix gene array analysis, followed by real-time PCR and western blot analysis. Cellular localization of glutamate transporters was investigated by fluorescence double-labeling experiments. Comparing white and gray matter areas, the expression of glutamate receptors was region-specific. Among NMDA receptor subunits, NR2A was up-regulated in the demyelinated corpus callosum (CC), whereas the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR2 was down-regulated in demyelinated gray matter. Glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST) co-localizing with GFAP(+) astrocytes was increased in both demyelinated CC and telencephalic cortex, whereas Slc1a4 transporter was up-regulated only in CC. Our data indicate that cuprizone treatment affects glutamate-receptors and -transporters differently in gray and white matter brain areas revealing particularly regulation of GLAST and Slc1a4 compared with other genes. This might have an important influence on brain-region selective sensitivity to neurotoxic compounds and the progression of demyelination as has been reported for MS and other demyelinating neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Azami Tameh
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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923
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Vinogradov E, Frimmelova M, Toman R. Chemical structure of the carbohydrate backbone of the lipopolysaccharide from Piscirickettsia salmonis. Carbohydr Res 2013; 378:108-13. [PMID: 23673236 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of the carbohydrate backbone structure of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Piscirickettsia salmonis, the etiological agent of the salmonid rickettsial septicemia, is described. Structural information was established by a combination of monosaccharide and methylation analyses of LPS, and by NMR and mass spectrometries of oligosaccharides obtained through the use of various chemical degradations of the native polymer. The following structure of the backbone sugars was determined on the basis of the combined data from these experiments: [formula see text] The presence of two consecutive residues of diacetylated pseudaminic acid (Pse5,7Ac, 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-l-glycero-l-manno-non-2-ulosonic acid) in the LPS appears to be unique among polysaccharides containing this acidic sugar. Similarly, the presence of 4-aminoarabinose (Ara4N, 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinopyranose) on O-4 of the α-GlcN1P of the lipid A moiety is a unique feature of this LPS.
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924
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Alfonsi E, Bergamaschi R, Cosentino G, Ponzio M, Montomoli C, Restivo DA, Brighina F, Ravaglia S, Prunetti P, Bertino G, Benazzo M, Fontana D, Moglia A. Electrophysiological patterns of oropharyngeal swallowing in multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124:1638-45. [PMID: 23601703 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We performed an electrophysiological study of swallowing (EPSS) in multiple sclerosis (MS) to describe oropharyngeal swallowing abnormalities and to analyze their correlations with dysphagia and with overall neurological impairment. METHODS Neurological examinations were quantified using the Kurtzke Functional Systems and the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Dysphagia was evaluated using the Dysphagia in Multiple Sclerosis (DYMUS) questionnaire, while fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) was used to establish the degree of aspiration and penetration, graded using the penetration-aspiration scale (PAS). The EPSS measured the duration of suprahyoid/submental muscle EMG activity (SHEMG-D), the duration of the laryngeal-pharyngeal mechanogram (LPM-D), and the duration of the pause in cricopharyngeal muscle EMG activity (CPEMG-PD); it also measured the interval between onset of the suprahyoid/submental muscle EMG activity (SHEMG) and onset of the laryngeal-pharyngeal mechanogram (I-SHEMG-LPM). RESULTS 92% of patients showed at least one electrophysiological abnormality. I-SHEMG-LPM correlated positively with the DYMUS questionnaire. I-SHEMG-LPM, SHEMG-D, and DYMUS correlated positively with the PAS. Moderate to severe bladder sphincter dysfunction was associated with a significant reduction, or absence, of CPEMG-PD. CONCLUSION EPSS improves our understanding of the pathophysiology of dysphagia in MS. SIGNIFICANCE This investigation could be useful in MS patients with swallowing abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Alfonsi
- Department of Neurophysiopathology, C. Mondino National Institute of Neurology Foundation, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy.
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925
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Blaževski J, Petković F, Momčilović M, Jevtic B, Miljković D, Mostarica Stojković M. High interleukin-10 expression within the central nervous system may be important for initiation of recovery of Dark Agouti rats from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Immunobiology 2013; 218:1192-9. [PMID: 23664544 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Dark Agouti (DA) rats are highly susceptible to induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), still they completely recover from the disease. Here, we were interested to determine contribution of major anti-inflammatory cytokines transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and interleukin (IL)-10 to the recovery of DA rats from EAE. To that extent we determined CNS expression of these cytokines in DA rats at different phases of EAE and compared data to those obtained in EAE-resistant Albino Oxford (AO) rats. Higher expression of TGF-β was persistently observed in the CNS of AO rats, even if rats were not immunized. This implied that high TGF-β within the CNS is important for resistance of AO rats to EAE induction. On the contrary, IL-10 expression was consistently higher in DA than in AO rats and it culminated at the peak of EAE. Methylprednisolone suppressed EAE and expression of IL-10 in spinal cord homogenates, while IL-10 was increased in CNS-infiltrating immune cells. This implied that IL-10 might have a significant role in recovery of DA rats from the disease. Thus, we next explored effects of IL-10 on astrocytes, glial cells that largely contribute to control of CNS inflammation. IL-10 stimulated astrocytic expression of an important regulator of neuroinflammation, CXCL12. Thus, IL-10 might contribute to recovery of DA rats from EAE through induction of CXCL12 expression in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Blaževski
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research, Siniša Stanković, University of Belgrade, Serbia
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926
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Politis A, Park AY, Hall Z, Ruotolo BT, Robinson CV. Integrative modelling coupled with ion mobility mass spectrometry reveals structural features of the clamp loader in complex with single-stranded DNA binding protein. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:4790-801. [PMID: 23583780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
DNA polymerase III, a decameric 420-kDa assembly, simultaneously replicates both strands of the chromosome in Escherichia coli. A subassembly of this holoenzyme, the seven-subunit clamp loader complex, is responsible for loading the sliding clamp (β2) onto DNA. Here, we use structural information derived from ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) to build three-dimensional models of one form of the full clamp loader complex, γ3δδ'ψχ (254 kDa). By probing the interaction between the clamp loader and a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein (SSB4) and by identifying two distinct conformational states, with and without ssDNA, we assemble models of ψχ-SSB4 (108 kDa) and the clamp loader-SSB4 (340 kDa) consistent with IM data. A significant increase in measured collision cross-section (~10%) of the clamp loader-SSB4 complex upon DNA binding suggests large conformational rearrangements. This DNA bound conformation represents the active state and, along with the presence of ψχ, stabilises the clamp loader-SSB4 complex. Overall, this study of a large heteromeric complex analysed by IM-MS, coupled with integrative modelling, highlights the potential of such an approach to reveal structural features of previously unknown complexes of high biological importance.
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927
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Rostami A, Ciric B. Role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of CNS inflammatory demyelination. J Neurol Sci 2013; 333:76-87. [PMID: 23578791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The etiology of MS is not well understood, but it is believed that myelin-specific CD4(+) T cells play a central role in initiating and orchestrating CNS inflammation. In this scenario, CD4(+) T cells, activated in the periphery, infiltrate the CNS, where, by secreting cytokines and chemokines, they start an inflammatory cascade. Given the central role of CD4(+) T cells in CNS autoimmunity, they have been studied extensively, principally by using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. In the late 1980s, CD4(+) T cells, based on their cytokine production, were divided into two helper lineages, Th1 and Th2 cells. It was postulated that Th1 cells, which produce IFN-γ, mediate inflammation of the CNS in MS/EAE, while Th2 cells, which produce IL-4, have a beneficial effect in disease, because of their antagonistic effect on Th1 cells. The Th1/Th2 paradigm remained the prevailing view of MS/EAE pathogenesis until 2005, when a new lineage, Th17, was discovered. In a relatively short period of time it became apparent that Th17 cells, named after their hallmark cytokine, IL-17A, play a crucial role in many inflammatory diseases, including EAE, and likely in MS as well. The Th17 paradigm developed rapidly, initiating the debate of whether Th1 cells contribute to EAE/MS pathogenesis at all, or if they might even have a protective role due to their antagonistic effects on Th17 cells. Numerous findings support the view that Th17 cells play an essential role in autoimmune CNS inflammation, perhaps mainly in the initial phases of disease. Th1 cells likely contribute to pathogenesis, with their role possibly more pronounced later in disease. Hence, the current view on the role of Th cells in MS/EAE pathogenesis can be called the Th17/Th1 paradigm. It is certain that Th17 cells will continue to be the focus of intense investigation aimed at elucidating the pathogenesis of CNS autoimmunity.
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928
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Abstract
O-Specific polysaccharides of Brucella contain two antigenic determinants, called A and M. Most of the strains express epitope A with a small amount of epitope M, whereas Brucella melitensis strain 16 M expresses longer polymer consisting mostly of M-type epitopes. Proposed explanation was that epitope A is defined by 1-2-linked homopolymer of N-formylperosamine (Rha4NFo), while epitope M is a pentasaccharide with four 2- and one 3-substituted Rha4NFo. We reinvestigated both types of structures by 2D NMR and showed that M-epitope is a tetrasaccharide, missing one of the 2-linked Rha4NFo as compared to the previously proposed structure. Polysaccharide from B. melitensis 16 M contains a fragment of 1-2-linked polymer, capped with M-type polymer. Other strains contain one or two M-type units at the non-reducing end of the 1-2-linked O-chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kubler-Kielb
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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929
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Denno MS, Gillard PJ, Graham GD, DiBonaventura MD, Goren A, Varon SF, Zorowitz R. Anxiety and depression associated with caregiver burden in caregivers of stroke survivors with spasticity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2013; 94:1731-6. [PMID: 23548544 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between anxiety/depression and caregiver burden in informal caregivers of stroke survivors with spasticity. DESIGN Data were collected via online surveys from informal caregivers 18 years or older who cared for stroke survivors. SETTING Internet-based survey. PARTICIPANTS 2007 through 2009 U.S. National Health and Wellness Survey database or Lightspeed Research general panel respondents (N=153). INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Anxiety and depression were self-reported by the caregiver as a physician diagnosis. Depression severity was measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Caregiver burden was measured by the Oberst Caregiving Burden Scale (OCBS) and the Bakas Caregiving Outcomes Scale (BCOS). Logistic regression analyses were conducted with anxiety, depression, and the PHQ-9 depression severity categories as a result of each caregiver burden scale. RESULTS Data were analyzed for 153 informal caregivers; they were mostly women (70.6%) and white (78.4%), with a mean age of 51.6 years. For every 1-point increase in the OCBS Difficulty Scale, the odds of anxiety or depression were 2.57 times as great (P<.001) and 1.88 times as great (P=.007), respectively. The odds of PHQ-9 severe depression versus all other categories combined were 2.48 times as great (P<.001). For every 1-point decrease in the BCOS, the odds of anxiety or depression were 2.43 times as great (P<.001) and 2.27 times as great (P=.002), respectively. The odds of PHQ-9 severe depression versus all other categories combined were 4.55 times as great (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS As caregiver burden increases, caregivers are more likely to have anxiety and depression. Depression severity also increases. Providing treatment to stroke survivors with spasticity that lessens the time and more importantly, the difficulty of caregiving may lead to a reduction in caregiver anxiety and depression.
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930
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Hodge K, Have ST, Hutton L, Lamond AI. Cleaning up the masses: exclusion lists to reduce contamination with HPLC- MS/MS. J Proteomics 2013; 88:92-103. [PMID: 23501838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry, in the past five years, has increased in speed, accuracy and use. With the ability of the mass spectrometers to identify increasing numbers of proteins the identification of undesirable peptides (those not from the protein sample) has also increased. Most undesirable contaminants originate in the laboratory and come from either the user (e.g. keratin from hair and skin), or from reagents (e.g. trypsin), that are required to prepare samples for analysis. We found that a significant amount of MS instrument time was spent sequencing peptides from abundant contaminant proteins. While completely eliminating non-specific protein contamination is not feasible, it is possible to reduce the sequencing of these contaminants. For example, exclusion lists can provide a list of masses that can be used to instruct the mass spectrometer to ‘ignore’ the undesired contaminant peptides in the list. We empirically generated be-spoke exclusion lists for several model organisms (Homo sapiens, Caenorhabditis elegans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Xenopus laevis), utilising information from over 500 mass spectrometry runs and cumulative analysis of these data. Here we show that by employing these empirically generated lists, it was possible to reduce the time spent analysing contaminating peptides in a given sample thereby facilitating more efficient data acquisition and analysis. Biological significance Given the current efficacy of the Mass Spectrometry instrumentation, the utilisation of data from ~500 mass spec runs to generate be-spoke exclusion lists and optimise data acquisition is the significance of this manuscript. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: New Horizons and Applications for Proteomics [EuPA 2012]. We looked at the contribution of ‘contaminating’ peptides to MS acquisition time. We found that 30–50% of time was wasted on contaminant peptide sequencing. We tested whether the application of an exclusion list would solve this problem. Exclusion lists generated for specific species from > 500 mass spectrometry runs. Exclusion lists enabled more efficient analysis with coverage and isoform data.
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931
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Khorooshi R, Wlodarczyk A, Asgari N, Owens T. Neuromyelitis optica-like pathology is dependent on type I interferon response. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:744-7. [PMID: 23434493 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica is an antibody-mediated autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Reports have suggested that interferon beta which is beneficial for multiple sclerosis, exacerbates neuromyelitis optica. Our aim was to determine whether type I interferon plays a role in the formation of neuromyelitis optica lesions. Immunoglobulin G from a neuromyelitis optica patient was injected intracerebrally with human complement to type I interferon receptor deficient and wildtype mice. Loss of aquaporin-4 and glial fibrillary acidic protein was reduced in type I interferon receptor deficient mice brain. Our findings suggest that type I interferon signaling contributes to neuromyelitis optica pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Khorooshi
- Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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932
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Lindå H, von Heijne A. Presymptomatic diagnosis with MRI and adequate treatment ameliorate the outcome after natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Front Neurol 2013; 4:11. [PMID: 23423248 PMCID: PMC3575071 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natalizumab (Tysabri(®)) is a monoclonal antibody that prevents inflammatory cells from binding to brain endothelial cells and passing into the brain parenchyma. Natalizumab is a highly effective treatment for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is an opportunistic brain JC virus infection that has been shown to be associated with natalizumab treatment. We describe PML in a patient with MS after 44 monthly infusions of natalizumab. With the aid of a routine Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, PML was detected before any unambiguous clinical manifestations had emerged. PML was treated with plasma exchange to accelerate removal of natalizumab. Mirtazapine and mefloquine was promptly added and approximately 1 month after plasma exchange, when an immune-reconstitution-inflammatory-syndrome appeared, steroid treatment was initiated. Steroid treatment was then continued until no virus could be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid. The outcome was favorable. We believe that this case clearly illustrates the importance of an early, presymptomatic, detection of PML, and an adequate treatment. We also propose that surveillance with MRI scans, every 3 months after 24 months of treatment, should be performed in JC virus antibody positive natalizumab-treated MS patients in order to detect PML in an early phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Lindå
- Neurology Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden
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933
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Dlugonski D, Pilutti LA, Sandroff BM, Suh Y, Balantrapu S, Motl RW. Steps per day among persons with multiple sclerosis: variation by demographic, clinical, and device characteristics. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2013; 94:1534-9. [PMID: 23419331 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify steps per day in a large sample of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) and to describe variation by demographic and clinical characteristics and device type. DESIGN Cross-sectional design. SETTING General community. PARTICIPANTS Convenience sample of persons with multiple sclerosis (N=645) recruited from the general community who were ambulatory and relapse free for 30 days. Mean age ± SD of the participants was 46.3 ± 10.6 years old. Participants were mostly women (85%), white (93%), and employed (64%). INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Step counts measured by a motion sensor during a 7-day period. RESULTS The average value for the entire sample was 5,903 ± 3,185 steps per day. This value varied by demographic and clinical characteristics, but not device type, and indicated that men, participants who were unemployed, had a high school education or less, progressive MS, a longer disease duration, and higher disability were less physically active based on the metric of steps per day. CONCLUSIONS This study provides an expected value for average steps per day among persons with MS. Such an expected value for this population is an important first step to help researchers and clinicians interested in improving the overall health of persons with MS through physical activity promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Dlugonski
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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934
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Ponicsan SL, Houel S, Old WM, Ahn NG, Goodrich JA, Kugel JF. The non-coding B2 RNA binds to the DNA cleft and active-site region of RNA polymerase II. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:3625-38. [PMID: 23416138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The B2 family of short interspersed elements is transcribed into non-coding RNA by RNA polymerase III. The ~180-nt B2 RNA has been shown to potently repress mRNA transcription by binding tightly to RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and assembling with it into complexes on promoter DNA, where it keeps the polymerase from properly engaging the promoter DNA. Mammalian Pol II is an ~500-kDa complex that contains 12 different protein subunits, providing many possible surfaces for interaction with B2 RNA. We found that the carboxy-terminal domain of the largest Pol II subunit was not required for B2 RNA to bind Pol II and repress transcription in vitro. To identify the surface on Pol II to which the minimal functional region of B2 RNA binds, we coupled multi-step affinity purification, reversible formaldehyde cross-linking, peptide sequencing by mass spectrometry, and analysis of peptide enrichment. The Pol II peptides most highly recovered after cross-linking to B2 RNA mapped to the DNA binding cleft and active-site region of Pol II. These studies determine the location of a defined nucleic acid binding site on a large, native, multi-subunit complex and provide insight into the mechanism of transcriptional repression by B2 RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Ponicsan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, 596 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0596, USA
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935
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Abstract
Gel electrophoresis, particularly one- (1DE) and two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE), remain among the most widely used top-down methods for resolving and analysing proteomes. Detection of the resulting protein maps relies on staining (i.e. colloidal coomassie blue (CCB) or SYPRO Ruby (SR), in addition to many others). Fluorescent in-gel protein stains are generally preferred for higher sensitivity, reduced background, and wider dynamic range. Although traditionally used for densitometry, CBB has fluorescent properties. Indeed, infrared detection of CCB stained protein was comparable to SR, with BioSafe (Bio-Rad) and the Neuhoff formulation (NCCB) identified as potentially superior to SR; a minor sensitivity issue encountered in gel-resolved proteomes; might have been due to the unified staining protocol used. Here the staining protocol for both CCB formulations was optimised, yielding improved selectivity without affecting sensitivity; the resulting linear dynamic range was similar for BioSafe and NCCB and somewhat better than SR. 2D gel-based analyses of mouse brain and Arabidopsis thaliana (leaf) proteomes indicated markedly superior spot detection using the NCCB formulation. Thus more sensitive, quantitative in-gel protein analyses can be achieved using NCCB, at a fraction of the cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Gauci
- Molecular Physiology, and the Molecular Medicine Research Group, School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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936
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Schaaij-Visser TBM, de Wit M, Lam SW, Jiménez CR. The cancer secretome, current status and opportunities in the lung, breast and colorectal cancer context. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1834:2242-58. [PMID: 23376433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite major improvements on the knowledge and clinical management, cancer is still a deadly disease. Novel biomarkers for better cancer detection, diagnosis and treatment prediction are urgently needed. Proteins secreted, shed or leaking from the cancer cell, collectively termed the cancer secretome, are promising biomarkers since they might be detectable in blood or other biofluids. Furthermore, the cancer secretome in part represents the tumor microenvironment that plays a key role in tumor promoting processes such as angiogenesis and invasion. The cancer secretome, sampled as conditioned medium from cell lines, tumor/tissue interstitial fluid or tumor proximal body fluids, can be studied comprehensively by nanoLC-MS/MS-based approaches. Here, we outline the importance of current cancer secretome research and describe the mass spectrometry-based analysis of the secretome. Further, we provide an overview of cancer secretome research with a focus on the three most common cancer types: lung, breast and colorectal cancer. We conclude that the cancer secretome research field is a young, but rapidly evolving research field. Up to now, the focus has mainly been on the discovery of novel promising secreted cancer biomarker proteins. An interesting finding that merits attention is that in cancer unconventional secretion, e.g. via vesicles, seems increased. Refinement of current approaches and methods and progress in clinical validation of the current findings are vital in order to move towards applications in cancer management. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: An Updated Secretome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieneke B M Schaaij-Visser
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Dept. of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Molecular Genetics and Centre for Biomedical Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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937
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Furse S, Liddell S, Ortori CA, Williams H, Neylon DC, Scott DJ, Barrett DA, Gray DA. The lipidome and proteome of oil bodies from Helianthus annuus (common sunflower). J Chem Biol 2013; 6:63-76. [PMID: 23532185 PMCID: PMC3606697 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-012-0090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we report the molecular profiling, lipidome and proteome, of the plant organelle known as an oil body (OB). The OB is remarkable in that it is able to perform its biological role (storage of triglycerides) whilst resisting the physical stresses caused by changes during desiccation (dehydration) and germination (rehydration). The molecular profile that confers such extraordinary physical stability on OBs was determined using a combination of 31P/1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-resolution mass spectrometry and nominal mass-tandem mass spectrometry for the lipidome, and gel-electrophoresis-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the proteome. The integrity of the procedure for isolating OBs was supported by physical evidence from small-angle neutron-scattering experiments. Suppression of lipase activity was crucial in determining the lipidome. There is conclusive evidence that the latter is dominated by phosphatidylcholine (∼60 %) and phosphatidylinositol (∼20 %), with a variety of other head groups (∼20 %). The fatty acid profile of the surface monolayer comprised palmitic, linoleic and oleic acids (2:1:0.25, 1H NMR) with only traces of other fatty acids (C24:0, C22:0, C18:0, C18:3, C16:2; by MS). The proteome is rich in oleosins (78 %) with the remainder being made up of caleosins and steroleosins. These data are sufficiently detailed to inform an update of the understood model of this organelle and can be used to inform the use of such components in a range of molecular biological, biotechnological and food industry applications. The techniques used in this study for profiling the lipidome throw a new light on the lipid profile of plant cellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Furse
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, College Lane, Sutton Bonington, Nottinghamshire, LE12 5RD UK
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938
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Yao Q. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2: structure, function, and diseases. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2013; 43:125-30. [PMID: 23352252 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To systematically review literature about the structure and function of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) and its disease association. METHODS The English literature was searched using keywords "NOD2" and "disease". Relevant original and review articles were reviewed. RESULTS NOD2 is an intracellular protein and shares similar molecular structure with NOD1, pyrin, and cryopyrin. There are more than 100 NOD2 gene mutations, some of which have been linked to diseases such as Crohn disease, Blau syndrome, and NOD2-associated autoinflammatory disease (NAID). The NOD2 variants located in the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) region are susceptible to Crohn disease, and the variants in the nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and in between the NBD and LRR are associated with Blau syndrome and NAID, respectively. No disease association with the gene variants has been found in rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis, adult sarcoidosis, granulomatous polyangiitis, or multiple sclerosis. The potential association of the NOD2 variants with graft-versus-host-disease remains controversial. NOD2 functions mainly through RICK or RIP2 to activate p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases and NF-κB, resulting in inflammatory response, and enhanced autophagic activity. Biologic therapy may be beneficial for NOD2-associated diseases, and new drug development may be realized based upon the signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS NOD2 gene mutations are associated with several diseases, and some of the mutations are of diagnostic value in Blau disease and NAID. To understand the NOD2 function, disease association, and its pathogenesis is important given the ever increasing clinical significance of NOD2.
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939
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Grade S, Bernardino L, Malva JO. Oligodendrogenesis from neural stem cells: perspectives for remyelinating strategies. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:692-700. [PMID: 23340483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mobilization of remyelinating cells spontaneously occurs in the adult brain. These cellular resources are specially active after demyelinating episodes in early phases of multiple sclerosis (MS). Indeed, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) actively proliferate, migrate to and repopulate the lesioned areas. Ultimately, efficient remyelination is accomplished when new oligodendrocytes reinvest nude neuronal axons, restoring the normal properties of impulse conduction. As the disease progresses this fundamental process fails. Multiple causes seem to contribute to such transient decline, including the failure of OPCs to differentiate and enwrap the vulnerable neuronal axons. Regenerative medicine for MS has been mainly centered on the recruitment of endogenous self-repair mechanisms, or on transplantation approaches. The latter commonly involves grafting of neural precursor cells (NPCs) or neural stem cells (NSCs), with myelinogenic potential, in the injured areas. Both strategies require further understanding of the biology of oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination. Indeed, the success of transplantation largely depends on the pre-commitment of transplanted NPCs or NSCs into oligodendroglial cell type, while the endogenous differentiation of OPCs needs to be boosted in chronic stages of the disease. Thus, much effort has been focused on finding molecular targets that drive oligodendrocytes commitment and development. The present review explores several aspects of remyelination that must be considered in the design of a cell-based therapy for MS, and explores more deeply the challenge of fostering oligodendrogenesis. In this regard, we discuss herein a tool developed in our research group useful to search novel oligodendrogenic factors and to study oligodendrocyte differentiation in a time- and cost-saving manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Grade
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
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940
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Abstract
The past century had witnessed vast advances in biomedical research, particularly in the fields of genomics and proteomics, yet the translation of these discoveries into clinical practice has been hindered by gaps in mechanistic understanding of variability governing disease susceptibility and pathogenesis. Among the greatest challenges are the dynamic nature of the proteome and the imperfect methodologies currently available to study it. Here, we review key recently developed proteomic techniques that have allowed for dynamic characterization of protein quality, as well as quantity, and discuss their potential applications in understanding aging and metabolic disorders including diabetes. These methodologies revealed that senescence is characterized, in part, by decreased rates of de novo protein synthesis and potentially also degradation, in addition to concomitantly increased levels of oxidative stress, ultimately resulting in excessive accumulation of damaged and dysfunctional proteins. Insulin may be a key mediator in these pathologies, as hyperinsulinemia has been shown to hinder protein degradation while transient insulin deficiency may accelerate oxidative damage. We also discuss two interventions that have been proposed to delay, and possibly reverse, senescence by augmenting protein degradation: chronic caloric restriction and aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozalina G McCoy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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941
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common neurological disease with increasing incidence and prevalence. Onset of disease is most frequently in young adulthood when productivity is usually highest; it is of chronic nature and, in the majority of patients, it will result in accumulation of disability. Due to loss of productivity in patients and caregivers as well as high expenses for medical treatment, MS is considered a disease with high economic burden for patients and society. Several drugs have been approved for treatment of MS. While treatment ameliorates the course of the disease, it is very costly; therefore, pharmacoeconomics, evaluating costs and effects of disease-modifying treatment in MS, has become an important issue. Here, we review the economic impact and treatment strategies of MS and discuss recent studies on pharmacoeconomics of early treatment with interferon beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Castrop
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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942
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on vision-related quality of life (QOL) in multiple sclerosis (MS) is still limited. Tools such as the Visual Functioning Questionnaire-25 (VFQ-25) and the Vision Performance Scale (VPS) facilitate assessments of the severity of visual impairment and its impact on daily life. OBJECTIVE The objective of this paper is to examine vision-related QOL, comorbid eye conditions, use of visual aids and utilization of eye-care providers in the North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis (NARCOMS) population, and to explore these issues in those with a history of optic neuritis (ON) and diplopia. METHODS In 2008, NARCOMS registrants reported on their use of visual aids, the VFQ-25, VPS, history of ON, diplopia, refractive error conditions (REC) and comorbid eye diseases (CED). We conducted regression analyses and correlations between select variables. RESULTS The response rate for the survey was 60.4%. Of the 9107 responders, 66.7% reported visual disability measured by VPS. Of respondents, 43.1% had a history of ON and 38.6% reported prior diplopia. Frequencies of myopia (51.8%), hyperopia (26.6%), and uveitis (3.4%) exceeded those expected for the general population. Mean (SD) VFQ-25 composite score was 82.0 (14.2). A history of ON or diplopia accounted for 9.7% of the variance in the VFQ-25; 90.6% of respondents used glasses or contact lenses. Rates of utilizations of eye-care providers were lower than expected. CONCLUSION Prior ON, diplopia, REC and CED adversely impact vision-related QOL in MS. Increased utilization of eye-care providers and use of visual aids could improve vision-related QOL in people with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber R Salter
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA.
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943
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Barrio-Lopez MT, Bes-Rastrollo M, Sayon-Orea C, Garcia-Lopez M, Fernandez-Montero A, Gea A, Martinez-Gonzalez MA. Different types of alcoholic beverages and incidence of metabolic syndrome and its components in a Mediterranean cohort. Clin Nutr 2012; 32:797-804. [PMID: 23305606 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We prospectively assessed the association between alcohol consumption and the incidence of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) in a Mediterranean cohort. METHODS We included 8103 (mean age: 35.4 years) University graduates free of any MS criteria and followed-up during ≥6 years. Alcohol consumption was collected with a validated 136-item food frequency questionnaire. New-onset cases of MS were defined according to the updated harmonizing criteria. RESULTS We observed 341 incident cases of MS. Consumers of ≥7 drinks/wk presented a significantly higher risk of developing MS (aOR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.22-2.66; p < 0.001) compared with non-drinkers. In addition, alcohol drinkers (≥7 drinks/wk) had higher risk of hypertriglyceridemia (aOR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.46-2.93) and impaired fasting glucose (aOR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.16-2.04). Beer consumption was associated with higher risk for MS (p for trend = 0.027) and higher risk of hypertriglyceridemia (aOR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.02-3.20), but with lower risk of low HDL-cholesterol criterion (aOR: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.05-0.89) for ≥7 drinks/wk versus no consumption. Non-significant association was observed between wine or liquor consumption and MS. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of at least seven alcoholic drinks per week was associated with a higher risk of developing MS among subjects initially free of any MS criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Barrio-Lopez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea, 1, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Navarra, Avenida Pio XII, 36, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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944
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Abstract
Nitrogenase contains two unique metalloclusters: the P-cluster and the M-cluster. The assembly processes of P- and M-clusters are arguably the most complicated processes in bioinorganic chemistry. There is considerable interest in decoding the biosynthetic mechanisms of the P- and M-clusters, because these clusters are not only biologically important, but also chemically unprecedented. Understanding the assembly mechanisms of these unique metalloclusters is crucial for understanding the structure-function relationship of nitrogenase. Here, we review the recent advances in this research area, with an emphasis on our work that provide important insights into the biosynthetic pathways of these high-nuclearity metal centers. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Metals in Bioenergetics and Biomimetics Systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92687-3900, USA.
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945
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Licznerski P, Duman RS. Remodeling of axo-spinous synapses in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression. Neuroscience 2012; 251:33-50. [PMID: 23036622 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic spines provide a compartment for assembly and functional organization of synaptic machinery that plays a fundamental role in neuronal communication and neuroplasticity. Studies in humans as well as in animal models have demonstrated abnormal spine architecture in several psychiatric disorders, including depression and other stress-related illnesses. The negative impact of stress on the density and organization of spines is thought to contribute to the behavioral deficits caused by stress exposure. Moreover, there is now evidence that medication-induced recovery involves changes in synaptic plasticity and dendrite morphology, including increased expression of pre- and postsynaptic plasticity-related proteins, as well as the density and function of axo-spinous synapses. Here we review the evidence from brain imaging and postmortem studies demonstrating that depression is accompanied by structural and functional alterations of cortical and limbic brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala. In addition, we present more direct evidence from basic research studies that exposure to stress alters spine morphology, function and plasticity and that antidepressants, particularly new rapid acting agents, reverse these effects. Elucidation of the signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms that control spine synapse assembly and plasticity will contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of depression and development of novel, more effective therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Licznerski
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06508, United States
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946
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Ryan FP. Human endogenous retroviruses in multiple sclerosis: potential for novel neuro-pharmacological research. Curr Neuropharmacol 2012; 9:360-9. [PMID: 22131944 PMCID: PMC3131726 DOI: 10.2174/157015911795596568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that the env genes of two or more human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) of the W family are contributing to the inflammatory processes, and thus to the pathogenesis, of multiple sclerosis (MS). Increasing understanding of the human endogenous retroviral locus, ERVWE1, and the putative multiple sclerosis associated retrovirus, or MSRV, and in particular of the HERV-W env sequences associated with these, offers the potential of new lines of pharmacological research that might assist diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Ryan
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Sheffield University, UK
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947
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS), in which auto-aggressive lymphocytes participate in inflammation that causes myelin destruction. Although T lymphocytes have been viewed as important culprits in the inflammatory cascade that results in MS, clinical trial results and animal model data support a role for B lymphocytes in MS pathology. In spite of these encouraging results, the mechanism behind why B cell depletion might be effective for MS treatment remains unknown. Herein we summarize the state of our knowledge for how B cells and their antibody products may influence the initiation and or propagation of MS, drawing from human studies and animal model data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Pikor
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Jennifer L Gommerman
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.
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948
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Salamonsen A, Drageset BJ, Fønnebø V. A Patient-defined "Best Case" of Multiple Sclerosis Related to the Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Glob Adv Health Med 2012; 1:32-4. [PMID: 24278800 PMCID: PMC3833471 DOI: 10.7453/gahmj.2012.1.1.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronically ill people are frequent users of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Some patients experience great benefits from their use of CAM, like patient “XX” in this case report. XX was diagnosed with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis in 2004 and has reported a “best case” after the use of Dr Birgitta Brunes' unconventional treatment. The patient reports that many of her symptoms that, according to her neurologist, were irreversible are gone or have been greatly reduced. Such patient-defined “best cases” related to the use of CAM should be further explored to optimize and safeguard patients' treatment decisions and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Salamonsen
- Anita Salamonsen, MSc, is a researcher of The National Research Center in Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NAFKAM), Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromsø, Norway
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949
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Lee BS, Jayathilaka GDLP, Huang JS, Vida LN, Honig GR, Gupta S. Analyses of in vitro nonenzymatic glycation of normal and variant hemoglobins by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. J Biomol Tech 2011; 22:90-94. [PMID: 21966256 PMCID: PMC3165857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry is used here to differentiate different glycoisoforms of normal and variant hemoglobins (Hbs) in nonenzymatic in vitro glycation. Single, double, and/or multiple glycation of the α-globin, β-globin, and/or γ-globin is observed. Different glycation rates are observed for various Hbs, and the normal Hb A has the slowest rate. Although the Hb A is relatively stable upon condensation with glucose at 37°C, the variants Hb C, Hb E, Hb F, Hb Leiden, and Hb San Diego are less stable. In addition, data reveal that the number of glucose attached/Hb molecule (state of glycation) increases with longer incubation time, higher glucose concentration, and higher temperature. The pH dependence of the state of glycation is more complex and varies for different Hbs. Although pH has little effect on the state of glycation for Hb C, Hb E, and Hb Leiden, it increases for Hb A and Hb F upon changing the pH of the solution from phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4) to carbonate buffer (pH 10). Results obtained in this study could lead to the inference that the linkage of Hbs with glucose occurs in diabetic conditions in vivo (37°C, ∼neutral pH, ∼0.007 M glucose), and the state of glycation is more severe in the individuals who carry abnormal Hbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Shiang Lee
- Protein Research Laboratory, Research Resources Center, University ofIllinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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950
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Lazzaro MA, Zaidat OO, Mueller-Kronast N, Taqi MA, Woo D. Endovascular therapy for chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis. Front Neurol 2011; 2:44. [PMID: 21808631 PMCID: PMC3139170 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2011.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have emerged suggesting that multiple sclerosis (MS) may be due to abnormal venous outflow from the central nervous system, termed chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI). These reports have generated strong interest and controversy over the prospect of a treatable cause of this chronic debilitating disease. This review aims to describe the proposed association between CCSVI and MS, summarize the current data, and discuss the role of endovascular therapy and the need for rigorous randomized clinical trials to evaluate this association and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Lazzaro
- Department of Neurology, Froedtert Hospital and Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA
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