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Picavet LW, van Vroonhoven ECN, Scholman RC, Smits YTH, Banerjee R, Besteman SB, Viveen MC, van der Vlist MM, Tanenbaum ME, Lebbink RJ, Vastert SJ, van Loosdregt J. m 6A Reader YTHDC1 Impairs Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection by Downregulating Membrane CX3CR1 Expression. Viruses 2024; 16:778. [PMID: 38793659 PMCID: PMC11125786 DOI: 10.3390/v16050778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most prevalent cause of acute lower respiratory infection in young children. Currently, the first RSV vaccines are approved by the FDA. Recently, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation has been implicated in the regulation of the viral life cycle and replication of many viruses, including RSV. m6A methylation of RSV RNA has been demonstrated to promote replication and prevent anti-viral immune responses by the host. Whether m6A is also involved in viral entry and whether m6A can also affect RSV infection via different mechanisms than methylation of viral RNA is poorly understood. Here, we identify m6A reader YTH domain-containing protein 1 (YTHDC1) as a novel negative regulator of RSV infection. We demonstrate that YTHDC1 abrogates RSV infection by reducing the expression of RSV entry receptor CX3C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) on the cell surface of lung epithelial cells. Altogether, these data reveal a novel role for m6A methylation and YTHDC1 in the viral entry of RSV. These findings may contribute to the development of novel treatment options to control RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas W. Picavet
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.W.P.); (E.C.N.v.V.); (R.C.S.); (M.C.V.); (M.M.v.d.V.); (S.J.V.)
| | - Ellen C. N. van Vroonhoven
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.W.P.); (E.C.N.v.V.); (R.C.S.); (M.C.V.); (M.M.v.d.V.); (S.J.V.)
| | - Rianne C. Scholman
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.W.P.); (E.C.N.v.V.); (R.C.S.); (M.C.V.); (M.M.v.d.V.); (S.J.V.)
| | - Yesper T. H. Smits
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.W.P.); (E.C.N.v.V.); (R.C.S.); (M.C.V.); (M.M.v.d.V.); (S.J.V.)
| | - Rupa Banerjee
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.E.T.)
- Oncode Institute, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sjanna B. Besteman
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.W.P.); (E.C.N.v.V.); (R.C.S.); (M.C.V.); (M.M.v.d.V.); (S.J.V.)
| | - Mattheus C. Viveen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.W.P.); (E.C.N.v.V.); (R.C.S.); (M.C.V.); (M.M.v.d.V.); (S.J.V.)
| | - Michiel M. van der Vlist
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.W.P.); (E.C.N.v.V.); (R.C.S.); (M.C.V.); (M.M.v.d.V.); (S.J.V.)
- Oncode Institute, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marvin E. Tanenbaum
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.E.T.)
- Oncode Institute, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 AA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J. Lebbink
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Sebastiaan J. Vastert
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.W.P.); (E.C.N.v.V.); (R.C.S.); (M.C.V.); (M.M.v.d.V.); (S.J.V.)
| | - Jorg van Loosdregt
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.W.P.); (E.C.N.v.V.); (R.C.S.); (M.C.V.); (M.M.v.d.V.); (S.J.V.)
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2
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Zhuang X, Gallo G, Sharma P, Ha J, Magri A, Borrmann H, Harris JM, Tsukuda S, Bentley E, Kirby A, de Neck S, Yang H, Balfe P, Wing PA, Matthews D, Harris AL, Kipar A, Stewart JP, Bailey D, McKeating JA. Hypoxia inducible factors inhibit respiratory syncytial virus infection by modulation of nucleolin expression. iScience 2024; 27:108763. [PMID: 38261926 PMCID: PMC10797196 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a global healthcare problem, causing respiratory illness in young children and elderly individuals. Our knowledge of the host pathways that define susceptibility to infection and disease severity are limited. Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) define metabolic responses to low oxygen and regulate inflammatory responses in the lower respiratory tract. We demonstrate a role for HIFs to suppress RSV entry and RNA replication. We show that hypoxia and HIF prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors reduce the expression of the RSV entry receptor nucleolin and inhibit viral cell-cell fusion. We identify a HIF regulated microRNA, miR-494, that regulates nucleolin expression. In RSV-infected mice, treatment with the clinically approved HIF prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor, Daprodustat, reduced the level of infectious virus and infiltrating monocytes and neutrophils in the lung. This study highlights a role for HIF-signalling to limit multiple aspects of RSV infection and associated inflammation and informs future therapeutic approaches for this respiratory pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhuang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Parul Sharma
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jiyeon Ha
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrea Magri
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helene Borrmann
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James M. Harris
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Senko Tsukuda
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Bentley
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Adam Kirby
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Simon de Neck
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hongbing Yang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Balfe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter A.C. Wing
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Matthews
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Anja Kipar
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - James P. Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology & Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Jane A. McKeating
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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3
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Zou G, Cao S, Gao Z, Yie J, Wu JZ. Current state and challenges in respiratory syncytial virus drug discovery and development. Antiviral Res 2024; 221:105791. [PMID: 38160942 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in young children and elderly people worldwide. Recent significant progress in our understanding of the structure and function of RSV proteins has led to the discovery of several clinical candidates targeting RSV fusion and replication. These include both the development of novel small molecule interventions and the isolation of potent monoclonal antibodies. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art of RSV drug discovery, with a focus on the characteristics of the candidates that reached the clinical stage of development. We also discuss the lessons learned from failed and discontinued clinical developments and highlight the challenges that remain for development of RSV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zou
- Shanghai Ark Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Sushan Cao
- Shanghai Ark Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhao Gao
- Shanghai Ark Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Junming Yie
- Shanghai Ark Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jim Zhen Wu
- Shanghai Ark Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201203, China
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4
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Hayes RS, Oraby AK, Camargo C, Marchant DJ, Sagan SM. Mapping respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein interactions with the receptor IGF1R and the impact of alanine-scanning mutagenesis on viral infection. J Gen Virol 2024; 105. [PMID: 38231539 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has two main surface glycoproteins, the attachment glycoprotein (G) and the fusion (F) protein, which together mediate viral entry. Attachment is mediated by the RSV-G protein, while the RSV-F protein makes specific contact with the cellular insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R). This interaction leads to IGF1R activation and initiates a signalling cascade that calls the co-receptor, nucleolin, from the nucleus to the cell surface, where it can trigger viral fusion. We performed molecular docking analysis, which provided a potential set of 35 residues in IGF1R that may be important for interactions with RSV-F. We used alanine-scanning mutagenesis to generate IGF1R mutants and assessed their abundance and maturation, as well as the effect of mutation on RSV infection. We identified several mutations that appear to inhibit IGF1R maturation; but surprisingly, these mutations had no significant effect on RSV infection. This suggests that maturation of IGF1R may not be required for RSV infection. Additionally, we identified one residue, S788, that, when mutated, significantly reduced RSV infection. Further analysis revealed that this mutation disrupted a hydrogen bonding network that may be important for both IGF1R maturation and RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Hayes
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ahmed K Oraby
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Al-Motamayez District, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Carolina Camargo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - David J Marchant
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Selena M Sagan
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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5
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Merritt TN, Pei J, Leung DW. Pathogenicity and virulence of human respiratory syncytial virus: Multifunctional nonstructural proteins NS1 and NS2. Virulence 2023:2283897. [PMID: 37964591 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2283897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is a major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children under the age of two as well as in the elderly and immunocompromised worldwide. Despite its discovery over 60 years ago and the global impact on human health, limited specific and effective prophylactic or therapeutic options have been available for hRSV infections. Part of the lack of treatment options is attributed to the legacy of vaccine failure in the 1960s using a formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV), which led to enhancement of disease post exposure to hRSV infection and hampered subsequent development of vaccine candidates. Recent FDA approval of a vaccine for older adults and impending approval for a maternal vaccine are major advancements but leaves children between 6 months and 5 years of age unprotected. Part of this limitation can be attributed to a lack of complete understanding of the factors that contribute to hRSV pathogenesis. The nonstructural proteins NS1 and NS2 are multifunctional virulence factors that are unique to hRSV and that play critical roles during hRSV infection, including antagonizing interferon (IFN) signalling to modulate host responses to hRSV infection. However, the molecular mechanisms by which the nonstructural proteins mediate their IFN inhibitory functions have not been completely defined. Current progress on the characterization of NS1 and NS2 during infection provides deeper insight into their roles. Furthermore, reverse genetics systems for hRSV provide a viable strategy to generate attenuated viruses by introduction of select mutations while maintaining immunogenicity required to elicit a long-term protective response. Here we will review the current state of knowledge of the nonstructural proteins, their contributions to RSV pathogenesis, and their potential as targets for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trudy N Merritt
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jingjing Pei
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daisy W Leung
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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6
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Kieser QJ, Granoski MJ, McClelland RD, Griffiths C, Bilawchuk LM, Stojic A, Elawar F, Jamieson K, Proud D, Marchant DJ. Actin cytoskeleton remodeling disrupts physical barriers to infection and presents entry receptors to respiratory syncytial virus. J Gen Virol 2023; 104:001923. [PMID: 38015055 PMCID: PMC10768689 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
RSV is the leading cause of infant hospitalizations and a significant cause of paediatric and geriatric morbidity worldwide. Recently, we reported that insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) was a receptor for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in airway epithelial cells and that activation of IGF1R recruited the coreceptor, nucleolin (NCL), to the cell surface. Cilia and mucus that line the airways pose a significant barrier to viral and bacterial infection. The cortical actin cytoskeleton has been shown by others to mediate RSV entry, so we studied the roles of the RSV receptors and actin remodelling during virus entry. We found that IGF1R expression and phosphorylation were associated with the ability of RSV to infect cells. Confocal immunofluorescence imaging showed that actin projections, a hallmark of macropinocytosis, formed around viral particles 30 min after infection. Consistent with prior reports we also found that virus particles were internalized into early endosome antigen-1 positive endosomes within 90 min. Inhibiting actin polymerization significantly reduced viral titre by approximately ten-fold. Inhibiting PI3 kinase and PKCζ in stratified air-liquid interface (ALI) models of the airway epithelium had similar effects on reducing the actin remodelling observed during infection and attenuating viral entry. Actin projections were associated with NCL interacting with RSV particles resting on apical cilia of the ALIs. We conclude that macropinocytosis-like actin projections protrude through normally protective cilia and mucus layers of stratified airway epithelium that helps present the IGF1R receptor and the NCL coreceptor to RSV particles waiting at the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinten J. Kieser
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G-2E1, Canada
| | - Madison J. Granoski
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G-2E1, Canada
| | - Ryley D. McClelland
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G-2E1, Canada
| | - Cameron Griffiths
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908,, USA
| | - Leanne M. Bilawchuk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G-2E1, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Stojic
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G-2E1, Canada
| | - Farah Elawar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G-2E1, Canada
| | - Kyla Jamieson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - David Proud
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - David J. Marchant
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G-2E1, Canada
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7
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Langedijk AC, Bont LJ. Respiratory syncytial virus infection and novel interventions. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:734-749. [PMID: 37438492 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00919-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The large global burden of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) respiratory tract infections in young children and older adults has gained increased recognition in recent years. Recent discoveries regarding the neutralization-specific viral epitopes of the pre-fusion RSV glycoprotein have led to a shift from empirical to structure-based design of RSV therapeutics, and controlled human infection model studies have provided early-stage proof of concept for novel RSV monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and antiviral drugs. The world's first vaccines and first monoclonal antibody to prevent RSV among older adults and all infants, respectively, have recently been approved. Large-scale introduction of RSV prophylactics emphasizes the need for active surveillance to understand the global impact of these interventions over time and to timely identify viral mutants that are able to escape novel prophylactics. In this Review, we provide an overview of RSV interventions in clinical development, highlighting global disease burden, seasonality, pathogenesis, and host and viral factors related to RSV immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annefleur C Langedijk
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Louis J Bont
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
- ReSViNET Foundation, Zeist, the Netherlands.
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8
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Agac A, Kolbe SM, Ludlow M, Osterhaus ADME, Meineke R, Rimmelzwaan GF. Host Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:1999. [PMID: 37896776 PMCID: PMC10611157 DOI: 10.3390/v15101999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections are a constant public health problem, especially in infants and older adults. Virtually all children will have been infected with RSV by the age of two, and reinfections are common throughout life. Since antigenic variation, which is frequently observed among other respiratory viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 or influenza viruses, can only be observed for RSV to a limited extent, reinfections may result from short-term or incomplete immunity. After decades of research, two RSV vaccines were approved to prevent lower respiratory tract infections in older adults. Recently, the FDA approved a vaccine for active vaccination of pregnant women to prevent severe RSV disease in infants during their first RSV season. This review focuses on the host response to RSV infections mediated by epithelial cells as the first physical barrier, followed by responses of the innate and adaptive immune systems. We address possible RSV-mediated immunomodulatory and pathogenic mechanisms during infections and discuss the current vaccine candidates and alternative treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Guus F. Rimmelzwaan
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (A.A.); (S.M.K.); (M.L.); (A.D.M.E.O.); (R.M.)
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9
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Cadena-Cruz C, Villarreal Camacho JL, De Ávila-Arias M, Hurtado-Gomez L, Rodriguez A, San-Juan-Vergara H. Respiratory syncytial virus entry mechanism in host cells: A general overview. Mol Microbiol 2023; 120:341-350. [PMID: 37537859 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a virus that causes acute respiratory infections in neonates and older adults. To infect host cells, the attachment glycoprotein (G) interacts with a cell surface receptor. This interaction determines the specific cell types that are susceptible to infection. RSV possesses a type I fusion protein F. Type I fusion proteins are metastable when rearrangement of the prefusion F occurs; the fusion peptide is exposed transforming the protein into postfusion form. The transition between the prefusion form and its postfusion form facilitates the viral envelope and the host cell membrane to fuse, enabling the virus to enter the host cell. Understanding the entry mechanism employed by RSV is crucial for developing effective antiviral therapies. In this review, we will discuss the various types of viral fusion proteins and explore the potential entry mechanisms utilized by RSV. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms will provide valuable insights for the development of novel approaches to treat RSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cadena-Cruz
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte Barranquilla, Barranquilla, Colombia
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Programa de Medicina, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - J L Villarreal Camacho
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Programa de Medicina, Universidad Libre Seccional Barranquilla, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Marcio De Ávila-Arias
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte Barranquilla, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Leidy Hurtado-Gomez
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte Barranquilla, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Alexander Rodriguez
- División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Norte Barranquilla, Barranquilla, Colombia
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10
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Gallo E, Bressan S, Baraldo S, Bottigliengo D, Geremia S, Acar AS, Zagolin L, Marson G, Da Dalt L, Gregori D. Increased risk of emergency department presentations for bronchiolitis in infants exposed to air pollution. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2023; 43:1137-1144. [PMID: 35989078 DOI: 10.1111/risa.14007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution has been linked to an increased risk of several respiratory diseases in children, especially respiratory tract infections. The present study aims to evaluate the association between pediatric emergency department (PED) presentations for bronchiolitis and air pollution. PED presentations due to bronchiolitis in children aged less than 1 year were retrospectively collected from 2007 to 2018 in Padova, Italy, together with daily environmental data. A conditional logistic regression based on a time-stratified case-crossover design was performed to evaluate the association between PED presentations and exposure to NO2 , PM2.5, and PM10. Models were adjusted for temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, and public holidays. Delayed effects in time were evaluated using distributed lag non-linear models. Odds ratio for lagged exposure from 0 to 14 days were obtained. Overall, 2251 children presented to the PED for bronchiolitis. Infants' exposure to higher concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in the 5 days before the presentation to the PED increased the risk of accessing the PED by more than 10%, whereas high concentrations of NO2 between 2 and 12 days before the PED presentation were associated with an increased risk of up to 30%. The association between pollutants and infants who required hospitalization was even greater. A cumulative effect of NO2 among the 2 weeks preceding the presentation was also observed. In summary, PM and NO2 concentrations are associated with PED presentations and hospitalizations for bronchiolitis. Exposure of infants to air pollution could damage the respiratory tract mucosa, facilitating viral infections and exacerbating symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Gallo
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Bressan
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Simonetta Baraldo
- Respiratory Diseases Clinic, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Daniele Bottigliengo
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Geremia
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Luca Zagolin
- Environmental Protection and Prevention Agency of the Veneto Region, Venezia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Marson
- Environmental Protection and Prevention Agency of the Veneto Region, Venezia, Italy
| | - Liviana Da Dalt
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Dario Gregori
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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11
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Hsu BW, Chen BS. Genetic and Epigenetic Host-Virus Network to Investigate Pathogenesis and Identify Biomarkers for Drug Repurposing of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus via Real-World Two-Side RNA-Seq Data: Systems Biology and Deep-Learning Approach. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1531. [PMID: 37371627 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) affects more than 33 million people each year, but there are currently no effective drugs or vaccines approved. In this study, we first constructed a candidate host-pathogen interspecies genome-wide genetic and epigenetic network (HPI-GWGEN) via big-data mining. Then, we employed reversed dynamic methods via two-side host-pathogen RNA-seq time-profile data to prune false positives in candidate HPI-GWGEN to obtain the real HPI-GWGEN. With the aid of principal-network projection and the annotation of KEGG pathways, we can extract core signaling pathways during hRSV infection to investigate the pathogenic mechanism of hRSV infection and select the corresponding significant biomarkers as drug targets, i.e., TRAF6, STAT3, IRF3, TYK2, and MAVS. Finally, in order to discover potential molecular drugs, we trained a DNN-based DTI model by drug-target interaction databases to predict candidate molecular drugs for these drug targets. After screening these candidate molecular drugs by three drug design specifications simultaneously, i.e., regulation ability, sensitivity, and toxicity. We finally selected acitretin, RS-67333, and phenformin to combine as a potential multimolecule drug for the therapeutic treatment of hRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wei Hsu
- Laboratory of Automatic Control, Signal Processing and Systems Biology, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Sen Chen
- Laboratory of Automatic Control, Signal Processing and Systems Biology, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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12
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LeMaster C, Pierce SH, Geanes ES, Khanal S, Elliott SS, Scott AB, Louiselle DA, McLennan R, Maulik D, Lewis T, Pastinen T, Bradley T. The cellular and immunological dynamics of early and transitional human milk. Commun Biol 2023; 6:539. [PMID: 37202439 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04910-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk is essential for infant nutrition and immunity, providing protection against infections and other immune-mediated diseases during the lactation period and beyond in later childhood. Milk contains a broad range of bioactive factors such as nutrients, hormones, enzymes, immunoglobulins, growth factors, cytokines, and antimicrobial factors, as well as heterogeneous populations of maternal cells. The soluble and cellular components of milk are dynamic over time to meet the needs of the growing infant. In this study, we utilize systems-approaches to define and characterize 62 analytes of the soluble component, including immunoglobulin isotypes, as well as the cellular component of human milk during the first two weeks postpartum from 36 mothers. We identify soluble immune and growth factors that are dynamic over time and could be utilized to classify milk into different phenotypic groups. We identify 24 distinct populations of both epithelial and immune cells by single-cell transcriptome analysis of 128,016 human milk cells. We found that macrophage populations have shifting inflammatory profiles during the first two weeks of lactation. This analysis provides key insights into the soluble and cellular components of human milk and serves as a substantial resource for future studies of human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cas LeMaster
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Stephen H Pierce
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Eric S Geanes
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Santosh Khanal
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Staci S Elliott
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Allison B Scott
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Daniel A Louiselle
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Rebecca McLennan
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Devika Maulik
- Fetal Health Center, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Tamorah Lewis
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Tomi Pastinen
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Todd Bradley
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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13
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Córdova-Dávalos LE, Hernández-Mercado A, Barrón-García CB, Rojas-Martínez A, Jiménez M, Salinas E, Cervantes-García D. Impact of genetic polymorphisms related to innate immune response on respiratory syncytial virus infection in children. Virus Genes 2022; 58:501-514. [PMID: 36085536 PMCID: PMC9462631 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01932-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes lower respiratory tract infections and bronchiolitis, mainly affecting children under 2 years of age and immunocompromised patients. Currently, there are no available vaccines or efficient pharmacological treatments against RSV. In recent years, tremendous efforts have been directed to understand the pathological mechanisms of the disease and generate a vaccine against RSV. Although RSV is highly infectious, not all the patients who get infected develop bronchiolitis and severe disease. Through various sequencing studies, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been discovered in diverse receptors, cytokines, and transcriptional regulators with crucial role in the activation of the innate immune response, which is implicated in the susceptibility to develop or protect from severe forms of the infection. In this review, we highlighted how variations in the key genes affect the development of innate immune response against RSV. This data would provide crucial information about the mechanisms of viral infection, and in the future, could help in generation of new strategies for vaccine development or generation of the pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Elena Córdova-Dávalos
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20100, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Alicia Hernández-Mercado
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20100, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Claudia Berenice Barrón-García
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20100, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Augusto Rojas-Martínez
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Av. Morones Prieto 3000 Pte, Los Doctores, 64710, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Mariela Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20100, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Eva Salinas
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20100, Aguascalientes, México.
| | - Daniel Cervantes-García
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20100, Aguascalientes, México. .,Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, 03940, Ciudad de México, México.
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14
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Ruysseveldt E, Martens K, Steelant B. Airway Basal Cells, Protectors of Epithelial Walls in Health and Respiratory Diseases. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 2:787128. [PMID: 35387001 PMCID: PMC8974818 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.787128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium provides a critical barrier to the outside environment. When its integrity is impaired, epithelial cells and residing immune cells collaborate to exclude pathogens and to heal tissue damage. Healing is achieved through tissue-specific stem cells: the airway basal cells. Positioned near the basal membrane, airway basal cells sense and respond to changes in tissue health by initiating a pro-inflammatory response and tissue repair via complex crosstalks with nearby fibroblasts and specialized immune cells. In addition, basal cells have the capacity to learn from previous encounters with the environment. Inflammation can indeed imprint a certain memory on basal cells by epigenetic changes so that sensitized tissues may respond differently to future assaults and the epithelium becomes better equipped to respond faster and more robustly to barrier defects. This memory can, however, be lost in diseased states. In this review, we discuss airway basal cells in respiratory diseases, the communication network between airway basal cells and tissue-resident and/or recruited immune cells, and how basal cell adaptation to environmental triggers occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Ruysseveldt
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katleen Martens
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Brecht Steelant
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece
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15
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Feng Z, Xu L, Xie Z. Receptors for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection and Host Factors Regulating the Life Cycle of Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:858629. [PMID: 35281439 PMCID: PMC8913501 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.858629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of lower respiratory tract infections and responsible for a large proportion of mortality in children and the elderly. There are no licensed vaccines available to date. Prophylaxis and therapeutic RSV-specific antibodies are limited to populations at high risk owing to high cost and uncertain clinical value. Receptors and host factors are two determinants important for virus entry and establishment of infection in vivo. The identification and understanding of viral receptors and host factors can help us to gain insight into the pathogenesis of RSV infection. Herein, we reviewed receptors and host factors that have been reported thus far. RSV could bind to CX3C chemokine receptor 1 and heparan sulfate proteoglycans via the G protein, and to nucleolin, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, epidermal growth factor, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 via the F protein. Seven host restriction factors and 13 host factors essential for RSV infection were reviewed. We characterized the functions and their roles in the life cycle of RSV, trying to provide an update on the information of RSV-related receptors and host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziheng Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Lili Xu,
| | - Zhengde Xie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics (Capital Medical University), Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Critical Infection in Children, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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16
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Immunopathology of RSV: An Updated Review. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122478. [PMID: 34960746 PMCID: PMC8703574 DOI: 10.3390/v13122478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RSV is a leading cause of respiratory tract disease in infants and the elderly. RSV has limited therapeutic interventions and no FDA-approved vaccine. Gaps in our understanding of virus-host interactions and immunity contribute to the lack of biological countermeasures. This review updates the current understanding of RSV immunity and immunopathology with a focus on interferon responses, animal modeling, and correlates of protection.
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17
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Juliana A, Plötz FB, Achten N, Bultman A, Jongman RM, van Meurs M, Wilschut JC, Zonneveld R. Requirement of respiratory support in acute bronchiolitis in infants is linked to endothelial and neutrophil activation. Pediatr Pulmonol 2021; 56:3908-3915. [PMID: 34491635 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence shows that activation of pulmonary vascular endothelium and neutrophils are involved in the pathophysiology of acute bronchiolitis. We hypothesized that levels of markers of endothelial activation and leukocyte counts are associated with requirement and duration of respiratory support. METHODS Thirty-four infants with bronchiolitis and eight controls were included. Nasopharyngeal swabs and blood samples were taken at admission. Serum levels of Angiopoietin (Ang)-1, Ang-2, sP-selectin, sE-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), and leukocyte counts were measured. For univariate analysis, bronchiolitis cases were grouped into two groups, namely those not requiring and those requiring any form of respiratory support. To control for known risk factors for poor outcome (i.e., age, prematurity, and congenital heart disease), and for days post symptom onset, linear regression analysis was performed with duration of any type of respiratory support in days. RESULTS Ang-2 levels, Ang-2/Ang-1 ratios, sE-selectin levels, immature neutrophil count, and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were higher in acute bronchiolitis versus controls. Ang-2, and NLR levels were significantly higher, and lymphocyte counts significantly lower, in infants that required respiratory support versus those that did not. Ang-2 levels (β: .32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.19-1.19) and NLR (β: .68, 95% CI: 0.17-1.19) were positive predictors for the duration of respiratory support. CONCLUSIONS Markers of endothelial and neutrophil activation are associated with respiratory support for acute bronchiolitis. Admission Ang-2 levels and NLR may be promising markers to determine requirement of respiratory support and deserve further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadu Juliana
- Academic Pediatric Center Suriname, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Frans B Plötz
- Department of Pediatrics, Tergooi Hospitals, Hilversum, The Netherlands.,Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niek Achten
- Academic Pediatric Center Suriname, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Anita Bultman
- Academic Pediatric Center Suriname, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Rianne M Jongman
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matijs van Meurs
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C Wilschut
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rens Zonneveld
- Academic Pediatric Center Suriname, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Paramaribo, Suriname
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18
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Shang Z, Tan S, Ma D. Respiratory syncytial virus: from pathogenesis to potential therapeutic strategies. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:4073-4091. [PMID: 34671221 PMCID: PMC8495404 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.64762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most important viral pathogens causing respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly and people with poor immune function, which causes a huge disease burden worldwide every year. It has been more than 60 years since RSV was discovered, and the palivizumab monoclonal antibody, the only approved specific treatment, is limited to use for passive immunoprophylaxis in high-risk infants; no other intervention has been approved to date. However, in the past decade, substantial progress has been made in characterizing the structure and function of RSV components, their interactions with host surface molecules, and the host innate and adaptive immune response to infection. In addition, basic and important findings have also piqued widespread interest among researchers and pharmaceutical companies searching for effective interventions for RSV infection. A large number of promising monoclonal antibodies and inhibitors have been screened, and new vaccine candidates have been designed for clinical evaluation. In this review, we first briefly introduce the structural composition, host cell surface receptors and life cycle of RSV virions. Then, we discuss the latest findings related to the pathogenesis of RSV. We also focus on the latest clinical progress in the prevention and treatment of RSV infection through the development of monoclonal antibodies, vaccines and small-molecule inhibitors. Finally, we look forward to the prospects and challenges of future RSV research and clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifang Shang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, 518026 Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101Beijing, China
| | - Shuguang Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101Beijing, China
| | - Dongli Ma
- Institute of Pediatrics, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, 518026 Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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19
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Vaghari-Tabari M, Mohammadzadeh I, Qujeq D, Majidinia M, Alemi F, Younesi S, Mahmoodpoor A, Maleki M, Yousefi B, Asemi Z. Vitamin D in respiratory viral infections: a key immune modulator? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:2231-2246. [PMID: 34470511 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1972407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are common respiratory diseases. Influenza viruses, RSV and SARS-COV2 have the potential to cause severe respiratory infections. Numerous studies have shown that unregulated immune response to these viruses can cause excessive inflammation and tissue damage. Therefore, regulating the antiviral immune response in the respiratory tract is of importance. In this regard, recent years studies have emphasized the importance of vitamin D in respiratory viral infections. Although, the most well-known role of vitamin D is to regulate the metabolism of phosphorus and calcium, it has been shown that this vitamin has other important functions. One of these functions is immune regulation. Vitamin D can regulate the antiviral immune response in the respiratory tract in order to provide an effective defense against respiratory viral infections and prevention from excessive inflammatory response and tissue damage. In addition, this vitamin has preventive effects against respiratory viral infections. Some studies during the COVID-19 pandemic have shown that vitamin D deficiency may be associated with a higher risk of mortality and sever disease in patients with COVID-19. Since, more attention has recently been focused on vitamin D. In this article, after a brief overview of the antiviral immune response in the respiratory system, we will review the role of vitamin D in regulating the antiviral immune response comprehensively. Then we will discuss the importance of this vitamin in influenza, RSV, and COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Vaghari-Tabari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Iraj Mohammadzadeh
- Non-Communicable Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Durdi Qujeq
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center (CMBRC), Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Forough Alemi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Simin Younesi
- Schoole of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melborne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ata Mahmoodpoor
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science and Health Services, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masomeh Maleki
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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20
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Brügger M, Démoulins T, Barut GT, Zumkehr B, Oliveira Esteves BI, Mehinagic K, Haas Q, Schögler A, Rameix-Welti MA, Eléouët JF, Moehrlen U, Marti TM, Schmid RA, Summerfield A, Posthaus H, Ruggli N, Hall SRR, Alves MP. Pulmonary mesenchymal stem cells are engaged in distinct steps of host response to respiratory syncytial virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009789. [PMID: 34320038 PMCID: PMC8351988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung-resident (LR) mesenchymal stem and stromal cells (MSCs) are key elements of the alveolar niche and fundamental regulators of homeostasis and regeneration. We interrogated their function during virus-induced lung injury using the highly prevalent respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) which causes severe outcomes in infants. We applied complementary approaches with primary pediatric LR-MSCs and a state-of-the-art model of human RSV infection in lamb. Remarkably, RSV-infection of pediatric LR-MSCs led to a robust activation, characterized by a strong antiviral and pro-inflammatory phenotype combined with mediators related to T cell function. In line with this, following in vivo infection, RSV invades and activates LR-MSCs, resulting in the expansion of the pulmonary MSC pool. Moreover, the global transcriptional response of LR-MSCs appears to follow RSV disease, switching from an early antiviral signature to repair mechanisms including differentiation, tissue remodeling, and angiogenesis. These findings demonstrate the involvement of LR-MSCs during virus-mediated acute lung injury and may have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Brügger
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Démoulins
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - G. Tuba Barut
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Zumkehr
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Blandina I. Oliveira Esteves
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kemal Mehinagic
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Quentin Haas
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aline Schögler
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Anne Rameix-Welti
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Université de Versailles St. Quentin, UMR 1173 (2I), Versailles, France
| | | | - Ueli Moehrlen
- Pediatric Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M. Marti
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ralph A. Schmid
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Horst Posthaus
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sean R. R. Hall
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Marco P. Alves
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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21
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Rodriguez-Fernandez R, Mejias A, Ramilo O. Monoclonal Antibodies for Prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:S35-S39. [PMID: 34042909 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of hospitalizations in infants worldwide. Palivizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against the RSV F protein, is the only licensed agent for prevention of severe RSV infection in high-risk infants. Palivizumab is administered intramuscularly, every month during the RSV season, usually 5 doses are required. In recent years, the resolution of the structure of the RSV F protein, with identification of potent neutralizing epitopes, and new technologies for production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have facilitated the development of new alternative strategies for the prevention of RSV infections. One promising approach is a new generation of mAbs directed to new neutralizing epitopes and with prolonged half life. These enhanced mAbs are expected to provide adequate protection during the complete RSV season with a single intramuscular (IM) dose. The long-term goal of this approach is to provide passive immunization for the prevention of RSV lower respiratory tract infection to all infants (preterm and full term) in the first months of life before their initial exposure to RSV.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/history
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Epitopes/drug effects
- Half-Life
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive/methods
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/drug effects
- Viral Fusion Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Rodriguez-Fernandez
- From the Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Infantil Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón Madrid, Spain
| | - Asuncion Mejias
- From the Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- From the Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
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22
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Shilovskiy IP, Yumashev KV, Nikolsky AA, Vishnyakova LI, Khaitov MR. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Respiratory Syncytial Viral Infection: Using Murine Models to Understand Human Pathology. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2021; 86:290-306. [PMID: 33838630 PMCID: PMC7957450 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe pathology of the lower respiratory tract in infants, immunocompromised people, and elderly. Despite decades of research, there is no licensed vaccine against RSV, and many therapeutic drugs are still under development. Detailed understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of the RSV infection pathology can accelerate the development of efficacious treatment. Current studies on the RSV pathogenesis are based on the analysis of biopsies from the infected patients; however deeper understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of the RSV pathology could be achieved using animal models. Mice are the most often used model for RSV infection because they exhibit manifestations similar to those observed in humans (bronchial obstruction, mucous hypersecretion, and pulmonary inflammation mediated by lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils). Additionally, the use of mice is economically feasible, and many molecular tools are available for studying RSV infection pathogenesis at the molecular and cellular levels. This review summarizes new data on the pathogenesis of RSV infection obtained in mouse models, which demonstrated the role of T cells in both the antiviral defense and the development of lung immunopathology. T cells not only eliminate the infected cells, but also produce significant amounts of the proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IFNγ. Recently, a new subset of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) was identified that provide a strong antiviral defense without induction of lung immunopathology. These cells accumulate in the lungs after local rather than systemic administration of RSV antigens, which suggests new approaches to vaccination. The studies in mouse models have revealed a minor role of interferons in the anti-RSV protection, as RSV possesses mechanisms to escape the antiviral action of type I and III interferons, which may explain the low efficacy of interferon-containing drugs. Using knockout mice, a significant breakthrough has been achieved in understanding the role of many pro-inflammatory cytokines in lung immunopathology. It was found that in addition to TNFα and IFNγ, the cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-33, and TSLP mediate the major manifestations of the RSV pathogenesis, such as bronchial obstruction, mucus hyperproduction, and lung infiltration by pro-inflammatory cells, while IL-6, IL-10, and IL-27 exhibit the anti-inflammatory effect. Despite significant differences between the mouse and human immune systems, mouse models have made a significant contribution to the understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms of the pathology of human RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor P Shilovskiy
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia.
| | - Kirill V Yumashev
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Alexandr A Nikolsky
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Liudmila I Vishnyakova
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Musa R Khaitov
- National Research Center, Institute of Immunology, Federal Medico-Biological Agency, Moscow, 115522, Russia
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23
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Markoutsa E, McGill AR, Singer A, Jadhav H, Mohapatra S, Mohapatra SS. A multifunctional nanoparticle as a prophylactic and therapeutic approach targeting respiratory syncytial virus. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2021; 32:102325. [PMID: 33186695 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) has been a major health concern globally for decades, yet no effective prophylactic or treatment regimen is available. The key viral proteins responsible for RSV pathology include the fusion protein (F), the immunomodulatory non-structural-protein 1 (NS1) and the phosphoprotein (P) involved in viral replication. Herein, we developed a novel shell-core multifunctional nanosystem with dual payload: a plasmid construct encoding for shRNAs against NS1 and P, and an anti-fusion peptide (HR2D). Anti-ICAM1 antibody conjugated on the nanoparticle (NP) surface is used to target RSV infected cells. Our data show the potential of this nanosystem as a prophylactic and/or a therapeutic regimen against RSV infection. Furthermore, therapy of RSV infected mice with this nanosystem, in addition to reducing viral load, modulated expression of Th2 and allergy-associated cytokines such as IL4, IL-13 and IL-17 indicating a direct role of this nanosystem in the mechanisms involved in the immunoregulation of disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Markoutsa
- James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA; Center for Research and Education in Nanobio-engineering, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; College of Pharmacy Graduate Programs, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Andrew R McGill
- James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Anthony Singer
- College of Pharmacy Graduate Programs, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Heta Jadhav
- College of Pharmacy Graduate Programs, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA; Center for Research and Education in Nanobio-engineering, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Shyam S Mohapatra
- James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA; Center for Research and Education in Nanobio-engineering, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; College of Pharmacy Graduate Programs, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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24
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Elawar F, Oraby AK, Kieser Q, Jensen LD, Culp T, West FG, Marchant DJ. Pharmacological targets and emerging treatments for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 220:107712. [PMID: 33121940 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RSV infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants is the leading cause of pediatric hospitalizations and second to malaria in causing infant deaths worldwide. RSV also causes substantial morbidity in immunocompromised and elderly populations. The only available therapeutic is a prophylactic drug called Palivizumab that is a humanized monoclonal antibody, given to high-risk infants. However, this intervention is expensive and has a limited impact on annual hospitalization rates caused by RSV. No vaccine is available, nor are efficacious antivirals to treat an active infection, and there is still no consensus on how infants with bronchiolitis should be treated during hospital admission. In this comprehensive review, we briefly outline the function of the RSV proteins and their suitability as therapeutic targets. We then discuss the most promising drug candidates, their inhibitory mechanisms, and whether they are in the process of clinical trials. We also briefly discuss the reasons for some of the failures in RSV therapeutics and vaccines. In summary, we provide insight into current antiviral development and the considerations toward producing licensed antivirals and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Elawar
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Ahmed K Oraby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science &Technology, Al-Motamayez District, 6th of October City, P.O. Box 77, Egypt
| | - Quinten Kieser
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Lionel D Jensen
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Tyce Culp
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Frederick G West
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - David J Marchant
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
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25
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Aggarwal M, Plemper RK. Structural Insight into Paramyxovirus and Pneumovirus Entry Inhibition. Viruses 2020; 12:E342. [PMID: 32245118 PMCID: PMC7150754 DOI: 10.3390/v12030342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses and pneumoviruses infect cells through fusion (F) protein-mediated merger of the viral envelope with target membranes. Members of these families include a range of major human and animal pathogens, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), measles virus (MeV), human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs), and highly pathogenic Nipah virus (NiV). High-resolution F protein structures in both the metastable pre- and the postfusion conformation have been solved for several members of the families and a number of F-targeting entry inhibitors have progressed to advanced development or clinical testing. However, small-molecule RSV entry inhibitors have overall disappointed in clinical trials and viral resistance developed rapidly in experimental settings and patients, raising the question of whether the available structural information may provide a path to counteract viral escape through proactive inhibitor engineering. This article will summarize current mechanistic insight into F-mediated membrane fusion and examine the contribution of structural information to the development of small-molecule F inhibitors. Implications are outlined for future drug target selection and rational drug engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard K Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA;
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26
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in young children and elderly people. Although the virus was isolated in 1955, an effective RSV vaccine has not been developed, and the only licensed intervention is passive immunoprophylaxis of high-risk infants with a humanized monoclonal antibody. During the past 5 years, however, there has been substantial progress in our understanding of the structure and function of the RSV glycoproteins and their interactions with host cell factors that mediate entry. This period has coincided with renewed interest in developing effective interventions, including the isolation of potent monoclonal antibodies and small molecules and the design of novel vaccine candidates. In this Review, we summarize the recent findings that have begun to elucidate RSV entry mechanisms, describe progress on the development of new interventions and conclude with a perspective on gaps in our knowledge that require further investigation. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in young children and elderly people. In this Review, Battles and McLellan summarize our current understanding of RSV entry, describe progress on the development of new interventions and conclude with a perspective on gaps in our knowledge that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Battles
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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27
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Juliana A, Zonneveld R, Plötz FB, van Meurs M, Wilschut J. Neutrophil-endothelial interactions in respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: An understudied aspect with a potential for prediction of severity of disease. J Clin Virol 2019; 123:104258. [PMID: 31931445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.104258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) causes significant morbidity and mortality among young infants worldwide. It is currently widely accepted that neutrophil influx into the airways is a hallmark of the pathophysiology. However, the exact mechanism of neutrophil migration from the vasculature into the alveolar space in RSV LRTI has received little attention. Data shows that endothelial cells become activated upon RSV infection, driving a 'pro-adhesive state' for circulating neutrophils with upregulation of endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). During RSV LRTI different subsets of immature and mature neutrophils are present in the bloodstream, that upregulate integrins lymphocyte-function associated antigen (LFA)-1 and macrophage (Mac)-1, serving as ICAM-1 ligands. An alveolar gradient of interleukin-8 may serve as a potent chemoattractant for circulating neutrophils. Neutrophils from lung aspirates of RSV-infected infants show further signs of inflammatory and migratory activation, while soluble endothelial cell adhesion molecules (sCAMs), such as sICAM-1, have become measurable in the systemic circulation. Whether these mechanisms are solely responsible for neutrophil migration into the alveolar space remains under debate. However, data indicate that the currently postulated neutrophil influx into the lungs should rather be regarded as a neutrophil efflux from the vasculature, involving substantial neutrophil-endothelial interactions. Molecular patterns of these interactions may be clinically useful to predict outcomes of RSV LRTI and deserve further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadu Juliana
- Academic Pediatric Center Suriname, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Paramaribo, Suriname.
| | - Rens Zonneveld
- Department of Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frans B Plötz
- Department of Pediatrics, Tergooi Hospitals, Blaricum, The Netherlands
| | - Matijs van Meurs
- Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Wilschut
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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28
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Coultas JA, Smyth R, Openshaw PJ. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): a scourge from infancy to old age. Thorax 2019; 74:986-993. [PMID: 31383776 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-212212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common single cause of respiratory hospitalisation of infants and is the second largest cause of lower respiratory infection mortality worldwide. In adults, RSV is an under-recognised cause of deterioration in health, particularly in frail elderly persons. Infection rates typically rise in late autumn and early winter causing bronchiolitis in infants, common colds in adults and insidious respiratory illness in the elderly. Virus detection methods optimised for use in children have low detection rate in adults, highlighting the need for better diagnostic tests. There are many vaccines under development, mostly based on the surface glycoprotein F which exists in two conformations (prefusion and postfusion). Much of the neutralising antibody appears to be to the prefusion form. Vaccines being developed include live attenuated, subunit, particle based and live vectored agents. Different vaccine strategies may be appropriate for different target populations: at-risk infants, school-age children, adult caregivers and the elderly. Antiviral drugs are in clinical trial and may find a place in disease management. RSV disease is one of the major remaining common tractable challenges in infectious diseases and the era of vaccines and antivirals for RSV is on the near horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosalind Smyth
- Director of the Insitute and Professor of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health, UCL, London, UK
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29
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Jones HG, Battles MB, Lin CC, Bianchi S, Corti D, McLellan JS. Alternative conformations of a major antigenic site on RSV F. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007944. [PMID: 31306469 PMCID: PMC6658013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion (F) glycoprotein is a major target of neutralizing antibodies arising from natural infection, and antibodies that specifically bind to the prefusion conformation of RSV F generally demonstrate the greatest neutralization potency. Prefusion-stabilized RSV F variants have been engineered as vaccine antigens, but crystal structures of these variants have revealed conformational differences in a key antigenic site located at the apex of the trimer, referred to as antigenic site Ø. Currently, it is unclear if flexibility in this region is an inherent property of prefusion RSV F or if it is related to inadequate stabilization of site Ø in the engineered variants. Therefore, we set out to investigate the conformational flexibility of antigenic site Ø, as well as the ability of the human immune system to recognize alternative conformations of this site, by determining crystal structures of prefusion RSV F bound to neutralizing human-derived antibodies AM22 and RSD5. Both antibodies bound with high affinity and were specific for the prefusion conformation of RSV F. Crystal structures of the complexes revealed that the antibodies recognized distinct conformations of antigenic site Ø, each diverging at a conserved proline residue located in the middle of an α-helix. These data suggest that antigenic site Ø exists as an ensemble of conformations, with individual antibodies recognizing discrete states. Collectively, these results have implications for the refolding of pneumovirus and paramyxovirus fusion proteins and should inform development of prefusion-stabilized RSV F vaccine candidates.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigen-Antibody Complex/chemistry
- Antigen-Antibody Complex/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Binding Sites/genetics
- Crystallography, X-Ray
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Proline/chemistry
- Protein Conformation
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/chemistry
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Viral Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison G. Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Battles
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Chun-Chi Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Siro Bianchi
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Miller M, Broide DH. Why Is ORMDL3 on Chromosome 17q21 Highly Linked to Asthma? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 199:404-406. [PMID: 30365391 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201810-1941ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Miller
- 1 Department of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla, California
| | - David H Broide
- 1 Department of Medicine University of California San Diego La Jolla, California
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31
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Cagno V, Tseligka ED, Jones ST, Tapparel C. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans and Viral Attachment: True Receptors or Adaptation Bias? Viruses 2019; 11:v11070596. [PMID: 31266258 PMCID: PMC6669472 DOI: 10.3390/v11070596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) are composed of unbranched, negatively charged heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides attached to a variety of cell surface or extracellular matrix proteins. Widely expressed, they mediate many biological activities, including angiogenesis, blood coagulation, developmental processes, and cell homeostasis. HSPG are highly sulfated and broadly used by a range of pathogens, especially viruses, to attach to the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Cagno
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Eirini D Tseligka
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Samuel T Jones
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Caroline Tapparel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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32
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San-Juan-Vergara H, Peeples ME. Importance of Virus Characteristics in Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Induced Disease. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2019; 39:321-334. [PMID: 31284923 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Severe lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children is most frequently caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). RSV infects the smallest airways, making breathing difficult and in some infants requiring medical support. Severity is affected by viral dose, infant age, virus genotype, and effectiveness of the innate/adaptive immune responses. Severe disease correlates with later wheezing and asthma in some children. The adaptive immune response is protective but wanes after each infection, likely due to the ability of the RSV NS1/NS2 proteins to inhibit the innate immune response. Several vaccine approaches and candidates are currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homero San-Juan-Vergara
- Division of Health Sciences, Fundación Universidad del Norte, Universidad del Norte, Bloque de Salud, Cuarto Piso 4-25L4, Km 5. Via Puerto, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia
| | - Mark E Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
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33
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Tognarelli EI, Bueno SM, González PA. Immune-Modulation by the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Focus on Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:810. [PMID: 31057543 PMCID: PMC6478035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of pneumonia in infants and produces a significant burden in the elderly. It can also infect and produce disease in otherwise healthy adults and recurrently infect those previously exposed to the virus. Importantly, recurrent infections are not necessarily a consequence of antigenic variability, as described for other respiratory viruses, but most likely due to the capacity of this virus to interfere with the host's immune response and the establishment of a protective and long-lasting immunity. Although some genes encoded by hRSV are known to have a direct participation in immune evasion, it seems that repeated infection is mainly given by its capacity to modulate immune components in such a way to promote non-optimal antiviral responses in the host. Importantly, hRSV is known to interfere with dendritic cell (DC) function, which are key cells involved in establishing and regulating protective virus-specific immunity. Notably, hRSV infects DCs, alters their maturation, migration to lymph nodes and their capacity to activate virus-specific T cells, which likely impacts the host antiviral response against this virus. Here, we review and discuss the most important and recent findings related to DC modulation by hRSV, which might be at the basis of recurrent infections in previously infected individuals and hRSV-induced disease. A focus on the interaction between DCs and hRSV will likely contribute to the development of effective prophylactic and antiviral strategies against this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I Tognarelli
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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34
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Infection, Detection, and New Options for Prevention and Treatment. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:277-319. [PMID: 27903593 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00010-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a significant cause of hospitalization of children in North America and one of the leading causes of death of infants less than 1 year of age worldwide, second only to malaria. Despite its global impact on human health, there are relatively few therapeutic options available to prevent or treat RSV infection. Paradoxically, there is a very large volume of information that is constantly being refined on RSV replication, the mechanisms of RSV-induced pathology, and community transmission. Compounding the burden of acute RSV infections is the exacerbation of preexisting chronic airway diseases and the chronic sequelae of RSV infection. A mechanistic link is even starting to emerge between asthma and those who suffer severe RSV infection early in childhood. In this article, we discuss developments in the understanding of RSV replication, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics. We attempt to reconcile the large body of information on RSV and why after many clinical trials there is still no efficacious RSV vaccine and few therapeutics.
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35
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Rey-Jurado E, Kalergis AM. Immunological Features of Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Caused Pneumonia-Implications for Vaccine Design. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E556. [PMID: 28273842 PMCID: PMC5372572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the causative agent for high rates of hospitalizations due to viral bronchiolitis and pneumonia worldwide. Such a disease is characterized by an infection of epithelial cells of the distal airways that leads to inflammation and subsequently to respiratory failure. Upon infection, different pattern recognition receptors recognize the virus and trigger the innate immune response against the hRSV. Further, T cell immunity plays an important role for virus clearance. Based on animal studies, it is thought that the host immune response to hRSV is based on a biased T helper (Th)-2 and Th17 T cell responses with the recruitment of T cells, neutrophils and eosinophils to the lung, causing inflammation and tissue damage. In contrast, human immunity against RSV has been shown to be more complex with no definitive T cell polarization profile. Nowadays, only a humanized monoclonal antibody, known as palivizumab, is available to protect against hRSV infection in high-risk infants. However, such treatment involves several injections at a significantly high cost. For these reasons, intense research has been focused on finding novel vaccines or therapies to prevent hRSV infection in the population. Here, we comprehensively review the recent literature relative to the immunological features during hRSV infection, as well as the new insights into preventing the disease caused by this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Rey-Jurado
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330644, Chile.
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330644, Chile.
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330644, Chile.
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36
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Drug candidates and model systems in respiratory syncytial virus antiviral drug discovery. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 127:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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37
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Rossey I, Gilman MSA, Kabeche SC, Sedeyn K, Wrapp D, Kanekiyo M, Chen M, Mas V, Spitaels J, Melero JA, Graham BS, Schepens B, McLellan JS, Saelens X. Potent single-domain antibodies that arrest respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein in its prefusion state. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14158. [PMID: 28194013 PMCID: PMC5316805 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main cause of lower respiratory tract infections in young children. The RSV fusion protein (F) is highly conserved and is the only viral membrane protein that is essential for infection. The prefusion conformation of RSV F is considered the most relevant target for antiviral strategies because it is the fusion-competent form of the protein and the primary target of neutralizing activity present in human serum. Here, we describe two llama-derived single-domain antibodies (VHHs) that have potent RSV-neutralizing activity and bind selectively to prefusion RSV F with picomolar affinity. Crystal structures of these VHHs in complex with prefusion F show that they recognize a conserved cavity formed by two F protomers. In addition, the VHHs prevent RSV replication and lung infiltration of inflammatory monocytes and T cells in RSV-challenged mice. These prefusion F-specific VHHs represent promising antiviral agents against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iebe Rossey
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Ghent B-9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - Morgan S A Gilman
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755-3844, USA
| | - Stephanie C Kabeche
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755-3844, USA
| | - Koen Sedeyn
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Ghent B-9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - Daniel Wrapp
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755-3844, USA
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Man Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Vicente Mas
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jan Spitaels
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Ghent B-9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - José A Melero
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Bert Schepens
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Ghent B-9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755-3844, USA
| | - Xavier Saelens
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, Ghent B-9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent B-9052, Belgium
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38
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Mejias A, Garcia-Maurino C, Rodriguez-Fernandez R, Peeples ME, Ramilo O. Development and clinical applications of novel antibodies for prevention and treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Vaccine 2016; 35:496-502. [PMID: 27692523 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants and young children, immunocompromised patients and the elderly. Despite the high disease burden, an effective and safe vaccine is lacking, although several candidates are currently in development. Current treatment for RSV infection remains largely supportive and RSV-specific options for prophylaxis are limited to palivizumab. In the past few years, novel therapeutic options including nanobodies, polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies have emerged and there are several products in preclinical and Phase-I, -II or -III clinical trials. The major target for antiviral drug development is the surface fusion (F) glycoprotein, which is crucial for the infectivity and pathogenesis of the virus. Solving the structures of the two conformations of the RSV F protein, the prefusion and postfusion forms, has revolutionized RSV research. It is now known that prefusion F is highly superior in inducing neutralizing antibodies. In this section we will review the stages of development and availability of different antibodies directed against RSV for the prevention and also for treatment of acute RSV infections. Some of these newer anti-RSV agents have shown enhanced potency, are being explored through alternative routes of administration, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles with an extended half-life, and may reduce design and manufacturing costs. Management strategies will require targeting not only high-risk populations (including adults or immunocompromised patients), but also previously healthy children who, in fact, represent the majority of children hospitalized with RSV infection. Following treated patients longitudinally is essential for determining the impact of these strategies on the acute disease as well as their possible long-term benefits on lung morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuncion Mejias
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Cristina Garcia-Maurino
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rosa Rodriguez-Fernandez
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Infantil Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark E Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Octavio Ramilo
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.
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39
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Bohmwald K, Espinoza JA, Rey-Jurado E, Gómez RS, González PA, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Infection and Pathology. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37:522-37. [PMID: 27486734 PMCID: PMC7171722 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is by far the major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) worldwide in infants and children younger than 2 years. The overwhelming number of hospitalizations due to hRSV-induced ALRTI each year is due, at least in part, to the lack of licensed vaccines against this virus. Thus, hRSV infection is considered a major public health problem and economic burden in most countries. The lung pathology developed in hRSV-infected individuals is characterized by an exacerbated proinflammatory and unbalanced Th2-type immune response. In addition to the adverse effects in airway tissues, hRSV infection can also cause neurologic manifestations in the host, such as seizures and encephalopathy. Although the origins of these extrapulmonary symptoms remain unclear, studies with patients suffering from neurological alterations suggest an involvement of the inflammatory response against hRSV. Furthermore, hRSV has evolved numerous mechanisms to modulate and evade the immune response in the host. Several studies have focused on elucidating the interactions between hRSV virulence factors and the host immune system, to rationally design new vaccines and therapies against this virus. Here, we discuss about the infection, pathology, and immune response triggered by hRSV in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Janyra A Espinoza
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emma Rey-Jurado
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto S Gómez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
The family Paramyxoviridae includes many viruses that significantly affect human and animal health. An essential step in the paramyxovirus life cycle is viral entry into host cells, mediated by virus-cell membrane fusion. Upon viral entry, infection results in expression of the paramyxoviral glycoproteins on the infected cell surface. This can lead to cell-cell fusion (syncytia formation), often linked to pathogenesis. Thus membrane fusion is essential for both viral entry and cell-cell fusion and an attractive target for therapeutic development. While there are important differences between viral-cell and cell-cell membrane fusion, many aspects are conserved. The paramyxoviruses generally utilize two envelope glycoproteins to orchestrate membrane fusion. Here, we discuss the roles of these glycoproteins in distinct steps of the membrane fusion process. These findings can offer insights into evolutionary relationships among Paramyxoviridae genera and offer future targets for prophylactic and therapeutic development.
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41
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Bellinghausen C, Gulraiz F, Heinzmann ACA, Dentener MA, Savelkoul PHM, Wouters EF, Rohde GG, Stassen FR. Exposure to common respiratory bacteria alters the airway epithelial response to subsequent viral infection. Respir Res 2016; 17:68. [PMID: 27259950 PMCID: PMC4891894 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0382-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colonization of the airways with potential pathogenic bacteria is observed in a number of chronic respiratory diseases, such as COPD or cystic fibrosis. Infections with respiratory viruses are known triggers of exacerbations of these diseases. We here investigated if pre-exposure to bacteria alters the response of lung epithelial cells to subsequent viral infection. Methods Bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B cells and primary bronchial epithelial cells) were exposed to heat-inactivated Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Streptococcus pneumoniae and subsequently infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), type 2 human adenovirus or influenza B. Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, viral replication and expression of pattern recognition receptors were determined in culture supernatants and/or cell lysates. Results Exposure of BEAS-2B cells to H. influenzae before and during RSV-infection synergistically increased the release of IL-6 (increase above calculated additive effect at 72 h: 56 % ± 3 %, mean ± SEM) and IL-8 (53 % ± 12 %). This effect was sustained even when bacteria were washed away before viral infection and was neither associated with enhanced viral replication, nor linked to increased expression of key pattern recognition receptors. P. aeruginosa enhanced the release of inflammatory cytokines to a similar extent, yet only if bacteria were also present during viral infection. S. pneumoniae did not enhance RSV-induced cytokine release. Surprisingly, adenovirus infection significantly reduced IL-6 release in cells exposed to either of the three tested bacterial strains by on average more than 50 %. Infection with influenza B on the other hand did not affect cytokine production in BEAS-2B cells exposed to the different bacterial strains. Conclusion Pre-exposure of epithelial cells to bacteria alters the response to subsequent viral infection depending on the types of pathogen involved. These findings highlight the complexity of microbiome interactions in the airways, possibly contributing to the susceptibility to exacerbations and the natural course of airway diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-016-0382-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Bellinghausen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Fahad Gulraiz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNT Health Science Center), Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Alexandra C A Heinzmann
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke A Dentener
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H M Savelkoul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel F Wouters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gernot G Rohde
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank R Stassen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,, P.O. Box 5800, 6202AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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42
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Novotny LA, Bakaletz LO. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 serves as a primary cognate receptor for the Type IV pilus of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1043-55. [PMID: 26857242 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) utilizes the Type IV pilus (Tfp) to adhere to respiratory tract epithelial cells thus colonizing its human host; however, the host cell receptor to which this adhesive protein binds is unknown. From a panel of receptors engaged by Tfp expressed by other bacterial species, we showed that the majority subunit of NTHI Tfp, PilA, bound to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) and that this interaction was both specific and of high affinity. Further, Tfp-expressing NTHI inoculated on to polarized respiratory tract epithelial cells that expressed ICAM1 were significantly more adherent compared to Tfp-deficient NTHI or NTHI inoculated on to epithelial cells to which ICAM1 gene expression was silenced. Moreover, pre-incubation of epithelial cells with recombinant soluble PilA (rsPilA) blocked adherence of NTHI, an outcome that was abrogated by admixing rsPilA with ICAM1 prior to application on to the target cells. Epithelial cells infected with adenovirus or respiratory syncytial virus showed increased expression of ICAM1; this outcome supported augmented adherence of Tfp-expressing NTHI. Collectively, these data revealed the cognate receptor for NTHI Tfp as ICAM1 and promote continued development of a Tfp-targeted vaccine for NTHI-induced diseases of the airway wherein upper respiratory tract viruses play a key predisposing role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Novotny
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lauren O Bakaletz
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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43
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Haid S, Grethe C, Bankwitz D, Grunwald T, Pietschmann T. Identification of a Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Cell Entry Inhibitor by Using a Novel Lentiviral Pseudotype System. J Virol 2015; 90:3065-73. [PMID: 26719246 PMCID: PMC4810627 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03074-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lentiviral budding is governed by group-specific antigens (Gag proteins) and proceeds in the absence of cognate viral envelope proteins, which has been exploited to create pseudotypes incorporating envelope proteins from nonlentiviral families. Here, we report the generation of infectious lentiviral pseudoparticles incorporating human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) F protein alone (hRSV-Fpp) or carrying SH, G, and F proteins (hRSV-SH/G/Fpp). These particles recapitulate key infection steps of authentic hRSV particles, including utilization of glycosaminoglycans and low-pH-independent cell entry. Moreover, hRSV pseudoparticles (hRSVpp) can faithfully reproduce phenotypic resistance to a small-molecule fusion inhibitor in clinical development (BMS-433771) and a licensed therapeutic F protein-targeting antibody (palivizumab). Inoculation of several human cell lines from lung and liver revealed more than 30-fold differences in susceptibility to hRSVpp infection, suggesting differential expression of hRSV entry cofactors and/or restriction factors between these cell types. Moreover, we observed cell-type-dependent functional differences between hRSVpp carrying solely F protein or SH, G, and F proteins with regard to utilization of glycosaminoglycans. Using hRSVpp, we identified penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose (PGG) as a novel hRSV cell entry inhibitor. Moreover, we show that PGG also inhibits cell entry of hRSVpp carrying F proteins resistant to BMS-433771 or palivizumab. This work sheds new light on the mechanisms of hRSV cell entry, including possible strategies for antiviral intervention. Moreover, hRSVpp should prove valuable to dissect hRSV envelope protein functions, including the interaction with cell entry factors. IMPORTANCE Lentiviral pseudotypes are highly useful to specifically dissect the functions of viral and host factors in cell entry, which have been exploited for numerous viruses. Here, we successfully created hRSVpp and show that they faithfully recapitulate key characteristics of parental hRSV cell entry. Importantly, hRSVpp accurately mirror hRSV resistance to small-molecule fusion inhibitors and clinically approved therapeutic antibodies. Moreover, we observed highly different susceptibilities of cell lines to hRSVpp infection and also differences between hRSVpp types (with F protein alone or with SH, G, and F proteins) in regard to cell entry. This indicates differential expression of host factors determining hRSV cell entry between these cell lines and highlights the fact that the hRSVpp system is useful to explore the functional properties of hRSV envelope protein combinations. Therefore, this system will be highly useful to study hRSV cell entry and host factor usage and to explore antiviral strategies targeting hRSV cell entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Haid
- Division of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Grethe
- Division of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dorothea Bankwitz
- Division of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Grunwald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- Division of Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
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44
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Johnson SM, McNally BA, Ioannidis I, Flano E, Teng MN, Oomens AG, Walsh EE, Peeples ME. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Uses CX3CR1 as a Receptor on Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cultures. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005318. [PMID: 26658574 PMCID: PMC4676609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most frequent cause of lower respiratory disease in infants, but no vaccine or effective therapy is available. The initiation of RSV infection of immortalized cells is largely dependent on cell surface heparan sulfate (HS), a receptor for the RSV attachment (G) glycoprotein in immortalized cells. However, RSV infects the ciliated cells in primary well differentiated human airway epithelial (HAE) cultures via the apical surface, but HS is not detectable on this surface. Here we show that soluble HS inhibits infection of immortalized cells, but not HAE cultures, confirming that HS is not the receptor on HAE cultures. Conversely, a “non-neutralizing” monoclonal antibody against the G protein that does not block RSV infection of immortalized cells, does inhibit infection of HAE cultures. This antibody was previously shown to block the interaction between the G protein and the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 and we have mapped the binding site for this antibody to the CX3C motif and its surrounding region in the G protein. We show that CX3CR1 is present on the apical surface of ciliated cells in HAE cultures and especially on the cilia. RSV infection of HAE cultures is reduced by an antibody against CX3CR1 and by mutations in the G protein CX3C motif. Additionally, mice lacking CX3CR1 are less susceptible to RSV infection. These findings demonstrate that RSV uses CX3CR1 as a cellular receptor on HAE cultures and highlight the importance of using a physiologically relevant model to study virus entry and antibody neutralization. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the second most common infectious cause of infant death worldwide. Despite this great clinical impact, no effective antivirals or vaccines against RSV are available. Here we find that the RSV attachment (G) glycoprotein uses CX3CR1 as a receptor on primary human airway epithelial (HAE) cultures, an excellent model of RSV infection of the human lung. The G protein contains a CX3C motif and we find that this region is critical for its role in infection of HAE cultures, but not of immortalized cells. Furthermore, we find that antibodies against the G protein neutralize RSV infection of HAE cultures differently from immortalized cells. These insights suggest that HAE cultures should be used to quantify neutralizing antibodies, including during vaccine development, that the CX3CR1 interaction with the RSV G protein could be a target for antiviral drug development, and that the G protein should be considered for inclusion in vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Johnson
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Beth A. McNally
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ioannis Ioannidis
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Emilio Flano
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael N. Teng
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Antonius G. Oomens
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Edward E. Walsh
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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45
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de Souza APD, de Freitas DN, Antuntes Fernandes KE, D'Avila da Cunha M, Antunes Fernandes JL, Benetti Gassen R, Fazolo T, Pinto LA, Scotta M, Mattiello R, Pitrez PM, Bonorino C, Stein RT. Respiratory syncytial virus induces phosphorylation of mTOR at ser2448 in CD8 T cells from nasal washes of infected infants. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 183:248-57. [PMID: 26437614 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-specific CD8(+) T cell responses do not protect against reinfection. Activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) impairs memory CD8(+) T cell differentiation. Our hypothesis was that RSV inhibits the formation of CD8(+) T cells memory responses through mTOR activation. To explore this, human and mouse T cells were used. RSV induced mTOR phosphorylation at Ser2448 in CD8 T cells. mTOR activation by RSV was completely inhibited using rapamycin. RSV-infected children presented higher mTOR gene expression on nasal washes comparing to children infected with metapneumovirus and rhinovirus. In addition, RSV-infected infants presented a higher frequency of CD8(+) pmTORser2448(+) T cells in nasal washes compared to RSV-negative infants. Rapamycin treatment increased the frequency of mouse CD8 RSV-M282-90 pentamer-positive T cells and the frequency of RSV-specific memory T cells precursors. These data demonstrate that RSV is activating mTOR directly in CD8 T cells, indicating a role for mTOR during the course of RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Duarte de Souza
- Laboratório De Imunologia Clínica E Experimental, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro Infant, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Instituto De Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - D Nascimento de Freitas
- Laboratório De Imunologia Clínica E Experimental, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro Infant, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Instituto De Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - K E Antuntes Fernandes
- Laboratório De Imunologia Clínica E Experimental, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro Infant, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Instituto De Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - M D'Avila da Cunha
- Laboratório De Imunologia Clínica E Experimental, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro Infant, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Instituto De Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - J L Antunes Fernandes
- Laboratório De Imunologia Clínica E Experimental, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro Infant, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Instituto De Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - R Benetti Gassen
- Laboratório De Imunologia Clínica E Experimental, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro Infant, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Instituto De Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - T Fazolo
- Laboratório De Imunologia Clínica E Experimental, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro Infant, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Instituto De Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - L A Pinto
- Laboratório De Respirologia Pediátrica, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro Infant, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Instituto De Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - M Scotta
- Laboratório De Respirologia Pediátrica, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro Infant, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Instituto De Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - R Mattiello
- Laboratório De Respirologia Pediátrica, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro Infant, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Instituto De Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - P M Pitrez
- Laboratório De Respirologia Pediátrica, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro Infant, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Instituto De Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - C Bonorino
- Laboratorio De Imunologia Celular E Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Instituto De Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - R T Stein
- Laboratório De Respirologia Pediátrica, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Centro Infant, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Instituto De Pesquisas Biomédicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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46
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Shirato K, Ujike M, Kawase M, Matsuyama S. Identification of CCL2, RARRES2 and EFNB2 as host cell factors that influence the multistep replication of respiratory syncytial virus. Virus Res 2015; 210:213-26. [PMID: 26277777 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major causative agent of respiratory tract infections in children worldwide. Preterm children or those with underlying cardiopulmonary disorders are at particularly high risk of developing severe and lethal RSV respiratory tract infections; however, there are currently no effective vaccines or anti-viral drugs. To identify targets for the development of drugs to treat RSV infections, we investigated host cell factors involved in the replication of RSV. To this end, MDCK cells with low susceptibility to RSV were transfected with cDNA libraries derived from RSV-susceptible human lung or HeLa cells. A microarray analysis was subsequently performed on parental MDCK cells and MDCK cells that were converted to an RSV-susceptible form. Among the genes identified, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), retinoic acid receptor responder protein 2 (RARRES2) and ephrin-B2 (EFNB2) had a positive effect on RSV replication. Expression of these genes in MDCK cells resulted in a 10- to 100-fold increase in RSV replication. CCL2 expression also disrupted the distribution of claudin-1, a tight junction protein, suggesting that CCL2 plays a role in claudin-based tight junction formation during RSV replication. The knockdown of EFNB2 and RARRES2 by siRNA in RSV-susceptible cell lines (HEp-2 and A549) resulted in reduced RSV replication, suggesting that EFNB2 and RARRES2 participate in RSV replication. Together, our findings suggest that CCL2, RARRES2 and EFNB2 are host cell factors involved in RSV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shirato
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Makoto Ujike
- Laboratory of Virology and Viral Infections, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Kyonan-cho 1-7-1, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kawase
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Shutoku Matsuyama
- Laboratory of Acute Respiratory Viral Diseases and Cytokines, Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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47
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Espinoza JA, Bohmwald K, Céspedes PF, Riedel CA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Modulation of host adaptive immunity by hRSV proteins. Virulence 2015; 5:740-51. [PMID: 25513775 PMCID: PMC4189880 DOI: 10.4161/viru.32225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in infants and children younger than 2 years old. Furthermore, the number of hospitalizations due to LRTIs has shown a sustained increase every year due to the lack of effective vaccines against hRSV. Thus, this virus remains as a major public health and economic burden worldwide. The lung pathology developed in hRSV-infected humans is characterized by an exacerbated inflammatory and Th2 immune response. In order to rationally design new vaccines and therapies against this virus, several studies have focused in elucidating the interactions between hRSV virulence factors and the host immune system. Here, we discuss the main features of hRSV biology, the processes involved in virus recognition by the immune system and the most relevant mechanisms used by this pathogen to avoid the antiviral host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janyra A Espinoza
- a Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy; Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología; Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago, Chile
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48
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Association of Nrf2 with airway pathogenesis: lessons learned from genetic mouse models. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1931-57. [PMID: 26194645 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1557-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nrf2 is a key transcription factor for antioxidant response element (ARE)-bearing genes involved in diverse host defense functions including redox balance, cell cycle, immunity, mitochondrial biogenesis, energy metabolism, and carcinogenesis. Nrf2 in the airways is particularly essential as the respiratory system continuously interfaces with environmental stress. Since Nrf2 was determined to be a susceptibility gene for a model of acute lung injury, its protective capacity in the airways has been demonstrated in experimental models of human disorders using Nrf2 mutant mice which were susceptible to supplemental respiratory therapy (e.g., hyperoxia, mechanical ventilation), cigarette smoke, allergens, virus, environmental pollutants, and fibrotic agents compared to wild-type littermates. Recent studies also determined that Nrf2 is indispensable in developmental lung injury. While association studies with genetic NRF2 polymorphisms supported a protective role for murine Nrf2 in oxidative airway diseases, somatic NRF2 mutations enhanced NRF2-ARE responses, and were favorable for lung carcinogenesis and chemoresistance. Bioinformatic tools have elucidated direct Nrf2 targets as well as Nrf2-interacting networks. Moreover, potent Nrf2-ARE agonists protected oxidant-induced lung phenotypes in model systems, suggesting a therapeutic or preventive intervention. Further investigations on Nrf2 should yield greater understanding of its contribution to normal and pathophysiological function in the airways.
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49
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Bose S, Jardetzky TS, Lamb RA. Timing is everything: Fine-tuned molecular machines orchestrate paramyxovirus entry. Virology 2015; 479-480:518-31. [PMID: 25771804 PMCID: PMC4424121 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Paramyxoviridae include some of the great and ubiquitous disease-causing viruses of humans and animals. In most paramyxoviruses, two viral membrane glycoproteins, fusion protein (F) and receptor binding protein (HN, H or G) mediate a concerted process of recognition of host cell surface molecules followed by fusion of viral and cellular membranes, resulting in viral nucleocapsid entry into the cytoplasm. The interactions between the F and HN, H or G viral glycoproteins and host molecules are critical in determining host range, virulence and spread of these viruses. Recently, atomic structures, together with biochemical and biophysical studies, have provided major insights into how these two viral glycoproteins successfully interact with host receptors on cellular membranes and initiate the membrane fusion process to gain entry into cells. These studies highlight the conserved core mechanisms of paramyxovirus entry that provide the fundamental basis for rational anti-viral drug design and vaccine development. New structural and functional insights into paramyxovirus entry mechanisms. Current data on paramyxovirus glycoproteins suggest a core conserved entry mechanism. Diverse mechanisms preventing premature fusion activation exist in these viruses. Precise spacio-temporal interplay between paramyxovirus glycoproteins initiate entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Bose
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, United States.
| | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology and Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Robert A Lamb
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3500, United States.
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50
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Gulraiz F, Rellinghausen C, Bruggeman CA, Stassen FR. Haemophilus influenzae
increases the susceptibility and inflammatory response of airway epithelial cells to viral infections. FASEB J 2014; 29:849-58. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-254359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Gulraiz
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyMaastricht University Medical CentreMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Carla Rellinghausen
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyMaastricht University Medical CentreMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of Respiratory MedicineNUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and MetabolismMaastricht University Medical CentreMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Cathrien A. Bruggeman
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyMaastricht University Medical CentreMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Frank R. Stassen
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyMaastricht University Medical CentreMaastrichtThe Netherlands
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