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Park H, Lee EY, You Y, Rhee M, Kim J, Hwang S, Lee P. Long-term efficacy of encapsulated xenogeneic islet transplantation: Impact of encapsulation techniques and donor genetic traits. J Diabetes Investig 2024; 15:693-703. [PMID: 38634411 PMCID: PMC11143419 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.14216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION To investigate the long-term efficacy of various encapsulated xenogeneic islet transplantation, and to explore the impact of different donor porcine genetic traits on islet transplantation outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Donor porcine islets were obtained from wild-type, α1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout (GTKO) and GTKO with overexpression of membrane cofactor protein genotype. Naked, alginate, alginate-chitosan (AC), alginate-perfluorodecalin (A-PFD) and AC-perfluorodecalin (AC-PFD) encapsulated porcine islets were transplanted into diabetic mice. RESULTS In vitro assessments showed no differences in the viability and function of islets across encapsulation types and donor porcine islet genotypes. Xenogeneic encapsulated islet transplantation with AC-PFD capsules showed the most favorable long-term outcomes, maintaining normal blood glucose levels for 180 days. A-PFD capsules showed comparable results to AC-PFD capsules, followed by AC capsules and alginate capsules. Conversely, blood glucose levels in naked islet transplantation increased to >300 mg/dL within a week after transplantation. Naked islet transplantation outcomes showed no improvement based on donor islet genotype. However, alginate or AC capsules showed delayed increases in blood glucose levels for GTKO and GTKO with overexpression of membrane cofactor protein porcine islets compared with wild-type porcine islets. CONCLUSION The AC-PFD capsule, designed to ameliorate both hypoxia and inflammation, showed the highest long-term efficacy in xenogeneic islet transplantation. Genetic modifications of porcine islets with GTKO or GTKO with overexpression of membrane cofactor protein did not influence naked islet transplantation outcomes, but did delay graft failure when encapsulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heon‐Seok Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Eun Young Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Young‐Hye You
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Marie Rhee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Jong‐Min Kim
- Xenotransplantation Research CenterSeoul National University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
- Present address:
Department of Animal HealthCheongju University College of Health and Medical SciencesCheongju‐siChungcheongbuk‐doSouth Korea
| | - Seong‐Soo Hwang
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal ScienceRural Development AdministrationWanju‐gunJeonbuk‐doSouth Korea
| | - Poong‐Yeon Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal ScienceRural Development AdministrationWanju‐gunJeonbuk‐doSouth Korea
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2
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Lim TKY, Ruthazer ES. Microglial trogocytosis and the complement system regulate axonal pruning in vivo. eLife 2021; 10:e62167. [PMID: 33724186 PMCID: PMC7963485 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Partial phagocytosis-called trogocytosis-of axons by microglia has been documented in ex vivo preparations but has not been directly observed in vivo. The mechanisms that modulate microglial trogocytosis of axons and its function in neural circuit development remain poorly understood. Here, we directly observe axon trogocytosis by microglia in vivo in the developing Xenopus laevis retinotectal circuit. We show that microglia regulate pruning of retinal ganglion cell axons and are important for proper behavioral response to dark and bright looming stimuli. Using bioinformatics, we identify amphibian regulator of complement activation 3, a homolog of human CD46, as a neuronally expressed synapse-associated complement inhibitory molecule that inhibits trogocytosis and axonal pruning. Using a membrane-bound complement C3 fusion protein, we demonstrate that enhancing complement activity enhances axonal pruning. Our results support the model that microglia remodel axons via trogocytosis and that neurons can control this process through expression of complement inhibitory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony KY Lim
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Edward S Ruthazer
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
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3
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Laskowski J, Renner B, Pickering MC, Serkova NJ, Smith-Jones PM, Clambey ET, Nemenoff RA, Thurman JM. Complement factor H-deficient mice develop spontaneous hepatic tumors. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:4039-4054. [PMID: 32369457 PMCID: PMC7410061 DOI: 10.1172/jci135105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is difficult to detect, carries a poor prognosis, and is one of few cancers with an increasing yearly incidence. Molecular defects in complement factor H (CFH), a critical regulatory protein of the complement alternative pathway (AP), are typically associated with inflammatory diseases of the eye and kidney. Little is known regarding the role of CFH in controlling complement activation within the liver. While studying aging CFH-deficient (fH-/-) mice, we observed spontaneous hepatic tumor formation in more than 50% of aged fH-/- males. Examination of fH-/- livers (3-24 months) for evidence of complement-mediated inflammation revealed widespread deposition of complement-activation fragments throughout the sinusoids, elevated transaminase levels, increased hepatic CD8+ and F4/80+ cells, overexpression of hepatic mRNA associated with inflammatory signaling pathways, steatosis, and increased collagen deposition. Immunostaining of human HCC biopsies revealed extensive deposition of complement fragments within the tumors. Investigating the Cancer Genome Atlas also revealed that increased CFH mRNA expression is associated with improved survival in patients with HCC, whereas mutations are associated with worse survival. These results indicate that CFH is critical for controlling complement activation in the liver, and in its absence, AP activation leads to chronic inflammation and promotes hepatic carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Laskowski
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Brandon Renner
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Matthew C. Pickering
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie J. Serkova
- Department of Medicine, Radiology
- Department of Medicine, Radiation Oncology, and
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Peter M. Smith-Jones
- Department of Medicine, Radiology
- Department of Medicine, Radiation Oncology, and
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Eric T. Clambey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Raphael A. Nemenoff
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Joshua M. Thurman
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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4
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Coughlan L. Factors Which Contribute to the Immunogenicity of Non-replicating Adenoviral Vectored Vaccines. Front Immunol 2020; 11:909. [PMID: 32508823 PMCID: PMC7248264 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors are a safe and potently immunogenic vaccine delivery platform. Non-replicating Ad vectors possess several attributes which make them attractive vaccines for infectious disease, including their capacity for high titer growth, ease of manipulation, safety, and immunogenicity in clinical studies, as well as their compatibility with clinical manufacturing and thermo-stabilization procedures. In general, Ad vectors are immunogenic vaccines, which elicit robust transgene antigen-specific cellular (namely CD8+ T cells) and/or humoral immune responses. A large number of adenoviruses isolated from humans and non-human primates, which have low seroprevalence in humans, have been vectorized and tested as vaccines in animal models and humans. However, a distinct hierarchy of immunological potency has been identified between diverse Ad vectors, which unfortunately limits the potential use of many vectors which have otherwise desirable manufacturing characteristics. The precise mechanistic factors which underlie the profound disparities in immunogenicity are not clearly defined and are the subject of ongoing, detailed investigation. It has been suggested that a combination of factors contribute to the potent immunogenicity of particular Ad vectors, including the magnitude and duration of vaccine antigen expression following immunization. Furthermore, the excessive induction of Type I interferons by some Ad vectors has been suggested to impair transgene expression levels, dampening subsequent immune responses. Therefore, the induction of balanced, but not excessive stimulation of innate signaling is optimal. Entry factor binding or receptor usage of distinct Ad vectors can also affect their in vivo tropism following administration by different routes. The abundance and accessibility of innate immune cells and/or antigen-presenting cells at the site of injection contributes to early innate immune responses to Ad vaccination, affecting the outcome of the adaptive immune response. Although a significant amount of information exists regarding the tropism determinants of the common human adenovirus type-5 vector, very little is known about the receptor usage and tropism of rare species or non-human Ad vectors. Increased understanding of how different facets of the host response to Ad vectors contribute to their immunological potency will be essential for the development of optimized and customized Ad vaccine platforms for specific diseases.
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5
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Abou-El-Hassan H, Zaraket H. Viral-derived complement inhibitors: current status and potential role in immunomodulation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 242:397-410. [PMID: 27798122 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216675772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is one of the body's major innate immune defense mechanisms in vertebrates. Its function is to detect foreign bodies and promote their elimination through opsonisation or lysis. Complement proteins play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of several disorders. However, excessive complement activation does not confer more protection but instead leads to several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. With inappropriate activation of the complement system, activated complement proteins and glycoproteins may damage both healthy and diseased tissues. Development of complement inhibitors represents an effective approach in controlling dysregulated complement activity and reducing disease severity, yet few studies have investigated the nature and role of novel complement inhibitory proteins of viral origin. Viral complement inhibitors have important implications in understanding the importance of complement inhibition and their role as a promising novel therapeutic approach in diseases caused by dysregulated complement function. In this review, we discuss the role and importance of complement inhibitors derived from several viruses in the scope of human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Abou-El-Hassan
- 1 Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.,2 Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hassan Zaraket
- 2 Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,3 Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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6
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Alzamel N, Bayrou C, Decreux A, Desmecht D. Soluble forms of CD46 are detected in Bos taurus plasma and neutralize BVDV, the bovine pestivirus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 49:39-46. [PMID: 27865262 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is known to bind to the CD46 molecule, which subsequently promotes entry of the virus. Mapping of the BVD-virion-binding site has shown that two peptides, 66EQIV69 and 82GQVLAL87, located on antiparallel beta sheets in the most distal complement control protein module (CCP1), provide the attachment platform. In the present study, we reveal new CD46-encoding transcripts that are predicted to encode CCP1-containing soluble forms. Further, we show that the serum of most adult cattle contains soluble CD46 (sCD46) and that a recombinant soluble isoform neutralizes BVDV infectivity in an in vitro assay. We have then established an ELISA for determination of plasma sCD46 in a large cohort of animals. Overall, serum sCD46 amounts to 8±18ng/mL (mean±SD, n=440), with a IC [95-105] ranging from 6,4 to 9,8ng/mL and extreme values between 0 and 178ng/mL. We found that sCD46 is not detectable in fetal and neonatal sera and that its plasma concentration increases progressively up to adulthood. We also detected high- and low-sCD46 performers and show that this phenotype does not depend of environment. As modern rearing techniques make it possible to disseminate genetically-determined phenotypes very quickly in a population, a large-scale study examining whether high-sCD46 animals provide epidemiological protection against BVDV infection and transmission should be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidal Alzamel
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B43, Belgium
| | - Calixte Bayrou
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B43, Belgium
| | - Annabelle Decreux
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B43, Belgium
| | - Daniel Desmecht
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman B43, Belgium.
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7
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Pseudotyping the adenovirus serotype 5 capsid with both the fibre and penton of serotype 35 enhances vascular smooth muscle cell transduction. Gene Ther 2013; 20:1158-64. [PMID: 24005577 PMCID: PMC3853367 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2013.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo gene therapy during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) holds great potential to prevent excessive smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation, neointima formation and graft failure. The most successful preclinical strategies to date have utilised vectors based on the species C adenovirus, Ad5, which engages the Coxsackie and Adenovirus receptor (CAR) as its primary attachment receptor. Profiling receptors on human SMCs demonstrated the absence of CAR but substantial expression of the species B receptor CD46. We performed transduction experiments using Ad5 and the CD46-utilising adenovirus Ad35, and found Ad35 significantly more efficient at transducing SMCs. To evaluate whether transduction could be further augmented, we evaluated chimeric CD46-utilising Ad5/Ad35 vectors comprising the Ad5 capsid pseudotyped with the Ad35 fibre alone (Ad5/F35) or in combination with the Ad35 penton (Ad5/F35/P35). In human smooth muscle cells (hSMCs), Ad5/F35/P35 mediated significantly higher levels of transduction than either parental vector or Ad5/F35. Ex vivo transduction experiments using mouse aortas from CD46 transgenics demonstrated that Ad5/F35/P35 was significantly more efficient at transducing SMCs than the other vectors tested. Finally, ex vivo transduction and immunofluorescent colocalisation experiments using human tissue from CABG procedures confirmed the preclinical potential of Ad5/F35/P35 as an efficient vector for vascular transduction during CABG.
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8
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Barata L, Miwa T, Sato S, Kim D, Mohammed I, Song WC. Deletion of Crry and DAF on murine platelets stimulates thrombopoiesis and increases factor H-dependent resistance of peripheral platelets to complement attack. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2886-95. [PMID: 23390291 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Complement receptor 1-related gene/protein y (Crry) and decay-accelerating factor (DAF) are two murine membrane C3 complement regulators with overlapping functions. Crry deletion is embryonically lethal whereas DAF-deficient mice are generally healthy. Crry(-/-)DAF(-/-) mice were viable on a C3(-/-) background, but platelets from such mice were rapidly destroyed when transfused into C3-sufficient mice. In this study, we used the cre-lox system to delete platelet Crry in DAF(-/-) mice and studied Crry/DAF-deficient platelet development in vivo. Rather than displaying thrombocytopenia, Pf4-Cre(+)-Crry(flox/flox) mice had normal platelet counts and their peripheral platelets were resistant to complement attack. However, chimera mice generated with Pf4-Cre(+)-Crry(flox/flox) bone marrows showed platelets from C3(-/-) but not C3(+/+) recipients to be sensitive to complement activation, suggesting that circulating platelets in Pf4-Cre(+)-Crry(flox/flox) mice were naturally selected in a complement-sufficient environment. Notably, Pf4-Cre(+)-Crry(flox/flox) mouse platelets became complement susceptible when factor H function was blocked. Examination of Pf4-Cre(+)-Crry(flox/flox) mouse bone marrows revealed exceedingly active thrombopoiesis. Thus, under in vivo conditions, Crry/DAF deficiency on platelets led to abnormal platelet turnover, but peripheral platelet count was compensated for by increased thrombopoiesis. Selective survival of Crry/DAF-deficient platelets aided by factor H protection and compensatory thrombopoiesis demonstrates the cooperation between membrane and fluid phase complement inhibitors and the body's ability to adaptively respond to complement regulator deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Barata
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19401, USA
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9
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Nesargikar PN, Spiller B, Chavez R. The complement system: history, pathways, cascade and inhibitors. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2012; 2:103-11. [PMID: 24672678 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.2.2012.2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in the 19th century, the complement system has developed into a clinically significant entity. The complement system has been implicated in a variety of clinical conditions, from autoimmune diseases to ischemia-reperfusion injury in transplantation. This article charts the historical progress of our understanding of the complement system and provides a synopsis on the activation pathways and its inherent regulators.
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10
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Identification of novel members reveals the structural and functional divergence of lepidopteran-specific Lipoprotein_11 family. Funct Integr Genomics 2012; 12:705-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-012-0281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Frolíková M, Stopková R, Antalíková J, Johnson PM, Stopka P, Dvořáková-Hortová K. Role of complement regulatory proteins CD46, CD55 and CD59 in reproduction. FOLIA ZOOLOGICA 2012. [DOI: 10.25225/fozo.v61.i1.a12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Frolíková
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Stopková
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Antalíková
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 900 28 Ivanka pri Dunaji, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter M. Johnson
- Division of Immunology, School of Infection and Host Defence, Duncan Building, University of Liverpool, L69 3BX, Liverpool, U.K
| | - Pavel Stopka
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Dvořáková-Hortová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
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12
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Tu Z, Li Q, Chou HS, Hsieh CC, Meyerson H, Peters MG, Bu H, Fung JJ, Qian S, Lu L, Lin F. Complement mediated hepatocytes injury in a model of autoantibody induced hepatitis. Immunobiology 2010; 216:528-34. [PMID: 20851495 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite multiple reports on autoantibody-initiated complement activation in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), how does the humoral immunity contribute to the pathogenesis of AIH remained unclear. In this report, by adoptively transferring a polyclonal rabbit anti-OVA antibody into Hep-OVA Tg mice in which OVA is selectively expressed on the surface of hepatocytes, we found that excessive complement activation initiated by the autoantibody overwhelmed the protection of intrinsic cell surface complement regulators, and induced hepatocytes injury both in vitro and in vivo. The anti-OVA antibody induced hepatic injury in Hep-OVA Tg but not WT C57BL/6 mice as assessed by serum ALT levels and liver histopathology. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that after the antibody administration, there was massive complement activation on anti-OVA IgG coated hepatocytes in Hep-OVA Tg mice, but not in WT mice. Consistent with these results, depleting complement by cobra venom factor (CVF) prior to antibody injections protected Hep-OVA Tg mice from anti-OVA IgG induced hepatic injury. In addition, treating Hep-OVA Tg mice with recombinant mouse decay accelerating factor, a native complement inhibitor, protected them from autoantibody induced hepatitis. These results suggest that complement could play a pivotal role in liver specific autoantibody mediated hepatocyte injury in AIH, and that complement inhibitors could be, in principle, developed as novel therapeutics against AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidan Tu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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13
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Development of fiber-substituted adenovirus vectors containing foreign peptides in the adenovirus serotype 35 fiber knob. Gene Ther 2009; 16:1050-7. [PMID: 19516278 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fiber-substituted adenovirus (Ad) vectors containing fibers of Ad serotype 35 (AdF35) efficiently transduce a variety of human cells because their receptor, human CD46, is ubiquitously expressed on almost all nucleated cells. However, the ubiquitous expression of CD46 might lead to unexpected transduction in untargeted organs. In this study, we developed fiber-modified AdF35 vectors with an integrin-binding Arg-Gly-Asn (RGD) peptide incorporated into the FG, HI or IJ loop, which have been identified as important regions for binding to CD46. Incorporation of foreign peptides into these loops does not inhibit trimerization of the fibers. In CD46-negative cells, fiber-mutant AdF35 vectors containing an RGD peptide in the FG or HI loop showed 6- to 30-fold higher transduction efficiencies in an RGD-peptide-dependent manner than the unmodified AdF35 vectors. In contrast, in CD46-positive cells, insertion of foreign peptides markedly reduced the transduction efficiencies of the AdF35 vectors, indicating that insertion of foreign peptides significantly inhibits binding to CD46. In particular, CD46-mediated transduction was completely diminished by insertion of foreign peptides into the HI loop. Our findings indicate that HI loop is the most suitable domain to mediate a foreign peptide-dependent and CD46-independent transduction by incorporation of foreign peptides into the Ad35 fiber knob.
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14
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Clift LE, Andrlikova P, Frolikova M, Stopka P, Bryja J, Flanagan BF, Johnson PM, Dvorakova-Hortova K. Absence of spermatozoal CD46 protein expression and associated rapid acrosome reaction rate in striped field mice (Apodemus agrarius). Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009; 7:29. [PMID: 19371423 PMCID: PMC2678130 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-7-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In rodents, the cell surface complement regulatory protein CD46 is expressed solely on the spermatozoal acrosome membrane. Ablation of the CD46 gene is associated with a faster acrosome reaction. Sperm from Apodemus flavicollis (yellow-necked field mice), A. microps (pygmy field mice) and A. sylvaticus (European wood mice) fail to express CD46 protein and exhibit a more rapid acrosome reaction rate than Mus (house mice) or BALB/c mice. A. agrarius (striped field mice) belong to a different Apodemus subgenus and have pronounced promiscuity and large relative testis size. The aim of this study was to determine whether A. agrarius sperm fail to express CD46 protein and, if so, whether A. agrarius have a faster acrosome reaction than Mus. METHODS Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to assess whether A. agrarius transcribe testicular CD46 mRNA. RT-PCR was supplemented with 3'- and 5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends to determine the complete nucleotide sequence of A. agrarius CD46. Fluorescence microscopy was used to assess whether CD46 protein is expressed by A. agrarius sperm. The acrosome status of A. agrarius sperm was calculated over time by immunocytochemistry using peanut agglutinin lectin. RESULTS We demonstrate that A. agrarius mice transcribe two unique alternatively spliced testicular CD46 mRNA transcripts, both lacking exon 7, which differ from those described previously in other Apodemus species. The larger A. agrarius CD46 transcript has an insert between exons 10 and 11 which, if translated, would result in a novel cytoplasmic tail. In addition, A. agrarius CD46 transcripts have an extended AU-rich 3'-untranslated region (UTR) and a truncated 5'-UTR, resulting in failure to express spermatozoal CD46 protein. We show that A. agrarius has a significantly faster spontaneous acrosome reaction rate than A. sylvaticus and Mus. CONCLUSION Absence of CD46 protein expression is associated with acrosomal instability in rodents. A. agrarius mice express novel CD46 transcripts, resulting in the trade of spermatozoal CD46 protein expression for a rapid acrosome reaction rate, in common with other species of field mice. This provides a strategy to increase competitive sperm advantage for individuals, leading to faster fertilisation in this highly promiscuous genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne E Clift
- Division of Immunology, School of Infection and Host Defence, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Petra Andrlikova
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Frolikova
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Stopka
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Bryja
- Department of Population Biology, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Brian F Flanagan
- Division of Immunology, School of Infection and Host Defence, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Peter M Johnson
- Division of Immunology, School of Infection and Host Defence, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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15
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Complement-dependent T-cell lymphopenia caused by thymocyte deletion of the membrane complement regulator Crry. Blood 2009; 113:2684-94. [PMID: 19136662 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-05-157966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although complement lysis is frequently used for the purification of lymphocyte subpopulations in vitro, how lymphocytes escape complement attack in vivo has not been clearly delineated. Here, we show that conditional gene targeting of a murine membrane complement regulator Crry on thymocytes led to complement-dependent peripheral T-cell lymphopenia. Notably, despite evidence of hypersensitivity to complement attack, Crry-deficient T cells escaped complement injury and developed normally in the thymus, because of low intrathymic complement activity. Crry-deficient T cells were eliminated in the periphery by a C3- and macrophage-mediated but C5-independent mechanism. Thus, Crry is essential for mature T-cell survival in the periphery but not for lymphogenesis in the thymus. The observation that the thymus is a complement-privileged site may have implications for complement-based antitumor therapies.
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16
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Deficiency of decay-accelerating factor and complement receptor 1-related gene/protein y on murine platelets leads to complement-dependent clearance by the macrophage phagocytic receptor CRIg. Blood 2008; 112:1109-19. [PMID: 18524992 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-01-134304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement activation on human platelets is known to cause platelet degranulation and activation. To evaluate how normal platelets escape complement attack in vivo, we studied the fate of murine platelets deficient in 2 membrane complement regulatory proteins using an adoptive transfer model. We show here that deficiency of either decay-accelerating factor (DAF) or complement receptor 1-related gene/protein y (Crry) on murine platelets was inconsequential, whereas DAF and Crry double deficiency led to rapid clearance of platelets from circulation in a complement- and macrophage-dependent manner. This finding contrasted with the observation on erythrocytes, where Crry deficiency alone resulted in complement susceptibility. Quantitative flow cytometry showed DAF and Crry were expressed at similar levels on platelets, whereas Crry expression was 3 times higher than DAF on erythrocytes. Antibody blocking or gene ablation of the newly identified complement receptor CRIg, but not complement receptor 3 (CR3), rescued DAF/Crry-deficient platelets from complement-dependent elimination. Surprisingly, deficiency of CRIg, CR3, and other known complement receptors failed to prevent Crry-deficient erythrocytes from complement-mediated clearance. These results show a critical but redundant role of DAF and Crry in platelet survival and suggest that complement-opsonized platelets and erythrocytes engage different complement receptors on tissue macrophages in vivo.
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17
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Johnson PM, Clift LE, Andrlikova P, Jursova M, Flanagan BF, Cummerson JA, Stopka P, Dvorakova-Hortova K. Rapid sperm acrosome reaction in the absence of acrosomal CD46 expression in promiscuous field mice (Apodemus). Reproduction 2008; 134:739-47. [PMID: 18042631 DOI: 10.1530/rep-07-0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There is pronounced promiscuity and sperm competition in long-tailed field mice (Apodemus sylvaticus). These mice have evolved unusual sperm behaviour favouring rapid fertilisation, including dynamic formation of sperm trains and their subsequent dissociation. The cell surface complement regulatory (CReg) protein CD46 is broadly expressed in eutherian mammals other than rodents, in which it is expressed solely on the spermatozoal acrosomal membrane. Ablation of the CD46 gene has been associated with a faster acrosome reaction (AR) rate in inbred laboratory mice. Here, we demonstrate that wild-caught field mice of three species, A. sylvaticus, A. flavicollis and A. microps, exhibit a more rapid AR than wild-caught house mice Mus musculus or inbred laboratory BALB/c mice. We also demonstrate that wild-caught field mice of these three species, unlike house mice, produce alternatively spliced transcripts of testicular CD46 mRNA lacking exons 5-7 or 6-7, together with an extended 3' - and often truncated 5'-utr, leading to failure to express any sperm CD46 protein in both the testis and epididymis. Male field mice may therefore have traded expression of this CReg protein for acrosomal instability, providing a novel genus-specific strategy to favour rapid fertilisation and competitive advantage in the promiscuous reproductive behaviour of wild field mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Johnson
- Division of Immunology, School of Infection and Host Defence, University of Liverpool, Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
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18
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Abstract
Functionally active complement system and complement regulatory proteins are present in the normal human and rodent eye. Complement activation and its regulation by ocular complement regulatory proteins contribute to the pathology of various ocular diseases including keratitis, uveitis and age-related macular degeneration. Furthermore, a strong relationship between age-related macular degeneration and polymorphism in the genes of certain complement components/complement regulatory proteins is now well established. Recombinant forms of the naturally occurring complement regulatory proteins have been exploited in the animal models for treatment of these ocular diseases. It is hoped that in the future recombinant complement regulatory proteins will be used as novel therapeutic agents in the clinic for the treatment of keratitis, uveitis, and age-related macular degeneration.
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19
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Briggs DT, Martin CB, Ingersoll SA, Barnum SR, Martin BK. Astrocyte-specific expression of a soluble form of the murine complement control protein Crry confers demyelination protection in the cuprizone model. Glia 2007; 55:1405-15. [PMID: 17674370 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Complement has been implicated as a potential effector mechanism in neurodegeneration; yet the precise role of complement in this process remains elusive. In this report, we have utilized the cuprizone model of demyelination-remyelination to examine the contribution of complement to disease. C1q deposition was observed in the corpus callosum of C57BL/6 mice during demyelination, suggesting complement activation by apoptotic oligodendrocyte debris. Simultaneously, these mice lost expression of the rodent complement regulatory protein, Crry. A soluble CNS-specific form of the Crry protein (sCrry) expressed in a transgenic mouse under the control of an astrocyte-specific promoter was induced in the corpus callosum during cuprizone treatment. Expression of this protein completely protected the mice from demyelination. Interestingly, sCrry mice had low levels of demyelination at later times when control mice were remyelinating. Although the sCrry transgenic mice had lower levels of demyelination, there was no decrease in overall cellularity, however there were decreased numbers of microglia in the sCrry mice relative to controls. Strikingly, sCrry mice had early recovery of mature oligodendrocytes, although they later disappeared. TUNEL staining suggested that production of the sCrry protein in the transgenic mice protected from a late apoptosis event at 3 weeks of cuprizone treatment. Our data suggest complement provides some protection of mature oligodendrocytes during cuprizone treatment but may be critical for subsequent remyelination events. These data suggest that temporal restriction of complement inhibition may be required in some disease settings.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Astrocytes/immunology
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/physiopathology
- Chelating Agents
- Complement System Proteins/immunology
- Complement System Proteins/metabolism
- Corpus Callosum/immunology
- Corpus Callosum/metabolism
- Corpus Callosum/physiopathology
- Cuprizone
- Cytoprotection/genetics
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/chemically induced
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/genetics
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/genetics
- Gliosis/genetics
- Gliosis/immunology
- Gliosis/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nerve Regeneration/genetics
- Oligodendroglia/immunology
- Receptors, Complement/genetics
- Receptors, Complement/immunology
- Receptors, Complement/metabolism
- Receptors, Complement 3b
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T Briggs
- Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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20
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Jha P, Bora PS, Bora NS. The role of complement system in ocular diseases including uveitis and macular degeneration. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:3901-8. [PMID: 17768108 PMCID: PMC2045508 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.06.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the normal eye, the complement system is continuously activated at low levels and both membrane-bound and soluble intraocular complement regulatory proteins tightly regulate this spontaneous complement activation. This allows protection against pathogens without causing any damage to self-tissue and vision loss. The complement system and complement regulatory proteins control the intraocular inflammation in autoimmune uveitis and play an important role in the development of corneal inflammation, age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. The evidence derived from both animal models and patient studies support the concept that complement inhibition is a relevant therapeutic target in the treatment of various ocular diseases. Currently, several clinical trials using complement inhibitors are going on. It is possible that, in the near future, complement inhibitors might be used as therapeutic agents in eye clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purushottam Jha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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21
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Kim DD, Miwa T, Song WC. Retrovirus-mediated over-expression of decay-accelerating factor rescues Crry-deficient erythrocytes from acute alternative pathway complement attack. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:5558-66. [PMID: 17015743 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) and complement receptor 1-related gene/protein y (Crry) are two membrane-bound complement regulators on murine erythrocytes that inhibit C3/C5 convertases. Previously, we found that Crry- but not DAF-deficient erythrocytes were susceptible to alternative pathway complement-mediated elimination in vivo. To determine whether it is a unique activity or a higher level expression of Crry makes it indispensable on murine erythrocytes, we over-expressed DAF on Crry-deficient (Crry(-/-)) erythrocytes by retroviral vector-mediated DAF gene transduction of bone marrow stem cells. DAF retrovirus-transduced erythrocytes expressed 846 +/- 127 DAF molecules/cell (DAF(high)) compared with 249 +/- 94 DAF molecules/cell (DAF(low)) and 774 +/- 135 Crry molecules/cell on control mouse erythrocytes. DAF(high)-Crry(-/-) erythrocytes were significantly more resistant than either DAF(low)-Crry(-/-), DAF(-/-) -Crry(+/+) or wild-type erythrocytes to classical pathway complement-mediated C3 deposition in vitro. Furthermore, increased DAF expression rescued Crry(-/-) erythrocytes from acute alternative pathway complement attack in vivo. Notably, long term monitoring revealed that DAF(high)-Crry(-/-) erythrocytes were still more susceptible than wild-type erythrocytes to complement-mediated elimination as they had a shorter half-life in complement-sufficient mice but survived equally well in complement-deficient mice. These results suggest that both a high level expression and a more potent anti-alternative pathway complement activity of Crry contributed to its indispensable role on murine erythrocytes. Additionally, they demonstrate the feasibility of using stem cell gene therapy to correct membrane complement regulator deficiency on blood cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Kim
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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22
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Abstract
The complement system is known to be involved in autoimmunity at several levels. Activated complement contributes to the inflammatory tissue injury characteristic of many autoimmune disease settings. On the other hand, early components of the classical pathway, including C1q, C4 and C2, are thought to be important for disposing apoptotic cellular autoantigens and/or the induction of B cell tolerance in the bone marrow, and their deficiency is a strong risk factor for systemic autoimmunity. Recent studies using transgenic mice have revealed membrane complement regulatory proteins as important modulators in the pathogenesis and manifestation of autoimmune injury. Available evidence suggests that these regulatory proteins may act to suppress autoimmunity via both complement-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chao Song
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Rm 1254 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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23
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Osuka F, Endo Y, Higuchi M, Suzuki H, Shio Y, Fujiu K, Kanno R, Oishi A, Terashima M, Fujita T, Gotoh M. Molecular cloning and characterization of novel splicing variants of human decay-accelerating factor. Genomics 2006; 88:316-22. [PMID: 16503113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Revised: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) is one of the complement regulatory proteins. Two isoforms of DAF have been identified in humans. In this study, we isolated novel cDNAs encoding five isoforms of DAF from the human lung, which were generated by insertion of new exonic sequences. RT-PCR revealed that all isoforms were expressed in almost all tissues tested, although the expression patterns and levels differed among the tissues. Transfection of isoform vDAF1, 2, and 3 cDNAs into CHO cells showed that these molecules are soluble forms secreted after glycosylation. Isoform vDAF4 and vDAF5 cDNAs included a part of and the entire intron 7 sequence, respectively, and the transfection of vDAF4 cDNA produced a large, glycosylated, membrane-bound form. These results suggest that more than seven isoforms of human DAF are involved in the regulation of complement activation under physiological conditions through their specific structures and localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Osuka
- Department of Surgery I, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1-Hikariga-oka, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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24
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Bosch P, Fouletier-Dilling C, Olmsted-Davis EA, Davis AR, Stice SL. Efficient adenoviral-mediated gene delivery into porcine mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Reprod Dev 2006; 73:1393-403. [PMID: 16897738 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) mediated gene therapy research has been conducted predominantly on rodents. Appropriate large animal models may provide additional safety and efficacy information prior to human clinical trials. The objectives of this study were: (a) to optimize adenoviral transduction efficiency of porcine bone marrow MSCs using a commercial polyamine-based transfection reagent (GeneJammer, Stratagene, La Jolla, CA), and (b) to determine whether transduced MSCs retain the ability to differentiate into mesodermal lineages. Porcine MSCs (pMSCs) were infected under varying conditions, with replication-defective adenoviral vectors carrying the GFP gene and GFP expression analyzed. Transduced cells were induced to differentiate in vitro into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic lineages. We observed a 5.5-fold increase in the percentage of GFP-expressing pMSCs when adenovirus type 5 carrying the adenovirus type 35 fiber (Ad5F35eGFP) was used in conjunction with GeneJammer. Transduction of pMSCs at 10.3-13.8 MOI (1,500-2,000 vp/cell) in the presence of Gene Jammer yielded the highest percentage of GFP-expressing cells ( approximately 90%) without affecting cell viability. A similar positive effect was detected when pMSCs were infected with an Ad5eGFP vector. Presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) during adenoviral transduction enhanced vector-encoded transgene expression in both GeneJammer-treated and control groups. pMSCs transduced with adenovirus vector in the presence of GeneJammer underwent lipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic differentiation. Addition of GeneJammer during adenoviral infection of pMSCs can revert the poor transduction efficiency of pMSCs while retaining their pluripotent differentiation capacity. GeneJammer-enhanced transduction will facilitate the use of adenoviral vectors in MSC-mediated gene therapy models and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bosch
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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25
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Kim DD, Song WC. Membrane complement regulatory proteins. Clin Immunol 2005; 118:127-36. [PMID: 16338172 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2005.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Accepted: 10/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A number of proteins anchored on the cell surface function to protect host tissues from bystander injury when complement is activated. In humans, they include decay-accelerating factor (DAF, CD55), membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD46), complement receptor 1 (CR1, CD35) and CD59. Although disease conditions directly attributable to abnormal function of these proteins are relatively rare, it has become evident from recent studies using animal models that membrane complement regulatory proteins are important modulators of tissue injury in many autoimmune and inflammatory disease settings. Evidence is also emerging to support a role of these proteins in regulating cellular immunity. In this article, we highlight recent advances on the in vivo biology of membrane complement regulatory proteins and discuss their relevance in human disease pathogenesis and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Kim
- Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Rm 1254 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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26
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Suter SE, Chein MB, von Messling V, Yip B, Cattaneo R, Vernau W, Madewell BR, London CA. In vitro canine distemper virus infection of canine lymphoid cells: a prelude to oncolytic therapy for lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:1579-87. [PMID: 15746063 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Measles virus (MV) causes the regression of human lymphoma xenografts. The purpose of this study was to determine if canine lymphoid cells could be infected in vitro with MV or canine distemper virus (CDV, the canine Morbillivirus equivalent of MV) and determine if in vitro viral infection leads to apoptotic cell death. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Reverse transcriptase-PCR was used to examine the expression of both signal lymphocyte activation molecule (CD150) and membrane cofactor molecule (CD46) mRNA. An attenuated CDV expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein was used to infect canine cells in vitro. Both flow cytometry and reverse transcriptase-PCR was used to document CDV infection. Cell death was examined using a propidium iodide staining assay and Annexin V binding. RESULTS Canine lymphoid cell lines and neoplastic B and T lymphocytes collected from dogs with spontaneous lymphoma expressed the Morbillivirus receptor CD150 mRNA. In contrast, only neoplastic lymphocytes expressed detectable levels of CD46 mRNA. Although MV did not infect canine cells, CDV efficiently infected between 40% and 70% of all three canine lymphoid lines tested. More importantly, CDV infected 50% to 90% of neoplastic lymphocytes isolated from dogs with both B and T cell lymphoma. Apoptosis of CDV-infected cell lines was documented. CONCLUSIONS Attenuated CDV may be a useful treatment for canine lymphoma. As such, dogs with lymphoma may represent a biologically relevant large animal model to investigate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of Morbillivirus therapy in a clinical setting with findings that may have direct applicability in the treatment of human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Suter
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 2112 Tupper Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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27
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Morgan BP, Berg CW, Harris CL. ''Homologous restriction'' in complement lysis: roles of membrane complement regulators. Xenotransplantation 2005; 12:258-65. [PMID: 15943774 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2005.00237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is a powerful bactericidal immune defence with the potential to damage self cells. Protection of self is provided by expression on cells of a battery of membrane regulators that inhibit activation of complement. Roles of complement in the rejection of transplanted organs have long been recognized, and are particularly relevant in xenotransplantation, where hyperacute rejection is complement-driven. Inhibiting complement was therefore considered early in the history of xenografting, and the use of membrane complement regulators to this end was proposed more than two decades ago. For each of the membrane regulators in humans, early studies implied a species-specificity of action, inhibiting human complement but not that from other species. The dogma of species-specificity dictated strategies for inhibiting complement in xenografts and drove the creation of donor transgenic pigs expressing human regulators. Here we critically evaluate the evidence for species-specificity in membrane complement regulators from humans and other animals. We challenge the dogma and show that there is considerable cross-species activity for each of the membrane regulators of complement. Acceptance of the fact that species selectivity is not a limitation will open new avenues for protection of the xenograft from complement damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Paul Morgan
- Complement Biology Group, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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28
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Fukushima T, Kato M, Adachi T, Hamada Y, Horimoto M, Komiyama M, Mori C, Horii I. Effects of Sulfasalazine on Sperm Acrosome Reaction and Gene Expression in the Male Reproductive Organs of Rats. Toxicol Sci 2004; 85:675-82. [PMID: 15625186 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfasalazine (SASP) has been reported to depress the fertility in men and experimental male animals, but the fundamental mechanisms of infertility caused by SASP are still unknown. This study was designed to investigate the mechanisms of infertility in rats treated with SASP at a dose of 600 mg/kg for 28 days, including monitoring of sperm motility using computer associated sperm analysis system and acrosome reaction by FITC-concanavalin A lectin staining. The sperm motility and acrosome reaction, which are important for fertilization, were significantly reduced by SASP. Furthermore, to investigate the molecular mechanisms of infertility induced by SASP, mRNA expression analysis in the testes was performed using cDNA microarray as a first screening. It was revealed that CD59, which is located on the acrosomal membrane and is known to be important for the reproductive function of sperm, was affected in the testes; this was also confirmed by real-time PCR analysis, but the spermatogenesis-related genes examined in this study were not affected. Therefore, we focused on CD59 and two other acrosome membrane related-genes: MCP and DAF. CD59, MCP, and DAF in the epididymides of SASP-treated rats were significantly decreased as assessed by real-time RT-PCR analysis and additionally, the expression of CD59 protein was found to be decreased by Western blotting. These results allowed us to hypothesize that the suppression of epididymal acrosomal membrane proteins synthesis with their consequent reduced incorporation to the sperm membrane leads to a depressed sperm motility and acrosome reaction, and thereby leads to infertility in SASP treated male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamio Fukushima
- Worldwide Safety Sciences, Nagoya Laboratories, Pfizer Japan Inc., 5-2, Taketoyo, Aichi 470-2393, Japan.
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29
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Russell S. CD46: A complement regulator and pathogen receptor that mediates links between innate and acquired immune function. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 64:111-8. [PMID: 15245366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2004.00277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the last 10 years, the human cell-surface molecule, CD46, has evolved from 'just another complement regulator' to a receptor for a striking array of pathogens. CD46 not only protects cells from complement-mediated attack and facilitates infection by a large number of pathogens, but also exerts complex effects on cellular immune function. It has been proposed that CD46 links innate and adaptive immunity by affecting cellular immune function in response to complement binding, and the role of CD46 in the pathogenesis of many infectious pathogens is now the subject of intense investigation. So far, the flood of information that implicates CD46 in modifying a host response to measles, Neisseria, human herpes virus 6, and pathogens that activate complement has not yet been matched with a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which CD46 affects immune function. This review summarizes the evidence that points to a significant role for CD46 in a range of pathological processes and describes how CD46 might exert its effects by altering signal transduction and antigen presentation pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, CD/chemistry
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Herpesvirus 6, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 6, Human/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Innate/physiology
- Infections/immunology
- Membrane Cofactor Protein
- Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neisseria/immunology
- Neisseria/pathogenicity
- Receptors, Complement/metabolism
- Receptors, Complement/physiology
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- S Russell
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Mizuno M, Harris CL, Johnson PM, Morgan BP. Rat membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46) is expressed only in the acrosome of developing and mature spermatozoa and mediates binding to immobilized activated C3. Biol Reprod 2004; 71:1374-83. [PMID: 15215199 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.104.030114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat analogue of the complement regulator membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46) was recently cloned and analysis at the mRNA level suggested that expression was restricted to testis. In light of the proposed roles of human MCP in sperm-egg interaction, we undertook to analyze rat MCP expression at the protein level in order better to address its putative role in fertilization. Recombinant fusion proteins comprising antibody Fc and specific domains of rat MCP were generated and used to develop a monoclonal antibody, MM.1, specific for rat MCP. Immunohistochemistry using these reagents confirmed the reported testis-specific expression of MCP in sexually mature rats and demonstrated that MCP was expressed only by spermatozoa and their immediate precursors in spermiogenesis, spermatids. Prepubertal male rats did not express MCP, and there was no evidence of MCP expression at any site in the embryo. Spermatozoal MCP expression was restricted to the inner acrosomal membrane, exposed only after fixation or induction of the acrosome reaction. Acrosome-reacted but not unreacted spermatozoa bound methylamine-activated C3 immobilized on plastic. The retention of MCP at this subcellular site, which is probably crucial to sperm-egg interaction, and the functional demonstration of binding to activated C3 strengthen suggestions from human studies that MCP may play an important role in fertilization. The reagents and results described here will enable studies of the role of spermatozoal MCP in sperm-egg interaction using a relevant animal model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Mizuno
- Complement Biology Group, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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31
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Ohta R, Kondor N, Dohi N, Tomlinson S, Imai M, Holers VM, Okada H, Okada N. Mouse Complement Receptor-Related Gene y/p65-Neutralized Tumor Vaccine Induces Antitumor Activity In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:205-13. [PMID: 15210776 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.1.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two mouse tumor cell lines, Meth A (BALB/c mouse-derived fibrosarcoma) and MM46 (C3H/He mouse-derived mammary tumor), were shown to express high levels of complement receptor-related gene y/p65 (Crry/p65), a membrane-bound complement-regulatory protein. Inhibiting the complement-regulatory activity of Crry/p65 with mAb 5D5 induced high levels of C3 deposition on in vivo tumor-derived Meth A and MM46 cells. To determine the effect of Crry/p65 blockade and increased C3 deposition on in vivo tumor growth, Meth A and MM46 cells were treated with 5D5 mAb and injected into BALB/c and C3H/He mice, respectively. Pretreating MM46 cells with 5D5 mAb significantly suppressed their tumorigenicity when injected s.c. Pretreatment with 5D5 mAb had a modest effect on Meth A s.c. tumor growth. Because complement is involved in the induction of an immune response, we investigated the effect of Crry/p65 blockade and increased C3 deposition on the immunogenicity of the tumor cells in a vaccination protocol. Vaccination of mice with irradiated Meth A cells pretreated with 5D5 mAb protected mice from subsequent challenge. In contrast, vaccination with irradiated Meth A cells without pretreatment was not protective. Survival was correlated with a high titer IgM response and specific CTL activity. These data demonstrate that the functional inhibition of Crry/p65 on tumor cells affects tumor growth and immunogenicity, and that the complement deposition resulting from this inhibition can act in concert with antitumor effector mechanisms to elicit potent antitumor immunity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Ohta
- Department of Biodefense, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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Imai M, Ohta R, Okada N, Tomlinson S. Inhibition of a complement regulatorin vivo enhances antibody therapy in a model of mammary adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2004; 110:875-81. [PMID: 15170670 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins provide tumor cells with protection from antibody and complement in vitro. However, complement regulators are widely expressed on normal tissue, and inhibiting the function of complement regulatory proteins on tumor cells in vivo has not been investigated due to the absence of appropriate tumor-targeting strategies. Using a mouse model of rat mammary adenocarcinoma, we demonstrate that tumor-specific targeting of a complement regulator with a blocking antibody has functional consequences with regard to both complement deposition on tumor cells and the efficacy of monoclonal antibody therapy. Rat adenocarcinoma 13762 cells express Crry, a widely expressed rodent regulator of complement activation, and are recognized by C595 MAb, an anti-MUC1 MAb in clinical trials. Anti-rat Crry 5I2 MAb and F(ab)(2) enhanced complement deposition on C595 MAb-sensitized 13762 cells in vitro. In vivo, C595 MAb bound to 13762 tumors, albeit not specifically, but was not therapeutic when administered after tumor challenge. However, the coadministration of 5I2 MAb with C595 MAb resulted in enhanced complement deposition and significantly delayed tumor onset and reduced tumor growth; 5I2 MAb alone also enhanced complement deposition and reduced tumor growth but less effectively than when combined with C595 MAb; 5I2 MAb alone did not directly activate mouse complement, but its inhibitory effect on Crry enhanced complement deposition following complement activation by both the alternative pathway and by natural IgM reactive to 13762 cells present in mouse serum. Our proof of principle study shows that inhibiting the function of a tumor-expressed complement regulatory protein enhances immune-mediated clearance of tumor cells and improves prospects for successful immunotherapy. The results justify further research and development of targeting strategies to inhibit or downregulate complement regulatory proteins on tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Imai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, BSB 201, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29424, USA
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Nonaka MI, Hishikawa Y, Moriyama N, Koji T, Ogata RT, Kudo A, Kawakami H, Nonaka M. Complement C4b-binding protein as a novel murine epididymal secretory protein. Biol Reprod 2003; 69:1931-9. [PMID: 12930719 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement C4b-binding protein (C4BP) is a plasma protein synthesized in the liver and plays a regulatory role in the host defense complement system. We have previously reported that mRNAs of the C4BP alpha chain (C4BPalpha) are expressed at significant levels in the guinea pig and mouse epididymis in an androgen-dependent manner. Here, we analyze the murine C4bpa gene and show that epididymal and liver C4BPalpha mRNAs are generated from a single-copy gene and that the epididymal C4BPalpha mRNAs are transcribed from novel transcription start sites located approximately 100 base pairs downstream from those used in the liver. Furthermore, in an immunohistochemical study using rabbit anti-mouse C4BP antiserum, we demonstrated that C4BP is localized in the stereocilia and Golgi apparatus of the epididymal epithelial cells and the surfaces of spermatozoa in the lumen in the region from the distal caput to the cauda but not in the proximal caput region. Indirect immunofluorescence of the isolated spermatozoa demonstrated that C4BP is localized preferentially on the head region of the spermatozoa, and immunoelectron microscopy located C4BP on the plasma membrane and the outer acrosomal membrane. These results indicate that epididymal C4BP is synthesized in the epithelial cells and secreted into the lumen in a region-restricted manner and is taken up to the sperm membranes on passage through the epididymis. Many epididymal proteins are secreted from the epithelial cells in a region-specific and androgen-dependent manner and are considered to contribute to sperm maturation. Our findings suggest a novel function of C4BP as one such epididymal secretory protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi I Nonaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 133-0033, Japan.
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Garnier G, Circolo A, Xu Y, Volanakis JE. Complement C1r and C1s genes are duplicated in the mouse: differential expression generates alternative isomorphs in the liver and in the male reproductive system. Biochem J 2003; 371:631-40. [PMID: 12513694 PMCID: PMC1223281 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2002] [Revised: 12/17/2002] [Accepted: 01/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
C1r and C1s are the serine proteases that form the catalytic unit of the C1 complex, the first component of complement. In the present study, we found that the genes encoding murine C1r and C1s are duplicated. One set of these genes, referred to as c1rA and c1sA, are primarily expressed in the liver and are therefore the homologues of the human C1r and C1s genes. The other two genes, termed c1rB and c1sB, are expressed exclusively in male reproductive tissues, specifically the coagulating gland and the prostate. The predicted C1rB and C1sB proteins share 96 and 93% amino acid identity with C1rA and C1sA respectively. Most of the substitutions are clustered in the serine protease domains, suggesting differences in catalytic efficiencies and/or substrate specificities or alternatively adaptation to different physiological environments. The high homology of C1rB and C1sB with C1rA and C1sA in the non-catalytic regions indicates that they are probably capable of assembling the C1 complex. The expression of alternative genes encoding isomorphs of activating components of complement in male reproductive tissues raises the possibility of new mechanisms of complement activation in the male genital tract or of novel functions for complement proteases in reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Garnier
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center A. Fleming, Vari, Greece
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Inoue N, Ikawa M, Nakanishi T, Matsumoto M, Nomura M, Seya T, Okabe M. Disruption of mouse CD46 causes an accelerated spontaneous acrosome reaction in sperm. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:2614-22. [PMID: 12640142 PMCID: PMC150730 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.7.2614-2622.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD46) is a ubiquitously expressed protein known to protect cells from complement attack. Interestingly, when we examined the expression of mouse CD46, which we recently cloned, the message was found only in testis and the protein was found on the inner acrosomal membrane of sperm. In order to elucidate the function of CD46, we produced mice carrying a null mutation in the CD46 gene by using homologous recombination. Despite the absence of CD46, the mice were healthy and both sexes were fertile. However, to our surprise, the fertilizing ability of males appeared to be facilitated by disruption of the CD46 gene, as the average number of pups born from CD46(-/-) males was significantly greater than that of wild-type males. It was also revealed that the incidence of the spontaneous acrosome reaction doubled in CD46(-/-) sperm compared to that in wild-type sperm. It was assumed that this increase caused the heightened fertilizing ability found in CD46(-/-) sperm. These data suggest that CD46 may have some role in regulating sperm acrosome reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naokazu Inoue
- Department of Immunology, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
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Molina H, Miwa T, Zhou L, Hilliard B, Mastellos D, Maldonado MA, Lambris JD, Song WC. Complement-mediated clearance of erythrocytes: mechanism and delineation of the regulatory roles of Crry and DAF. Decay-accelerating factor. Blood 2002; 100:4544-9. [PMID: 12393518 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-06-1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of complement in the pathogenesis of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) has been controversial and may depend on a number of factors, including the affinity and isotype of the pathogenic antibodies involved. We have recently shown that mouse erythrocytes deficient in the membrane C3 regulatory protein, complement receptor 1-related gene/protein y (Crry), but not decay-accelerating factor (DAF), were spontaneously eliminated in vivo by complement. Here, by generating a mouse deficient in both DAF and Crry, we further delineated the roles of Crry and DAF in regulating alternative and classical pathway C3 activation. By using immunoglobulin-, Fcgamma receptor (FcgammaR)-, C3-, C4-, and C5-deficient mice, we also determined the mechanism by which membrane C3 regulator-deficient erythrocytes are cleared from the circulation. Finally, we evaluated the relative importance of the Fc receptor versus the complement pathway in disposing antibody-opsonized DAF/Crry-deficient erythrocytes. We conclude that (1) Crry plays a more dominant role than DAF in regulating the alternative pathway of complement, whereas DAF and Crry are equally effective in preventing antibody-induced runaway complement activation on mouse erythrocytes; (2) DAF/Crry-deficient erythrocytes are eliminated by the alternative pathway of complement via complement receptor-mediated erythrophagocytosis in the spleen; and (3) when opsonized with an immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) autoantibody, Crry/DAF-deficient erythrocytes are eliminated more rapidly by complement than by the Fc receptor pathway. These results shed new light on the relative activities of Crry and DAF and underscore the critical roles of membrane C3 regulators in preventing spontaneous and antibody-induced erythrocyte damage in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Agammaglobulinemia/blood
- Agammaglobulinemia/genetics
- Agammaglobulinemia/immunology
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/blood
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/immunology
- Animals
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- CD55 Antigens/genetics
- CD55 Antigens/physiology
- Complement C3/deficiency
- Complement C3/genetics
- Complement C3/physiology
- Complement C4/deficiency
- Complement C4/genetics
- Complement C5/deficiency
- Complement C5/genetics
- Complement Pathway, Alternative/physiology
- Complement Pathway, Classical/physiology
- Enzyme Activation
- Erythrocyte Aging
- Erythrocyte Transfusion
- Graft Survival
- Hemolysis/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Opsonin Proteins/immunology
- Phagocytosis
- Receptors, Complement/deficiency
- Receptors, Complement/genetics
- Receptors, Complement/physiology
- Receptors, Complement 3b
- Receptors, IgG/deficiency
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/physiology
- Spleen/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Molina
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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Bao L, Spiller OB, St John PL, Haas M, Hack BK, Ren G, Cunningham PN, Doshi M, Abrahamson DR, Morgan BP, Quigg RJ. Decay-accelerating factor expression in the rat kidney is restricted to the apical surface of podocytes. Kidney Int 2002; 62:2010-21. [PMID: 12427125 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.t01-1-00652.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) has inhibitory activity toward complement C3 and C5 convertases. DAF is present in human glomeruli and on cultured human glomerular visceral epithelial cells (GEC). We studied the distribution and function of rat DAF. METHODS Function-neutralizing antibodies (Abs) were raised against DAF. The distribution of DAF in vivo was determined by immunoelectron microscopy. Functional studies were performed in cultured GEC and following IV injection of anti-DAF Abs into rats. RESULTS DAF was present exclusively on the apical surfaces of GEC, and was not present on the basal surfaces of GEC, nor other glomerular or kidney cells. DAF was functionally active on cultured GEC, and served to limit complement activation in concert with CD59, an inhibitor of C5b-9 formation. Upon injection into normal rats, anti-DAF F(ab')2 Abs bound to GEC in vivo, yet there was no evidence for complement activation and animals did not develop abnormal albuminuria. Anti-megalin complement-activating IgG Abs were "planted" on GEC, which activated complement as evidenced by the presence of C3d on GEC. Attempts to inhibit DAF function with anti-DAF Abs did not affect the quantity of complement activation by these anti-megalin Abs, nor did it lead to development of abnormal albuminuria. In contrast, in the puromycin aminonucleoside model of GEC injury and proteinuria, anti-DAF Abs slowed the recovery from renal failure that occurs in this model. CONCLUSION In cultured rat GEC, DAF is an effective complement regulator. In vivo, DAF is present on GEC apical surfaces. Yet, it appears that DAF is not essential to prevent complement activation from occurring under normal circumstances and in those cases in which complement-activating Abs are present on the basal surfaces of GEC in vivo. However, in proteinuric conditions, DAF appears to be protective to GEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Bao
- Section of Nephrology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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Caragine TA, Imai M, Frey AB, Tomlinson S. Expression of rat complement control protein Crry on tumor cells inhibits rat natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Blood 2002; 100:3304-10. [PMID: 12384431 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v100.9.3304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Crry is a rodent membrane-bound inhibitor of complement activation and is a structural and functional analog of the human complement inhibitors decay-accelerating factor and membrane cofactor protein. We found previously that expression of rat Crry on a human tumor cell line enhances tumorigenicity in nude rats. In this study, we investigated the effect that rat Crry expressed on tumor cells has on rat cell-mediated cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). The expression of rat Crry on the surface of different human tumor cell lines inhibited ADCC mediated by rat natural killer (NK) cells. C3 opsonization is known to enhance NK cell-mediated cytolysis, and a potential mechanism for Crry-mediated inhibition of NK cell lysis is through Crry modulation of C3 deposition on target cells. However, the transfection of tumor cell lines with Crry enhanced their resistance to NK cell-mediated lysis in the absence of exogenous complement. The resistance of Crry-expressing tumor cells to NK cell-mediated ADCC could be reversed by treatment with anti-Crry F(ab)(2). In addition, anti-Crry F(ab)(2) enhanced the susceptibility of 13762 rat mammary adenocarcinoma cells (that endogenously express Crry) to ADCC mediated by allogeneic rat NK cells in the absence of added complement. We found no evidence that rat NK cells were a source of complement for target cell deposition during the in vitro cytolysis assay. These data suggest a novel function for rat Crry in tumor immune surveillance that may be unrelated to complement inhibition.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Animals
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- CD59 Antigens/genetics
- Complement C3/immunology
- Complement C3/metabolism
- Complement System Proteins/physiology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Haplotypes
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Neuroblastoma/pathology
- Opsonin Proteins/immunology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Rats, Inbred WKY
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Receptors, Complement/genetics
- Receptors, Complement/physiology
- Receptors, Complement 3b
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Caragine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Shusta EV, Zhu C, Boado RJ, Pardridge WM. Subtractive expression cloning reveals high expression of CD46 at the blood-brain barrier. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2002; 61:597-604. [PMID: 12125738 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/61.7.597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A subtractive expression cloning methodology was used to identify proteins having enriched expression at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in comparison to liver and kidney tissues. A bovine brain capillary COS-1 cell cDNA expression library was screened with a BBB-specific antiserum. This strategy revealed that the membrane cofactor protein CD46, which is a regulator of complement activation in vivo and is also a potential measles virus receptor, is highly expressed at the BBB. The selective CD46 expression in brain at the BBB was confirmed by Northern blot analysis and confocal microscopy. The finding of selective expression of CD46 at the BBB is consistent with an important role played by the microvasculature in the immune surveillance of the brain.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence/genetics
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/isolation & purification
- Astrocytes/cytology
- Astrocytes/immunology
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Base Sequence/genetics
- Blood-Brain Barrier/genetics
- Blood-Brain Barrier/immunology
- COS Cells
- Cattle
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/analysis
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Gene Expression/immunology
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism
- Glucose Transporter Type 1
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunologic Surveillance/immunology
- Kidney/immunology
- Kidney/metabolism
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Membrane Cofactor Protein
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/isolation & purification
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Monosaccharide Transport Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/isolation & purification
- Rats
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric V Shusta
- Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90024, USA
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40
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Ehrengruber MU, Ehler E, Billeter MA, Naim HY. Measles virus spreads in rat hippocampal neurons by cell-to-cell contact and in a polarized fashion. J Virol 2002; 76:5720-8. [PMID: 11992000 PMCID: PMC137054 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.11.5720-5728.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2001] [Accepted: 03/01/2002] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) can infect the central nervous system and, in rare cases, causes subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, characterized by a progressive degeneration of neurons. The route of MV transmission in neurons was investigated in cultured rat hippocampal slices by using MV expressing green fluorescent protein. MV infected hippocampal neurons and spread unidirectionally, in a retrograde manner, from CA1 to CA3 pyramidal cells and from there to the dentate gyrus. Spreading of infection depended on cell-to-cell contact and occurred without any detectable release of infectious particles. The role of the viral proteins in the retrograde MV transmission was determined by investigating their sorting in infected pyramidal cells. MV glycoproteins, the fusion protein (F) and hemagglutinin (H), the matrix protein (M), and the phosphoprotein (P), which is part of the viral ribonucleoprotein complex, were all sorted to the dendrites. While M, P, and H proteins remained more intracellular, the F protein localized to prominent, spine-type domains at the surface of infected cells. The detected localization of MV proteins suggests that local microfusion events may be mediated by the F protein at sites of synaptic contacts and is consistent with a mechanism of retrograde transmission of MV infection.
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Hanna SM, Spiller OB, Linton SM, Mead RJ, Morgan BP. Rat T cells express neither CD55 nor CD59 and are dependent on Crry for protection from homologous complement. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32:502-9. [PMID: 11828367 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200202)32:2<502::aid-immu502>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
All human blood cells express decay-accelerating factor (DAF, CD55), CD59, and, with the exception of erythrocytes, membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD46) to protect themselves from damage by the constant low-level activation of complement in serum. In rats and mice MCP is expressed only in testis, whereas DAF and CD59 are broadly distributed. Rats and mice also express a unique complement regulator, Crry. Previously we have shown that DAF was absent from at least 75% of rat T cells. To further investigate this surprising finding, we assessed the expression levels of DAF, CD59 and Crry on all blood cell types in the rat. We found that Crry was abundantly expressed on all blood cells. CD59 was expressed abundantly on erythrocytes and granulocytes but was absent from all T cellsand platelets and a minority of B cells and NK cells. Double staining and depletion studies showed that T cells in all rat strains tested were DAF-CD59-. Neutralization of Crry using a blocking monoclonal antibody rendered T cells susceptible to lysis by homologous complement, indicating that Crry was solely responsible for protecting DAF-CD59- T cells from complement damage in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Melanie Hanna
- Complement Biology Group, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XX, Wales, GB
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42
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Miwa T, Sun X, Ohta R, Okada N, Harris CL, Morgan BP, Song WC. Characterization of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored decay accelerating factor (GPI-DAF) and transmembrane DAF gene expression in wild-type and GPI-DAF gene knockout mice using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies with dual or single specificity. Immunology 2001; 104:207-14. [PMID: 11683961 PMCID: PMC1783299 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2001.01280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Decay-accelerating factor (DAF, CD55) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked membrane inhibitor of complement activation. While human and other mammalian species contain only one DAF gene, two distinct DAF genes, referred to as GPI-DAF and transmembrane (TM)-DAF, respectively, have been identified in the mouse. Using several independently generated monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, either with dual or single specificity for GPI-DAF and TM-DAF gene products, we have examined the expression of the two DAF genes in tissues of the wild-type and a strain of knockout mouse whose GPI-DAF gene has been inactivated. By fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, we found that DAF protein is present on the wild-type mouse erythrocytes and lymphocytes but no signal was detectable on the same cells of GPI-DAF gene knockout mice. Both T and B lymphocytes and splenic macrophages express the GPI-DAF gene but the expression level is higher on B lymphocytes than on T lymphocytes. Within the T cell population, both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are positive. DAF protein was detected by immunohistochemistry at high levels on wild-type mouse spermatids and mature sperm. In contrast, only mature sperm stained positive in the GPI-DAF gene knockout mouse testis, suggesting that GPI-DAF but not the TM-DAF gene is expressed on spermatids. Examination of the fetoplacental unit at the day 7.5 stage revealed that GPI-DAF but not the TM-DAF gene is expressed in the maternal decidua cells surrounding the trophoectoderm of the embryo. No DAF expression was detected on trophoblast or the embryo proper. These findings suggest that although the TM-DAF gene is irrelevant on mouse blood cells, the two DAF genes may have different roles in germ cell development and/or mature sperm function. Because complement receptor 1-related gene/protein y (Crry) has been shown to be expressed on early mouse embryos, the complete lack of GPI-DAF and TM-DAF gene expression in early mouse development may explain the observed sensitivity of Crry-deficient embryos to maternal complement attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miwa
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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43
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Lin F, Fukuoka Y, Spicer A, Ohta R, Okada N, Harris CL, Emancipator SN, Medof ME. Tissue distribution of products of the mouse decay-accelerating factor (DAF) genes. Exploitation of a Daf1 knock-out mouse and site-specific monoclonal antibodies. Immunology 2001; 104:215-25. [PMID: 11683962 PMCID: PMC1783297 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2001.01287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2001] [Revised: 05/29/2001] [Accepted: 06/04/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Decay-accelerating factor (DAF) is a membrane regulator of C3 activation that protects self cells from autologous complement attack. In humans, DAF is uniformly expressed as a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored molecule. In mice, both GPI-anchored and transmembrane-anchored DAF proteins are produced, each of which can be derived from two different genes (Daf1 and Daf2). In this report, we describe a Daf1 gene knock-out mouse arising as the first product of a strategy for targeting one or both Daf genes. As part of the work, we characterize recently described monoclonal antibodies against murine DAF protein using deletion mutants synthesized in yeast, and then employ the monoclonal antibodies in conjunction with wild-type and the Daf1 knock-out mice to determine the tissue distribution of the mouse Daf1 and Daf2 gene products. To enhance the immunohistochemical detection of murine DAF protein, we utilized the sensitive tyramide fluorescence method. In wild-type mice, we found strong DAF labelling of glomeruli, airway and gut epithelium, the spleen, vascular endothelium throughout all tissues, and seminiferous tubules of the testis. In Daf1 knock-out mice, DAF labelling was ablated in most tissues, but strong labelling of the testis and splenic dendritic cells remained. In both sites, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses identified both GPI and transmembrane forms of Daf2 gene-derived protein. The results have relevance for studies of in vivo murine DAF function and of murine DAF structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lin
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Sogabe H, Nangaku M, Ishibashi Y, Wada T, Fujita T, Sun X, Miwa T, Madaio MP, Song WC. Increased susceptibility of decay-accelerating factor deficient mice to anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:2791-7. [PMID: 11509624 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.5.2791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
To prevent complement-mediated autologous tissue damage, host cells express a number of membrane-bound complement inhibitors. Decay-accelerating factor (DAF, CD55) is a GPI-linked membrane complement regulator that is widely expressed in mammalian tissues including the kidney. DAF inhibits the C3 convertase of both the classical and alternative pathways. Although DAF deficiency contributes to the human hematological syndrome paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, the relevance of DAF in autoimmune tissue damage such as immune glomerulonephritis remains to be determined. In this study, we have investigated the susceptibility of knockout mice that are deficient in GPI-anchored DAF to nephrotoxic serum nephritis. Injection of a subnephritogenic dose of rabbit anti-mouse glomerular basement membrane serum induced glomerular disease in DAF knockout mice but not in wild-type controls. When examined at 8 days after anti-glomerular basement membrane treatment, DAF knockout mice had a much higher percentage of diseased glomeruli than wild-type mice (68.8 +/- 25.0 vs 10.0 +/- 3.5%; p < 0.01). Morphologically, DAF knockout mice displayed increased glomerular volume (516 +/- 68 vs 325 +/- 18 x 10(3) microm(3) per glomerulus; p < 0.0001) and cellularity (47.1 +/- 8.9 vs 32.0 +/- 3.1 cells per glomerulus; p < 0.01). Although the blood urea nitrogen level showed no difference between the two groups, proteinuria was observed in the knockout mice but not in the wild-type mice (1.4 +/- 0.7 vs 0.02 +/- 0.01 mg/24 h albumin excretion). The morphological and functional abnormalities in the knockout mouse kidney were associated with evidence of increased complement activation in the glomeruli. These results support the conclusion that membrane C3 convertase inhibitors like DAF play a protective role in complement-mediated immune glomerular damage in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sogabe
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Miwa T, Song WC. Membrane complement regulatory proteins: insight from animal studies and relevance to human diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2001; 1:445-59. [PMID: 11367529 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(00)00043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The complement system plays an important role in host defense. However, if not properly regulated, activated complement can also cause significant damage to host tissues. To prevent complement-mediated autologous tissue damage, host cells express a number of membrane-bound complement regulatory proteins. These include decay-accelerating factor (DAF, CD55), membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD46) and CD59. Recent studies of membrane complement regulatory proteins from various animal species have revealed similarities as well as significant differences from the corresponding human proteins. In this review, we summarize recent advances in this area and contrast the structure, function and tissue distribution of membrane complement regulatory proteins in human and nonprimate mammalian species. We also discuss how the characterization of the animal proteins has provided important clues and might continue to show relevance to the pathogenesis and therapeutics of a number of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miwa
- Centre for Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 1351 BRBII-III, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Ehrengruber MU, Hennou S, Büeler H, Naim HY, Déglon N, Lundstrom K. Gene Transfer into Neurons from Hippocampal Slices: Comparison of Recombinant Semliki Forest Virus, Adenovirus, Adeno-Associated Virus, Lentivirus, and Measles Virus. Mol Cell Neurosci 2001; 17:855-71. [PMID: 11358483 DOI: 10.1006/mcne.2001.0982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors are useful for transferring genes into neurons. Here, we characterized recombinant Semliki Forest virus (SFV), adenovirus type 5 (Ad5), adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV), lentivirus, and measles virus (MV) by their expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in rat hippocampal slice cultures. SFV infected more neurons (>90% of all GFP-positive cells) than AAV, lentivirus, and MV (71, 69, and 62%, respectively), whereas no infected neurons were identified with Ad5. AAV-mediated GFP expression was neuron-specific when the platelet-derived growth factor beta-chain promoter rather than cytomegalovirus promoter was used. Transgene expression occurred rapidly but transiently for SFV, increased slowly but remained stable with AAV and lentivirus, and was fast with MV. Resting membrane potential and conductance, action potentials, firing accommodation, and H-current appeared normal in infected CA1 pyramidal cells. Thus, SFV is useful for short-term and AAV and lentivirus for long-term transduction of hippocampal slices, while MV constitutes a novel vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- M U Ehrengruber
- Brain Research Institute, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Nonaka MI, Wang G, Mori T, Okada H, Nonaka M. Novel androgen-dependent promoters direct expression of the C4b-binding protein alpha-chain gene in epididymis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:4570-7. [PMID: 11254714 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.7.4570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
C4b-binding protein (C4BP) is a large plasma protein composed of seven alpha-chains and one beta-chain and is involved in the fluid phase regulation of the classical pathway of the complement system. Complement inhibitory activity is located in the alpha-chain, and its mRNA has been detected only in liver to date. Here, we have isolated cDNA clones encoding the alpha-chain of guinea pig C4BP (C4BP alpha) and have demonstrated significant C4BP alpha mRNA expression in epididymis as well as liver. The level of C4BP alpha transcripts increased in the epididymis after birth, while it remained constant in the liver. C4BP alpha mRNA was also detected in the normal murine epididymis at a significant level, but it decreased drastically after castration, suggesting that epididymal expression of the C4BP alpha gene is regulated by androgen. Gene analysis of guinea pig C4BP alpha indicated that liver and epididymis C4BP alpha mRNA share the coding region and 3'-untranslated region, but are transcribed from independent promoters on a single-copy gene. Two novel epididymis-specific promoters were identified in the region corresponding to the first intron of liver transcripts. The binding motif for hepatocyte NF-1 occurs in the promoter used for transcription of liver C4BP alpha, whereas androgen-responsive elements occur in both promoters used in the epididymis. These findings present a novel link between complement regulators and reproduction. Furthermore, variation in the 5'-untranslated regions, arising from alternative splicing of the newly identified exons, is demonstrable in the guinea pig C4BP alpha transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Nonaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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He C, Nonaka M, Tada T, Koji T, Li W, Okada N, Okada H. Decay accelerating factor in guinea-pig reproductive organs. Immunology 2000; 100:91-8. [PMID: 10809964 PMCID: PMC2326979 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Decay accelerating factor (DAF, CD55) expressed in human reproductive organs and gametes is thought to play a pivotal role in protection against autologous complement activation in the genital tract. To further investigate the role of DAF in reproduction, we analysed DAF distribution in reproductive organs using guinea-pigs that express multiple DAF isoforms. In males, significant staining was observed in testis on the elongated spermatids and spermatozoa. Levels of DAF mRNA with a shorter 3' untranslated region were significantly enhanced in testis from 9 weeks of age, indicating the presence of DAF mRNA and protein synthesis of spermatozoa DAF in late haploid germ cells. Epididymal spermatozoa appeared to express DAF on the inner acrosomal membrane as well as over their entire surface. Significant DAF expression was also observed on the epithelium of seminal vesicles from 4 weeks of age, with no increase thereafter in the mRNA. C3 mRNA was not detected in this tissue. In females, DAF was detected on the plasma membranes of oocytes through follicle development and on the apical region of uterine epithelium, although the levels of DAF mRNA in these tissues were low. In addition, DAF was selectively expressed on the apical region of ciliated oviductal epithelial cells. The apical region of the ciliated cells comprising the efferent ductule epithelium was also stained significantly, even at 12 days of age, while other epididymal epithelial cells were hardly stained at any age, suggesting that DAF is constitutively expressed on cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C He
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Nagoya City University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Li W, Tada T, Miwa T, Okada N, Ito J, Okada H, Tateyama H, Eimoto T. mRNA expression of complement components and regulators in rat arterial smooth muscle cells. Microbiol Immunol 1999; 43:585-93. [PMID: 10480555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1999.tb02445.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The presence of C5b-9 complexes, some complement regulators, and abundant cytokines in atherosclerotic lesions has been reported. However, it is unclear whether these complement-associated proteins are produced by vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and how they are influenced by the cytokines. In the present study, we demonstrated, by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method, the mRNA expression of complement components (C3, C4, and C5) and membrane regulators (decay-accelerating factor, membrane cofactor protein, Crry, and CD59) in cultured SMCs derived from the rat carotid artery. The expression of C9 mRNA was also induced upon stimulation by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Northern blot analysis showed that the mRNA expression of C3, C4, DAF and Crry was up-regulated, but that of CD59 was down-regulated by IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and/or LPS alone or by synergy. The increase of C3 mRNA by TNF-alpha or LPS and that of C4 mRNA by IFN-gamma was induced in a dose-dependent manner. The results indicate that the arterial SMCs of rat have the ability to produce complement components and regulators, which is affected by cytokines and/or LPS. Since atherosclerosis is characterized by the intimal proliferation of SMCs, the complement system including its regulators may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Li
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Abstract
Measles virus, the first pathogen recognized to cause immunosuppression, induces profound and prolonged abnormalities in cellular immune responses in infected hosts. The ability of measles virus to specifically ablate monocyte/macrophage and dendritic cell production of interleukin (IL)-12 provides a potentially unifying mechanism for many of these in vivo and in vitro abnormalities. Cross-linking of the cellular receptor for measles virus, the complement regulatory protein CD46, is sufficient to inhibit IL-12 production. CD46-mediated downregulation of IL-12 has turned out to be a specific instance of a more general pattern of tight inhibitory control over IL-12 production effected by complement and phagocytic receptors on antigen-presenting cells. Exploitation of these pathways by other intracellular pathogens is likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Karp
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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