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Alakunle E, Kolawole D, Diaz-Cánova D, Alele F, Adegboye O, Moens U, Okeke MI. A comprehensive review of monkeypox virus and mpox characteristics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1360586. [PMID: 38510963 PMCID: PMC10952103 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1360586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is the etiological agent of monkeypox (mpox), a zoonotic disease. MPXV is endemic in the forested regions of West and Central Africa, but the virus has recently spread globally, causing outbreaks in multiple non-endemic countries. In this paper, we review the characteristics of the virus, including its ecology, genomics, infection biology, and evolution. We estimate by phylogenomic molecular clock that the B.1 lineage responsible for the 2022 mpox outbreaks has been in circulation since 2016. We interrogate the host-virus interactions that modulate the virus infection biology, signal transduction, pathogenesis, and host immune responses. We highlight the changing pathophysiology and epidemiology of MPXV and summarize recent advances in the prevention and treatment of mpox. In addition, this review identifies knowledge gaps with respect to the virus and the disease, suggests future research directions to address the knowledge gaps, and proposes a One Health approach as an effective strategy to prevent current and future epidemics of mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Alakunle
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria
| | - Daniel Kolawole
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria
| | - Diana Diaz-Cánova
- Department of Medical Biology, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Faith Alele
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Oyelola Adegboye
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Ugo Moens
- Department of Medical Biology, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Malachy Ifeanyi Okeke
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria
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2
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Dodkins R, Delaney JR, Overton T, Scholle F, Frias-De-Diego A, Crisci E, Huq N, Jordan I, Kimata JT, Findley T, Goldberg IG. A rapid, high-throughput, viral infectivity assay using automated brightfield microscopy with machine learning. SLAS Technol 2023; 28:324-333. [PMID: 37451651 DOI: 10.1016/j.slast.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Infectivity assays are essential for the development of viral vaccines, antiviral therapies, and the manufacture of biologicals. Traditionally, these assays take 2-7 days and require several manual processing steps after infection. We describe an automated viral infectivity assay (AVIATM), using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and high-throughput brightfield microscopy on 96-well plates that can quantify infection phenotypes within hours, before they are manually visible, and without sample preparation. CNN models were trained on HIV, influenza A virus, coronavirus 229E, vaccinia viruses, poliovirus, and adenoviruses, which together span the four major categories of virus (DNA, RNA, enveloped, and non-enveloped). A sigmoidal function, fit between virus dilution curves and CNN predictions, results in sensitivity ranges comparable to or better than conventional plaque or TCID50 assays, and a precision of ∼10%, which is considerably better than conventional infectivity assays. Because this technology is based on sensitizing CNNs to specific phenotypes of infection, it has potential as a rapid, broad-spectrum tool for virus characterization, and potentially identification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tess Overton
- Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Frank Scholle
- Department of Biological Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Alba Frias-De-Diego
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Elisa Crisci
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States
| | - Nafisa Huq
- Melbec Microbiology Ltd, Rossendale, Lancashire, BB4 4QJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ingo Jordan
- ProBioGen AG, Goethestr. 54, 13086 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason T Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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3
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Tang H, Zhang A. Human mpox: Biology, epidemiology, therapeutic options, and development of small molecule inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2023. [PMID: 36891882 DOI: 10.1002/med.21943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Although monkeypox (mpox) has been endemic in Western and Central Africa for 50 years, it has not received sufficient prophylactic and therapeutical attention to avoid evolving into an epidemic. From January 2022 to January 2023, more than 84,000 of mpox cases were reported from 110 countries worldwide. Case numbers appear to be rising every day, making mpox an increasing global public health threat for the foreseeable future. In this perspective, we review the known biology and epidemiology of mpox virus, together with the latest therapeutic options available for mpox treatment. Further, small molecule inhibitors against mpox virus and the future directions in this field are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Tang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, and the Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, and the Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody of the Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, China
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4
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Ratra S, Pant B, Roy K, Manohar S, Kumar P, Singh S, Tumba K, Kumari K, Singh P. A review on synthesis of antiviral drugs, in silico studies and their toxicity. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2023.100936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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5
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Maginnis MS. β-arrestins and G protein-coupled receptor kinases in viral entry: A graphical review. Cell Signal 2023; 102:110558. [PMID: 36509265 PMCID: PMC9811579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Viruses rely on host-cell machinery in order to invade host cells and carry out a successful infection. G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated signaling pathways are master regulators of cellular physiological processing and are an attractive target for viruses to rewire cells during infection. In particular, the GPCR-associated scaffolding proteins β-arrestins and GPCR signaling effectors G-protein receptor kinases (GRKs) have been identified as key cellular factors that mediate viral entry and orchestrate signaling pathways that reprogram cells for viral replication. Interestingly, a broad range of viruses have been identified to activate and/or require GPCR-mediated pathways for infection, including polyomaviruses, flaviviruses, influenza virus, and SARS-CoV-2, demonstrating that these viruses may have conserved mechanisms of host-cell invasion. Thus, GPCR-mediated pathways highlight an attractive target for the development of broad antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Maginnis
- Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States of America; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, United States of America.
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6
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Hatmal MM, Al-Hatamleh MAI, Olaimat AN, Ahmad S, Hasan H, Ahmad Suhaimi NA, Albakri KA, Abedalbaset A, Kadir R, Mohamud R. Comprehensive Literature Review of Monkeypox. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:2600-2631. [PMID: 36263798 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2132882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The current outbreak of monkeypox (MPX) infection has emerged as a global matter of concern in the last few months. MPX is a zoonosis caused by the MPX virus (MPXV), which is one of the Orthopoxvirus species. Thus, it is similar to smallpox caused by the variola virus, and smallpox vaccines and drugs have been shown to be protective against MPX. Although MPX is not a new disease and is rarely fatal, the current multi-country MPX outbreak is unusual because it is occurring in countries that are not endemic for MPXV. In this work, we reviewed the extensive literature available on MPXV to summarize the available data on the major biological, clinical and epidemiological aspects of the virus and the important scientific findings. This review may be helpful in raising awareness of MPXV transmission, symptoms and signs, prevention and protective measures. It may also be of interest as a basis for performance of studies to further understand MPXV, with the goal of combating the current outbreak and boosting healthcare services and hygiene practices.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02977715..Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03745131..Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00728689..Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02080767..
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma'mon M Hatmal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Mohammad A I Al-Hatamleh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Amin N Olaimat
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Suhana Ahmad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Hanan Hasan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | | | | | - Ramlah Kadir
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
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Yasmin F, Najeeb H, Moeed A, Hassan W, Khatri M, Asghar MS, Naveed AK, Ullah W, Surani S. Safety and efficacy of colchicine in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266245. [PMID: 35381033 PMCID: PMC8982874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colchicine has been used an effective anti-inflammatory drug to treat gout diseases. Owing to its pharmacodynamic of inhibiting interleukins, it has been repurposed to target the cytokine storm post-SARS-CoV-2 invasion. The goal of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the safety profile of colchicine in COVID-19 patients using the gold-standard randomised-control trials. METHODS Electronic databases (Pubmed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane) were systematically searched until June 2021 and RCTs were extracted. Outcomes of interest included all-cause mortality, COVID-19 severity, mechanical ventilation, C-reactive protein and D-dimer levels. Using a random-effects model, dichotomous outcomes were pooled using odds ratios (OR) through the generic inverse variance formula while weighted mean differences were calculated using the Wan's method. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant for all outcomes. RESULTS A total population of 16,048 from five RCTs were included in the analysis. Of this, 7957 were randomized to colchicine, and 8091 received standard care, with an average age of 60.67 years. Colchicine was observed to significantly reduce COVID-19 severity (OR: 0.41, 95% CI [0.22, 0.76]; p = 0.005), and CRP levels (WMD: -19.99, 95% CI [-32.09, -7.89]; p = 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in D-dimer levels (WMD: 0.31, 95% CI [-0.61, 1.23]; p = 0.51), mechanical ventilation (OR: 0.42, 95% CI [0.17, 1.03]; p = 0.06; I2 = 74%) and all-cause mortality (OR: 0.98, 95% CI [0.83, 1.16]; p = 0.84) among patients receiving colchicine or standard care. CONCLUSION Colchicine treatment decreased CRP levels and COVID-19 severity, with dimer levels, all-cause mortality and mechanical ventilation remaining seemingly unaffected. Thus, clinical trials need to be carried out that allow effective evaluation of colchicine in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Yasmin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hala Najeeb
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Moeed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Wardah Hassan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mahima Khatri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Ahmed Kunwer Naveed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Ullah
- Thomas Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Salim Surani
- Adjunct Clinical Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Clinical Professor, University of Houston (Voluntary), Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Guo Z, Kang S, Wu Q, Wang S, Crickmore N, Zhou X, Bravo A, Soberón M, Zhang Y. The regulation landscape of MAPK signaling cascade for thwarting Bacillus thuringiensis infection in an insect host. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009917. [PMID: 34495986 PMCID: PMC8452011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions are central components of ecological networks where the MAPK signaling pathways act as central hubs of these complex interactions. We have previously shown that an insect hormone modulated MAPK signaling cascade participates as a general switch to trans-regulate differential expression of diverse midgut genes in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) to cope with the insecticidal action of Cry1Ac toxin, produced by the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). The relationship between topology and functions of this four-tiered phosphorylation signaling cascade, however, is an uncharted territory. Here, we carried out a genome-wide characterization of all the MAPK orthologs in P. xylostella to define their phylogenetic relationships and to confirm their evolutionary conserved modules. Results from quantitative phosphoproteomic analyses, combined with functional validations studies using specific inhibitors and dsRNAs lead us to establish a MAPK "road map", where p38 and ERK MAPK signaling pathways, in large part, mount a resistance response against Bt toxins through regulating the differential expression of multiple Cry toxin receptors and their non-receptor paralogs in P. xylostella midgut. These data not only advance our understanding of host-pathogen interactions in agricultural pests, but also inform the future development of biopesticides that could suppress Cry resistance phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Guo
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZG); (YZ)
| | - Shi Kang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Neil Crickmore
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZG); (YZ)
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9
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Analysis of Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein and Cellular Receptor Interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33555588 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1111-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) entry into host cells is a complex process involving interactions between an array of viral glycoproteins with multiple host cell surface receptors. A significant amount of research has been devoted toward identifying these glycoprotein and cellular receptor interactions as the broad cellular tropism of HCMV suggests a highly regulated yet adaptable process that controls viral binding and penetration. However, deciphering the initial binding and cellular receptor activation events by viral glycoproteins remains challenging. The relatively low abundance of receptors and/or interactions with glycoproteins during viral entry, the hydrophobicity of membrane receptors, and the rapid degradation and recycling of activated receptors have complicated the analysis of HCMV entry and the cellular signaling pathways initiated by HCMV engagement to the host membrane. Here, we describe the different methodologies used in our laboratory and others to analyze the interactions between HCMV glycoproteins and host cellular receptors during the entry stage of the viral life cycle.
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Alakunle E, Moens U, Nchinda G, Okeke MI. Monkeypox Virus in Nigeria: Infection Biology, Epidemiology, and Evolution. Viruses 2020; 12:E1257. [PMID: 33167496 PMCID: PMC7694534 DOI: 10.3390/v12111257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), which is a member of orthopoxvirus genus. The reemergence of MPXV in 2017 (at Bayelsa state) after 39 years of no reported case in Nigeria, and the export of travelers' monkeypox (MPX) from Nigeria to other parts of the world, in 2018 and 2019, respectively, have raised concern that MPXV may have emerged to occupy the ecological and immunological niche vacated by smallpox virus. This review X-rays the current state of knowledge pertaining the infection biology, epidemiology, and evolution of MPXV in Nigeria and worldwide, especially with regard to the human, cellular, and viral factors that modulate the virus transmission dynamics, infection, and its maintenance in nature. This paper also elucidates the role of recombination, gene loss and gene gain in MPXV evolution, chronicles the role of signaling in MPXV infection, and reviews the current therapeutic options available for the treatment and prevention of MPX. Additionally, genome-wide phylogenetic analysis was undertaken, and we show that MPXV isolates from recent 2017 outbreak in Nigeria were monophyletic with the isolate exported to Israel from Nigeria but do not share the most recent common ancestor with isolates obtained from earlier outbreaks, in 1971 and 1978, respectively. Finally, the review highlighted gaps in knowledge particularly the non-identification of a definitive reservoir host animal for MPXV and proposed future research endeavors to address the unresolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Alakunle
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Biomedical Science Concentration, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Nigeria, 98 Lamido Zubairu Way, PMB 2250 Yola, Nigeria;
| | - Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University i Tromsø (UIT)—The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway;
| | - Godwin Nchinda
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Immunology, The Chantal Biya International Reference Center for Research on the Prevention and Management HIV/AIDS (CIRCB), P.O Box 3077 Yaoundé-Messa, Cameroon;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.O Box 420110 Awka, Nigeria
| | - Malachy Ifeanyi Okeke
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Biomedical Science Concentration, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Nigeria, 98 Lamido Zubairu Way, PMB 2250 Yola, Nigeria;
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Brunetti L, Diawara O, Tsai A, Firestein BL, Nahass RG, Poiani G, Schlesinger N. Colchicine to Weather the Cytokine Storm in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9092961. [PMID: 32937800 PMCID: PMC7565543 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The repurposing of colchicine for the treatment of COVID-19 was suggested based in its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-viral properties. We performed a single-center propensity score matched cohort study, including all consecutive COVID-19 patients admitted to a community hospital between 1 March 2020 and 30 May 2020. Patients were stratified according to the receipt of colchicine. The primary endpoint was defined as in-hospital death within 28-days follow-up. Secondary endpoints included favorable change in the Ordinal Scale for Clinical Improvement on days 14 and 28 versus baseline, proportion of patients not requiring supplemental oxygen on days 14 and 28, and proportion of patients discharged by day 28. In total data for 303 PCR positive COVID-19 patients were extracted and 66 patients were included in the 1:1 matched cohort study. At the end of the 28 day follow-up, patients receiving colchicine were approximately five times more likely to be discharged (odds ratio, 5.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.25–20.1; p = 0.023) and when comparing mortality, there were 3 deaths (9.1%) in patients receiving colchicine versus 11 deaths (33.3%) in the groups receiving standard of care (odds ratio, 0.20; 95% confidence interval, 0.05–0.80; p = 0.023). These observations warrant further investigation in large controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Brunetti
- Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital Somerset, 110 Rehill Avenue, Somerville, NJ 08876, USA; (O.D.); (A.T.); (R.G.N.); (G.P.)
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Center of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+1-(908)-595-2645
| | - Oumou Diawara
- Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital Somerset, 110 Rehill Avenue, Somerville, NJ 08876, USA; (O.D.); (A.T.); (R.G.N.); (G.P.)
| | - Andrew Tsai
- Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital Somerset, 110 Rehill Avenue, Somerville, NJ 08876, USA; (O.D.); (A.T.); (R.G.N.); (G.P.)
| | - Bonnie L. Firestein
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Ronald G. Nahass
- Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital Somerset, 110 Rehill Avenue, Somerville, NJ 08876, USA; (O.D.); (A.T.); (R.G.N.); (G.P.)
- IDCare, Hillsborough, NJ 08844, USA
| | - George Poiani
- Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital Somerset, 110 Rehill Avenue, Somerville, NJ 08876, USA; (O.D.); (A.T.); (R.G.N.); (G.P.)
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Naomi Schlesinger
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
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12
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Georgi F, Andriasyan V, Witte R, Murer L, Hemmi S, Yu L, Grove M, Meili N, Kuttler F, Yakimovich A, Turcatti G, Greber UF. The FDA-Approved Drug Nelfinavir Inhibits Lytic Cell-Free but Not Cell-Associated Nonlytic Transmission of Human Adenovirus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:e01002-20. [PMID: 32601166 PMCID: PMC7449217 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01002-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses (AdVs) are prevalent and give rise to chronic and recurrent disease. Human AdV (HAdV) species B and C, such as HAdV-C2, -C5, and -B14, cause respiratory disease and constitute a health threat for immunocompromised individuals. HAdV-Cs are well known for lysing cells owing to the E3 CR1-β-encoded adenovirus death protein (ADP). We previously reported a high-throughput image-based screening framework and identified an inhibitor of HAdV-C2 multiround infection, nelfinavir mesylate. Nelfinavir is the active ingredient of Viracept, an FDA-approved inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) aspartyl protease that is used to treat AIDS. It is not effective against single-round HAdV infections. Here, we show that nelfinavir inhibits lytic cell-free transmission of HAdV, indicated by the suppression of comet-shaped infection foci in cell culture. Comet-shaped foci occur upon convection-based transmission of cell-free viral particles from an infected cell to neighboring uninfected cells. HAdV lacking ADP was insensitive to nelfinavir but gave rise to comet-shaped foci, indicating that ADP enhances but is not required for cell lysis. This was supported by the notion that HAdV-B14 and -B14p1 lacking ADP were highly sensitive to nelfinavir, although HAdV-A31, -B3, -B7, -B11, -B16, -B21, -D8, -D30, and -D37 were less sensitive. Conspicuously, nelfinavir uncovered slow-growing round HAdV-C2 foci, independent of neutralizing antibodies in the medium, indicative of nonlytic cell-to-cell transmission. Our study demonstrates the repurposing potential of nelfinavir with postexposure efficacy against different HAdVs and describes an alternative nonlytic cell-to-cell transmission mode of HAdV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Georgi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vardan Andriasyan
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Witte
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Murer
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Hemmi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Yu
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Grove
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Meili
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Kuttler
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Artur Yakimovich
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Artificial Intelligence for Life Sciences CIC, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerardo Turcatti
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein-Initiated Signaling Mediates the Aberrant Activation of Akt. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00167-20. [PMID: 32493823 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00167-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised and immunonaive individuals. HCMV-induced signaling initiated during viral entry stimulates a rapid noncanonical activation of Akt to drive the differentiation of short-lived monocytes into long-lived macrophages, which is essential for viral dissemination and persistence. We found that HCMV glycoproteins gB and gH directly bind and activate cellular epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and integrin β1, respectively, to reshape canonical Akt signaling within monocytes. The remodeling of the Akt signaling network was due to the recruitment of nontraditional Akt activators to either the gB- or gH-generated receptor signaling complexes. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) comprised of the p110β catalytic subunit was recruited to the gB/EGFR complex despite p110δ being the primary PI3K isoform found within monocytes. Concomitantly, SH2 domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatase 1 (SHIP1) was recruited to the gH/integrin β1 complex, which is critical to aberrant Akt activation, as SHIP1 diverts PI3K signaling toward a noncanonical pathway. Although integrin β1 was required for SHIP1 recruitment, gB-activated EGFR mediated SHIP1 activation, underscoring the importance of the interplay between gB- and gH-mediated signaling to the unique activation of Akt during HCMV infection. Indeed, SHIP1 activation mediated the increased expression of Mcl-1 and HSP27, two Akt-dependent antiapoptotic proteins specifically upregulated during HCMV infection but not during growth factor treatment. Overall, our data indicate that HCMV glycoproteins gB and gH work in concert to initiate an HCMV-specific signalosome responsible for the atypical activation of Akt required for infected monocyte survival and ultimately viral persistence.IMPORTANCE Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is endemic throughout the world regardless of socioeconomic conditions and geographic locations with a seroprevalence reaching up to 100% in some developing countries. Although asymptomatic in healthy individuals, HCMV can cause severe multiorgan disease in immunocompromised or immunonaive patients. HCMV disease is a direct consequence of monocyte-mediated systematic spread of the virus following infection. Because monocytes are short-lived cells, HCMV must subvert the natural short life-span of these blood cells by inducing a distinct activation of Akt, a serine/theonine protein kinase. In this work, we demonstrate that HCMV glycoproteins gB and gH work in tandem to reroute classical host cellular receptor signaling to aberrantly activate Akt and drive survival of infected monocytes. Deciphering how HCMV modulates the cellular pathway to induce monocyte survival is important to develop a new class of anti-HCMV drugs that could target and prevent spread of the virus by eliminating infected monocytes.
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, is a pandemic causing havoc globally. Currently, there are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs to treat COVID-19. In the absence of effective treatment, off-label drug use, in lieu of evidence from published randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials, is common in COVID-19. Although it is vital to treat affected patients with antiviral drugs, there is a knowledge gap regarding the use of anti-inflammatory drugs in these patients. Recent Findings Colchicine trials to combat inflammation in COVID-19 patients have not received much attention. We await the results of ongoing colchicine randomized controlled trials in COVID-19, evaluating colchicine's efficacy in treating COVID-19. Summary This review gives a spotlight on colchicine's anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties and why colchicine may help fight COVID-19. This review summarizes colchicine's mechanism of action via the tubulin-colchicine complex. Furthermore, it discussed how colchicine interferes with several inflammatory pathways, including inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis, adhesion, and mobilization; disruption of superoxide production, inflammasome inhibition, and tumor necrosis factor reduction; and its possible antiviral properties. In addition, colchicine dosing and pharmacokinetics, as well as drug interactions and how they relate to ongoing, colchicine in COVID-19 clinical trials, are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Schlesinger
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903-0019 USA
| | - Bonnie L Firestein
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8082 USA
| | - Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ USA
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15
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Chen Y, Huang R, Qu G, Peng Y, Xu L, Wang C, Huang C, Wang Q. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals New Insight of Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4 Infection. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:146. [PMID: 32117165 PMCID: PMC7026491 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2015, Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) infection has caused serious economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. We isolated and identified the FAdV-4 strain NP, from infected chickens on a layer farm, using chicken embryo allantoic cavity inoculation, electron microscopy, viral genome sequencing, and regression analysis. To explore the pathogenesis of FAdV-4 infection, we conducted transcriptome sequencing analysis of the liver in chickens infected with FAdV-4, using the Illumina® HiSeq 2000 system. Two days after infection with the FAdV-4 NP strain, 13,576 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened in the liver, among which, 7,480 were up-regulated and 6,096 were down-regulated. Gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated that these genes were involved in 52 biological functions. Furthermore, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that those DEGs were involved in 33 pathways. We then focused on the KEGG pathway of phagosome and found that mRNA levels of the 25 DEGs in that pathway were up-regulated, and seven DEGs were down-regulated. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) confirmed the accuracy and reliability of these findings. Moreover, 24 h after LMH cells were infected with FAdV-4, the mRNA levels of F-actin, Rab7, TUBA, and DVnein were significantly increased. These four genes were all subsequently silenced by RNA interference, and viral replication of FAdV-4 was then significantly down-regulated. These findings demonstrate the isolation and identification of the FAdV-4 NP strain, and the DEGs in KEGG pathway of phagosome were utilized by FAdV-4 to benefit its infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- College of Animal Science (College of Fee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ruiling Huang
- College of Animal Science (College of Fee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guishu Qu
- College of Animal Science (College of Fee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yaoshun Peng
- College of Animal Science (College of Fee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lihui Xu
- College of Animal Science (College of Fee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Changkang Wang
- College of Animal Science (College of Fee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Cuiqin Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Biotechnology, Longyan, China
| | - Quanxi Wang
- College of Animal Science (College of Fee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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16
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Kim CH. Viral Protein Interaction with Host Cells GSLs. GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS SIGNALING 2020:53-92. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-5807-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
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17
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Stevens LM, Moffat K, Cooke L, Nomikou K, Mertens PPC, Jackson T, Darpel KE. A low-passage insect-cell isolate of bluetongue virus uses a macropinocytosis-like entry pathway to infect natural target cells derived from the bovine host. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:568-582. [PMID: 30843784 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes an economically important disease in domestic and wildlife ruminants and is transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. In ruminants, BTV has a wide cell tropism that includes endothelial cells of vascular and lymphatic vessels as important cell targets for virus replication, and several cell types of the immune system including monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. Thus, cell-entry represents a particular challenge for BTV as it infects many different cell types in widely diverse vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Improved understanding of BTV cell-entry could lead to novel antiviral approaches that can block virus transmission from cell to cell between its invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Here, we have investigated BTV cell-entry using endothelial cells derived from the natural bovine host (BFA cells) and purified whole virus particles of a low-passage, insect-cell isolate of a virulent strain of BTV-1. Our results show that the main entry pathway for infection of BFA cells is dependent on actin and dynamin, and shares certain characteristics with macropinocytosis. The ability to use a macropinocytosis-like entry route could explain the diverse cell tropism of BTV and contribute to the efficiency of transmission between vertebrate and invertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Stevens
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK.,2University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.,‡Present address: Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Katy Moffat
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Lyndsay Cooke
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK.,2University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK.,§Present address: School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Peter P C Mertens
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK.,§Present address: School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Terry Jackson
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Karin E Darpel
- 2University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.,1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
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18
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Rossi A, Dupaty L, Aillot L, Zhang L, Gallien C, Hallek M, Odenthal M, Adriouch S, Salvetti A, Büning H. Vector uncoating limits adeno-associated viral vector-mediated transduction of human dendritic cells and vector immunogenicity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3631. [PMID: 30842485 PMCID: PMC6403382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AAV vectors poorly transduce Dendritic cells (DC), a feature invoked to explain AAV’s low immunogenicity. However, the reason for this non-permissiveness remained elusive. Here, we performed an in-depth analysis using human monocyte-derived immature DC (iDC) as model. iDC internalized AAV vectors of various serotypes, but even the most efficient serotype failed to transduce iDC above background. Since AAV vectors reached the cell nucleus, we hypothesized that AAV’s intracellular processing occurs suboptimal. On this basis, we screened an AAV peptide display library for capsid variants more suitable for DC transduction and identified the I/VSS family which transduced DC with efficiencies of up to 38%. This property correlated with an improved vector uncoating. To determine the consequence of this novel feature for AAV’s in vivo performance, we engineered one of the lead candidates to express a cytoplasmic form of ovalbumin, a highly immunogenic model antigen, and assayed transduction efficiency as well as immunogenicity. The capsid variant clearly outperformed the parental serotype in muscle transduction and in inducing antigen-specific humoral and T cell responses as well as anti-capsid CD8+ T cells. Hence, vector uncoating represents a major barrier hampering AAV vector-mediated transduction of DC and impacts on its use as vaccine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Rossi
- International Center for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111 - Université claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieur de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Léa Dupaty
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Physiopathologie et biothérapies des maladies inflammatoires et autoimmunes (PANTHER), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Ludovic Aillot
- International Center for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111 - Université claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieur de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5206, Lyon, France
| | - Liang Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Célia Gallien
- International Center for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111 - Université claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieur de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Michael Hallek
- Clinic I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Sahil Adriouch
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Physiopathologie et biothérapies des maladies inflammatoires et autoimmunes (PANTHER), 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Anna Salvetti
- International Center for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111 - Université claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieur de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France. .,Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5206, Lyon, France.
| | - Hildegard Büning
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany.
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19
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Richter M, Boldescu V, Graf D, Streicher F, Dimoglo A, Bartenschlager R, Klein CD. Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Docking of Combretastatin and Colchicine Derivatives and their hCE1-Activated Prodrugs as Antiviral Agents. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:469-483. [PMID: 30605241 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that tubulin can be a host factor for vector-borne flaviviruses like dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV), and inhibitors of tubulin polymerization such as colchicine have been demonstrated to decrease virus replication. However, toxicity limits the application of these compounds. Herein we report prodrugs based on combretastatin and colchicine derivatives that contain an ester cleavage site for human carboxylesterase, a highly abundant enzyme in monocytes and hepatocytes targeted by DENV. Relative to their parent compounds, the cytotoxicity of these prodrugs was reduced by several orders of magnitude. All synthesized prodrugs containing a leucine ester were hydrolyzed by the esterase in vitro. In contrast to previous reports, the phenylglycine esters were not cleaved by human carboxylesterase. The antiviral activity of combretastatin, colchicine, and selected prodrugs against DENV and ZIKV in cell culture was observed at low micromolar and sub-micromolar concentrations. In addition, docking studies were performed to understand the binding mode of the studied compounds to tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Richter
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, INF 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Veaceslav Boldescu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, INF 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic Synthesis and Biopharmaceuticals, Moldova Academy of Sciences, Academiei str. 3, MD2028, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Dominik Graf
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, INF 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Streicher
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, INF 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, INF 344, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany), and German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg Partner Site
| | - Christian D Klein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, INF 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Rodríguez JM, Luque D. Structural Insights into Rotavirus Entry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1215:45-68. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14741-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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21
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Ching KC, F P Ng L, Chai CLL. A compendium of small molecule direct-acting and host-targeting inhibitors as therapies against alphaviruses. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 72:2973-2989. [PMID: 28981632 PMCID: PMC7110243 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses were amongst the first arboviruses to be isolated, characterized and assigned a taxonomic status. They are globally widespread, infecting a large variety of terrestrial animals, birds, insects and even fish. Moreover, they are capable of surviving and circulating in both sylvatic and urban environments, causing considerable human morbidity and mortality. The re-emergence of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in almost every part of the world has caused alarm to many health agencies throughout the world. The mosquito vector for this virus, Aedes, is globally distributed in tropical and temperate regions and capable of thriving in both rural and urban landscapes, giving the opportunity for CHIKV to continue expanding into new geographical regions. Despite the importance of alphaviruses as human pathogens, there is currently no targeted antiviral treatment available for alphavirus infection. This mini-review discusses some of the major features in the replication cycle of alphaviruses, highlighting the key viral targets and host components that participate in alphavirus replication and the molecular functions that were used in drug design. Together with describing the importance of these targets, we review the various direct-acting and host-targeting inhibitors, specifically small molecules that have been discovered and developed as potential therapeutics as well as their reported in vitro and in vivo efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Chieh Ching
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, #05-01, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Block S4A, Level 3, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, #04-06, Singapore 138648.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Block MD6, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, #14-01T, Singapore 117599.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Ronald Ross Building, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool L697BE, UK
| | - Christina L L Chai
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Life Sciences, #05-01, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Block S4A, Level 3, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
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22
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Azab W, Osterrieder K. Initial Contact: The First Steps in Herpesvirus Entry. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY EMBRYOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY 2018; 223:1-27. [PMID: 28528437 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53168-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The entry process of herpesviruses into host cells is complex and highly variable. It involves a sequence of well-orchestrated events that begin with virus attachment to glycan-containing proteinaceous structures on the cell surface. This initial contact tethers virus particles to the cell surface and results in a cascade of molecular interactions, including the tight interaction of viral envelope glycoproteins to specific cell receptors. These interactions trigger intracellular signaling and finally virus penetration after fusion of the viral envelope with cellular membranes. Based on the engaged cellular receptors and co-receptors, and the subsequent signaling cascades, the entry pathway will be decided on the spot. A number of viral glycoproteins and many cellular receptors and molecules have been identified as players in one or several of these events during virus entry. This chapter will review viral glycoproteins, cellular receptors and signaling cascades associated with the very first interactions of herpesviruses with their target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Azab
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Klaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Robert von Ostertag-Haus, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
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23
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Witte R, Andriasyan V, Georgi F, Yakimovich A, Greber UF. Concepts in Light Microscopy of Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:E202. [PMID: 29670029 PMCID: PMC5923496 DOI: 10.3390/v10040202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses threaten humans, livestock, and plants, and are difficult to combat. Imaging of viruses by light microscopy is key to uncover the nature of known and emerging viruses in the quest for finding new ways to treat viral disease and deepening the understanding of virus–host interactions. Here, we provide an overview of recent technology for imaging cells and viruses by light microscopy, in particular fluorescence microscopy in static and live-cell modes. The review lays out guidelines for how novel fluorescent chemical probes and proteins can be used in light microscopy to illuminate cells, and how they can be used to study virus infections. We discuss advantages and opportunities of confocal and multi-photon microscopy, selective plane illumination microscopy, and super-resolution microscopy. We emphasize the prevalent concepts in image processing and data analyses, and provide an outlook into label-free digital holographic microscopy for virus research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Witte
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Vardan Andriasyan
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Fanny Georgi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Artur Yakimovich
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower St., London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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24
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Imaging, Tracking and Computational Analyses of Virus Entry and Egress with the Cytoskeleton. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040166. [PMID: 29614729 PMCID: PMC5923460 DOI: 10.3390/v10040166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have a dual nature: particles are “passive substances” lacking chemical energy transformation, whereas infected cells are “active substances” turning-over energy. How passive viral substances convert to active substances, comprising viral replication and assembly compartments has been of intense interest to virologists, cell and molecular biologists and immunologists. Infection starts with virus entry into a susceptible cell and delivers the viral genome to the replication site. This is a multi-step process, and involves the cytoskeleton and associated motor proteins. Likewise, the egress of progeny virus particles from the replication site to the extracellular space is enhanced by the cytoskeleton and associated motor proteins. This overcomes the limitation of thermal diffusion, and transports virions and virion components, often in association with cellular organelles. This review explores how the analysis of viral trajectories informs about mechanisms of infection. We discuss the methodology enabling researchers to visualize single virions in cells by fluorescence imaging and tracking. Virus visualization and tracking are increasingly enhanced by computational analyses of virus trajectories as well as in silico modeling. Combined approaches reveal previously unrecognized features of virus-infected cells. Using select examples of complementary methodology, we highlight the role of actin filaments and microtubules, and their associated motors in virus infections. In-depth studies of single virion dynamics at high temporal and spatial resolutions thereby provide deep insight into virus infection processes, and are a basis for uncovering underlying mechanisms of how cells function.
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25
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Chandra S, Kalaivani R, Kumar M, Srinivasan N, Sarkar DP. Sendai virus recruits cellular villin to remodel actin cytoskeleton during fusion with hepatocytes. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3801-3814. [PMID: 29074568 PMCID: PMC5739296 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-06-0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
ETOC: Proteomic approaches identified villin to be a key modulator of Sendai virus–induced membrane fusion. We found that villin influences actin dynamics and that this influence, in turn, promotes membrane mixing through active participation of Sendai viral envelope glycoproteins. Modulation of villin in host cells also results in a discernible effect on the entry and egress of progeny virus. Reconstituted Sendai viral envelopes (virosomes) are well recognized for their promising potential in membrane fusion–mediated delivery of bioactive molecules to liver cells. Despite the known function of viral envelope glycoproteins in catalyzing fusion with cellular membrane, the role of host cell proteins remains elusive. Here, we used two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis to analyze hepatic cells in early response to virosome-induced membrane fusion. Quantitative mass spectrometry together with biochemical analysis revealed that villin, an actin-modifying protein, is differentially up-regulated and phosphorylated at threonine 206—an early molecular event during membrane fusion. We found that villin influences actin dynamics and that this influence, in turn, promotes membrane mixing through active participation of Sendai viral envelope glycoproteins. Modulation of villin in host cells also resulted in a discernible effect on the entry and egress of progeny Sendai virus. Taken together, these results suggest a novel mechanism of regulated viral entry in animal cells mediated by host factor villin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunandini Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Raju Kalaivani
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India.,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB20QH, UK
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110021, India
| | | | - Debi P Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110021, India .,Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Manauli PO 140306, Punjab, India
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Cuesta-Geijo MÁ, Barrado-Gil L, Galindo I, Muñoz-Moreno R, Alonso C. Redistribution of Endosomal Membranes to the African Swine Fever Virus Replication Site. Viruses 2017; 9:v9060133. [PMID: 28587154 PMCID: PMC5490810 DOI: 10.3390/v9060133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection causes endosomal reorganization. Here, we show that the virus causes endosomal congregation close to the nucleus as the infection progresses, which is necessary to build a compact viral replication organelle. ASFV enters the cell by the endosomal pathway and reaches multivesicular late endosomes. Upon uncoating and fusion, the virus should exit to the cytosol to start replication. ASFV remodels endosomal traffic and redistributes endosomal membranes to the viral replication site. Virus replication also depends on endosomal membrane phosphoinositides (PtdIns) synthesized by PIKfyve. Endosomes could act as platforms providing membranes and PtdIns, necessary for ASFV replication. Our study has revealed that ASFV reorganizes endosome dynamics, in order to ensure a productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Cuesta-Geijo
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, INIA, Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Lucía Barrado-Gil
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, INIA, Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Galindo
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, INIA, Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raquel Muñoz-Moreno
- Department of Microbiology and Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Covadonga Alonso
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, INIA, Ctra. de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Kaur N, Chen W, Zheng Y, Hasegawa DK, Ling KS, Fei Z, Wintermantel WM. Transcriptome analysis of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 during feeding on tomato infected with the crinivirus, Tomato chlorosis virus, identifies a temporal shift in gene expression and differential regulation of novel orphan genes. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:370. [PMID: 28494755 PMCID: PMC5426028 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3751-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whiteflies threaten agricultural crop production worldwide, are polyphagous in nature, and transmit hundreds of plant viruses. Little is known how whitefly gene expression is altered due to feeding on plants infected with a semipersistently transmitted virus. Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV; genus Crinivirus, family Closteroviridae) is transmitted by the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) in a semipersistent manner and infects several globally important agricultural and ornamental crops, including tomato. RESULTS To determine changes in global gene regulation in whiteflies after feeding on tomato plants infected with a crinivirus (ToCV), comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed using RNA-Seq on whitefly (Bemisia tabaci MEAM1) populations after 24, 48, and 72 h acquisition access periods on either ToCV-infected or uninfected tomatoes. Significant differences in gene expression were detected between whiteflies fed on ToCV-infected tomato and those fed on uninfected tomato among the three feeding time periods: 447 up-regulated and 542 down-regulated at 24 h, 4 up-regulated and 7 down-regulated at 48 h, and 50 up-regulated and 160 down-regulated at 72 h. Analysis revealed differential regulation of genes associated with metabolic pathways, signal transduction, transport and catabolism, receptors, glucose transporters, α-glucosidases, and the uric acid pathway in whiteflies fed on ToCV-infected tomatoes, as well as an abundance of differentially regulated novel orphan genes. Results demonstrate for the first time, a specific and temporally regulated response by the whitefly to feeding on a host plant infected with a semipersistently transmitted virus, and advance the understanding of the whitefly vector-virus interactions that facilitate virus transmission. CONCLUSION Whitefly transmission of semipersistent viruses is believed to require specific interactions between the virus and its vector that allow binding of virus particles to factors within whitefly mouthparts. Results provide a broader understanding of the potential mechanism of crinivirus transmission by whitefly, aid in discerning genes or loci in whitefly that influence virus interactions or transmission, and subsequently facilitate development of novel, genetics-based control methods against whitefly and whitefly-transmitted viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kaur
- USDA-ARS, Crop Improvement and Protection Research, 1636 East Alisal Street, Salinas, CA 93905 USA
| | - Wenbo Chen
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801 USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801 USA
| | - Daniel K. Hasegawa
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, 2700 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA
| | - Kai-Shu Ling
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, 2700 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853-1801 USA
| | - William M. Wintermantel
- USDA-ARS, Crop Improvement and Protection Research, 1636 East Alisal Street, Salinas, CA 93905 USA
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Furuyama W, Marzi A, Carmody AB, Maruyama J, Kuroda M, Miyamoto H, Nanbo A, Manzoor R, Yoshida R, Igarashi M, Feldmann H, Takada A. Fcγ-receptor IIa-mediated Src Signaling Pathway Is Essential for the Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Ebola Virus Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006139. [PMID: 28036370 PMCID: PMC5231391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of Ebola virus (EBOV) infection has been demonstrated in vitro, raising concerns about the detrimental potential of some anti-EBOV antibodies. ADE has been described for many viruses and mostly depends on the cross-linking of virus-antibody complexes to cell surface Fc receptors, leading to enhanced infection. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. Here we show that Fcγ-receptor IIa (FcγRIIa)-mediated intracellular signaling through Src family protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) is required for ADE of EBOV infection. We found that deletion of the FcγRIIa cytoplasmic tail abolished EBOV ADE due to decreased virus uptake into cellular endosomes. Furthermore, EBOV ADE, but not non-ADE infection, was significantly reduced by inhibition of the Src family protein PTK pathway, which was also found to be important to promote phagocytosis/macropinocytosis for viral uptake into endosomes. We further confirmed a significant increase of the Src phosphorylation mediated by ADE. These data suggest that antibody-EBOV complexes bound to the cell surface FcγRIIa activate the Src signaling pathway that leads to enhanced viral entry into cells, providing a novel perspective for the general understanding of ADE of virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Furuyama
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Aaron B. Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Junki Maruyama
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Miyamoto
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Asuka Nanbo
- Department of Cell Physiology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Rashid Manzoor
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Reiko Yoshida
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Manabu Igarashi
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, the University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- * E-mail:
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Murine Polyomavirus Cell Surface Receptors Activate Distinct Signaling Pathways Required for Infection. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.01836-16. [PMID: 27803182 PMCID: PMC5090042 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01836-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus binding to the cell surface triggers an array of host responses, including activation of specific signaling pathways that facilitate steps in virus entry. Using mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV), we identified host signaling pathways activated upon virus binding to mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Pathways activated by MuPyV included the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), FAK/SRC, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Gangliosides and α4-integrin are required receptors for MuPyV infection. MuPyV binding to both gangliosides and the α4-integrin receptors was required for activation of the PI3K pathway; however, either receptor interaction alone was sufficient for activation of the MAPK pathway. Using small-molecule inhibitors, we confirmed that the PI3K and FAK/SRC pathways were required for MuPyV infection, while the MAPK pathway was dispensable. Mechanistically, the PI3K pathway was required for MuPyV endocytosis, while the FAK/SRC pathway enabled trafficking of MuPyV along microtubules. Thus, MuPyV interactions with specific cell surface receptors facilitate activation of signaling pathways required for virus entry and trafficking. Understanding how different viruses manipulate cell signaling pathways through interactions with host receptors could lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets for viral infection. Virus binding to cell surface receptors initiates outside-in signaling that leads to virus endocytosis and subsequent virus trafficking. How different viruses manipulate cell signaling through interactions with host receptors remains unclear, and elucidation of the specific receptors and signaling pathways required for virus infection may lead to new therapeutic targets. In this study, we determined that gangliosides and α4-integrin mediate mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) activation of host signaling pathways. Of these pathways, the PI3K and FAK/SRC pathways were required for MuPyV infection. Both the PI3K and FAK/SRC pathways have been implicated in human diseases, such as heart disease and cancer, and inhibitors directed against these pathways are currently being investigated as therapies. It is possible that these pathways play a role in human PyV infections and could be targeted to inhibit PyV infection in immunosuppressed patients.
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Katzengold R, Zaharov E, Gefen A. Analytical and computational modeling of early penetration of non-enveloped icosahedral viruses into cells. Technol Health Care 2016; 24:483-93. [PMID: 26890228 DOI: 10.3233/thc-161142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As obligate intracellular parasites, all viruses penetrate target cells to initiate replication and infection. OBJECTIVE This study introduces two approaches for evaluating the contact loads applied to a cell during early penetration of non-enveloped icosahedral viruses. METHODS The first approach is analytical modeling which is based on Hertz's theory for the contact of two elastic bodies; here we model the virus capsid as a triangle and the cell as an order-of-magnitude larger sphere. The second approach is finite element modeling, where we simulate three types of viruses: adeno-, papilloma- and polio- viruses, each interacting with a cell section. RESULTS We find that the peak contact pressures and forces generated at the initial virus-cell contact depend on the virus geometry - that is both size and shape. With respect to shape, we show that the icosahedral virus shape induces greater peak pressures compared to a spherical virus shape. With respect to size, it is shown that the larger the virus is the greater are the contact loads in the attacked cell. CONCLUSION Utilization of our modeling can be substantially useful not only for basic science studies, but also in other, more applied fields, such as in the field of gene therapy, or in `phage' virus studies.
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Lee C, Kim Y, Jeon JH. JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways contribute to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection. Virus Res 2016; 222:1-12. [PMID: 27215486 PMCID: PMC7114560 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PEDV infection activated p38 MAPK and JNK1/2 in vitro. UV-inactivated virus failed to induce p38 MAPK and JNK1/2 activation. Pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK or JNK activation impaired PEDV replication. SAPK cascades do not affect the apoptosis pathway during PEDV infection. PEDV exploits the p38 MAPK and JNK signaling pathways for optimal replication.
The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, which are central building blocks in the intracellular signaling network, are often manipulated by viruses of diverse families to favor their replication. Among the MAPK family, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is known to be modulated during the infection with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV); however, involvement of stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) comprising p38 MAPK and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) remains to be determined. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether activation of p38 MAPK and JNK cascades is required for PEDV replication. Our results showed that PEDV activates p38 MAPK and JNK1/2 up to 24 h post-infection, whereas, thereafter their phosphorylation levels recede to baseline levels or even fall below them. Notably, UV-irradiated inactivated PEDV, which can enter cells but cannot replicate inside them, failed to induce phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and JNK1/2 suggesting that viral biosynthesis is essential for activation of these kinases. Treatment of cells with selective p38 or JNK inhibitors markedly impaired PEDV replication in a dose-dependent manner and these antiviral effects were found to be maximal during the early times of the infection. Furthermore, direct pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK or JNK1/2 activation resulted in a significant reduction of viral RNA synthesis, viral protein expression, and progeny release. However, independent treatments with either SAPK inhibitor did not inhibit PEDV-induced apoptotic cell death mediated by activation of mitochondrial apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) suggesting that SAPKs are irrelevant to the apoptosis pathway during PEDV infection. In summary, our data demonstrated critical roles of the p38 and JNK1/2 signaling pathways in facilitating successful viral infection during the post-entry steps of the PEDV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhee Lee
- Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngnam Kim
- Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Jeon
- Animal Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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Blaas D. Viral entry pathways: the example of common cold viruses. Wien Med Wochenschr 2016; 166:211-26. [PMID: 27174165 PMCID: PMC4871925 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-016-0461-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
For infection, viruses deliver their genomes into the host cell. These nucleic acids are usually tightly packed within the viral capsid, which, in turn, is often further enveloped within a lipid membrane. Both protect them against the hostile environment. Proteins and/or lipids on the viral particle promote attachment to the cell surface and internalization. They are likewise often involved in release of the genome inside the cell for its use as a blueprint for production of new viruses. In the following, I shall cursorily discuss the early more general steps of viral infection that include receptor recognition, uptake into the cell, and uncoating of the viral genome. The later sections will concentrate on human rhinoviruses, the main cause of the common cold, with respect to the above processes. Much of what is known on the underlying mechanisms has been worked out by Renate Fuchs at the Medical University of Vienna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Blaas
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9/3, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
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Chang K, Baginski J, Hassan SF, Volin M, Shukla D, Tiwari V. Filopodia and Viruses: An Analysis of Membrane Processes in Entry Mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:300. [PMID: 27014223 PMCID: PMC4785137 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Filopodia are thin, actin rich bundles protruding from cell plasma membranes, serving physiological purposes, such as probing the environment and facilitating cell-to-cell adhesion. Recent studies have highlighted that actively polymerized filopodial-protrusions are exploited during virus entry, trafficking, spread, and the development of clinical pathology of viral diseases. These observations have caused a surge in investigation of the key determinants of filopodial induction and their influence on cell topography including receptor expression for viral entry. It is now very clear that filopodia can provide unique opportunities for many viruses to invade host cells vertically during primary infection, or horizontally during virus spread from cell-to-cell. These emerging concepts can explain the unprecedented ability of viruses to invade both nearby and long-distant host cells, a feature that may directly contribute to viral tropism. In this review, we summarize the significance of filopodia in viral diseases and discuss future therapeutic possibilities to precisely target filopodial-flyovers to prevent or control infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - John Baginski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Samer F Hassan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Volin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University Downers Grove, IL, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University Downers Grove, IL, USA
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Szczubiałka K, Pyrć K, Nowakowska M. In search for effective and definitive treatment of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22896d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a nuclear replicating enveloped virus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krzysztof Pyrć
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-387 Kraków
- Poland
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Cox RG, Mainou BA, Johnson M, Hastings AK, Schuster JE, Dermody TS, Williams JV. Human Metapneumovirus Is Capable of Entering Cells by Fusion with Endosomal Membranes. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005303. [PMID: 26629703 PMCID: PMC4667933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, is a leading cause of lower respiratory illness. Although receptor binding is thought to initiate fusion at the plasma membrane for paramyxoviruses, the entry mechanism for HMPV is largely uncharacterized. Here we sought to determine whether HMPV initiates fusion at the plasma membrane or following internalization. To study the HMPV entry process in human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells, we used fluorescence microscopy, an R18-dequenching fusion assay, and developed a quantitative, fluorescence microscopy assay to follow virus binding, internalization, membrane fusion, and visualize the cellular site of HMPV fusion. We found that HMPV particles are internalized into human bronchial epithelial cells before fusing with endosomes. Using chemical inhibitors and RNA interference, we determined that HMPV particles are internalized via clathrin-mediated endocytosis in a dynamin-dependent manner. HMPV fusion and productive infection are promoted by RGD-binding integrin engagement, internalization, actin polymerization, and dynamin. Further, HMPV fusion is pH-independent, although infection with rare strains is modestly inhibited by RNA interference or chemical inhibition of endosomal acidification. Thus, HMPV can enter via endocytosis, but the viral fusion machinery is not triggered by low pH. Together, our results indicate that HMPV is capable of entering host cells by multiple pathways, including membrane fusion from endosomal compartments. Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a paramyxovirus that causes severe lower respiratory tract infections. HMPV infection is initiated by the viral surface fusion (F) glycoprotein. HMPV F attaches to cellular receptors, including RGD-binding integrins, and catalyzes virus membrane fusion with cellular membranes during virus entry. Although most paramyxoviruses enter cells by coupling receptor binding to membrane fusion at the cell surface, the entry mechanism for HMPV is largely uncharacterized. In this study, we sought to determine the cellular site of HMPV fusion. We show that HMPV particles are internalized by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and fuse with endosomal membranes. Furthermore, HMPV engages RGD-binding integrins for endosomal trafficking and full virus membrane fusion with intracellular membranes, suggesting that HMPV uses integrins to facilitate movement into target cells rather than as a trigger for fusion at the cell surface. Inhibition of endosomal acidification had only a modest strain-specific effect, suggesting that low pH exposure is not required for HMPV fusion. These results expand knowledge of mechanisms of HMPV entry and suggest new potential therapeutic interventions against this medically important virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reagan G. Cox
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bernardo A. Mainou
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Monika Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew K. Hastings
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jennifer E. Schuster
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Terence S. Dermody
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - John V. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cholesterol Flux Is Required for Endosomal Progression of African Swine Fever Virions during the Initial Establishment of Infection. J Virol 2015; 90:1534-43. [PMID: 26608317 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02694-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a major threat for porcine production that has been slowly spreading in Eastern Europe since its first appearance in the Caucasus in 2007. ASFV enters the cell by endocytosis and gains access to the cytosol to start replication from late endosomes and multivesicular bodies. Cholesterol associated with low-density lipoproteins entering the cell by endocytosis also follows a trafficking pathway similar to that of ASFV. Here we show that cholesterol plays an essential role in the establishment of infection as the virus traffics through the endocytic pathway. In contrast to the case for other DNA viruses, such as vaccinia virus or adenovirus 5, cholesterol efflux from endosomes is required for ASFV release/entry to the cytosol. Accumulation of cholesterol in endosomes impairs fusion, resulting in retention of virions inside endosomes. ASFV also remodels intracellular cholesterol by increasing its cellular uptake and redistributes free cholesterol to viral replication sites. Our analysis reveals that ASFV manipulates cholesterol dynamics to ensure an appropriate lipid flux to establish productive infection. IMPORTANCE Since its appearance in the Caucasus in 2007, African swine fever (ASF) has been spreading westwards to neighboring European countries, threatening porcine production. Due to the lack of an effective vaccine, ASF control relies on early diagnosis and widespread culling of infected animals. We investigated early stages of ASFV infection to identify potential cellular targets for therapeutic intervention against ASF. The virus enters the cell by endocytosis, and soon thereafter, viral decapsidation occurs in the acid pH of late endosomes. We found that ASFV infection requires and reorganizes the cellular lipid cholesterol. ASFV requires cholesterol to exit the endosome to gain access to the cytoplasm to establish productive replication. Our results indicate that there is a differential requirement for cholesterol efflux for vaccinia virus or adenovirus 5 compared to ASFV.
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Adenovirus E4-ORF1 Dysregulates Epidermal Growth Factor and Insulin/Insulin-Like Growth Factor Receptors To Mediate Constitutive Myc Expression. J Virol 2015; 89:10774-85. [PMID: 26269183 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01463-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The E4-ORF1 protein encoded by human adenovirus stimulates viral replication in human epithelial cells by binding and activating cellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) at the plasma membrane and cellular Myc in the nucleus. In this study, we showed that E4-ORF1 hijacks the tyrosine kinase activities of cellular epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and insulin receptor (InsR)/insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF1R), as well as the lipid kinase activity of PI3K, to mediate constitutive Myc protein expression. We additionally demonstrated that EGFR contributes to constitutive Myc expression through the capacity of E4-ORF1 to induce ligand-independent EGFR activation and stimulation of the Ras/Mek/Erk pathway, the latter activity of which was conserved by human adenoviruses. Results further suggested that EGFR normally forms a complex with the cellular PDZ protein Discs Large 1 (Dlg1), a component of the Dlg1:E4-ORF1:PI3K ternary complex that mediates E4-ORF1-induced PI3K activation, and that E4-ORF1 binds the Dlg1:EGFR complex and promotes the association of EGFR with InsR and IGF1R. In addition to its role in constitutive Myc expression, InsR/IGF1R also negatively regulates EGFR autophosphorylation and EGFR-mediated Ras/Mek/Erk signaling, and data suggested that E4-ORF1 binding to Dlg1 antagonizes these activities. Collectively, our findings suggest that in human epithelial cells, E4-ORF1 targets EGFR, InsR/IGF1R, and PI3K at the plasma membrane to activate cytosolic signaling pathways that sustain Myc protein levels in the nucleus. We postulate that E4-ORF1-induced constitutive Myc expression functions to ensure the formation of nuclear E4-ORF1:Myc complexes, which have been shown to activate Myc and to enhance adenovirus replication. IMPORTANCE While human adenoviruses primarily produce self-limited acute infections in humans, these agents are associated with life-threatening diseases in immunocompromised patients and in otherwise healthy individuals infected with certain virulent serotypes. The adenovirus E4-ORF1 protein enhances viral replication by activating the cellular lipid kinase PI3K and the cellular transcription factor Myc. Here we report that E4-ORF1 usurps the functions of the cellular tyrosine kinase receptors EGFR and InsR /: IGF1R, as well as PI3K, to sustain Myc protein expression in cells. Furthermore, sustained Myc expression depended on E4-ORF1-induced ligand-independent EGFR activation that stimulated Ras/Mek/Erk signaling, a function found to be conserved by human adenoviruses. Given the established roles of PI3K, the Ras/Mek/Erk pathway, and Myc in the adenovirus life cycle, our findings may aid in the development of safer, more effective therapeutic strategies to treat severe adenovirus infections as well as improved adenovirus vectors for use in vaccination and gene and cancer therapy.
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Abstract
Many viruses deliver their genomes into the host cell’s nucleus before they replicate. While onco-retroviruses and papillomaviruses tether their genomes to host chromatin upon mitotic breakdown of the nuclear envelope, lentiviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus, adenoviruses, herpesviruses, parvoviruses, influenza viruses, hepatitis B virus, polyomaviruses, and baculoviruses deliver their genomes into the nucleus of post-mitotic cells. This poses the significant challenge of slipping a DNA or RNA genome past the nuclear pore complex (NPC) embedded in the nuclear envelope. Quantitative fluorescence imaging is shedding new light on this process, with recent data implicating misdelivery of viral genomes at nuclear pores as a bottleneck to virus replication. Here, we infer NPC functions for nuclear import of viral genomes from cell biology experiments and explore potential causes of misdelivery, including improper virus docking at NPCs, incomplete translocation, virus-induced stress and innate immunity reactions. We conclude by discussing consequences of viral genome misdelivery for viruses and host cells, and lay out future questions to enhance our understanding of this phenomenon. Further studies into viral genome misdelivery may reveal unexpected aspects about NPC structure and function, as well as aid in developing strategies for controlling viral infections to improve human health.
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Hackett BA, Yasunaga A, Panda D, Tartell MA, Hopkins KC, Hensley SE, Cherry S. RNASEK is required for internalization of diverse acid-dependent viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:7797-802. [PMID: 26056282 PMCID: PMC4485095 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1424098112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses must gain entry into cells to establish infection. In general, viruses enter either at the plasma membrane or from intracellular endosomal compartments. Viruses that use endosomal pathways are dependent on the cellular factors that control this process; however, these genes have proven to be essential for endogenous cargo uptake, and thus are of limited value for therapeutic intervention. The identification of genes that are selectively required for viral uptake would make appealing drug targets, as their inhibition would block an early step in the life cycle of diverse viruses. At this time, we lack pan-antiviral therapeutics, in part because of our lack of knowledge of such cellular factors. RNAi screening has begun to reveal previously unknown genes that play roles in viral infection. We identified dRNASEK in two genome-wide RNAi screens performed in Drosophila cells against West Nile and Rift Valley Fever viruses. Here we found that ribonuclease kappa (RNASEK) is essential for the infection of human cells by divergent and unrelated positive- and negative-strand-enveloped viruses from the Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Bunyaviridae, and Orthomyxoviridae families that all enter cells from endosomal compartments. In contrast, RNASEK was dispensable for viruses, including parainfluenza virus 5 and Coxsackie B virus, that enter at the plasma membrane. RNASEK is dispensable for attachment but is required for uptake of these acid-dependent viruses. Furthermore, this requirement appears specific, as general endocytic uptake of transferrin is unaffected in RNASEK-depleted cells. Therefore, RNASEK is a potential host cell Achilles' heel for viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A Hackett
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ari Yasunaga
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Debasis Panda
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Michael A Tartell
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kaycie C Hopkins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
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Boulant S, Stanifer M, Lozach PY. Dynamics of virus-receptor interactions in virus binding, signaling, and endocytosis. Viruses 2015; 7:2794-815. [PMID: 26043381 PMCID: PMC4488714 DOI: 10.3390/v7062747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During viral infection the first challenge that viruses have to overcome is gaining access to the intracellular compartment. The infection process starts when the virus contacts the surface of the host cell. A complex series of events ensues, including diffusion at the host cell membrane surface, binding to receptors, signaling, internalization, and delivery of the genetic information. The focus of this review is on the very initial steps of virus entry, from receptor binding to particle uptake into the host cell. We will discuss how viruses find their receptor, move to sub-membranous regions permissive for entry, and how they hijack the receptor-mediated signaling pathway to promote their internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steeve Boulant
- CellNetworks-Cluster of Excellence and Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Schaller research group at CellNetworks and DKFZ (German cancer research center), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Megan Stanifer
- CellNetworks-Cluster of Excellence and Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Schaller research group at CellNetworks and DKFZ (German cancer research center), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Pierre-Yves Lozach
- CellNetworks-Cluster of Excellence and Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abstract
Viruses have evolved to exploit the vast complexity of cellular processes for their success within the host cell. The entry mechanisms of enveloped viruses (viruses with a surrounding outer lipid bilayer membrane) are usually classified as being either endocytotic or fusogenic. Different mechanisms have been proposed for Alphavirus entry and genome delivery. Indirect observations led to a general belief that enveloped viruses can infect cells either by protein-assisted fusion with the plasma membrane in a pH-independent manner or by endocytosis and fusion with the endocytic vacuole in a low-pH environment. The mechanism of Alphavirus penetration has been recently revisited using direct observation of the processes by electron microscopy under conditions of different temperatures and time progression. Under conditions nonpermissive for endocytosis or any vesicular transport, events occur which allow the entry of the virus genome into the cells. When drug inhibitors of cellular functions are used to prevent entry, only ionophores are found to significantly inhibit RNA delivery. Arboviruses are agents of significant human and animal disease; therefore, strategies to control infections are needed and include development of compounds which will block critical steps in the early infection events. It appears that current evidence points to an entry mechanism, in which alphaviruses infect cells by direct penetration of cell plasma membranes through a pore structure formed by virus and, possibly, host proteins.
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Galdiero S, Falanga A, Vitiello M, Grieco P, Caraglia M, Morelli G, Galdiero M. Exploitation of viral properties for intracellular delivery. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:468-78. [PMID: 24889153 PMCID: PMC7168031 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an expanding area of study with potentially pivotal applications in a discipline as medicine where new biomedical active molecules or strategies are continuously developing. One of the principal drawbacks for the application of new therapies is the difficulty to cross membranes that represent the main physiological barrier in our body and in all living cells. Membranes are selectively permeable and allow the selective internalization of substances; generally, they form a highly impermeable barrier to most polar and charged molecules, and represent an obstacle for drug delivery, limiting absorption to specific routes and mechanisms. Viruses provide attracting suggestions for the development of targeted drug carriers as they have evolved naturally to deliver their genomes to host cells with high fidelity. A detailed understanding of virus structure and their mechanisms of entry into mammalian cells will facilitate the development and analysis of virus‐based materials for medical applications. Copyright © 2014 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Galdiero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 16, and Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80100, Napoli, Italy; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sui Peptidi Bioattivi, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy; Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini - CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy; DFM Scarl, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134, Napoli, Italy
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Hendrickx R, Stichling N, Koelen J, Kuryk L, Lipiec A, Greber UF. Innate immunity to adenovirus. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 25:265-84. [PMID: 24512150 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2014.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses are the most widely used vectors in gene medicine, with applications ranging from oncolytic therapies to vaccinations, but adenovirus vectors are not without side effects. In addition, natural adenoviruses pose severe risks for immunocompromised people, yet infections are usually mild and self-limiting in immunocompetent individuals. Here we describe how adenoviruses are recognized by the host innate defense system during entry and replication in immune and nonimmune cells. Innate defense protects the host and represents a major barrier to using adenoviruses as therapeutic interventions in humans. Innate response against adenoviruses involves intrinsic factors present at constant levels, and innate factors mounted by the host cell upon viral challenge. These factors exert antiviral effects by directly binding to viruses or viral components, or shield the virus, for example, soluble factors, such as blood clotting components, the complement system, preexisting immunoglobulins, or defensins. In addition, Toll-like receptors and lectins in the plasma membrane and endosomes are intrinsic factors against adenoviruses. Important innate factors restricting adenovirus in the cytosol are tripartite motif-containing proteins, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like inflammatory receptors, and DNA sensors triggering interferon, such as DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 41 and cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase. Adenovirus tunes the function of antiviral autophagy, and counters innate defense by virtue of its early proteins E1A, E1B, E3, and E4 and two virus-associated noncoding RNAs VA-I and VA-II. We conclude by discussing strategies to engineer adenovirus vectors with attenuated innate responses and enhanced delivery features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodinde Hendrickx
- 1 Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich , CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Lopez-Gordo E, Podgorski II, Downes N, Alemany R. Circumventing antivector immunity: potential use of nonhuman adenoviral vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 25:285-300. [PMID: 24499174 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses are efficient gene delivery vectors based on their ability to transduce a wide variety of cell types and drive high-level transient transgene expression. While there have been advances in modifying human adenoviral (HAdV) vectors to increase their safety profile, there are still pitfalls that need to be further addressed. Preexisting humoral and cellular immunity against common HAdV serotypes limits the efficacy of gene transfer and duration of transgene expression. As an alternative, nonhuman AdV (NHAdV) vectors can circumvent neutralizing antibodies against HAdVs in immunized mice and monkeys and in human sera, suggesting that NHAdV vectors could circumvent preexisting humoral immunity against HAdVs in a clinical setting. Consequently, there has been an increased interest in developing NHAdV vectors for gene delivery in humans. In this review, we outline the recent advances and limitations of HAdV vectors for gene therapy and describe examples of NHAdV vectors focusing on their immunogenicity, tropism, and potential as effective gene therapy vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estrella Lopez-Gordo
- 1 Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
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Inhibition of dengue virus replication by a class of small-molecule compounds that antagonize dopamine receptor d4 and downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. J Virol 2014; 88:5533-42. [PMID: 24599995 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00365-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dengue viruses (DENV) are endemic pathogens of tropical and subtropical regions that cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. To date, no vaccines or antiviral therapeutics have been approved for combating DENV-associated disease. In this paper, we describe a class of tricyclic small-molecule compounds-dihydrodibenzothiepines (DHBTs), identified through high-throughput screening-with potent inhibitory activity against DENV serotype 2. SKI-417616, a highly active representative of this class, displayed activity against all four serotypes of DENV, as well as against a related flavivirus, West Nile virus (WNV), and an alphavirus, Sindbis virus (SINV). This compound was characterized to determine its mechanism of antiviral activity. Investigation of the stage of the viral life cycle affected revealed that an early event in the life cycle is inhibited. Due to the structural similarity of the DHBTs to known antagonists of the dopamine and serotonin receptors, we explored the roles of two of these receptors, serotonin receptor 2A (5HTR2A) and the D4 dopamine receptor (DRD4), in DENV infection. Antagonism of DRD4 and subsequent downstream phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-related kinase (ERK) were found to impact DENV infection negatively, and blockade of signaling through this network was confirmed as the mechanism of anti-DENV activity for this class of compounds. IMPORTANCE The dengue viruses are mosquito-borne, reemerging human pathogens that are the etiological agents of a spectrum of febrile diseases. Currently, there are no approved therapeutic treatments for dengue-associated disease, nor is there a vaccine. This study identifies a small molecule, SKI-417616, with potent anti-dengue virus activity. Further analysis revealed that SKI-417616 acts through antagonism of the host cell dopamine D4 receptor and subsequent repression of the ERK phosphorylation pathway. These results suggest that SKI-417616, or other compounds targeting the same cellular pathways, may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of dengue virus infections.
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Penton-dodecahedral particles trigger opening of intercellular junctions and facilitate viral spread during adenovirus serotype 3 infection of epithelial cells. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003718. [PMID: 24204268 PMCID: PMC3814681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenovirus serotypes Ad3, Ad7, Ad11, and Ad14 use the epithelial junction protein desmoglein 2 (DSG2) as a receptor for infection. During Ad infection, the fiber and penton base capsid proteins are produced in vast excess and form hetero-oligomers, called pentons. It has been shown for Ad3 that pentons self-assemble into penton-dodecahedra (PtDd). Our previous studies with recombinant purified Ad3 PtDd (produced in insect cells) showed that PtDd bind to DSG2 and trigger intracellular signaling resulting in the transient opening of junctions between epithelial cells. So far, a definitive proof for a function of Ad3 PtDd in the viral life cycle is elusive. Based on the recently published 3D structure of recombinant Ad3 PtDd, we generated a penton base mutant Ad3 vector (mu-Ad3GFP). mu-Ad3GFP is identical to its wild-type counterpart (wt-Ad3GFP) in the efficiency of progeny virus production; however, it is disabled in the production of PtDd. For infection studies we used polarized epithelial cancer cells or cell spheroids. We showed that in wt-Ad3GFP infected cultures, PtDd were released from cells before viral cytolysis and triggered the restructuring of epithelial junctions. This in turn facilitated lateral viral spread of de novo produced virions. These events were nearly absent in mu-Ad3GFP infected cultures. Our in vitro findings were consolidated in mice carrying xenograft tumors derived from human epithelial cancer cells. Furthermore, we provide first evidence that PtDd are also formed by another DSG2-interacting Ad serotype, the newly emerged, highly pathogenic Ad14 strain (Ad14p1). The central finding of this study is that a subgroup of Ads has evolved to generate PtDd as a strategy to achieve penetration into and dissemination in epithelial tissues. Our findings are relevant for basic and applied virology, specifically for cancer virotherapy. We have recently reported that a group of human Ads uses DSG2 as a receptor for infection. Among the DSG2-interacting Ads is serotype 3, which is widely distributed in the human population. During Ad3 infection, subviral particles (PtDd) formed by two capsid proteins are produced in vast excess and released early in infection. In this study, we demonstrate that PtDd trigger the opening of epithelial junctions and thus support the lateral spread of Ad3 progeny virus in epithelial tissues. Our study contributes to a better understanding of Ad3 infection and pathology. It also has implications for Ad-mediated gene transfer into epithelial tissues and tumors.
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Salgado APC, Soares-Martins JAP, Andrade LG, Albarnaz JD, Ferreira PCP, Kroon EG, Bonjardim CA. Study of vaccinia and cowpox viruses' replication in Rac1-N17 dominant-negative cells. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 108:554-62. [PMID: 23903969 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762013000500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interfering with cellular signal transduction pathways is a common strategy used by many viruses to create a propitious intracellular environment for an efficient replication. Our group has been studying cellular signalling pathways activated by the orthopoxviruses Vaccinia (VACV) and Cowpox (CPXV) and their significance to viral replication. In the present study our aim was to investigate whether the GTPase Rac1 was an upstream signal that led to the activation of MEK/ERK1/2, JNK1/2 or Akt pathways upon VACV or CPXV' infections. Therefore, we generated stable murine fibroblasts exhibiting negative dominance to Rac1-N17 to evaluate viral growth and the phosphorylation status of ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and Akt. Our results demonstrated that VACV replication, but not CPXV, was affected in dominant-negative (DN) Rac1-N17 cell lines in which viral yield was reduced in about 10-fold. Viral late gene expression, but not early, was also reduced. Furthermore, our data showed that Akt phosphorylation was diminished upon VACV infection in DN Rac1-N17 cells, suggesting that Rac1 participates in the phosphoinositide-3 kinase pathway leading to the activation of Akt. In conclusion, our results indicate that while Rac1 indeed plays a role in VACV biology, perhaps another GTPase may be involved in CPXV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Carneiro Salgado
- Grupo de Transdução de Sinal/Orthopoxvirus e Flavivírus - LABVÍRUS, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Barrow E, Nicola AV, Liu J. Multiscale perspectives of virus entry via endocytosis. Virol J 2013; 10:177. [PMID: 23734580 PMCID: PMC3679726 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Most viruses take advantage of endocytic pathways to gain entry into host cells and initiate infections. Understanding of virus entry via endocytosis is critically important for the design of antiviral strategies. Virus entry via endocytosis is a complex process involving hundreds of cellular proteins. The entire process is dictated by events occurring at multiple time and length scales. In this review, we discuss and evaluate the available means to investigate virus endocytic entry, from both experimental and theoretical/numerical modeling fronts, and highlight the importance of multiscale features. The complexity of the process requires investigations at a systems biology level, which involves the combination of different experimental approaches, the collaboration of experimentalists and theorists across different disciplines, and the development of novel multiscale models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Barrow
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Annexin A2 and S100A10 regulate human papillomavirus type 16 entry and intracellular trafficking in human keratinocytes. J Virol 2013; 87:7502-15. [PMID: 23637395 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00519-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause benign and malignant tumors of the mucosal and cutaneous epithelium. The initial events regulating HPV infection impact the establishment of viral persistence, which is requisite for malignant progression of HPV-infected lesions. However, the precise mechanisms involved in HPV entry into host cells, including the cellular factors regulating virus uptake, are not clearly defined. We show that HPV16 exposure to human keratinocytes initiates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-dependent Src protein kinase activation that results in phosphorylation and extracellular translocation of annexin A2 (AnxA2). HPV16 particles interact with AnxA2 in association with S100A10 as a heterotetramer at the cell surface in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner, and the interaction appears to involve heparan-sulfonated proteoglycans. We show multiple lines of evidence that this interaction promotes virus uptake into host cells. An antibody to AnxA2 prevents HPV16 internalization, whereas an antibody to S100A10 blocks infection at a late endosomal/lysosomal site. These results suggest that AnxA2 and S100A10 have separate roles during HPV16 binding, entry, and trafficking. Our data additionally imply that AnxA2 and S100A10 may be involved in regulating the intracellular trafficking of virus particles prior to nuclear delivery of the viral genome.
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