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Portilla-Fernandez E, Ghanbari M, van Meurs JBJ, Danser AHJ, Franco OH, Muka T, Roks A, Dehghan A. Dissecting the association of autophagy-related genes with cardiovascular diseases and intermediate vascular traits: A population-based approach. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214137. [PMID: 30908504 PMCID: PMC6433264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is involved in cellular homeostasis and maintenance and may play a role in cardiometabolic health. We aimed to elucidate the role of autophagy in cardiometabolic traits by investigating genetic variants and DNA methylation in autophagy-related genes in relation to cardiovascular diseases and related traits. To address this research question, we implemented a multidirectional approach using several molecular epidemiology tools, including genetic association analysis with genome wide association studies data and exome sequencing data and differential DNA methylation analysis. We investigated the 21 autophagy-related genes in relation to coronary artery disease and a number of cardiometabolic traits (blood lipids, blood pressure, glycemic traits, type 2 diabetes). We used data from the largest genome wide association studies as well as DNA methylation and exome sequencing data from the Rotterdam Study. Single-nucleotide polymorphism rs110389913 in AMBRA1 (p-value = 4.9×10-18) was associated with blood proinsulin levels, whereas rs6587988 in ATG4C and rs10439163 in ATG4D with lipid traits (ATG4C: p-value = 2.5×10-15 for total cholesterol and p-value = 3.1×10-18 for triglycerides, ATG4D: p-value = 9.9×10-12 for LDL and p-value = 1.3×10-10 for total cholesterol). Moreover, rs7635838 in ATG7 was associated with HDL (p-value = 1.9×10-9). Rs2447607 located in ATG7 showed association with systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure. Rs2424994 in MAP1LC3A was associated with coronary artery disease (p-value = 5.8×10-6). Furthermore, we identified association of an exonic variant located in ATG3 with diastolic blood pressure (p-value = 6.75×10-6). Using DNA methylation data, two CpGs located in ULK1 (p-values = 4.5×10-7 and 1×10-6) and two located in ATG4B (2×10-13 and 1.48×10-7) were significantly associated with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. In addition one CpG in ATG4D was associated with HDL (p-value = 3.21×10-5). Our findings provide support for the role of autophagy in glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Portilla-Fernandez
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mohsen Ghanbari
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce B. J. van Meurs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. H. Jan Danser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar H. Franco
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Taulant Muka
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton Roks
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, England
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252
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Bhukel A, Beuschel CB, Maglione M, Lehmann M, Juhász G, Madeo F, Sigrist SJ. Autophagy within the mushroom body protects from synapse aging in a non-cell autonomous manner. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1318. [PMID: 30899013 PMCID: PMC6428838 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular maintenance program, meant to protect the brain from premature aging and neurodegeneration. How neuronal autophagy, usually loosing efficacy with age, intersects with neuronal processes mediating brain maintenance remains to be explored. Here, we show that impairing autophagy in the Drosophila learning center (mushroom body, MB) but not in other brain regions triggered changes normally restricted to aged brains: impaired associative olfactory memory as well as a brain-wide ultrastructural increase of presynaptic active zones (metaplasticity), a state non-compatible with memory formation. Mechanistically, decreasing autophagy within the MBs reduced expression of an NPY-family neuropeptide, and interfering with autocrine NPY signaling of the MBs provoked similar brain-wide metaplastic changes. Our results in an exemplary fashion show that autophagy-regulated signaling emanating from a higher brain integration center can execute high-level control over other brain regions to steer life-strategy decisions such as whether or not to form memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Bhukel
- Institute for Biology/Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure, Charité, Charitéplatz 1, 11007, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Brigitte Beuschel
- Institute for Biology/Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure, Charité, Charitéplatz 1, 11007, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marta Maglione
- Institute for Biology/Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure, Charité, Charitéplatz 1, 11007, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Leibniz Forschungsinstitut Für Molecular Pharmakologie, Campus Berlin-Buch, Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabor Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány, s. 1/C. 6.520, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50/EG, 8010, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Stephan J Sigrist
- Institute for Biology/Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
- NeuroCure, Charité, Charitéplatz 1, 11007, Berlin, Germany.
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253
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Abstract
The relentless efforts of thousands of researchers have allowed deciphering the molecular machinery that regulates and executes autophagy, thus identifying multiple molecular targets to enhance or block the process, rendering autophagy "druggable". Autophagy inhibition may be useful for preserving the life of cells that otherwise would succumb to excessive self-digestion. Moreover, autophagy blockade may reduce the fitness of cancer cells or interrupt metabolic circuitries required for their growth. Autophagy stimulation is probably useful for the prevention or treatment of aging, cancer (when stimulation of immunosurveillance is the therapeutic goal), cardiovascular disease, cystic fibrosis, infection by intracellular pathogens, obesity, and intoxication by heavy metals, just to mention a few examples. Epidemiological evidence suggests broad health-improving effects for lifestyles, micronutrients, and drugs that favor autophagy. In this review, we discuss the role of autophagy in disease pathogenesis while focusing on the question, which disease will become the first clinically approved indication for therapeutic autophagy modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Maiuri
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006, Paris, France.
- Cell Biology and Metabolomics Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94805, Villejuif, France.
- INSERM U1138, 75006, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, 75006, Paris, France.
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Cell Biology and Metabolomics Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94805, Villejuif, France.
- INSERM U1138, 75006, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, 75006, Paris, France.
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015, Paris, France.
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
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254
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Chen L, Zhang C, Liang Y, Liu A, Dong H, Zou S. Autophagy requires Tip20 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biosci 2019; 44:17. [PMID: 30837368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular degradation pathway in eukaryotic cells that responds to environmental changes. Genetic analyses have shown that more than 40 autophagy-related genes (ATG) are directly involved in this process in fungi. In addition to Atg proteins, most vesicle transport regulators are also essential for each step of autophagy. The present study showed that one Endoplasmic Reticulum protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Tip20, which controls Golgi-to-ER retrograde transport, was also required for starvation-induced autophagy under high temperature stress. In tip20 conditional mutant yeast, the transport of Atg8 was impaired during starvation, resulting in multiple Atg8 puncta dispersed outside the vacuole that could not be transported to the pre-autophagosomal structure/phagophore assembly site (PAS). Several Atg8 puncta were trapped in ER exit sites (ERES). Moreover, the GFP-Atg8 protease protection assay indicated that Tip20 functions before autophagosome closure. Furthermore, genetic studies showed that Tip20 functions downstream of Atg5 and upstream of Atg1, Atg9 and Atg14 in the autophagy pathway. The present data show that Tip20, as a vesicle transport regulator, has novel roles in autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
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255
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Condello M, Pellegrini E, Caraglia M, Meschini S. Targeting Autophagy to Overcome Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030725. [PMID: 30744021 PMCID: PMC6387456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process, through which damaged organelles and superfluous proteins are degraded, for maintaining the correct cellular balance during stress insult. It involves formation of double-membrane vesicles, named autophagosomes, that capture cytosolic cargo and deliver it to lysosomes, where the breakdown products are recycled back to cytoplasm. On the basis of degraded cell components, some selective types of autophagy can be identified (mitophagy, ribophagy, reticulophagy, lysophagy, pexophagy, lipophagy, and glycophagy). Dysregulation of autophagy can induce various disease manifestations, such as inflammation, aging, metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. The understanding of the molecular mechanism that regulates the different phases of the autophagic process and the role in the development of diseases are only in an early stage. There are still questions that must be answered concerning the functions of the autophagy-related proteins. In this review, we describe the principal cellular and molecular autophagic functions, selective types of autophagy and the main in vitro methods to detect the role of autophagy in the cellular physiology. We also summarize the importance of the autophagic behavior in some diseases to provide a novel insight for target therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Condello
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Evelin Pellegrini
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Stefania Meschini
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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256
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Lee EJ, Kang MK, Kim YH, Kim DY, Oh H, Kim SI, Oh SY, Kang YH. Dietary Chrysin Suppresses Formation of Actin Cytoskeleton and Focal Adhesion in AGE-Exposed Mesangial Cells and Diabetic Kidney: Role of Autophagy. Nutrients 2019; 11:E127. [PMID: 30634545 PMCID: PMC6705957 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGE) play a causative role in the development of aberrant phenotypes of intraglomerular mesangial cells, contributing to acute/chronic glomerulonephritis. The aim of this study was to explore mechanistic effects of the flavonoid chrysin present in bee propolis and herbs on actin dynamics, focal adhesion, and the migration of AGE-exposed mesangial cells. The in vitro study cultured human mesangial cells exposed to 33 mM glucose and 100 μg/mL AGE-bovine serum albumin (AGE-BSA) for up to 5 days in the absence and presence of 1⁻20 μM chrysin. The in vivo study employed db/db mice orally administrated for 10 weeks with 10 mg/kg chrysin. The presence of ≥10 μM chrysin attenuated mesangial F-actin induction and bundle formation enhanced by AGE. Chrysin reduced the mesangial induction of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) by glucose, and diminished the tissue α-SMA level in diabetic kidneys, indicating its blockade of mesangial proliferation. The treatment of chrysin inhibited the activation of vinculin and paxillin and the induction of cortactin, ARP2/3, fascin-1, and Ena/VASP-like protein in AGE-exposed mesangial cells. Oral administration of chrysin diminished tissue levels of cortactin and fascin-1 elevated in diabetic mouse kidneys. Mesangial cell motility was enhanced by AGE, which was markedly attenuated by adding chrysin to cells. On the other hand, chrysin dampened the induction of autophagy-related genes of beclin-1, LC3 I/II, Atg3, and Atg7 in mesangial cells exposed to AGE and in diabetic kidneys. Furthermore, chrysin reduced the mTOR activation in AGE-exposed mesangial cells and diabetic kidneys. The induction of mesangial F-actin, cortactin, and fascin-1 by AGE was deterred by the inhibition of autophagy and mTOR. Thus, chrysin may encumber diabetes-associated formation of actin bundling and focal adhesion and mesangial cell motility through disturbing autophagy and mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24252, Korea.
| | - Min-Kyung Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24252, Korea.
| | - Yun-Ho Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24252, Korea.
| | - Dong Yeon Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24252, Korea.
| | - Hyeongjoo Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24252, Korea.
| | - Soo-Il Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24252, Korea.
| | - Su Yeon Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24252, Korea.
| | - Young-Hee Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24252, Korea.
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257
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Abstract
This chapter describes methods for the analysis of autophagy proteins in C. elegans aging. We discuss the strains to be considered, the methods for the delivery of double-stranded RNA, and the methods to measure autophagy levels, autophagic flux, and degradation by autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Henis-Korenblit
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
| | - Alicia Meléndez
- Department of Biology, Queens College, The City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA.
- Biology and Biochemistry PhD Programs, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
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258
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Gil J, Ramsey D, Pawlowski P, Szmida E, Leszczynski P, Bebenek M, Sasiadek MM. Interdependence between an expression of the ATG9A gene and the BAX gene in colorectal cancer. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2019; 33:183-185. [PMID: 30761869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Gil
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - D Ramsey
- Department of Operations Research, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - P Pawlowski
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - E Szmida
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - P Leszczynski
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - M Bebenek
- First Department of Surgical Oncology, Lower Silesian Oncology Center, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - M M Sasiadek
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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259
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Li Z, Li Q, Lv W, Jiang L, Geng C, Yao X, Shi X, Liu Y, Cao J. The interaction of Atg4B and Bcl-2 plays an important role in Cd-induced crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy through disassociation of Bcl-2-Beclin1 in A549 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:576-591. [PMID: 30458278 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a highly ubiquitous detrimental metal in the environment. It is a well-known inducer of tumorigenesis, but the mechanism is not clear. In our previous study, we found that ROS-dependent Atg4B upregulation mediated Cd-induced autophagy and autophagy played an important role in Cd-induced proliferation and invasion in A549 cells. In this study, we found that Cd induced both apoptosis and autophagy in A549 cells, and apoptosis preceded autophagy. Z-VAD-FMK repressed Cd-induced LC3 and Beclin1, indicating that apoptosis was essential for Cd-induced autophagy. 3MA destroyed the recovery of mitochondrial membrane potential and increased Cd-induced CL-CASP9 and CL-CASP3 expression, suggesting that Cd-induced autophagy prevented A549 cells from apoptosis. Further study showed that Atg4B upregulation was mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction and conversely affected mitochondrial function by decreasing Bcl-2 protein expression and its localization in mitochondria, and played an important role in Cd-induced apoptosis. Moreover, Bcl-2 was involved in Cd-induced autophagy. Co-IP assay showed that Atg4B could directly bind to Bcl-2, and consequently promote disassociation of Bcl-2-Beclin1 and released autophagic protein Beclin1 to activate autophagic pathway. Taken together, our results demonstrated that the interaction of Atg4B and Bcl-2 might play an important role in Cd-induced crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy through disassociation of Bcl-2-Beclin1. Cd-induced autophagy is apoptosis-dependent and prevents apoptotic cell death to ensure the growth and proliferation of A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Qiujuan Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Wei Lv
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Chengyan Geng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiaoxia Shi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China.
| | - Jun Cao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalian Medical University, No. 9 W. Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China.
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260
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Iida T, Yokoyama Y, Wagatsuma K, Hirayama D, Nakase H. Impact of Autophagy of Innate Immune Cells on Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cells 2018; 8:cells8010007. [PMID: 30583538 PMCID: PMC6356773 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, an intracellular degradation mechanism, has many immunological functions and is a constitutive process necessary for maintaining cellular homeostasis and organ structure. One of the functions of autophagy is to control the innate immune response. Many studies conducted in recent years have revealed the contribution of autophagy to the innate immune response, and relationships between this process and various diseases have been reported. Inflammatory bowel disease is an intractable disorder with unknown etiology; however, immunological abnormalities in the intestines are known to be involved in the pathology of inflammatory bowel disease, as is dysfunction of autophagy. In Crohn's disease, many associations with autophagy-related genes, such as ATG16L1, IRGM, NOD2, and others, have been reported. Abnormalities in the ATG16L1 gene, in particular, have been reported to cause autophagic dysfunction, resulting in enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines by macrophages as well as abnormal function of Paneth cells, which are important in intestinal innate immunity. In this review, we provide an overview of the autophagy mechanism in innate immune cells in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Iida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Yokoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Kohei Wagatsuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Hirayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Nakase
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan.
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261
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Abstract
Autophagy is a major degradation and recycling pathway in plants. It functions to maintain cellular homeostasis and is induced by environmental cues and developmental stimuli. Over the past decade, the study of autophagy has expanded from model plants to crop species. Many features of the core machinery and physiological functions of autophagy are conserved among diverse organisms. However, several novel functions and regulators of autophagy have been characterized in individual plant species. In light of its critical role in development and stress responses, a better understanding of autophagy in crop plants may eventually lead to beneficial agricultural applications. Here, we review recent progress on understanding autophagy in crops and discuss potential future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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262
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Aden K, Tran F, Ito G, Sheibani-Tezerji R, Lipinski S, Kuiper JW, Tschurtschenthaler M, Saveljeva S, Bhattacharyya J, Häsler R, Bartsch K, Luzius A, Jentzsch M, Falk-Paulsen M, Stengel ST, Welz L, Schwarzer R, Rabe B, Barchet W, Krautwald S, Hartmann G, Pasparakis M, Blumberg RS, Schreiber S, Kaser A, Rosenstiel P. ATG16L1 orchestrates interleukin-22 signaling in the intestinal epithelium via cGAS-STING. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2868-2886. [PMID: 30254094 PMCID: PMC6219748 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A coding variant of the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) risk gene ATG16L1 has been associated with defective autophagy and deregulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function. IL-22 is a barrier protective cytokine by inducing regeneration and antimicrobial responses in the intestinal mucosa. We show that ATG16L1 critically orchestrates IL-22 signaling in the intestinal epithelium. IL-22 stimulation physiologically leads to transient ER stress and subsequent activation of STING-dependent type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling, which is augmented in Atg16l1 ΔIEC intestinal organoids. IFN-I signals amplify epithelial TNF production downstream of IL-22 and contribute to necroptotic cell death. In vivo, IL-22 treatment in Atg16l1 ΔIEC and Atg16l1 ΔIEC/Xbp1 ΔIEC mice potentiates endogenous ileal inflammation and causes widespread necroptotic epithelial cell death. Therapeutic blockade of IFN-I signaling ameliorates IL-22-induced ileal inflammation in Atg16l1 ΔIEC mice. Our data demonstrate an unexpected role of ATG16L1 in coordinating the outcome of IL-22 signaling in the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Aden
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I., Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Florian Tran
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I., Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Go Ito
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Raheleh Sheibani-Tezerji
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Simone Lipinski
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan W Kuiper
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Tschurtschenthaler
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Svetlana Saveljeva
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Joya Bhattacharyya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Robert Häsler
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kareen Bartsch
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anne Luzius
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marlene Jentzsch
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Maren Falk-Paulsen
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephanie T Stengel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lina Welz
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Robin Schwarzer
- Institute for Genetics, CECAD, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Björn Rabe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Winfried Barchet
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Krautwald
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Richard S Blumberg
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Stefan Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I., Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Arthur Kaser
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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263
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Clark SG, Graybeal LL, Bhattacharjee S, Thomas C, Bhattacharya S, Cox DN. Basal autophagy is required for promoting dendritic terminal branching in Drosophila sensory neurons. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206743. [PMID: 30395636 PMCID: PMC6218061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrites function as the primary sites for synaptic input and integration with impairments in dendritic arborization being associated with dysfunctional neuronal circuitry. Post-mitotic neurons require high levels of basal autophagy to clear cytotoxic materials and autophagic dysfunction under native or cellular stress conditions has been linked to neuronal cell death as well as axo-dendritic degeneration. However, relatively little is known regarding the developmental role of basal autophagy in directing aspects of dendritic arborization or the mechanisms by which the autophagic machinery may be transcriptionally regulated to promote dendritic diversification. We demonstrate that autophagy-related (Atg) genes are positively regulated by the homeodomain transcription factor Cut, and that basal autophagy functions as a downstream effector pathway for Cut-mediated dendritic terminal branching in Drosophila multidendritic (md) sensory neurons. Further, loss of function analyses implicate Atg genes in promoting cell type-specific dendritic arborization and terminal branching, while gain of function studies suggest that excessive autophagy leads to dramatic reductions in dendritic complexity. We demonstrate that the Atg1 initiator kinase interacts with the dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) pathway by negatively regulating the E3 ubiquitin ligase Highwire and positively regulating the MAPKKK Wallenda. Finally, autophagic induction partially rescues dendritic atrophy defects observed in a model of polyglutamine toxicity. Collectively, these studies implicate transcriptional control of basal autophagy in directing dendritic terminal branching and demonstrate the importance of homeostatic control of autophagic levels for dendritic arbor complexity under native or cellular stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G. Clark
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lacey L. Graybeal
- School of Systems Biology, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Shatabdi Bhattacharjee
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Caroline Thomas
- School of Systems Biology, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Surajit Bhattacharya
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Daniel N. Cox
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- School of Systems Biology, Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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264
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Hu S, Wang L, Zhang X, Wu Y, Yang J, Li J. Autophagy induces transforming growth factor-β-dependent epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocarcinoma cells through cAMP response element binding signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:5518-5532. [PMID: 30134011 PMCID: PMC6201351 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy promotes invasion of hepatocarcinoma cells through transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-dependent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This study investigated the mechanism by which autophagy induces TGF-β-triggered EMT and invasion of hepatocarcinoma cells. Autophagy was induced in HepG2 and BEL7402 cells by starvation in Hank's balanced salt solution. Induction of autophagy degraded phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4A and increased intracellular cAMP, PKA activity and PKA phosphorylation, resulting in increased cAMP response element binding (CREB) phosphorylation in hepatocarcinoma cells. Autophagy-induced activation of cAMP/PKA/CREB signalling further enhanced TGF-β1 expression, downregulated the expression of epithelial markers and upregulated the expression of mesenchymal markers, accelerating invasion of hepatocarcinoma cells. Inhibition of autophagy by Atg3 and Atg7 knockdown or by chloroquine treatment prevented degradation of PDE4A and activation of cAMP/PKA/CREB signalling, suppressing TGF-β1 expression, EMT and invasion in hepatocarcinoma cells. In addition, inhibition of cAMP/PKA/CREB signalling also blocked autophagy-induced TGF-β1 expression and prevented EMT and invasion of hepatocarcinoma cells under starvation. Furthermore, exogenous inhibition of PDE4A or activation of cAMP/PKA/CREB signalling rescued TGF-β1 expression, EMT and invasion in autophagy-deficient hepatocarcinoma cells. These findings suggest that autophagy induces TGF-β1 expression and EMT in hepatocarcinoma cells via cAMP/PKA/CREB signalling, which is activated by autophagy-dependent PDE4A degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Liyu Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncological SurgeryChongqing University Cancer HospitalChongqing Cancer InstituteChongqing Cancer HospitalChongqingChina
| | - Yongzhong Wu
- Department of RadiotherapyChongqing University Cancer HospitalChongqing Cancer InstituteChongqing Cancer HospitalChongqingChina
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of the First General SurgeryGansu Provincial HospitalLanzhouChina
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Urology Oncological SurgeryChongqing University Cancer HospitalChongqing Cancer InstituteChongqing Cancer HospitalChongqingChina
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265
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Heo JM, Ordureau A, Swarup S, Paulo JA, Shen K, Sabatini DM, Harper JW. RAB7A phosphorylation by TBK1 promotes mitophagy via the PINK-PARKIN pathway. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaav0443. [PMID: 30627666 PMCID: PMC6314648 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Removal of damaged mitochondria is orchestrated by a pathway involving the PINK1 kinase and the PARKIN ubiquitin ligase. Ubiquitin chains assembled by PARKIN on the mitochondrial outer membrane recruit autophagy cargo receptors in complexes with TBK1 protein kinase. While TBK1 is known to phosphorylate cargo receptors to promote ubiquitin binding, it is unknown whether TBK1 phosphorylates other proteins to promote mitophagy. Using global quantitative proteomics, we identified S72 in RAB7A, a RAB previously linked with mitophagy, as a dynamic target of TBK1 upon mitochondrial depolarization. TBK1 directly phosphorylates RAB7AS72, but not several other RABs known to be phosphorylated on the homologous residue by LRRK2, in vitro, and this modification requires PARKIN activity in vivo. Interaction proteomics using nonphosphorylatable and phosphomimetic RAB7A mutants revealed loss of association of RAB7AS72E with RAB GDP dissociation inhibitor and increased association with the DENN domain-containing heterodimer FLCN-FNIP1. FLCN-FNIP1 is recruited to damaged mitochondria, and this process is inhibited in cells expressing RAB7AS72A. Moreover, nonphosphorylatable RAB7A failed to support efficient mitophagy, as well as recruitment of ATG9A-positive vesicles to damaged mitochondria. These data reveal a novel function for TBK1 in mitophagy, which parallels that of LRRK2-mediated phosphorylation of the homologous site in distinct RABs to control membrane trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.-M. Heo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - A. Ordureau
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - S. Swarup
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - J. A. Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - K. Shen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - D. M. Sabatini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - J. W. Harper
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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266
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Aoyagi K, Itakura M, Fukutomi T, Nishiwaki C, Nakamichi Y, Torii S, Makiyama T, Harada A, Ohara-Imaizumi M. VAMP7 Regulates Autophagosome Formation by Supporting Atg9a Functions in Pancreatic β-Cells From Male Mice. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3674-3688. [PMID: 30215699 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional mitochondria are observed in β-cells of diabetic patients, which are eventually removed by autophagy. Vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)7, a vesicular SNARE protein, regulates autophagosome formation to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis and control insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells. However, its molecular mechanism is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of VAMP7-dependent autophagosome formation using VAMP7-deficient β-cells and β-cell-derived Min6 cells. VAMP7 localized in autophagy-related (Atg)9a-resident vesicles of recycling endosomes (REs), which contributed to autophagosome formation, and it interacted with Hrb, Syntaxin16, and SNAP-47. Hrb recruited VAMP7 and Atg9a from the plasma membrane to REs. Syntaxin16 and SNAP-47 mediated autophagosome formation at a step later than the proper localization of VAMP7 to Atg9a-resident vesicles. Knockdown of Hrb, Syntaxin16, and SNAP-47 resulted in defective autophagosome formation, accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria, and impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Our data indicate that VAMP7 and Atg9a are initially recruited to REs to organize VAMP7 and Atg9a-resident vesicles in an Hrb-dependent manner. Additionally, VAMP7 forms a SNARE complex with Syntaxin16 and SNAP-47, which may cause fusions of Atg9a-resident vesicles during autophagosome formation. Thus, VAMP7 participates in autophagosome formation by supporting Atg9a functions that contribute to maintenance of mitochondrial quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyota Aoyagi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Itakura
- Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukutomi
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiyono Nishiwaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Nakamichi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Torii
- Biosignal Research Center, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Makiyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Harada
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mica Ohara-Imaizumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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267
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Budak Diler S, Aybuğa F. Association of Autophagy Gene ATG16L1 Polymorphism with Human Prostate Cancer and Bladder Cancer in Turkish Population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:2625-2630. [PMID: 30256070 PMCID: PMC6249448 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.9.2625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Urological cancers (prostate cancer and bladder cancers) are the most common cancers in Western population and its rate is increasing in the Eastern World. Autophagy has appeared as a fundamental repair mechanism for degrading damaged organelles and proteins. It was clear that autophagy gene polymorphisms are correlated with development of inflammatory bowel disease and it can also be related with prostate cancer (PCa) or bladder cancer (BCa). In this study, we aimed to determine if ATG16L1 (Thr300Ala) polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of developing PCa and BCa and to establish correlations between ATG16L1 genotypes and morphological parameters. Methods: This study included 269 healthy controls and 131 patients (62 PCa and 69 BCa) with PCa and BCa. The ATG16L1 (rs2241880) gene regions were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), detected by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Results: At the end of our research, we found out that the genotype AG was prevalent on patients and controls (34% vs 42%), followed by genotypes AA (35% vs 27%) and GG (31% vs 31%) in PCa. The prevalence of genotypes of AA (wild-type), AG (heterozygous mutant) and GG (homozygous mutant) profiles for the ATG16L1 Thr300Ala polymorphism were 35%, 40% and 25% respectively in BCa patients, and 32%, 40% and 28% respectively in healthy control groups. The G allele frequency was 0.53 for in BCa patients and the control groups. Conclusion: No association was found between ATG16L1 (Thr300Ala) polymorphism and patients with PCa and BCa in Turkish population we studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songül Budak Diler
- Department of Biotechnology,Faculty of Science and Letters, University of Niğde Ömer Halisdemir, Niğde, Turkey.
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268
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Onishi M, Nagumo S, Iwashita S, Okamoto K. The ER membrane insertase Get1/2 is required for efficient mitophagy in yeast. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:14-20. [PMID: 29673596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitophagy is an evolutionarily conserved autophagy pathway that selectively eliminates mitochondria to control mitochondrial quality and quantity. Although mitophagy is thought to be crucial for cellular homeostasis, how this catabolic process is regulated remains largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that mitophagy during prolonged respiratory growth is strongly impaired in yeast cells lacking Get1/2, a transmembrane complex mediating insertion of tail-anchored (TA) proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Under the same conditions, loss of Get1/2 caused only slight defects in other types of selective and bulk autophagy. In addition, mitophagy and other autophagy-related processes are mostly normal in cells lacking Get3, a cytosolic ATP-driven chaperone that promotes delivery of TA proteins to the Get1/2 complex. We also found that Get1/2-deficient cells exhibited wildtype-like induction and mitochondrial localization of Atg32, a protein essential for mitophagy. Notably, Get1/2 is important for Atg32-independent, ectopically promoted mitophagy. Together, we propose that Get1/2-dependent TA protein(s) and/or the Get1/2 complex itself may act specifically in mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashun Onishi
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Nagumo
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shohei Iwashita
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Okamoto
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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269
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Parkes M. Debate session: So what causes inflammatory bowel disease? It's all in the genes. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33 Suppl 3:23. [PMID: 30187549 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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270
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Feng D, Amgalan D, Singh R, Wei J, Wen J, Wei TP, McGraw TE, Kitsis RN, Pessin JE. SNAP23 regulates BAX-dependent adipocyte programmed cell death independently of canonical macroautophagy. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3941-3956. [PMID: 30102258 PMCID: PMC6118598 DOI: 10.1172/jci99217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The t-SNARE protein SNAP23 conventionally functions as a component of the cellular machinery required for intracellular transport vesicle fusion with target membranes and has been implicated in the regulation of fasting glucose levels, BMI, and type 2 diabetes. Surprisingly, we observed that adipocyte-specific KO of SNAP23 in mice resulted in a temporal development of severe generalized lipodystrophy associated with adipose tissue inflammation, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, liver steatosis, and early death. This resulted from adipocyte cell death associated with an inhibition of macroautophagy and lysosomal degradation of the proapoptotic regulator BAX, with increased BAX activation. BAX colocalized with LC3-positive autophagic vacuoles and was increased upon treatment with lysosome inhibitors. Moreover, BAX deficiency suppressed the lipodystrophic phenotype in the adipocyte-specific SNAP23-KO mice and prevented cell death. In addition, ATG9 deficiency phenocopied SNAP23 deficiency, whereas ATG7 deficiency had no effect on BAX protein levels, BAX activation, or apoptotic cell death. These data demonstrate a role for SNAP23 in the control of macroautophagy and programmed cell death through an ATG9-dependent, but ATG7-independent, pathway regulating BAX protein levels and BAX activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daorong Feng
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology
| | | | - Rajat Singh
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology
- Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jianwen Wei
- Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, and
| | - Jennifer Wen
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Timothy E. McGraw
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Richard N. Kitsis
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Cell Biology, and
- Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jeffrey E. Pessin
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology
- Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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271
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Bosc D, Vezenkov L, Bortnik S, An J, Xu J, Choutka C, Hannigan AM, Kovacic S, Loo S, Clark PGK, Chen G, Guay-Ross RN, Yang K, Dragowska WH, Zhang F, Go NE, Leung A, Honson NS, Pfeifer TA, Gleave M, Bally M, Jones SJ, Gorski SM, Young RN. A new quinoline-based chemical probe inhibits the autophagy-related cysteine protease ATG4B. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11653. [PMID: 30076329 PMCID: PMC6076261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cysteine protease ATG4B is a key component of the autophagy machinery, acting to proteolytically prime and recycle its substrate MAP1LC3B. The roles of ATG4B in cancer and other diseases appear to be context dependent but are still not well understood. To help further explore ATG4B functions and potential therapeutic applications, we employed a chemical biology approach to identify ATG4B inhibitors. Here, we describe the discovery of 4-28, a styrylquinoline identified by a combined computational modeling, in silico screening, high content cell-based screening and biochemical assay approach. A structure-activity relationship study led to the development of a more stable and potent compound LV-320. We demonstrated that LV-320 inhibits ATG4B enzymatic activity, blocks autophagic flux in cells, and is stable, non-toxic and active in vivo. These findings suggest that LV-320 will serve as a relevant chemical tool to study the various roles of ATG4B in cancer and other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bosc
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 Drugs & Molecules for Living Systems, Université de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - L Vezenkov
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, 34093, Montpellier, France
| | - S Bortnik
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - J An
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - J Xu
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - C Choutka
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - A M Hannigan
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - S Kovacic
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - S Loo
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - P G K Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - G Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - R N Guay-Ross
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - K Yang
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - W H Dragowska
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - F Zhang
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - N E Go
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - A Leung
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - N S Honson
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, 2405 Wesbrook Mall - 4th Floor, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - T A Pfeifer
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, 2405 Wesbrook Mall - 4th Floor, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - M Gleave
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - M Bally
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada
| | - S J Jones
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - S M Gorski
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4E6, Canada.
- Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - R N Young
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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272
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Li L, Huang C, He Y, Sang Z, Liu G, Dai H. Knockdown of Long Non-Coding RNA GAS5 Increases miR-23a by Targeting ATG3 Involved in Autophagy and Cell Viability. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018; 48:1723-1734. [PMID: 30078013 DOI: 10.1159/000492300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Autophagy is a process of evolutionarily conservative degradation, which could maintain cellular homeostasis and cope with various types of stress. LncRNAs are considered as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) contributing to autophagy. GAS5 has been suggested as a new potential factor to mediate autophagy pathway and the underlying mechanism remains to be further confirmed. This study was taken to identify the effect of GAS5/miR-23a/ATG3 axis on autophagy and cell viability. METHODS The western blotting assay was used to detecte the protein levels of LC3, mTOR, Beclin-1, ATG3, ATG5-ATG12 complex and p62. The mRNA level of Pre-miR-23a, Pri-miR-23a, miR-23a, GAS5, LC3, mTOR and ATG3 were quantified by real-time RT-PCR. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed to confirm the direct binding of miR-23a and ATG3 or GAS5. Cell viability was evaluated by CCK-8 and flow cytometry. RESULTS We showed that miR-23a could directly suppress ATG3 expression in 293T cells, which suggested that ATG3 was identified as a target of miR-23a. MiR-23a mimics could restrain LC3 II, Beclin1 levles and ATG5-ATG12 complex formation. Meanwhile, miR-23a also increased the expression of mTOR and p62. Notably, there was a putative miR-23a-binding site in GAS5. MiR-23a overexpression might suppress the GAS5 expression, but the repressive effect was abolished by mutation of binding sites. Importantly, overexpression of GAS5 could inhibit the mature miR-23a and has no effect on miR-23a precursors. Knockdown of GAS5 suppressed the expression of LC3 II, ATG3 and ATG5-ATG12 complex formation, whereas p62 and mTOR levels were promoted. The further results showed that miR-23a overexpression and GAS5 inhibition both significantly suppressed cell viability and promoted the apoptosis rate following LPS stimulation, and knockdown of miR-23a exhibited the opposite effects. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that down-regulation GAS5 attenuated cell viability and inhibited autophagy through ATG3-dependent autophagy by regulating miR-23a expression. The results suggested that GAS5/miR-23a/ATG3 axis might be a novel regulatory network contributing to a better understanding of regulation on autophagy program and cell viability.
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273
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Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC), with high morbidity has become one of the fastest-growing severe illnesses in the world. Although MiR-29a is highly expressed in the tissues of UC patients, the mechanism of miR-29a involved in the specific pathogenesis of UC is not known. In this study, a GFP-light chain 3 (LC3) immunofluorescence assay was used to observe the formation of the autophagic spot; qRT-PCR and western blotting analyses were carried out to detect the expression of autophagy-related proteins, including BECN1, Autophagy-related gene (ATG)5, ATG16L, and transcription factor EB. The dual-fluorescence reporter assay was used to analyze the direct effect of miR-29a on ATG9A; experimental dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice was used to establish the UC model. Our studies showed that the overexpression of miR-29a not only suppressed the production of GFP-LC3 autophagy spots but also inhibited the level of LC3II/LC3I and upregulated the expression of P62 in HT29 and HCT116 cells. Moreover, the results showed that miR-29a directly targeted the 3'UTR region of ATG9A mRNA to suppress the activation of HT29 and HCT116 cells' autophagy. Also, overexpression of ATG9A rescued rapamycin-induced autophagy that was inhibited by overexpression of miR-29a. In addition, miR-29a also affected the expression of autophagy-related proteins (BECN1, ATG5, ATG16L1, and transcription factor EB). Notably, miR-29a was upregulated, whereas ATG9A was downregulated in the experimental dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice. In effect, this study showed that miR-29a inhibits rapamycin-induced intestinal epithelial cells' autophagy partly by decreasing ATG9A in UC. These findings may provide new insights that may help control the inflammation in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junwen Yang
- Gastroenterology Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Fujun Li
- Gastroenterology Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Lian
- Gastroenterology Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Ouyang
- Gastroenterology Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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274
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Torres P, Ramírez-Núñez O, Romero-Guevara R, Barés G, Granado-Serrano AB, Ayala V, Boada J, Fontdevila L, Povedano M, Sanchís D, Pamplona R, Ferrer I, Portero-Otín M. Cryptic exon splicing function of TARDBP interacts with autophagy in nervous tissue. Autophagy 2018; 14:1398-1403. [PMID: 29912613 PMCID: PMC6103657 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1474311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
TARDBP (TAR DNA binding protein) is one of the components of neuronal aggregates in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. We have developed a simple quantitative method to evaluate TARDBP splicing function that was applied to spinal cord, brainstem, motor cortex, and occipital cortex in ALS (n = 8) cases compared to age- and gender-matched control (n = 17). Then, we quantified the abundance of a TARDBP-spliced cryptic exon present in ATG4B (autophagy related 4B cysteine peptidase) mRNA. Results of these analyses demonstrated that the loss of this TARDBP function in spinal cord, brainstem, motor cortex, and occipital cortex differentiated ALS from controls (area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic: 0.85). Significant correlations were also observed between cryptic exon levels, age, disease duration, and aberrant mRNA levels. To test if TARDBP function in splicing is relevant in ATG4B major function (autophagy) we downregulated TARDBP expression in human neural tissue and in HeLa cells, demonstrating that TARDBP is required for maintaining the expression of ATG4B. Further, ATG4B overexpression alone is sufficient to completely prevent the increase of SQSTM1 induced by TARDBP downregulation in human neural tissue cells and in cell lines. In conclusion, the present findings demonstrate abnormal alternative splicing of ATG4B transcripts in ALS neural tissue in agreement with TARDBP loss of function, leading to impaired autophagy. ABBREVIATIONS ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; ATG4B: autophagy related 4B cysteine peptidase; AUC: area under the curve; FTLD: frontotemporal lobar degeneration; iPSC: induced pluripotent stem cells; ROC: receiver operating characteristic; TARDBP: TAR DNA binding protein; RT-qPCR: quantitative RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascual Torres
- Metabolic Pathophysiology Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Omar Ramírez-Núñez
- Metabolic Pathophysiology Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ricardo Romero-Guevara
- Metabolic Pathophysiology Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Gisel Barés
- Cell Signalling and Apoptosis Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Ana B. Granado-Serrano
- Metabolic Pathophysiology Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Victòria Ayala
- Metabolic Pathophysiology Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jordi Boada
- Metabolic Pathophysiology Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Laia Fontdevila
- Metabolic Pathophysiology Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Monica Povedano
- Neurology Service, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Sanchís
- Cell Signalling and Apoptosis Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Reinald Pamplona
- Metabolic Pathophysiology Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona-CIBERNED, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Portero-Otín
- Metabolic Pathophysiology Research Group, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Lleida-IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
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275
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Hirota T, Izumi M, Wada S, Makino A, Ishida H. Vacuolar Protein Degradation via Autophagy Provides Substrates to Amino Acid Catabolic Pathways as an Adaptive Response to Sugar Starvation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol 2018; 59:1363-1376. [PMID: 29390157 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The vacuolar lytic degradation of proteins releases free amino acids that plants can use instead of sugars for respiratory energy production. Autophagy is a major cellular process leading to the transport of proteins into the vacuole for degradation. Here, we examine the contribution of autophagy to the amino acid metabolism response to sugar starvation in mature leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. During sugar starvation arising from the exposure of wild-type (WT) plants to darkness, autophagic transport of chloroplast stroma, which contains most of the proteins in a leaf, into the vacuolar lumen was induced within 2 d. During this time, the level of soluble proteins, primarily Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase), decreased and the amount of free amino acid increased. In dark-treated autophagy-defective (atg) mutants, the decrease of soluble proteins was suppressed, which resulted in the compromised release of basic amino acids, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and aromatic amino acids. The impairment of BCAA catabolic pathways in the knockout mutants of the electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF)/ETF:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (etfqo) complex and the electron donor protein isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (ivdh) caused a reduced tolerance to dark treatment similar to that in the atg mutants. The enhanced accumulation of BCAAs in the ivdh and etfqo mutants during the dark treatment was reduced by additional autophagy deficiency. These results indicate that vacuolar protein degradation via autophagy serves as an adaptive response to disrupted photosynthesis by providing substrates to amino acid catabolic pathways, including BCAA catabolism mediated by IVDH and ETFQO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Hirota
- Department of Applied Plant Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza Aoba, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masanori Izumi
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza Aoba, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Environmental Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira, Sendai, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Shinya Wada
- Department of Applied Plant Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza Aoba, Sendai, Japan
| | - Amane Makino
- Department of Applied Plant Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza Aoba, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishida
- Department of Applied Plant Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza Aoba, Sendai, Japan
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276
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Zheng H, Miao P, Lin X, Li L, Wu C, Chen X, Abubakar YS, Norvienyeku J, Li G, Zhou J, Wang Z, Zheng W. Small GTPase Rab7-mediated FgAtg9 trafficking is essential for autophagy-dependent development and pathogenicity in Fusarium graminearum. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007546. [PMID: 30044782 PMCID: PMC6078321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a fungal pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat and barley. Autophagy is a highly conserved vacuolar degradation pathway essential for cellular homeostasis in which Atg9 serves as a multispanning membrane protein important for generating membranes for the formation of phagophore assembly site. However, the mechanism of autophagy or autophagosome formation in phytopathogens awaits further clarifications. In this study, we identified and characterized the Atg9 homolog (FgAtg9) in F. graminearum by live cell imaging, biochemical and genetic analyses. We find that GFP-FgAtg9 localizes to late endosomes and trans-Golgi network under both nutrient-rich and nitrogen starvation conditions and also show its dynamic actin-dependent trafficking in the cell. Further targeted gene deletion of FgATG9 demonstrates that it is important for growth, aerial hyphae development, and pathogenicity in F. graminearum. Furthermore, the deletion mutant (ΔFgatg9) shows severe defects in autophagy and lipid metabolism in response to carbon starvation. Interestingly, small GTPase FgRab7 is found to be required for the dynamic trafficking of FgAtg9, and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays show that FgAtg9 associates with FgRab7 in vivo. Finally, heterologous complementation assay shows that Atg9 is functionally conserved in F. graminearum and Magnaporthe oryzae. Taken together, we conclude that FgAtg9 is essential for autophagy-dependent development and pathogenicity of F. graminearum, which may be regulated by the small GTPase FgRab7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Miao
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaolian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lingping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Congxian Wu
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Justice Norvienyeku
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guangpu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, United States of America
| | - Jie Zhou
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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277
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Lubas M, Harder LM, Kumsta C, Tiessen I, Hansen M, Andersen JS, Lund AH, Frankel LB. eIF5A is required for autophagy by mediating ATG3 translation. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:e46072. [PMID: 29712776 PMCID: PMC5989740 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential catabolic process responsible for recycling of intracellular material and preserving cellular fidelity. Key to the autophagy pathway is the ubiquitin-like conjugation system mediating lipidation of Atg8 proteins and their anchoring to autophagosomal membranes. While regulation of autophagy has been characterized at the level of transcription, protein interactions and post-translational modifications, its translational regulation remains elusive. Here we describe a role for the conserved eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) in autophagy. Identified from a high-throughput screen, we find that eIF5A is required for lipidation of LC3B and its paralogs and promotes autophagosome formation. This feature is evolutionarily conserved and results from the translation of the E2-like ATG3 protein. Mechanistically, we identify an amino acid motif in ATG3 causing eIF5A dependency for its efficient translation. Our study identifies eIF5A as a key requirement for autophagosome formation and demonstrates the importance of translation in mediating efficient autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Lubas
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lea M Harder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Caroline Kumsta
- Program of Development, Aging and Regeneration, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Imke Tiessen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Malene Hansen
- Program of Development, Aging and Regeneration, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jens S Andersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders H Lund
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisa B Frankel
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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278
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Shangguan L, Fang X, Chen L, Cui L, Fang J. Genome-wide analysis of autophagy-related genes (ARGs) in grapevine and plant tolerance to copper stress. Planta 2018; 247:1449-1463. [PMID: 29541879 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2864-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine autophagy-related genes (ARGs) include 35 members that have unique evolutionary backgrounds and expression patterns, with some of them responding to abiotic stresses, including copper stress. Autophagy is one of the most crucial self-regulating phenomena in livings organisms, including animals, plants, yeasts, etc. In the genomes of plants, like Arabidopsis, rice, tobacco, and barley, more than 30 autophagy-related genes (ARGs) have been found. These ARGs are involved in plant development, programed cell death, and the stress response process. In plants, and particularly in grapevine, high copper stress results from the application of the Bordeaux mixture, a widely used fungicide. However, the function of autophagy in plant tolerance to copper stress is unknown. Accordingly, in this study, a genome-wide analysis was performed to identify Vitis vinifera ARGs (VvARGs), and 35 VvARGs were detected. A gene family analysis revealed that the tandem and segmental duplication events played significant roles in the VvARG gene family expansion. Moreover, there was more intense signature of purifying selection for the comparison between grape and rice than between grape and Arabidopsis. In response to copper treatment, both the autophagosome number and malondialdehyde concentration increased during the initial 4 h post-treatment, and reached maximal values at 24 h. An expression analysis indicated that most VvARGs responded to copper stress at 4 h post-treatment, and some VvARGs (e.g., VvATG6, VvATG8i, and VvATG18h) exhibited responses to most abiotic stresses. These results provide a detailed overview of the ARGs in grapevine and indicate multiple functions of autophagy in fruit development and abiotic stresses in grapevine. The key ARG (e.g., ATG8i) should be investigated in more detail in grapevine and other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Shangguan
- Horticultural Department, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Horticultural Department, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lide Chen
- Horticultural Department, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Liwen Cui
- Horticultural Department, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jinggui Fang
- Horticultural Department, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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279
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Keller CW, Loi M, Ligeon LA, Gannagé M, Lünemann JD, Münz C. Endocytosis regulation by autophagy proteins in MHC restricted antigen presentation. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 52:68-73. [PMID: 29719275 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The macroautophagy machinery supports membrane remodeling and fusion events that lead to the engulfment of cytoplasmic constituents in autophagosomes and their degradation in lysosomes. The capacity of this machinery to regulate membrane adaptors and influence vesicle fusion with lysosomes seems to be used not only for autophagosomes, but also for endosomes. We summarize recent evidence that two aspects of endocytosis are regulated by parts of the macroautophagy machinery. These are recruitment of adaptors for the internalization of surface receptors and the fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes. Antigen processing for MHC presentation is affected by these alternative functions of the macroautophagy machinery. Primarily extracellular antigen presentation by MHC class II molecules after phagocytosis benefits from this regulation of phagosome maturation. Furthermore, MHC class I molecules are more efficiently internalized in the presence of the core macroautophagy machinery. The identification of these alternative functions of macroautophagy proteins not only complicates the interpretation of their deficiencies in biological processes, but could also be harnessed for the regulation of antigen presentation to T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Keller
- Neuroinflammation, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Monica Loi
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laure-Anne Ligeon
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Monique Gannagé
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jan D Lünemann
- Neuroinflammation, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
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280
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Hall TM, Tétreault MP, Hamilton KE, Whelan KA. Autophagy as a cytoprotective mechanism in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 41:12-19. [PMID: 29677645 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is amongst the most aggressive human malignancies, representing a significant health burden worldwide. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that degrades and recycles damaged organelles and misfolded proteins to maintain cellular homeostasis. Alterations in autophagy are associated with cancer pathogenesis, including ESCC; however, the functional role of autophagy in ESCC remains elusive. Here, we discuss the clinical relevance of autophagy effectors in ESCC and review current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms through which autophagy contributes to ESCC. We highlight the cytoprotective role of autophagy in ESCC and discuss autophagy inhibitors as novel experimental therapeutics to potentiate the effects of anti-cancer therapies and/or to overcome therapeutic resistance in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Hall
- Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Marie-Pier Tétreault
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kathryn E Hamilton
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kelly A Whelan
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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281
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Nguyen HM, Liu S, Daher W, Tan F, Besteiro S. Characterisation of two Toxoplasma PROPPINs homologous to Atg18/WIPI suggests they have evolved distinct specialised functions. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195921. [PMID: 29659619 PMCID: PMC5901921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a parasitic protist possessing a limited set of proteins involved in the autophagy pathway, a self-degradative machinery for protein and organelle recycling. This distant eukaryote has even repurposed part of this machinery, centered on protein ATG8, for a non-degradative function related to the maintenance of the apicoplast, a parasite-specific organelle. However, some evidence also suggest Toxoplasma is able to generate autophagic vesicles upon stress, and that some autophagy-related proteins, such as ATG9, might be involved solely in the canonical autophagy function. Here, we have characterised TgPROP1 and TgPROP2, two Toxoplasma proteins containing WD-40 repeat that can bind lipids for their recruitment to vesicular structures upon stress. They belong to the PROPPIN family and are homologues to ATG18/WIPI, which are known to be important for the autophagic process. We conducted a functional analysis of these two Toxoplasma PROPPINs. One of them is dispensable for normal in vitro growth, although it may play a role for parasite survival in specific stress conditions or for parasite fitness in the host, through a canonical autophagy-related function. The other, however, seems important for parasite viability in normal growth conditions and could be primarily involved in a non-canonical function. These divergent roles for two proteins from the same family illustrate the functional versatility of the autophagy-related machinery in Toxoplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa Mai Nguyen
- DIMNP, UMR5235 CNRS - Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Shuxian Liu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wassim Daher
- DIMNP, UMR5235 CNRS - Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Feng Tan
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (FT); (SB)
| | - Sébastien Besteiro
- DIMNP, UMR5235 CNRS - Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (FT); (SB)
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282
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Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved process and is essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Autophagy occurs at a basal level in all cells, but it can be up-regulated during stress, starvation, or infection. Misregulation of autophagy has been linked to various disorders, including cancer, neurodegeneration, and immune diseases. Here, we discuss the essential proteins acting in the formation of an autophagosome, with a focus on the ULK and VPS34 kinase complexes, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate effector proteins, and the transmembrane autophagy-related protein ATG9. The function and regulation of these and other autophagy-related proteins acting during formation will be addressed, in particular during amino acid starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Mercer
- From the Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Gubas
- From the Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon A Tooze
- From the Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
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283
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Han Y, van Houte S, van Oers MM, Ros VID. Baculovirus PTP2 Functions as a Pro-Apoptotic Protein. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040181. [PMID: 29642442 PMCID: PMC5923475 DOI: 10.3390/v10040181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Baculoviridae encompasses a large number of invertebrate viruses, mainly infecting caterpillars of the order Lepidoptera. The baculovirus Spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV) induces physiological and behavioral changes in its host Spodoptera exigua, as well as immunological responses, which may affect virus transmission. Here we show that the SeMNPV-encoded protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (PTP2) induces mild apoptosis in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf) 21 cells upon transient expression. Transient expression of a catalytic-site mutant of ptp2 did not lead to apoptosis, indicating that the phosphatase activity of PTP2 is needed to induce apoptosis. We also found that the caspase level (indicator of apoptosis) was higher in cells transfected with the ptp2 gene than in cells transfected with the catalytic mutant. Adding a caspase inhibitor reduced the level of ptp2-induced apoptosis. Moreover, deletion of the ptp2 gene from the viral genome prevented the induction of apoptosis in S. exigua hemocytes. The virus titer and virulence indices (the viral infectivity and the time to death) were not affected by deletion of the ptp2 gene. However, the viral occlusion body yield from S. exigua larvae infected with the mutant virus lacking the ptp2 gene was much lower than the yield from larvae infected with the wild-type (WT) virus. We hypothesize that the observed pro-apoptotic effects of PTP2 are the result of PTP2-mediated immune suppression in larvae, which consequently leads to higher viral occlusion body yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Han
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Stineke van Houte
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK.
| | - Monique M van Oers
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Vera I D Ros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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284
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Jiang CY, Yang BY, Zhao S, Shao SH, Bei XY, Shi F, Sun Q, Deng Z, Wang XH, Han BM, Zhao FJ, Xia SJ, Ruan Y. Deregulation of ATG9A by impaired AR signaling induces autophagy in prostate stromal fibroblasts and promotes BPH progression. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:431. [PMID: 29568063 PMCID: PMC5864884 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The activation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays an essential role in both prostate stromal cells and epithelial cells during the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Here we demonstrated that androgen ablation after 5α-reductase inhibitor (5-ARI) treatment induced autophagy in prostate stromal fibroblasts inhibiting cell apoptosis. In addition, we found that ATG9A expression was increased after androgen ablation, which facilitated autophagic flux development. Knockdown of ATG9A not only inhibited autophagy notably in prostate stromal fibroblasts, but also reduced the volumes of prostate stromal fibroblast and epithelial cell recombinant grafts in nude mice. In conclusion, our findings suggested that ATG9A upregulation after long-term 5-ARI treatment constitutes a possible mechanism of BPH progression. Thus, combined treatment with 5-ARI and autophagy inhibitory agents would reduce the risk of BPH progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yi Jiang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Bo-Yu Yang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Sheng Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Si-Hui Shao
- Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Bei
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Fei Shi
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zheng Deng
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Xiao-Hai Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Bang-Min Han
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Fu-Jun Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Shu-Jie Xia
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China.
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Yuan Ruan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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285
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Kang S, Shin KD, Kim JH, Chung T. Autophagy-related (ATG) 11, ATG9 and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase control ATG2-mediated formation of autophagosomes in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell Rep 2018; 37:653-664. [PMID: 29350244 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Using quantitative assays for autophagy, we analyzed 4 classes of atg mutants, discovered new atg2 phenotypes and ATG gene interactions, and proposed a model of autophagosome formation in plants. Plant and other eukaryotic cells use autophagy to target cytoplasmic constituents for degradation in the vacuole. Autophagy is regulated and executed by a conserved set of proteins called autophagy-related (ATG). In Arabidopsis, several groups of ATG proteins have been characterized using genetic approaches. However, the genetic interactions between ATG genes have not been established and the relationship between different ATG groups in plants remains unclear. Here we analyzed atg2, atg7, atg9, and atg11 mutants and their double mutants at the physiological, biochemical, and subcellular levels. Involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in autophagy was also tested using wortmannin, a PI3K inhibitor. Our mutant analysis using autophagy markers showed that atg7 and atg2 phenotypes are more severe than those of atg11 and atg9. Unlike other mutants, atg2 cells accumulated several autophagic vesicles that could not be delivered to the vacuole. Analysis of atg double mutants, combined with wortmannin treatment, indicated that ATG11, PI3K, and ATG9 act upstream of ATG2. Our data support a model in which plant ATG1 and PI3K complexes play a role in the initiation of autophagy, whereas ATG2 is involved in a later step during the biogenesis of autophagic vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Deok Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Taijoon Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Systems Biology, Pusan National University, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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286
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Cadwell K, Debnath J. Beyond self-eating: The control of nonautophagic functions and signaling pathways by autophagy-related proteins. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:813-822. [PMID: 29237720 PMCID: PMC5839790 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201706157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of conserved autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) that mediate bulk degradation of cytosolic material laid the foundation for breakthroughs linking autophagy to a litany of physiological processes and disease conditions. Recent discoveries are revealing that these same ATGs orchestrate processes that are related to, and yet clearly distinct from, classic autophagy. Autophagy-related functions include secretion, trafficking of phagocytosed material, replication and egress of viral particles, and regulation of inflammatory and immune signaling cascades. Here, we define common processes dependent on ATGs, and discuss the challenges in mechanistically separating autophagy from these related pathways. Elucidating the molecular events that distinguish how individual ATGs function promises to improve our understanding of the origin of diseases ranging from autoimmunity to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jayanta Debnath
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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287
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Mizuguchi Y, Yatabe M, Morishima N, Morimoto S, Ichihara A. Buffering roles of (pro)renin receptor in starvation-induced autophagy of skeletal muscles. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13587. [PMID: 29488348 PMCID: PMC5828934 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process contributing to the regulation of nutrient homeostasis and cellular remodeling. Studies revealed that the nuclear translocation of transcription factor EB (TFEB) plays a key role in lysosomal biogenesis and autophagic pathways. The (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] is a multifunctional protein playing a pivotal role in regulation of the tissue renin-angiotensin system and is known as an essential constituent of vacuolar H+ -ATPase, considered to be necessary for the autophagy-lysosome pathway. On the basis of these findings, we postulated that (P)RR may also contribute to the regulation of starvation-induced autophagy. In this study, starvation increased the expression of (P)RR and autophagy-related genes, especially, in the skeletal muscles of mice. In C2C12 mouse myoblast cells, starvation increased (P)RR expression and TFEB translocation, leading to the expression of autophagy-related genes. Knockdown of (P)RR enhanced both the TFEB translocation to the nucleus and the expression of autophagy-related genes during starvation. These results suggest that (P)RR plays a buffering role in starvation-induced autophagy by affecting the nuclear translocation of TFEB. Thus, (P)RR, which increases during starvation, is one of the important factors that control autophagy in the skeletal muscles. (P)RR may act as a buffer to reduce excessive TFEB-dependent autophagy flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Mizuguchi
- Department of Medicine II, Endocrinology and HypertensionTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Midori Yatabe
- Department of Medicine II, Endocrinology and HypertensionTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Noriko Morishima
- Department of Medicine II, Endocrinology and HypertensionTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Department of Medicine II, Endocrinology and HypertensionTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Atsuhiro Ichihara
- Department of Medicine II, Endocrinology and HypertensionTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
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288
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Barve G, Sridhar S, Aher A, Sahani MH, Chinchwadkar S, Singh S, K N L, McMurray MA, Manjithaya R. Septins are involved at the early stages of macroautophagy in S. cerevisiae. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs209098. [PMID: 29361537 PMCID: PMC5868950 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.209098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation pathway wherein double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes capture long-lived proteins, and damaged or superfluous organelles, and deliver them to the lysosome for degradation. Septins are conserved GTP-binding proteins involved in many cellular processes, including phagocytosis and the autophagy of intracellular bacteria, but no role in general autophagy was known. In budding yeast, septins polymerize into ring-shaped arrays of filaments required for cytokinesis. In an unbiased genetic screen and in subsequent targeted analysis, we found autophagy defects in septin mutants. Upon autophagy induction, pre-assembled septin complexes relocalized to the pre-autophagosomal structure (PAS) where they formed non-canonical septin rings at PAS. Septins also colocalized with autophagosomes, where they physically interacted with the autophagy proteins Atg8 and Atg9. When autophagosome degradation was blocked in septin-mutant cells, fewer autophagic structures accumulated, and an autophagy mutant defective in early stages of autophagosome biogenesis (atg1Δ), displayed decreased septin localization to the PAS. Our findings support a role for septins in the early stages of budding yeast autophagy, during autophagosome formation.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Barve
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Shreyas Sridhar
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Amol Aher
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Mayurbhai H Sahani
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Sarika Chinchwadkar
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Sunaina Singh
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Lakshmeesha K N
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Michael A McMurray
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ravi Manjithaya
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
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289
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Yang F, Lei Y, Zhou M, Yao Q, Han Y, Wu X, Zhong W, Zhu C, Xu W, Tao R, Chen X, Lin D, Rahman K, Tyagi R, Habib Z, Xiao S, Wang D, Yu Y, Chen H, Fu Z, Cao G. Development and application of a recombination-based library versus library high- throughput yeast two-hybrid (RLL-Y2H) screening system. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:e17. [PMID: 29165646 PMCID: PMC5815087 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network maintains proper function of all organisms. Simple high-throughput technologies are desperately needed to delineate the landscape of PPI networks. While recent state-of-the-art yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) systems improved screening efficiency, either individual colony isolation, library preparation arrays, gene barcoding or massive sequencing are still required. Here, we developed a recombination-based 'library vs library' Y2H system (RLL-Y2H), by which multi-library screening can be accomplished in a single pool without any individual treatment. This system is based on the phiC31 integrase-mediated integration between bait and prey plasmids. The integrated fragments were digested by MmeI and subjected to deep sequencing to decode the interaction matrix. We applied this system to decipher the trans-kingdom interactome between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and host cells and further identified Rv2427c interfering with the phagosome-lysosome fusion. This concept can also be applied to other systems to screen protein-RNA and protein-DNA interactions and delineate signaling landscape in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yingying Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meiling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qili Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yichao Han
- College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wanshun Zhong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chenghang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Weize Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ran Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Da Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Khaista Rahman
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Rohit Tyagi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zeshan Habib
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhenfang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Departments of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Gang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Bio-Medical Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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290
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Fletcher K, Ulferts R, Jacquin E, Veith T, Gammoh N, Arasteh JM, Mayer U, Carding SR, Wileman T, Beale R, Florey O. The WD40 domain of ATG16L1 is required for its non-canonical role in lipidation of LC3 at single membranes. EMBO J 2018; 37:e97840. [PMID: 29317426 PMCID: PMC5813257 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of macroautophagy is the covalent lipidation of LC3 and insertion into the double-membrane phagophore, which is driven by the ATG16L1/ATG5-ATG12 complex. In contrast, non-canonical autophagy is a pathway through which LC3 is lipidated and inserted into single membranes, particularly endolysosomal vacuoles during cell engulfment events such as LC3-associated phagocytosis. Factors controlling the targeting of ATG16L1 to phagophores are dispensable for non-canonical autophagy, for which the mechanism of ATG16L1 recruitment is unknown. Here we show that the WD repeat-containing C-terminal domain (WD40 CTD) of ATG16L1 is essential for LC3 recruitment to endolysosomal membranes during non-canonical autophagy, but dispensable for canonical autophagy. Using this strategy to inhibit non-canonical autophagy specifically, we show a reduction of MHC class II antigen presentation in dendritic cells from mice lacking the WD40 CTD Further, we demonstrate activation of non-canonical autophagy dependent on the WD40 CTD during influenza A virus infection. This suggests dependence on WD40 CTD distinguishes between macroautophagy and non-canonical use of autophagy machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Ulferts
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elise Jacquin
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Talitha Veith
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Noor Gammoh
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Simon R Carding
- Quadrum Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Rupert Beale
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oliver Florey
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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291
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Abstract
There is a clear link between defects in autophagy and the development of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, raising interest in better understanding the roles of autophagy within the immune system. In addition, autophagy has been implicated in the immune response to infection by pathogenic microbes. As such, there are efforts currently underway to develop modulators of autophagy as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of the autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss the numerous roles for autophagy in immunity and how these activities are linked to disease. We highlight how autophagy affects pathogen clearance, phagocytosis, pattern recognition receptor signaling, inflammation, antigen presentation, cell death, and immune cell development and maintenance. With these diverse and extensive immune-related functions for autophagy in mind, we finish by considering the possible implications of targeting autophagy as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Kinsella
- 1 Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, USA
| | - Eric M Nehls
- 1 Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, USA
| | - Christina L Stallings
- 1 Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, USA
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292
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Gathungu G, Zhang Y, Tian X, Bonkowski E, Rowehl L, Krumsiek J, Nix B, Chalk C, Trapnell B, Zhu W, Newberry R, Denson L, Li E. Impaired granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor bioactivity accelerates surgical recurrence in ileal Crohn’s disease. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:623-630. [PMID: 29434451 PMCID: PMC5799863 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i5.623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine the relationship between elevated granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) auto-antibodies (Ab) level and time to surgical recurrence after initial surgery for Crohn’s disease (CD).
METHODS We reviewed 412 charts from a clinical database at tertiary academic hospital. Patients included in the study had ileal or ileocolonic CD and surgical resection of small bowel or ileocecal region for management of disease. Serum samples were analyzed for serological assays including GM-CSF cytokine, GM-CSF Ab, ASCA IgG and IgA, and genetic markers including SNPs rs2066843, rs2066844, rs2066845, rs2076756 and rs2066847 in NOD2, rs2241880 in ATG16L1, and rs13361189 in IRGM. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to assess the predictors of surgical recurrence.
RESULTS Ninety six percent of patients underwent initial ileocecal resection (ICR) or ileal resection (IR) and subsequently 40% of patients required a second ICR/IR for CD. GM-CSF Ab level was elevated at a median of 3.81 mcg/mL. Factors predicting faster time to a second surgery included elevated GM-CSF Ab [hazard ratio (HR) 3.52, 95%CI: 1.45-8.53, P = 0.005] and elevated GM-CSF cytokine (HR = 2.48, 95%CI: 1.31-4.70, P = 0.005). Factors predicting longer duration between first and second surgery included use of Immunomodulators (HR = 0.49, 95%CI: 0.31-0.77, P = 0.002), the interaction effect of low GM-CSF Ab levels and smoking (HR = 0.60, 95%CI: 0.45-0.81, P = 0.001) and the interaction effect of low GM-CSF cytokine levels and ATG16L1 (HR = 0.65, 95%CI: 0.49-0.88, P = 0.006).
CONCLUSION GM-CSF bioavailability plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Decreased bioavailability coupled with the genetic risk markers and/or smoking results in aggressive CD behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Gathungu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Yuanhao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Xinyu Tian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Erin Bonkowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, United States
| | - Leahana Rowehl
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Julia Krumsiek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Billy Nix
- Department of Medicine, Washington University St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Claudia Chalk
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, United States
| | - Bruce Trapnell
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, United States
| | - Wei Zhu
- Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United states
| | - Rodney Newberry
- Department of Medicine, Washington University St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Lee Denson
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, United States
| | - Ellen Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
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293
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Glaser K, Dickie P, Neilson D, Osborn A, Dickie BH. Linkage of Metabolic Defects to Activated PIK3CA Alleles in Endothelial Cells Derived from Lymphatic Malformation. Lymphat Res Biol 2018; 16:43-55. [PMID: 29346025 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2017.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) derived from lymphatic malformations (LMs) bear activated PIK3CA alleles yet display an inflammatory gene expression profile. A basis for the inflammatory phenotype was sought by screening for coexisting somatic mutations. METHODS AND RESULTS Fourteen independent LEC populations bearing activated PIK3CA alleles were isolated from LM. These were characterized by the expression of growth and inflammatory genes (VEGFC, IL-6, COX-2, IL-8, HO-1, E-SEL) by qRT-PCR. Most commonly upregulated gene products were VEGFC, COX2, HO-1, and ANGPTL4. The specific inhibition of PI3K reduced VEGFC expression without resolving inflammation. Whole exome sequencing of six LM-LEC populations identified five novel somatically acquired alleles coexisting with activated PIK3CA alleles. Two affected genes regulate lipid droplet metabolism (FITM2 and ATG2A), two are gene regulators (MTA1 and TAF1L), and the fifth is an isoform of ANK3 (an endosomal/lysosomal protein). Inhibition of AMPK implicated its involvement in regulating COX-2 and HO-1 overexpression. ANGPTL4 expression was independent of AMPK and PI3K activity and reflected lipid stress demonstrated in normal LECs. AMPK activation with AICAR had a selective growth-limiting effect in a subset of LM-LEC isolates. CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory stress displayed by LM-LECs is consistent with errors in lipid metabolism that may be linked to acquired mutations. The acquisition of PIK3CA alleles may be a permissive event that antagonizes inflammation and metabolic defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Glaser
- 1 Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Peter Dickie
- 1 Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Derek Neilson
- 2 Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Alexander Osborn
- 1 Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Belinda Hsi Dickie
- 1 Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center , Cincinnati, Ohio
- 3 Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
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294
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Vanhove W, Nys K, Arijs I, Cleynen I, Noben M, De Schepper S, Van Assche G, Ferrante M, Vermeire S. Biopsy-derived Intestinal Epithelial Cell Cultures for Pathway-based Stratification of Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2018; 12:178-187. [PMID: 29029005 PMCID: PMC6443034 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoplasmic reticulum [ER] stress was shown to be pivotal in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Despite progress in inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] drug development, not more than one-third of patients achieve steroid-free remission and mucosal healing with current therapies. Furthermore, patient stratification tools for therapy selection are lacking. We aimed to identify and quantify epithelial ER stress in a patient-specific manner in an attempt towards personalised therapy. METHODS A biopsy-derived intestinal epithelial cell culture system was developed and characterised. ER stress was induced by thapsigargin and quantified with a BiP enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] of cell lysates from 35 patients with known genotypes, who were grouped based on the number of IBD-associated ER stress and autophagy risk alleles. RESULTS The epithelial character of the cells was confirmed by E-cadherin, ZO-1, and MUC2 staining and CK-18, CK-20, and LGR5 gene expression. Patients with three risk alleles had higher median epithelial BiP-induction [vs untreated] levels compared with patients with one or two risk alleles [p = 0.026 and 0.043, respectively]. When autophagy risk alleles were included and patients were stratified in genetic risk quartiles, patients in Q2, Q3, and Q4 had significantly higher ER stress [BiP] when compared with Q1 [p = 0.034, 0.040, and 0.034, respectively]. CONCLUSIONS We developed and validated an ex vivo intestinal epithelial cell culture system and showed that patients with more ER stress and autophagy risk alleles have augmented epithelial ER stress responses. We thus presented a personalised approach whereby patient-specific defects can be identified, which in turn could help in selecting tailored therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebe Vanhove
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders [TARGID], Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kris Nys
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders [TARGID], Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Arijs
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders [TARGID], Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Cleynen
- Laboratory for Complex Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuel Noben
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders [TARGID], Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan De Schepper
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders [TARGID], Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert Van Assche
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders [TARGID], Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Ferrante
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders [TARGID], Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders [TARGID], Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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295
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Etna MP, Sinigaglia A, Grassi A, Giacomini E, Romagnoli A, Pardini M, Severa M, Cruciani M, Rizzo F, Anastasiadou E, Di Camillo B, Barzon L, Fimia GM, Manganelli R, Coccia EM. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced miR-155 subverts autophagy by targeting ATG3 in human dendritic cells. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006790. [PMID: 29300789 PMCID: PMC5771628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a primordial eukaryotic pathway, which provides the immune system with multiple mechanisms for the elimination of invading pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). As a consequence, Mtb has evolved different strategies to hijack the autophagy process. Given the crucial role of human primary dendritic cells (DC) in host immunity control, we characterized Mtb-DC interplay by studying the contribution of cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) in the post-transcriptional regulation of autophagy related genes. From the expression profile of de-regulated miRNAs obtained in Mtb-infected human DC, we identified 7 miRNAs whose expression was previously found to be altered in specimens of TB patients. Among them, gene ontology analysis showed that miR-155, miR-155* and miR-146a target mRNAs with a significant enrichment in biological processes linked to autophagy. Interestingly, miR-155 was significantly stimulated by live and virulent Mtb and enriched in polysome-associated RNA fraction, where actively translated mRNAs reside. The putative pair interaction among the E2 conjugating enzyme involved in LC3-lipidation and autophagosome formation-ATG3-and miR-155 arose by target prediction analysis, was confirmed by both luciferase reporter assay and Atg3 immunoblotting analysis of miR-155-transfected DC, which showed also a consistent Atg3 protein and LC3 lipidated form reduction. Late in infection, when miR-155 expression peaked, both the level of Atg3 and the number of LC3 puncta per cell (autophagosomes) decreased dramatically. In accordance, miR-155 silencing rescued autophagosome number in Mtb infected DC and enhanced autolysosome fusion, thereby supporting a previously unidentified role of the miR-155 as inhibitor of ATG3 expression. Taken together, our findings suggest how Mtb can manipulate cellular miRNA expression to regulate Atg3 for its own survival, and highlight the importance to develop novel therapeutic strategies against tuberculosis that would boost autophagy. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is one of the most successful pathogens in human history and remains the second leading cause of death from an infectious agent worldwide. The major reason of Mtb success relies on its ability to evade host immunity. Autophagy, a cellular mechanism involved in intracellular pathogen elimination, is one of the pathways hijacked by Mtb to elude the control of dendritic cells (DC), major cellular effectors of immune response. Recently, it has become clear that Mtb infection not only alters cellular gene expression, but also controls the level of small RNA molecules, namely microRNAs (miRNAs), which function as negative regulators of mRNA translation into protein. In the present study, we observed that the infection of human DC with Mtb leads to a strong induction of host miR-155, a critical regulator of host immune response. By mean of miR-155 induction, Mtb reduces Atg3 protein content, a crucial enzyme needed for the initial phase of the autophagic process. Interestingly, miR-155 silencing during Mtb infection restores Atg3 level and rescues autophagy. These findings contribute to better elucidate Mtb-triggered escape mechanisms and highlight the importance to develop host-directed therapies to combat tuberculosis based on autophagy boosting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena P. Etna
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Angela Grassi
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Elena Giacomini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Manuela Pardini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Severa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Melania Cruciani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Rizzo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleni Anastasiadou
- Department of Pathology, Institute for RNA Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Barbara Di Camillo
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Eliana M. Coccia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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296
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Ma Z, Qi Z, Shan Z, Li J, Yang J, Xu Z. The role of CRP and ATG9B expression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20171082. [PMID: 28923830 PMCID: PMC5686392 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to investigate the correlation between the expression of C-reactive protein (CRP) and autophagy-related 9B (ATG9B) and pathological features of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) patients. We also intended to explore the effects of manipulated expression of CRP and ATG9B on the apoptosis and cell cycle progression of CCRCC cell line. ATG9B expression in CCRCC tissues and adjacent renal tissues was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Gene expression was determined at transcription and translational levels using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot. The association between CRP/ATG9B expression and clinical-pathological parameters including age, gender, pathological grades, TNM stage and distant metastasis of the patients was assessed by correlation analysis. siRNA and overexpression plasmids construction were used to manipulate the expression of CRP in human CCRCC cell line 786-O. Cell apoptosis and cell cycle progression were determined using flow cytometry (FCM) and Hoechst 33258 staining. CRP expression correlates with ATG9B expression. The expression of CRP and ATG9B are significantly correlated with TNM staging, distant metastasis, and survival time of CCRCC patients. A high-level of CRP indicates a poor overall survival (OS). In addition, CRP expression influences cell cycle and apoptosis of CCRCC cells. The study reveals that CRP might be a CCRCC development promoter. In addition, there is a close relationship between CRP and ATG9B in CCRCC carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ma
- Department of Urology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, China
| | - Zengguang Qi
- Department of Urology, Guanxian Center Hospital, Liaocheng 252500, Shandong, China
| | - Zhengfei Shan
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
- Department of Organ Transplantation, the affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Jiangsong Li
- Department of Urology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, China
| | - Zhonghua Xu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China
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297
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Fujishiro H, Liu Y, Ahmadi B, Templeton DM. Protective effect of cadmium-induced autophagy in rat renal mesangial cells. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:619-631. [PMID: 29218509 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium damages renal cells, and in particular may cause mesangial cell death by necrosis or apoptosis, depending on exposure conditions in cultured cells. However, there is an uncertainty as to whether Cd2+-induced autophagy can protect mesangial cells against these other mechanisms of cell death. We have used autophagy-incompetent mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells lacking the Atg16 gene, as well as cultured rat mesangial cells (RMC) in which Atg16 has been silenced, to examine this issue. Measuring the processing of LC3-I to LC3-II and expression of sequestosome-1 (p62), we define conditions under which RMC can be induced to undergo autophagy in response to 0-20 µM CdCl2. Similarly, Cd2+ can initiate autophagy in MEF cells. However, when autophagy is compromised, either by gene knockout in MEF cells or by RNA silencing in RMC, cell viability is decreased, and concomitantly a Cd2+ dose-dependent increase in pro-caspase-3 cleavage indicates the initiation of apoptotic cell death. In contrast to some previous reports, Cd2+-induced autophagy is not correlated with increased levels of cellular reactive oxygen species but, among a panel of kinases investigated, is suppressed by inhibition of the Jun kinase. We conclude that concentrations of Cd2+ that initiate autophagy may afford renal mesangial cells some degree of protection against other modes (apoptosis, necrosis) of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Fujishiro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Bilal Ahmadi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Douglas M Templeton
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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298
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Wu F, Deng LN, Wu XQ, Liu HB, Ye JR. Expression Profiling of Autophagy Genes BxATG1 and BxATG8 under Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Pine Wood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122639. [PMID: 29211016 PMCID: PMC5751242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchusxylophilus, is the pathogen of pine wilt disease (PWD) and causes huge economic losses in pine forests and shows a remarkable ability to survive under unfavorable and changing environmental conditions. This ability may be related to autophagy, which is still poorly understood in B.xylophilus. Our previous studies showed that autophagy exists in PWN. Therefore, we tested the effects of autophagy inducer rapamycin on PWN and the results revealed that the feeding rate and reproduction were significantly promoted on fungal mats. The gene expression patterns of BxATG1 and BxATG8 under the different stress were determined by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). We tested the effects of RNA interference on BxATG1 and BxATG8 in PWN during different periods of infection in Pinus thunbergii. The results revealed that BxATG1 and BxATG8 may play roles in allowing PWN to adapt to changing environmental conditions and the virulence of PWN was influenced by the silence of autophagy-related genes BxATG1 and BxATG8. These results provided fundamental information on the relationship between autophagy and PWN, and on better understanding of gene function of BxATG1 and BxATG8 in PWN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Li-Na Deng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
- College of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224003, China.
| | - Xiao-Qin Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Hong-Bin Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Jian-Ren Ye
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Prevention and Management of Invasive Species, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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299
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Harkey MA, Villagran AM, Venkataraman GM, Leisenring WM, Hullar MAJ, Torok-Storb BJ. Associations between gastric dilatation-volvulus in Great Danes and specific alleles of the canine immune-system genes DLA88, DRB1, and TLR5. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:934-945. [PMID: 28738011 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.8.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether specific alleles of candidate genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and innate immune system were associated with gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) in Great Danes. ANIMALS 42 healthy Great Danes (control group) and 39 Great Danes with ≥ 1 GDV episode. PROCEDURES Variable regions of the 2 most polymorphic MHC genes (DLA88 and DRB1) were amplified and sequenced from the dogs in each group. Similarly, regions of 3 genes associated with the innate immune system (TLR5, NOD2, and ATG16L1), which have been linked to inflammatory bowel disease, were amplified and sequenced. Alleles were evaluated for associations with GDV, controlling for age and dog family. RESULTS Specific alleles of genes DLA88, DRB1, and TLR5 were significantly associated with GDV. One allele of each gene had an OR > 2 in the unadjusted univariate analyses and retained a hazard ratio > 2 after controlling for temperament, age, and familial association in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The 3 GDV-associated alleles identified in this study may serve as diagnostic markers for identification of Great Danes at risk for GDV. Additional research is needed to determine whether other dog breeds have the same genetic associations. These findings also provided a new target for research into the etiology of, and potential treatments for, GDV in dogs.
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300
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Abstract
Autophagy, a unique intracellular membrane-trafficking pathway, is initiated by the formation of an isolation membrane (phagophore) that engulfs cytoplasmic constituents, leading to generation of the autophagosome, a double-membrane vesicle, which is targeted to the lysosome. The outer autophagosomal membrane consequently fuses with the lysosomal membrane. Multiple membrane-fusion events mediated by SNARE molecules have been postulated to promote autophagy. αSNAP, the adaptor molecule for the SNARE-priming enzyme N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) is known to be crucial for intracellular membrane fusion processes, but its role in autophagy remains unclear. Here we demonstrated that knockdown of αSNAP leads to inhibition of autophagy, manifested by an accumulation of sealed autophagosomes located in close proximity to lysosomes but not fused with them. Under these conditions, moreover, association of both Atg9 and the autophagy-related SNARE protein syntaxin17 with the autophagosome remained unaffected. Finally, our results suggested that under starvation conditions, the levels of αSNAP, although low, are nevertheless sufficient to partially promote the SNARE priming required for autophagy. Taken together, these findings indicate that while autophagosomal-lysosomal membrane fusion is sensitive to inhibition of SNARE priming, the initial stages of autophagosome biogenesis and autophagosome expansion remain resistant to its loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Abada
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Smadar Levin-Zaidman
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tali Dadosh
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zvulun Elazar
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel;
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