Adhesion mechanisms mediated by probiotics and prebiotics and their potential impact on human health

Gut microbiota in hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy: immune microenvironment remodeling and gut microbiota modification

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, with limited treatment options at advanced stages. The gut microbiota, a diverse community of microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, plays a pivotal role in regulating immune responses through the gut-liver axis. Emerging evidence underscores its impact on HCC progression and the efficacy of immunotherapy. This review explores the intricate interactions between gut microbiota and the immune system in HCC, with a focus on key immune cells and pathways involved in tumor immunity. Additionally, it highlights strategies for modulating the gut microbiota - such as fecal microbiota transplantation, dietary interventions, and probiotics - as potential approaches to enhancing immunotherapy outcomes. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms could pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies aimed at improving patient prognosis.

Use of postbiotics and parabiotics from lactobacilli in the treatment of infectious diarrhea

Probiotics are effective in the treatment of diarrheal disease which is the second leading cause of death in children below the age of five years via the production of antimicrobial peptides and lactic acid. These live bacteria are known to benefit the host by modulating their gut microbiome and competitively excluding pathogens from the gut. As probiotics are live microbial cells, their safety evaluation is a concern that shifts the focus from the usage of live cells to parabiotics and postbiotics. In recent years attempts have been made to study the efficacy of postbiotics and parabiotics against enteric pathogens. Enteric pathogens are the major cause of diarrhea resulting in watery stools and electrolyte imbalance. Among various gastrointestinal illnesses, 30 % are caused by bacteria. These gastrointestinal infections in adults have usually mild to moderate symptoms that disappear spontaneously but, in some cases, they can cause chronic diseases such as typhoid, irritable bowel syndrome, ulcerative colitis and bacteremia. The extensive use of antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial-infection-induced diarrhea has led to the emergence of drug resistance among these enteric pathogens. Drug resistance poses a major threat in the treatment of various other diseases as well. Further, the use of antibiotics is known to disrupt the homeostasis of the gut by killing the normal gut flora thereby worsening the situation. Therefore, the urgent need for new interventions to combat these enteric pathogens along with restoration of gut barrier. Lactobacillus-derived parabiotics and postbiotics have emerged as promising approaches for managing and treating diarrheal diseases. Therefore, our research is focused on studying the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of Lactobacillus spp.-derived postbiotics and parabiotics against enteric pathogens. Understanding these mechanisms helps in combatting diarrhea associated with enteric pathogens and results in reducing the morbidity and mortality rates associated with infectious diarrhea and its complications.

Unripe apple polyphenols extract improves intestinal inflammation and restructures gut microbiota in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Natural polyphenolic extracts have been recognized to reduce the risk of hypertension. Coupled with evidence that gut dysbiosis is tightly linked to the development of hypertension, we hypothesized that modulating gut microbiota may be associated with the benefits of unripe apple polyphenols extract (UAPE). This study aimed to explore the effects of UAPE on hypertension and its complications, while elucidating the underlying mechanisms in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). SHR received either vehicle (ddH2O), captopril (30 mg/kg body weight/day), or low-dose (10 mg/kg body weight/day), middle-dose (50 mg/kg body weight/day), or high-dose (250 mg/kg body weight/day) UAPE by oral gavage daily for 8 weeks. Concurrently, Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats received vehicle to serve as normotensive controls. We observed that UAPE offered protective effects against hypertension-induced blood pressure elevation (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure), glycolipid metabolic disorders (serum lipids, glucose), and renal damage (serum creatinine, renal histopathology) in SHR. Additionally, UAPE exerted gut health benefits via enhancing intestinal barrier integrity (colonic and ileal histopathology, colonic tight junction protein 1 and Occludin mRNA and protein) and mitigating intestinal inflammation (colonic TNFα and IL-6 mRNA) in SHR. Moreover, UAPE effectively alleviated the development of left ventricular hypertrophy (cardiac histopathology, echocardiography) and endothelial dysfunction (serum endothelial nitric oxide synthase, endothelin-1), both critical markers of hypertensive progression. Mechanistically, the anti-inflammatory effects of UAPE may be linked to the colonic inhibition of the HMGB1-TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway (mRNA and protein for colonic HMGB1, TLR4, and P-P65) in SHR. Notably, UAPE elevated microbial richness and diversity, normalizing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. Besides, UAPE increased the beneficial bacteria linked to healthy states, including Intestinimonas_butyriciproducens, Lactobacillus_intestinalis, Ruminiclostridium, Oscillibacter_sp., and Bifidobacterium, reduced the harmful bacteria related to hypertension, upregulated health-promoting microbial function, and elevated the concentrations of gut microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids, including acetic acid and butyric acid, in SHR. Collectively, these observations support the antihypertensive effects of UAPE in the SHR model, highlighting the intimate link between UAPE, gut microbiota, and hypertension. Our findings provide novel insights into the UAPE-mediated improvements in hypertension and its complications, which may be intricately linked to the modulation of the microbiota-gut axis.

The relationship of the microbiome, associated metabolites and the gut barrier with pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancers have high mortality and rising incidence rates which may be related to unhealthy western-type dietary and lifestyle patterns as well as increasing body weights and obesity rates. Recent data also suggest a role for the gut microbiome in the development of pancreatic cancer. Here, we review the experimental and observational evidence for the roles of the oral, gut and intratumoural microbiomes, impaired gut barrier function and exposure to inflammatory compounds as well as metabolic dysfunction as contributors to pancreatic disease with a focus on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) initiation and progression. We also highlight some emerging gut microbiome editing techniques currently being investigated in the context of pancreatic disease. Notably, while the gut microbiome is significantly altered in PDAC and its precursor diseases, its utility as a diagnostic and prognostic tool is hindered by a lack of reproducibility and the potential for reverse causality in case-control cohorts. Future research should emphasise longitudinal and mechanistic studies as well as integrating lifestyle exposure and multi-omics data to unravel complex host-microbiome interactions. This will allow for deeper aetiologic and mechanistic insights that can inform treatments and guide public health recommendations.

Genomic and Phenotypic Insight into the Probiotic Potential of Lactic Acid Bacterial spp. Associated with the Human Gut Mucosa

Commensal microbiome-based health support is gaining respect in the medical community and new human gut-associated Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) strains must be evaluated for their probiotic potential. Here we characterized the phenotype and genomes of human ileocecal mucosa-associated LAB strains using metagenomic sequencing and in vitro testing. The strains characterized belonged to the genus Enterococcus (Enterococcus lactis NPL1366, NPL1371, and Enterococcus mundtii NPL1379) and Lactobacillus (Lactobacillus paragasseri, NPL1369, NPL1370, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NPL1378). Genome annotation suggested bacterial adaptation to both human physiological and industrial manufacturing-related stressors. Genes for histidine kinases in enterococci and Na + /K + antiporters and F0F1 ATP synthases in Lactobacillus strains may support their tolerance to acid seen in vitro. The bile salt hydrolase (BSH) gene in Lp. plantarum and L. paragasseri may help explain their reported bile salt deconjugation and cholesterol-lowering behavior. Thioredoxin is the principal antioxidant system, and several oxidases and general stress-related proteins are found in lactobacilli, most notably in L. plantarum NPL1378. Multiple adhesion and biofilm-related genes were predicted in the LAB genomes. Adhesion and biofilm-related genes figured prominently in the genomes of enterococcal strains, especially E. lactis, corresponding to its biofilm formation capacity in vitro. Bacteriocin and secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters in the sequenced genomes of E. lactis NPL1366 and Lp. plantarum NPL1378 may explain their in vitro pathogenic antagonism. Moreover, folate producing Lp. plantarum strain holds potential to be used in therapeutics or biofortification of food. All the strains were deemed safe through in vitro and in silico analysis. This basic genetic and phenotypic information supports their contention as probiotic adjuncts to conventional medical therapy.

Recent drug delivery systems targeting the gut-brain-microbiome axis for the management of chronic diseases

In recent years, the study of microorganisms and the brain has become increasingly connected. The gut-brain-microbiome axis (GBMA), a bi-directional communication system, is the key part of how the body's bacteria and the brain interact. This system can influence the brain and behaviour. Changes in this relationship have been linked to various mental and physical health conditions. The immune system, tryptophan metabolism, the vagus nerve, and the enteric nervous system all facilitate connections between the gut and brain. Microbes produce Peptidoglycans, branched-chain amino acids, and short-chain fatty acids, which are involved in this communication. Studies suggest the gut microbiome may be involved in conditions like autism, anxiety, obesity, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Researchers are exploring the gut-brain connection to cure a variety of disorders, such as neurological disorders, cancers, metabolic problems, and liver diseases. Developing novel drug delivery systems is a key focus in GBMA for therapeutic targeting at various disease pathways. Notable platforms attracting significant interest include silica nanoparticle-based delivery systems for probiotic spores, composite hydrogels formulated from protein isolates and citrus pectin, and biomimetic nanosystems designed for targeted therapeutic delivery. This review summarizes different methods of delivering drugs and using dietary interventions to target the GBMA and treat these conditions in a less invasive way. By understanding how the gut and brain communicate, scientists aim to develop new and more effective therapies for these complex chronic diseases.

Antibiofilm Power of Basil Essential Oil Against Fish-Originated Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella and Bacillus spp.: Targeting Biofilms on Food Contact Surfaces

The antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy of two Ocimum basilicum L., essential oils sourced from Colombia (BEOC) and Italy (BEOI), was evaluated against multidrug-resistant fish isolates of Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus oceanisediminis-species for which such activity has not been previously reported. Using a fish-based model system (FBMS), we found that BEOI, rich in linalool (69.86%), exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity than camphor-dominated BEOC (24.61%). The antimicrobial effects of both EOs were strain- and concentration-dependent, with minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) 3.75-15.0 µL/mL for BEOI and 15.0-30.0 µL/mL for BEOC. Pure linalool showed even greater potency (MBC: 0.0125 to 0.025 µL/mL). Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that BEOI induced severe membrane damage (27% of the cells within 1 h), ultimately leading to the death of 96% of the cells after 24 h. Biofilm formation, assessed in both FBMS and tryptone soy broth (TSB), was strain-dependent, with FBMS promoting higher biofilm production than TSB. Moreover, significant differences in biofilm morphotypes were observed, with the morphotype PDAR (pink dry and rough), characterized by only cellulose, being the most frequently exhibited by the strains (7/15), while BDAR (brown dry and rough), characterized by only curli, was the least expressed (7/15); the remaining strains presented morphotype RDAR. In addition, the strains in polystyrene surfaces accumulated more biomass than stainless steel 304. Notably, BEOI and linaool significantly reduced biofilm formation across all strains, with a reduction of 90% in S. enterica subsp. salamae strains (TJC19 and TJC21. These strains with the RDAR phenotype likely contribute to their strong biofilm-forming capacity. Our findings highlight BEOI's potential as a natural anti-biofilm agent in food processing environments, offering a promising strategy to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria biofilm-related challenges in the food industry.

Hypoglycemic, Antioxidant Activities, and Probiotic Characteristics of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LBUX2302 Isolated from Stool Samples of Neonates

Lacticaseibacillus species have shown potential in managing hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and oxidative stress, depending on the strain and species. This study aimed to isolate a novel Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus strain from healthy newborns and assess its hypoglycemic and antioxidative activity, along with other probiotic properties. A non-hemolytic L. rhamnosus LBUX2302 was isolated, and it exhibited survival rates of 2.7%, 22%, and 27.5% at pH 2, 3, and 5 for 120 min. It metabolized various carbon sources and showed resistance to gentamicin, dicloxacillin, and penicillin; coaggregated with Salmonella typhi ATCC14028, Staphylococcus aureus STCC6538, and Escherichia coli O157:H7. L. rhamnosus LBUX2302 showed hydrophobicity, autoaggregation, and adhesion to HaCat, HeLa, MCF-7, SK-LU-1, and SW620 cell lines. It also exhibited extracellular activity of bile salt hydrolase. Enzymatic inhibition assays revealed 66% and 24% inhibitions of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. Its cell-free supernatant inhibited DPPH (89%), hydroxyl (81%), and superoxide anion radicals (61%). Also, antioxidant activity was observed in whole cells and cell fragments. Finally, the presence of ferulic acid activity was detected. The results highlight L. rhamnosus LBUX2302 as a promising probiotic with hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects, warranting further in vivo evaluation for its possible inclusion in functional food and health formulations.

Genomic characterization and probiotic assessment of Bifidobacterium breve JKL2022 with strain-specific CLA-converting properties

Bifidobacterium breve is a well-recognized probiotic species. B. breve JKL2022, a strain isolated from the feces of healthy infants that exhibits superior conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-converting activity, was functionally characterized for probiotic safety and applicability through genomic and in vitro analyses. The JKL2022 genome comprises a 2,313,948 bp sequence assembled into a single contig, encoding a total of 1,998 genes. In silico predictive analyses confirmed the absence of virulence factors and acquired resistance genes while verifying its intrinsic antimicrobial resistance profile. Several CAZymes were identified, consistent with the strain's fermentation profile. Additionally, the gene encoding the key enzyme for CLA conversion was identified as a 993-bp lai gene, underscoring the species-level differences in microbial CLA metabolism. The functionality, stress tolerance, and safety of JKL2022 were further confirmed through experimental assessments. JKL2022 exhibited tolerance to acid and bile salts, auto-aggregation, and cell surface hydrophobicity, indicating its potential to survive gastrointestinal transit. Furthermore, JKL2022 exhibited α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and tested negative for starch hydrolysis, hemolysis, and gelatinase activity. The inherent probiotic properties of Bifidobacterium, combined with the strain-specific CLA conversion using growing cells and postbiotic preparations, contribute to the potential health benefits of B. breve JKL2022, as verified in this study.

Smart Probiotic Solutions for Mycotoxin Mitigation: Innovations in Food Safety and Sustainable Agriculture

Mycotoxin contamination poses severe risks to food safety and agricultural sustainability. Probiotic-based interventions offer a promising strategy for mitigating these toxic compounds through adsorption, biodegradation, and gut microbiota modulation. This review examines the mechanisms by which specific probiotic strains inhibit mycotoxin biosynthesis, degrade existing toxins, and enhance host detoxification pathways. Emphasis is placed on strain-specific interactions, genetic and metabolic adaptations, and advancements in formulation technologies that improve probiotic efficacy in food matrices. Also, the review explores smart delivery systems, such as encapsulation techniques and biofilm applications, to enhance probiotic stability and functionality. Issues related to regulatory approval, strain viability, and large-scale implementation are also discussed. By integrating molecular insights, applied case studies, and innovative probiotic-based solutions, this review provides a roadmap for advancing safe and sustainable strategies to combat mycotoxin contamination in food and agricultural systems.

Analysis of the antioxidant properties of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum EA3 isolated from fermented yak milk based on whole genome sequencing

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum EA3 was isolated from traditional fermented yak milk in the Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province, China. Whole-genome analysis revealed that the EA3 genome is 3.47 Mb in size, consisting of a circular chromosome and three plasmids. The circular chromosome measures 3,318,230 bp in length with a GC content of 44.48 %. Functional annotation identified at least ten regulatory pathways and 33 protein-coding genes associated with oxidative stress, whose abundance correlates with free radical scavenging rates and oxygen tolerance. Additionally, genes encoding ten acid-tolerant proteins, ten bile salt-tolerant proteins, 26 adhesive proteins, and 12 bacteriocin-related proteins were detected. In vitro experiments have confirmed that EA3 can withstand up to 4 mM H2O2. Both the cell suspension and fermentation supernatant of EA3 exhibited significant radical scavenging activity and reducing power, highlighting its robust antioxidant properties. EA3 demonstrated high survival rates under harsh conditions, including pH 2.5 (90.24 %) and 1.2 % bile salt, and displayed antibacterial activity against Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus. The EA3 genome lacked virulence factors, and its sensitivity to antibiotics, absence of hemolytic activity, and inability to produce biogenic amines confirmed its safety. These findings suggest that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum EA3 possesses exceptional antioxidant properties, making it a promising candidate for functional food production.

Gut microbiota reshapes the TNBC immune microenvironment: Emerging immunotherapeutic strategies

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. The gut microbiota, a diverse community of microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract, plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses through the gut-immune axis. Recent studies have highlighted its significant impact on TNBC progression and the efficacy of immunotherapies. This review examines the interactions between gut microbiota and the immune system in TNBC, focusing on key immune cells and pathways involved in tumor immunity. It also explores microbiota modulation strategies, including probiotics, prebiotics, dietary interventions, and fecal microbiota transplantation, as potential methods to enhance immunotherapeutic outcomes. Understanding these mechanisms offers promising avenues for improving treatment efficacy and patient prognosis in TNBC.

Nanocoating of quinoa protein and hyaluronic acid enhances viability and stability of Limosilactobacillus fermentum RC4 microcapsules

Nanocoating represents an effective strategy for creating a protective barrier on probiotic surfaces, preventing them from damage. Here, we developed HAQ microcapsules comprising Limosilactobacillus fermentum RC4, which were nanocoated with hyaluronic acid and quinoa protein. We characterized the stability and safety, and investigated the intermolecular forces and transcriptome to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the nanocoating. The encapsulation efficiency, survival rates following freeze drying, simulated oro-gastrointestinal conditions, and storage at 4 °C for 56 d were 10.32 %, 12.74 %, 7.56 %, and 14.56 % higher, respectively, than those of LF RC4 alone. The HAQ microcapsules demonstrated adhesion to Caco-2 cells and safely promoted proliferation in RAW 264.7 cells. Electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions emerged as the primary forces within the HAQ microcapsules, facilitating structural rearrangements of wall materials, promoting the ordered aggregation of quinoa protein, and enhancing the stability of microcapsules. Transcriptome analysis revealed that HAQ upregulated argF and carB involved in lysine and glutamic acid biosynthesis, while downregulating mraY and murG associated with carbohydrate biosynthesis. It is postulated that these regulatory effects may enhance bacterial metabolism and proliferation, thereby facilitating the exertion of functional properties such as adhesion. Our findings offer valuable insights into the development of highly active and stable probiotic freeze-dried powders.

Gut microbiota and their influence in brain cancer milieu

Microbial communities are not simply remnants of the past but dynamic entities that continuously evolve under the selective pressures of nature, reflecting the intricate and adaptive processes of evolution. The microbiota residing in the various regions of the human body has numerous roles in different physiological processes such as nutrition, metabolism, immune regulation, etc. In the zeal of achieving empirical insights into the ambit of the gut microbiome, the research over the years led to the revelation of reciprocal interaction between the gut microbiome and the cognitive functioning of the human body. Dysbiosis in the gut microbial composition disturbs the homeostatic cognitive functioning of the human body. This dysbiosis has been associated with various chronic diseases, including brain cancer, such as glioma, glioblastoma, etc. This review explores the mechanistic role of dysbiosis-mediated progression of brain cancers and their subtypes. Moreover, it demonstrates the regulatory role of microbial metabolites produced by the gut microbiota, such as short-chain fatty acids, amino acids, lipids, etc., in the tumour progression. Further, we also provide valuable insights into the microbiota mediating the efficiency of therapeutic regimens, thereby leveraging gut microbiota as potential biomarkers and targets for improved treatment outcomes.

Food, Health, and Environmental Impact of Lactic Acid Bacteria: The Superbacteria for Posterity

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are Gram-positive cocci or rods that do not produce spores or respire. Their primary function is to ferment carbohydrates and produce lactic acid. The two primary forms of LAB that are currently recognized are homofermentative and heterofermentative. This review discusses the evolutionary diversity and the biochemical and biophysical conditions required by LAB for their metabolism. Next, it concentrates on the applications of these bacteria in gut health, cancer prevention, and overall well-being and food systems. There are numerous uses for LAB, including the food and dairy sectors, as probiotics to improve human and animal gut-health, as anti-carcinogenic agents, and in food safety as biopreservatives, pathogen inhibitors, and reducers of anti-nutrients in foods. The group included many genera, including Aerococcus, Carnobacterium, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Streptococcus, Tetragenococcus, Vagococcus, and Weissella. Numerous species of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera as well as other microbes have been suggested as probiotic strains, or live microorganisms added to meals to improve health. LAB can colonize the intestine and take part in the host's physiological processes. This review briefly highlights the role of these bacteria in food safety and security as well as aspects of regulation and consumer acceptance. Finally, the recent innovations in LAB fermentations and the limitations and challenges of the applications of LAB in the food industry are discussed. Notwithstanding recent developments, the study of LAB and their functional components is still an emerging topic of study that has not yet realized its full potential.

Prebiotic activity comparison of eight oligosaccharides: selection of a potential synbiotic containing konjac manna-oligosaccharides and Bifidobacterium animalis BB-12

Various types of non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs) have attracted tremendous interest due to their healthy functions in regulating intestinal microbiota. Whereas the specificity of different NDOs towards certain intestinal bacterial species remains unclear. In this study, konjac manna-oligosaccharides (KMOS) were selected from eight NDOs through in vitro faecal batch fermentation. KMOS accelerated increase of recognised probiotics (Bifidobacterium spp. and Akkermansia spp.) and achieved the highest productions of lactic acid and total short-chain fatty acids (42.0 mM). β-Mannosidase and β-glucosidase played important role in the utilisation of KMOS, and mannobiose and glucosyl-mannobiose were preferentially consumed by faecal microbiota. In pure culture, the utilisation of KMOS was tested with nine Bifidobacterium strains. Amongst, KMOS increased the cell density of B. animalis BB-12 by 3.5 folds and improved its adhesion ability to Caco-2 cell by 3.1 folds, suggesting that KMOS and B. animalis BB-12 may be developed as a potential synbiotic combination.

New Insights into a Conceptual Bionic Colonic Bioreactor: A Model, 'Probiotics in Human Colon', Showing How Probiotics Alleviate Constipation from a Bioprocess Engineering Perspective

Constipation is a common problem which often causes negative impacts on the patient's quality of life. Apart from the pharmacologic and diet approaches, the use of probiotics has gradually shown promising efficacy to alleviate constipation. However, an exact understanding of the underlying mechanisms of probiotic actions on alleviating constipation is still unclear and need to be explored. In this review, we propose a model, 'probiotics in human colon', from a bioprocess engineering perspective. This model can be interpreted as a new concept of bionic colonic bioreactor design of a human colon in vitro, in which the transport phenomena during the fermentation of chyme by probiotics can be detected. By reviewing the anatomy structure and peristalsis mode of the human colon, we have focused on the influence by probiotics on the physical properties of colonic contents during the fermentation process. We relate physical properties such as shape, water content, density, hardness, viscosity, and elasticity to constipation symptoms directly. The influences on the physical properties of colon contents triggered by probiotics can be a potential key to understand the mechanisms for alleviating constipation.

Efficacy of probiotic, prebiotic, synbiotic and postbiotic supplementation on gastrointestinal health in cats: systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

The clinical efficacy of the use of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and postbiotics (biotics) in cats is unknown, despite their use in daily practice. The objectives of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of biotic supplementation in treating and preventing gastroenteropathies, and in reducing gastrointestinal signs associated with antibiotics in cats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A systematic review was conducted by searching four databases for publications before August 2, 2024, following a pre-registered protocol. Eligible publications were trials involving healthy cats or those with gastroenteropathies, supplemented with biotics (and an inactive control), studying outcomes such as faecal consistency, faecal microbiota or vomiting. Risk of bias and quality of reports were assessed. Effects were synthesised by meta-analyses and vote counting based on direction of effect. Certainty of evidence was rated using GRADE approach.

RESULTS

Twenty reports were included, presenting unclear or low risk of bias. The evidence did not permit a high-confidence evaluation of the effectiveness of biotics, although five of the seven probiotic trials showed beneficial effects on faecal consistency. Synbiotics presented no clinically relevant effect in reducing antibiotics-associated vomiting, with very low certainty, in a meta-analysis including 32 adult cats. Probiotics significantly reduce the Bacillota/Actinomycetota ratio, with low certainty, in a meta-analysis involving 34 healthy young-adult cats. Following vote counting, probiotics improved immune profile in young cats, and increased butyric acid concentration in healthy cats.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Current data highlight the need for further research, especially focused on at-risk groups and sick cats, before advocating the use of biotic supplementation.

High-pressure-induced viable but non-culturable lactic acid bacteria inhibit its post-acidification

Inhibiting post-acidification while preserving viable probiotics in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermentation is pivotal to preserving quality and probiotic benefits. In this study, following high-pressure processing (HPP) at 400 and 500 MPa for 600 s, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum entered the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state. Resuscitation curves, pH levels, acid generation, and glucose metabolism were monitored at 4 °C. VBNC L. plantarum began resuscitation on Day 6 and reached stationary phase by Days 24-27. Glucose metabolism decreased significantly, with no detectable pH drop or acid production, indicating post-acidification was delayed by at least 24 days. Mechanistic insights revealed that post-acidification inhibition was due to HPP-disrupted riboflavin metabolism, related to the cellular respiratory chain and downgraded ATP-depended biosynthesis of NADH, a key coenzyme for lactic acid production. Ultimately, HPP-induced VBNC L. plantarum effectively prevented post-acidification and preserved alive L. plantarum in fermented tomato sauce, verified its ability in real foods.

A Narrative Review on the Impact of Probiotic Supplementation on Muscle Development, Metabolic Regulation, and Fiber Traits Related to Meat Quality in Broiler Chickens

Public concern over drug resistance has led to governmental regulations banning the use of antibiotics as growth promoters, stimulating interest in developing complementary strategies to maintain animal production, mitigate infections, and enhance muscle characteristics and quality parameters, especially in meat-producing animals. Probiotics are recognized as a potential strategy for improving growth, primarily by promoting intestinal homeostasis. These microorganisms are suggested to modulate gut microbiota, preserving their ecosystem and influencing secondary metabolite production, which can directly or indirectly regulate skeletal muscle metabolism by influencing the expression of key muscle-related genes and the activity of various signaling factors. Several studies have documented the potential benefits of various strains of Bacillus, Enterococcus, and members of the Lactobacillaceae family on muscle characteristics. These studies have shown that probiotics not only modulated myogenic factors but also influenced proteins and enzymes involved in signaling pathways related to carbon metabolism, inflammatory response, mitochondrial dynamics, and antioxidant activity. These effects have been associated with improvements in meat quality parameters and enhanced growth performance. This manuscript seeks to present a brief overview of the impact of probiotic supplementation on muscle health and the quality of meat in broiler chickens.

Goat milk oligosaccharides: regulating infant immunity by intervention in the gut microbiota

The health status of the growing infant is closely related to the development of the gut microbiota during infancy, which is also a major stimulator of the immune system. Goat milk oligosaccharides (gMOs) are a class of bioactive compounds in goat milk, which have attracted extensive research interest in recent years. Recent studies have highlighted that gMOs as prebiotics can regulate the gut microbiota, exhibit multiple health effects, and act as immunomodulators. This article outlines the structure, classification, and functions of gMOs. In addition, we also deeply explored the mechanism of gMO interaction with infant gut microbiota and regulation of infant immunity. Finally, the possibility of gMOs as an effective substitute for natural prebiotics in breast milk is revisited. We concluded that gMOs improve infant immune function by regulating intestinal beneficial bacteria (Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, etc.) and their metabolism. Therefore, gMOs are significant to infant immune health and are expected to become a substitute for human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs).

Probiotic Bifidobacterium bifidum strains desialylate MUC13 and increase intestinal epithelial barrier function

Probiotic bacteria including Bifidobacterial species have the capacity to improve intestinal health, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are often not understood. Bifidobacteria are considered keystone species but have a relatively low abundance in the adult intestinal tract. Bifidobacterium colonization depends on degradation of host-derived carbohydrates, including human milk oligosaccharides and mucin-associated oligosaccharides. Specific Bifidobacterium strains can enhance intestinal barrier integrity and improve symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders. We previously reported that the transmembrane mucin MUC13 localizes to the apical and lateral membrane and regulates epithelial tight junction strength. Here, we screened probiotic bacterial strains for their capacity to modulate MUC13 and enhance intestinal barrier function. Of these probiotic bacteria, a Bifidobacterium bifidum strain uniquely degraded the MUC13 O-glycosylated extracellular domain. Further characterization of two probiotic B. bifidum strains (W23 and W28) and the type strain 20456 demonstrated that the W23 and W28 strains adhered strongly to the apical surface, had high sialidase activity, penetrated the mucus layer, and enhanced epithelial barrier integrity. These results underscore the strain-specific properties of these specific B. bifidum strains that most likely contribute to their probiotic effects in the intestinal tract.

Marine microbes suppressed Vibrio and enhanced biological performance of euryhaline rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis

The excessive use of antibiotics in mariculture has surpassed permitted levels, leading to their release into surrounding waters and accumulation in cultured organisms, which poses risks to human health and highlighting the urgent need for alternatives to reduce antibiotic use. Therefore, the present study aimed to test four microbes including Debaryomyces hansenii, Ruegeria mobilis, Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis, on lowering Vibrio, promoting population increase and survival of Brachionus plicatilis. The digestive enzymes activity including α-amylase, lipase and protease, microbial retention and biochemical composition of rotifers were analyzed. Rotifers with a density of 50 ind/mL were distributed into five treatments (four experimental and a control, quadruplicate, repeated thrice). Each microbe's concentration of 108CFU/mL-1 was applied to the culture condition. L. plantarum and B. subtilis decreased Vibrio and increased the population and survival of rotifers, due to successful colonization, resulting in better nutritional utilization and retention in these groups. Higher enzymatic activity and microbial retention were observed in B. subtilis group. The present findings demonstrate that L. plantarum and B. subtilis could be promising microbes for culture of B. plicatilis to lower Vibrio and ensure higher yields. Identifying a sustainable approach to inhibit Vibrio while enhancing rotifers' performance as the primary food source for marine larviculture is undoubtedly essential.

Effect of Pro-, Pre- and Synbiotic Supplementation on the Growth of Infants and Children: An Umbrella Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

In recent years, pro-, pre- and synbiotics have been suggested to positively influence the growth outcomes of infants and children. However, the findings have been inconsistent. This umbrella meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate this effect.

METHODS

The PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were systematically searched until June 2024 to identify relevant studies. Weight gain, length gain, head circumstance (HC) gain, body mass index (BMI) as well as weight-for-height (WHZ), height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ) and BMI-for-age (BMIAZ) Z-scores were considered as the outcomes. Standardised mean differences (SMD) along with the 95% confidence interval (CI) were utilised to estimate the overall effect size. Subgroup analyses were conducted to identify the sources of heterogeneity among the studies.

RESULTS

We included 26 meta-analyses, which encompassed a total of 72 285 participants. The pooled umbrella analysis revealed positive effects of pro-, pre- and synbiotics on weight gain (SMD = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.09-0.25) and height gain (SMD = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.01-0.19) in both healthy individuals and preterm infants, although significant heterogeneity was observed across the studies (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the subgroup analyses indicated very weak evidence for an increase in BMI and WAZ following microbiome-based interventions.

CONCLUSION

Supplementation with pro-, pre- and synbiotics has the potential to enhance weight and height gain in infants and children. Additional large-scale studies are needed to confirm their clinical applications.

Host-derived Pediococcus acidilactici B49: A promising probiotic for immunomodulation and disease control in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Finding effective alternatives to antibiotics is crucial for sustainable aquaculture. Host-derived probiotics have great potential as a promising alternative to antibiotics for immune regulation and disease control in fish farming. However, limited research exists regarding the application of native probiotics in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). This study aims to evaluate the potential of the endogenous strain Pediococcus acidilactici B49 as a probiotic in modulating host immunity and disease control through in vitro and in vivo experiments. The results demonstrated that P. acidilactici B49 exhibited no hemolytic activity and displayed susceptibility to most tested antibiotics. It successfully survived and colonized in the intestinal tract of the largemouth bass. Furthermore, this strain showed remarkable antibacterial activity against common aquatic pathogens, including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and also exhibited resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila on the head kidney leukocytes of largemouth bass in vitro. Following an 8-week feeding trial, P. acidilactici B49 improved host immunity by increasing intestinal lysozyme activity, enhancing IL-8 expression, reducing TGF-β expression, and enhancing IgM levels in both serum and intestinal mucus. It also potentiated the phagocytic activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes. In addition, the B49 feeding group showed a significant increase in intestinal villus height. The challenge test with A. hydrophila demonstrated that the administration of P. acidilactici B49 effectively maintained intestinal barrier integrity, reduced gut inflammation, decreased pathogen load in the spleen, and improved survival rates in largemouth bass. In conclusion, the host-derived strain P. acidilactici B49 exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial ability, biosafety, and intestinal colonization in largemouth bass. It effectively improved immune function, intestinal health, and resistance against A. hydrophila in the host. Therefore, P. acidilactici B49 is a promising probiotic for immunomodulation and disease control in largemouth bass aquaculture.

Advancements in fluorescent labeling in assessing the probiotic adhesion capacity - A review

Adhesion capacity of probiotics is closely related to their intestinal-protective effects. The conventional techniques used to evaluate probiotic adhesion capacity have limitations in terms of imaging resolution and quantitative analysis. Fluorescent labelling technology has shown immense potential in recent years owing to its high specificity and sensitivity for resolving probiotic adhesion mechanisms. Although there are still problems with the fluorescence signal intensity and hysteresis effect, this technology has significantly advanced the accurate detection and evaluation of probiotic adhesion capacity. This review examines the critical role of probiotic adhesion and its detection methods, with a special focus on the application of fluorescent-labeling technology. Our objective was to identify more accurate and efficient approaches for evaluating the adhesion capacity of probiotic bacteria while promoting in-depth research into the underlying mechanisms that govern probiotic adhesion.

Cervicovaginal Microbiome: Physiology, Age-Related Changes, and Protective Role Against Human Papillomavirus Infection

Background/Objectives: Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are the leading cause of cervical cancer. Developing evidence suggests that the cervicovaginal microbiome plays a significant role in modulating HPV persistence and progression to cervical neoplasia. This review synthesizes the current knowledge on the interplay between the cervicovaginal microbiome and local immunity in HPV infections, emphasizing microbial diversity, immune responses, and potential therapeutic implications. Methods: A thorough review of the literature was performed using Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, encompassing studies published between 2000 and 2024. Studies examining the composition of the microbiome, immune responses, and HPV-related outcomes were evaluated and synthesized into a comprehensive review. Results: A Lactobacillus-dominant microbiome, particularly with L. crispatus, creates a protective environment through lactic acid production, maintenance of low pH, and anti-inflammatory immune modulation, facilitating HPV clearance. Dysbiosis, often characterized by a dominance of L. iners and overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria, fosters chronic inflammation, cytokine imbalance, and a microenvironment conducive to HPV persistence and progression. Hormonal changes and menopause exacerbate these microbial shifts, increasing the risk of cervical lesions. Studies suggest that cytokine profiles and antimicrobial peptides significantly influence local immune responses, further modulating infection outcomes. Conclusions: The cervicovaginal microbiome is a critical determinant in HPV infection outcomes, with therapeutic potential for modulating the microbiome to enhance immune responses and prevent cervical cancer. Personalized microbiome-targeted therapies may offer a novel avenue for managing HPV and reducing cervical cancer incidence.

Evaluation of the techno-functional properties of lactobacilli strains originated from Bos indicus and Bubalus bubalis calves for probiotic potential

The current study was undertaken to isolate, characterize, and cluster lactobacilli strains of indigenous cattle (Bos indicus) and buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calf origin to develop a species-specific multistrain potential probiotic adjunct. Bacterial strains were isolated from the feces of Bos indicus and Bubalus bubalis calves of different breeds, i.e., Sahiwal (SC), Tharparker (TP), and Gir (GC) cattle and Murrah buffalo (MB). The fecal samples were aseptically taken from five healthy calves (5-10 days old) of each breed (a total of 20 animals). Accordingly, 105 bacteria were isolated, 52 of which were catalase negative, Gram-positive, and vancomycin resistant. These isolates were presumed to be Lactobacillus species, and genus-specific PCR was used to confirm their identification. Among the 52 isolates, 22 strains demonstrated greater acid tolerance, while 29 isolates showed superior bile tolerance, with survivability greater than 90%. Fifteen isolates capable of tolerating both acid and bile were further selected, and their identities were confirmed via 16S rRNA sequencing. Cluster analysis of the phylogenetic tree revealed three different species: Ligilactobacillus salivarius (8), Ligilactobacillus agilis (1), and Limosilactobacillus reuteri (6). All lactobacilli strains showed coaggregation with Escherichia coli ATCC25922 and Salmonella arizonae ATCC13314. All the isolates were found non-hemolytic and non-mucinolytic. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that L. reuteri GC09, L. salivarius GC12, L. agilis MB08, L. salivarius MB14, L. reuteri SC01, and L. reuteri MB11 possessed the most desirable attributes of probiotics. Based on these findings, these strains could be used to develop multi-strain probiotic adjunct for calves.

Whole Genome Analysis of Limosilactobacillus fermentum MCC0552 for Probiotic Functionalities and Comparative Genomic Study with Reference Strains

Limosilactobacillus fermentum MCC0552, a potential probiotic was isolated from a dairy source. L. fermentum MCC0552 has been proven earlier to enhance immuno-modulatory response by alleviating inflammatory and diabetic effects. The objective of this study is to analyse the whole genome sequence of L. fermentum MCC0552 for probiotic functionalities and to compare it with the reference strains. The general genomic features of L. fermentum strain MCC0552 were analysed and a phylogenetic dendrogram was generated by considering the genome sequences of reference strains (L. fermentum IFO 3956, F-6, MTCC 5898 and ATCC 14931 or B1 28) which elucidates their evolutionary lineage. Functional analysis of MCC0552 reveals that the strain possess vitamin biosynthesis gene (thiamine and riboflavin) and mucin binding protein (mubp) with comparatively larger in size. HPLC analysis suggests that the strain MCC0552 synthesises class B vitamins (B1, B2, B6, B9 and B12) which increases its significance in nutritional and nutraceutical applications. Genomic island (GI) prediction shows 19 GI in strain MCC0552 genome were identified. GI regions possessed CRISPR cluster genes, mainly type IE, cas2 and type III-A, nucleotide sugar biosynthesis gene, TA system genes, heavy metal associated genes, etc. On further analysis, the strain exhibited the presence of 2 intact prophage regions which ensure its supplementary probiotic attribute. Thus, the present study elaborates on the probiotic potential of strain MCC0552 at the genome level, revealing its remarkable genomic potential and presenting novel prospects for utilising its unique genetic features in diverse scientific fields.

Immuno-oncological Challenges and Chemoresistance in Veterinary Medicine: Probiotics as a New Strategic Tool

Cancer has the highest death rates due to increased immuno-oncological (IO) challenges and chemoresistance caused by gut dysbiosis, whereas administration of probiotics may reverse these responses against anticancer therapies. Recently, immunotherapeutics have extensively been focused for significant advancements in pharmacological drug discovery and clinical outcomes. Mammals have intestinal epithelial cells, mucosal immune cells, and indigenous gut microbiota which may reshape immunotherapeutics efficacy. These include use of T-cell immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPI), genetically engineered T-cells, tumor vaccines, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and anti-B- and T-cell antibodies. Immunotherapeutics for cancer treatment became popular in both veterinary and human health care systems due to their strong inhibitory actions against PD-1 and CTLA-4 to check tumorigenesis. IO issues in animals also need special attention, where caninized mAbs targeting CD-20 and CD-52 have been clinically used in treating canine B-cell and T-cell lymphomas, respectively. Probiotics appeared as strong immunotherapeutics that might be shaping the epigenetics of the organisms specifically in animal breeding practices for desired features, but limited literature regarding the immunomodulatory effects in humans and animals is available. In addition, considering the important role of probiotics in humans and veterinary medicine, a new perspective on the probiotic-mediated modulation of ncRNAs (miRNAs, lncRNAs, circRNAs) is also highlighted and would be a new therapeutic tool. This review provides insight into the cellular processes and pharmacological activities for treating veterinary infectious diseases and covers small drug molecules as ncRNA-modulators in veterinary medicine.

Regulatory mechanisms of the probiotic-targeted gut-liver axis for the alleviation of alcohol-related liver disease: a review

Alcohol abuse-triggered alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) has become as a global public health concern that substantially affects the well-being and clinical status of patients. Although modern medicine provides various treatments for ALD, their effectiveness is limited and can lead to adverse side effects. Probiotics have been employed to prevent, alleviate, and even treat ALD, with promising results. However, few comprehensive reviews are available on how they mitigate ALD by targeting the gut-liver axis. This review systematically clarifies the specific mediators of the gut-liver axis in healthy states. It also describes the alterations observed in ALD. Furthermore, this review thoroughly summarizes the underlying mechanisms through which probiotics act on the gut-liver axis to relieve ALD. It also discusses the current status and challenges faced in clinical research applications. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future prospects of using probiotics to treat ALD. This review improves our understanding of ALD and supports the development and application of probiotics that target the gut-liver axis for therapeutic use.

Inter- and Transgenerational Effects of In Ovo Stimulation with Bioactive Compounds on Cecal Tonsils and Cecal Mucosa Transcriptomes in a Chicken Model

Exploring how early-life nutritional interventions may impact future generations, this study examines the inter- and transgenerational effects of in ovo injection of bioactive compounds on gene expression in the cecal tonsils and cecal mucosa using a chicken model. Synbiotic PoultryStar® (Biomin) and choline were injected in ovo on the 12th day of egg incubation. Three experimental groups were established in the generation F1: (1) a control group (C) receiving 0.9% physiological saline (NaCl), (2) a synbiotic group (SYN) receiving 2 mg/embryo, and (3) a combined synbiotic and choline group (SYNCH) receiving 2 mg synbiotic and 0.25 mg choline per embryo. For the generations F2 and F3, the SYN and SYNCH groups were each divided into two subgroups: (A) those injected solely in F1 (SYNs and SYNCHs) and (B) those injected in each generation (SYNr and SYNCHr). At 21 weeks posthatching, cecal tonsil and cecal mucosa samples were collected from F1, F2, and F3 birds for transcriptomic analysis. Gene expression profiling revealed distinct intergenerational and transgenerational patterns in both tissues. In cecal tonsils, a significant transgenerational impact on gene expression was noted in the generation F3, following a drop in F2. In contrast, cecal mucosa showed more gene expression changes in F2, indicating intergenerational effects. While some effects carried into F3, they were less pronounced, except in the SYNs group, which experienced an increase compared to F2. The study highlights that transgenerational effects of epigenetic modifications are dynamic and unpredictable, with effects potentially re-emerging in later generations under certain conditions or fading or intensifying over time. This study provides valuable insights into how epigenetic nutritional stimulation during embryonic development may regulate processes in the cecal tonsils and cecal mucosa across multiple generations. Our findings provide evidence supporting the phenomenon of epigenetic dynamics in a chicken model.

Levilactobacillus brevis CD2 as a multifaceted probiotic to preserve oral health: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in healthy adults

BACKGROUND

A growing number of in vitro and in vivo studies suggest the application of probiotics as a natural approach to maintaining oral health. This double-blind, randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Levilactobacillus brevis CD2 (CNCM I-5566), a multifunctional probiotic frequently used in oral medicine, in preserving or improving several recognized oral health indicators.

METHODS

Thirty consenting healthy adults were randomized to receive four lozenges per day of L. brevis CD2 probiotic (n = 15) or placebo (n = 15) over four weeks. Clinical parameters (full-mouth bleeding on probing (BoP) and plaque index (PI) scores) were recorded. Unstimulated saliva was collected to measure salivation rate, pH, and buffer capacity. Salivary biomarkers were analyzed, including glucose, D-lactate, and secretory immunoglobulins A (sIgA). Clinical and salivary parameters were assessed at baseline, after four weeks of intervention, and two weeks post-intervention. Wilcoxon rank-sum test and robust regression analysis were used for statistical comparisons. The possible mediating effect of PI on BoP changes was assessed.

RESULTS

After four weeks, the probiotic group showed significant improvements in BoP and PI compared to baseline and placebo. The probiotic group had a higher salivation rate than baseline and placebo after four weeks of treatment and washout. While changes in salivary pH were not significant, buffering capacity increased in the probiotic group after four weeks of treatment and washout. Salivary glucose and D-lactate levels were lower in the probiotic group post-treatment and after washout. sIgA values increased and remained stable after washout in the probiotic group. No adverse effects were reported.

CONCLUSIONS

The treatment with L. brevis CD2 significantly improved clinical and salivary parameters, supporting its efficacy as a probiotic for oral health.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT06457724; Registered 7 June 2024 - Retrospectively registered; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06457724?viewType=Table&page=452&rank=4512#study-overview .

Functional genomic insights into Floricoccus penangensis ML061-4 isolated from leaf surface of Assam tea

Floricoccus penangensis ML061-4 was originally isolated from the leaf surface of an Assam tea plant (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) from Northern Thailand. To assess the functions encoded by the F. penangensis ML061-4 genome, gene identification and annotation were undertaken by in silico analysis. The complete genome of F. penangensis ML061-4 consists of single chromosome of 2,159,127 base pairs, containing a GC content of 33.2% and encompassing 2049 predicted protein-encoding genes. A total of 1195 genes (58.0%) in the F. penangensis ML061-4 genome have assignable functions based on BlastKOALA analysis. Furthermore, 1235 genes (59.9%) were classified into six KEGG functional categories with 187 associated pathways, while 1419 genes (68.8%) were assigned a putative function by the Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COGs) database. The ML061-4 genome was evaluated for genes associated with complex carbohydrate metabolism, bacterial adhesion, virulence factors, pathogenicity, bacteriophages, antiviral defence systems as well as toxin- and antibiotic-resistance associated genes, and genes involved in toxin production, secondary metabolite biosynthesis and xenobiotics biodegradation. The obtained results support the notion of F. penangensis ML061-4 being safe for biotechnological and food industry purposes. This is the first report outlining functional genomic insights regarding a member of the genus Floricoccus.

Highlighting antibiotic-free aquaculture by using marine microbes as a sustainable method to suppress Vibrio and enhance the performance of brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana)

Brine shrimp nauplii are widely used as live food in fish and shellfish aquaculture but they may transmit pathogenic Vibrio to the target species causing significant economic loss. Heavy usage of antibiotics is expensive and environmentally damaging. Use of natural microbes as probiotics for disease management is a more sustainable strategy. In this study the abilities of four marine microbes-Debaryomyces hansenii, Ruegeria mobilis, Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis-to suppress Vibrio spp. and promote growth performance and survival of brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana) were investigated. Nauplii (Instar II) were exposed to 108 CFU mL-1 of one of the four microbes; a control without added microbes was included for comparison. The nauplii were fed daily with the microalga Nannochloropsis oculata. Population change, survival, weight gain, length gain, enzyme activity, microbial retention and body biochemical composition of the brine shrimp were measured. The results showed that B. subtilis and L. plantarum significantly decreased the body loading of Vibrio spp. in A. franciscana. Survival rate, weight gain and length gain of (A) franciscana all increased in L. plantarum and (B) subtilis treatments, but the growth performance in the D. hansenii and R. mobilis treatments was less consistent. Higher lipase and protease activities and lower body ash content in the brine shrimp were observed in the B. subtilis and L. plantarum treatments (P < 0.05). The abundance of B. subtilis in the brine shrimp was relatively stable even after 8 days of starvation. These findings demonstrate that B. subtilis was the most promising probiotic among the tested species, especially for long-term application without the need for repeated inoculation.

Antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from fermented foods and their inhibitory effect against foodborne pathogens

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), known for their health benefits, exhibit antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties. This study investigated the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of Lactobacillus spp., particularly L. plantarum KR3, against the common foodborne pathogens S. aureus, E. coli and Salmonella spp. Lactobacillus strains were isolated from cheese, pickles and yoghurt. They were then identified by morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics and confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Culture supernatants from seven lactobacilli isolates showed varying inhibitory activities. Notably, L. plantarum KR3 and L. pentosus had the highest bacteriocin gene counts. L. plantarum KR3 CFS demonstrated significant antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of 20 ± 0.34 mm for S. aureus, 23 ± 1.64 mm for E. coli, and 17.1 ± 1.70 mm for Salmonella spp. The CFS also exhibited substantial antibiofilm activity, with 59.12 ± 0.03% against S. aureus, 83.50 ± 0.01% against E. coli, and 60. ± 0.04% against Salmonella spp., which were enhanced at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). These results highlighted the potential of L. plantarum KR3 in antimicrobial applications, however, further research is needed to evaluate its viability and functional properties for probiotic use. Additionally, the CFS demonstrated exceptional thermal stability, reinforcing its promise as an antimicrobial agent.

Harnessing the power of probiotics to enhance neuroplasticity for neurodevelopment and cognitive function in stunting: a comprehensive review

BACKGROUND

Stunting become a global concern because it's not only affecting physical stature, but also affecting on neurodevelopment and cognitive function. These impacts are resulting in long-term consequences especially for human resources, such as poor-quality labor, decreased productivity due to decreasing of health quality, including immunity and cognitive aspect.

DISCUSSION

This comprehensive review found that based on many studies, there is an altered gut microbiota, or dysbiosis, in stunted children, causing the impairment of brain development through Microbiota-Gut Brain Axis (MGB Axis) mechanism. The administration of probiotics has been known affect MGBA by improving the physical and chemical gut barrier integrity, producing antimicrobial substance to inhibit pathogen, and recovering the healthy gut microbiota. Probiotics, along with healthy gut microbiota, produce SCFAs which have various positive impact on CNS, such as increase neurogenesis, support the development and function of microglia, reduce inflammatory signaling, improve the Blood Brain Barrier's (BBB's) integrity, produce neurotropic factors (e.g. BDNF, GDNF), and promote the formation of new synapse. Probiotics also could induce the production of IGF-1 by intestinal epithelial cells, which functioned as growth factor of multiple body tissues and resulted in improvement of linear growth as well as brain development.

CONCLUSION

These properties of probiotics made it become the promising and feasible new treatment approach for stunting. But since most of the studies in this field are conducted in animal models, it is necessary to translate animal data into human models and do additional study to identify the numerous components in the MGB axis and the effect of probiotics on human.

Microbial cell-type-based grouping model as a potential indicator of cervicovaginal flora prone to biofilm formation

Cervicovaginal (CV) microbiota is critical for the well-being of host. We investigated the relationship between the ratio of Lactobacilli (LB) and cocci/coccobacilli (C/CB)-type microbial cells with biofilm formation of CV mixed cultures of women with no inflammation/infection or any epithelial abnormalities in Pap-stained smears Group 1 (G1) corresponds to the flora with LB-type cells alone, whereas G2 corresponds to the LB-dominated flora. G3 contains balanced LB and C/CB cells and G4 is dominated with C/CB. G5 corresponds to a flora with C/CB-type cells alone. Biofilm formation of CV mixed cultures was assessed by crystal violet binding assay and optical density (OD)≥0.8 were defined as biofilm producers. G1 and G3 exist in higher frequencies compared to the other smear groups. However, although the frequency of G5 dominated with C/CB-type cells were the lowest (4%); biofilm formation in that group was observed in the highest frequency (42.9%). The least biofilm formation frequency was observed in G3 smears with balanced flora (1%). Biofilm formation in healthy CV flora increases when there becomes an imbalance between LB and C/CB-type cells and an increase in C/CB-type cells. Our approach may enable early detection of vaginal dysbiosis in healthy flora prone to biofilm-associated CV infections such as bacterial vaginosis (BV).

Harnessing the Power of Probiotics: Boosting Immunity and Safeguarding against Various Diseases and Infections

The human microbiome, a diverse microorganism community, crucially defends against pathogens. Probiotics, postbiotics, and paraprobiotics alone and in combination are potent in countering fungal and waterborne infections, particularly against viral threats. This review focuses on the mechanisms of the microbiome against viral infections, emphasizing probiotic interventions. Certain Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) strains effectively eliminate toxic aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) from microfungi-produced mycotoxins. LAB binding to AFB1 persists post-gastric digestion, and pre-incubation with mycotoxins reduces probiotic adhesion to mucus. Oral probiotic administration in animals increases mycotoxin excretion, reducing associated health risks. Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus show exceptional efficacy in removing cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR from drinking water. Engineered probiotics promise advanced therapeutic applications for metabolic disorders, Alzheimer's, and type 1 diabetes, serving as diagnostic tools for detecting pathogens and inflammation markers. In antimicrobial peptide production, genetically modified probiotics producing human β-defensin 2 (HBD2) treat Crohn's disease with implemented biocontainment strategies preventing unintended environmental impacts.

The Impact of Lactobacillus reuteri on Oral and Systemic Health: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Research

Oral diseases, particularly dental caries and periodontal disease, pose significant global health challenges. The imbalance of the oral microbiota plays a key role in the occurrence of these diseases, prompting researchers to seek new strategies to restore oral ecological balance. Lactobacillus reuteri is a Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium that exists in various body parts of humans, including the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, skin, and so on. This species has a potentially positive impact on oral health and plays an important role in maintaining systemic health. Recent studies have explored the application of Lactobacillus reuteri in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases, and its impact on systemic health has also been preliminarily revealed. The current review summarizes the role of Lactobacillus reuteri in oral health and systemic health and outlines its potential applications in the future. Lactobacillus reuteri has shown promising prospects in treating non-communicable biofilm-dependent oral diseases, but its mechanism of action and efficacy still need further research. In addition, Lactobacillus reuteri has also displayed some potential benefits in promoting overall health. Future research should focus on revealing the specific pathways of action of Lactobacillus reuteri, screening for the most beneficial strains, determining the most effective drug delivery strategies, developing oral and systemic health products based on Lactobacillus reuteri, and ensuring their safety in clinical applications.

Unlocking Cardioprotective Potential of Gut Microbiome: Exploring Therapeutic Strategies

The microbial community inhabiting the human gut resembles a bustling metropolis, wherein beneficial bacteria play pivotal roles in regulating our bodily functions. These microorganisms adeptly break down resilient dietary fibers to fuel our energy, synthesize essential vitamins crucial for our well-being, and maintain the delicate balance of our immune system. Recent research indicates a potential correlation between alterations in the composition and activities of these gut microbes and the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). Consequently, scientists are delving into the intriguing realm of manipulating these gut inhabitants to potentially mitigate disease risks. Various promising strategies have emerged in this endeavor. Studies have evidenced that probiotics can mitigate inflammation and enhance the endothelial health of our blood vessels. Notably, strains such as Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria have garnered substantial attention in both laboratory settings and clinical trials. Conversely, prebiotics exhibit anti-inflammatory properties and hold potential in managing conditions like hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Synbiotics, which synergistically combine probiotics and prebiotics, show promise in regulating glucose metabolism and abnormal lipid profiles. However, uncertainties persist regarding postbiotics, while antibiotics are deemed unsuitable due to their potential adverse effects. On the other hand, TMAO blockers, such as 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol, demonstrate encouraging outcomes in laboratory experiments owing to their anti-inflammatory and tissue-protective properties. Moreover, fecal transplantation, despite yielding mixed results, warrants further exploration and refinement. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the intricate interplay between the gut microbiota and CAD, shedding light on the multifaceted approaches researchers are employing to leverage this understanding for therapeutic advancements.

Intratumoral Fusobacterium nucleatum in Pancreatic Cancer: Current and Future Perspectives

The intratumoral microbiome plays a significant role in many cancers, such as lung, pancreatic, and colorectal cancer. Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal malignancies and is often diagnosed at advanced stages. Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), an anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium primarily residing in the oral cavity, has garnered significant attention for its emerging role in several extra-oral human diseases and, lately, in pancreatic cancer progression and prognosis. It is now recognized as oncobacterium. Fn engages in pancreatic tumorigenesis and metastasis through multifaceted mechanisms, including immune response modulation, virulence factors, control of cell proliferation, intestinal metabolite interactions, DNA damage, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Additionally, compelling research suggests that Fn may exert detrimental effects on cancer treatment outcomes. This paper extends the perspective to pancreatic cancer associated with Fn. The central focus is to unravel the oncogenomic changes driven by Fn in colonization, initiation, and promotion of pancreatic cancer development. The presence of Fusobacterium species can be considered a prognostic marker of PC, and it is also correlated to chemoresistance. Furthermore, this review underscores the clinical research significance of Fn as a potential tumor biomarker and therapeutic target, offering a novel outlook on its applicability in cancer detection and prognostic assessment. It is thought that given the role of Fn in tumor formation and metastasis processes via its FadA, FapA, Fap2, and RadD, new therapies for tumor treatment targeting Fn will be developed.

Safety, Antagonistic Activity, and Probiotic Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Jeotgal, Korean Fermented Seafoods

Probiotics are in high demand in the health functional food market as they effectively inhibit pathogens and improve host health. Therefore, in order to develop novel probiotic strains, new strains were isolated from various type of jeotgal, traditional Korean fermented seafood products, and their safety and probiotic properties have been evaluated. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, six strains (JRD1, Pediococcus pentosaceus; JRD2, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum; JRD6, Pediococcus acidilactici; CLJ21, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum; CLJ24, Pediococcus pentosaceus; CLJ28, Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum) were selected and subjected to further analysis. As a result, all six strains did not show hemolytic activity, antibiotics resistance, and cell cytotoxicity, confirming that they are safe for human use. Among them, JRD1, JRD6, and CLJ24 exhibited high survival rates under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Additionally, these three strains demonstrated strong adhesion abilities on HT-29 cells, with values of 6.02, 5.77, and 5.86 log CFU/mL, respectively. Furthermore, JRD1, JRD6, and CLJ24 showed relatively high antagonistic activity against both Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus through competition, exclusion, and displacement of their adhesion. Interestingly, cell-free supernatants (CFS) from three strains effectively inhibited the growth of both S. Typhimurium and S. aureus. Furthermore, CFS of CLJ24, JRD1, and JRD6 demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in intestinal epithelial cells. The results suggest that CLJ24, JRD1, and JRD6 have potential to be development as functional probiotic strains with both antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities.

Screening of lactic acid bacteria from the milk of Sahiwal cows and characterization of their probiotic potential for preventing bovine mastitis

Antibiotic therapy has been the most popular line of treatment for the control of mastitis worldwide during the last few decades. Alternative and sustainable treatments must be developed because pathogens are becoming more resistant to antibiotics, leading to the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The aim of the current investigation was to isolate lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with probiotic potential that can inhibit mastitis-causing pathogens to prevent bovine mastitis. Milk samples were collected from Sahiwal cows, and a total of 150 bacteria were isolated, of which 76 were found to be catalase negative, and resistant to vancomycin. Twenty-three isolates displayed greater acid and bile tolerance, with > 90% survivability, and were molecularly characterized by 16S rRNA partial sequencing. The autoaggregation percentages for SML7 and SML41 were greater (p<0·05) 80.38±0.19% and 80.28±0.04%, respectively. SML10 (92.04±0.26 μmol/mL) had the highest (p<0.05) ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activity, while SML20 (52.1±0.99%) had the highest 1,1 diphenyl 2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. All the strains were nonhemolytic or nonmucinolytic. The highest antimicrobial activity was observed in several strains (SML41, SML63, SML76, and SML60) against common mastitis-causing pathogens, namely, E. coli ATCC25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Enterococcus faecalis NCDC114, Streptococcus agalactiae NCDC208, and Enterococcus faecium NCDC124. The coaggregation efficacy of SML20 with S. aureus was the highest (67.69±1.21%), while SML41 showed the highest (69.75±0.29%) coaggregation efficacy with E. faecalis NCDC114 and SML63 (68.078±0.26) with S. agalactiae NCDC208. Overall, seven distinct lactic acid bacterial clusters were identified by cluster analysis of the phylogenetic tree as follows: Enterococcus hirae (1), Limosilactobacillus reuteri (1), Pediococcus acidilactici (4), Weissella confusa (11), Lactobacillus helveticus (3), Limosilactobacillus balticus (2), and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (1). The Lactobacillus helveticus SML41, Lactobacillus helveticus SML60, Weissella confusa SML61, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus SML63, Weissella confusa SML64, and Pediococcus acidilactici SML76 isolates were found to possess the most desirable characteristics of potential probiotics based on principal component analysis (PCA). Therefore, the strains chosen in the current investigation demonstrated techno-functional characteristics that rendered them appropriate for probiotic use to treat and prevent intramammary infections in dairy cattle in a sustainable manner.

Complete Genome Sequence and In Vitro Probiotic Assessment of Bacillus subtilis DC-11 Isolated from Traditionally Fermented Idli Batter

In this study, we reported in vitro probiotic assessment and complete genome sequence of Bacillus subtilis DC-11 isolated from traditionally fermented Idli Batter. The strain was evaluated for probiotic properties, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial compound production. The phenotypic safety was determined by accessing the strain's ability to produce enterotoxins, degrade mucin, and antibiotic sensitivity. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed to identify the strain and determine genetic safety by analyzing the presence of plasmids, antibiotic resistance genes, and virulence factors. In the results, B. subtilis DC-11 showed 88.98% viability in gastric juice, and 98.60% viability in intestinal juice. It showed 18.33 ± 0.44% autoaggregation, 32.53 ± 3.11% adhesion to xylene, 0.98 ± 0.05 OD unit's adhesion to mucin (crystal violet equivalence at 550 nm), 21.2 ± 2.3% adhesion to Caco-2 cells, and - 22.3 ± 0.65 mV zeta potential. The highest co-aggregation was recorded with Escherichia coli (23.62 ± 0.70%). The strain was found negative for enterotoxin production, mucin degradation, and antibiotic resistance to the commonly used therapeutic antibiotics. It formed a good biofilm and capable of producing antimicrobial peptide subtilosin A with a molecular mass of 3400 Da. The peptide has inhibited the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (18.6 ± 0.58 mm). In genetic safety, no plasmids, antibiotic-resistant genes, and virulence factors were detected. Moreover, the strain showed close similarity with B. subtilis ATCC 6051 and proteins involved in probiotic attributes. In conclusion, B. subtilis DC-11 is safe potential probiotic candidate.

Cell-free supernatant of Lactobacillus gasseri 1A-TV shows a promising activity to eradicate carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae colonization

Background

The use of beneficial bacteria like Lactobacillus spp. is a potential innovative approach to fight antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the most concerning multi drug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, and its ability to colonize the human gut is considered to be the main reason for recurrent infections in critically ill patients.

Methods

In this study, Lactobacillus gasseri 1A-TV, already described for its probiotic activity, was characterized at the genomic level. Moreover, its cell-free supernatant (CFS) was tested for antimicrobial activity against extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- and carbapenemase (KPC)-producing K. pneumoniae clinical isolates.

Results

Whole-genome sequencing showed that the L. gasseri 1A-TV genome was of 2,018,898 bp in size with 34.9% GC content, containing 1,937 putative protein coding sequences, 55 tRNA, and 4 rRNA detected by RAST and classified in 20 functional groups by Cluster of Orthologous Genes (COG). BAGEL4 (BActeriocin GEnome minimal tooL) and the antiSMASH 7.0 pipeline identified two bacteriocin biosynthetic gene clusters (BBGCs), namely, BBGC1 that comprises two class IIc bacteriocins including gassericin A-like bacteriocin, and BBGC2 carrying the class III bacteriocin helveticin J. Strikingly, 1A-TV CFS inhibited the growth of all K. pneumoniae isolates only after 8 h of incubation, showing a bactericidal effect at 24 h and interfering, even at lower concentrations, with the biofilm production of biofilm-producer strains independently of a bactericidal effect. NMR analysis of CFS identified and quantified several metabolites involved in carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism, and organic acids like ethanol, lactate, acetate, and succinate. Finally, in vitro assays of 1A-TV showed significant co-aggregation effects against carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae, namely, strains 1, 2, 3, and 7.

Conclusions

Our findings highlight the antimicrobial activity of 1A-TV as a probiotic candidate or its CFS as a natural bioproduct active against MDR K. pneumoniae strains, underlining the importance of novel therapeutic strategies for prevention and control of ESBL- and carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae colonization.

Probiotic-rich fermented milk from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IIA-1A5: Effects on pregnancy health in the animal model

Previous studies of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IIA-1A5 have shown its potential as a probiotic in modulating gut microbiota and providing health benefits; however, its effects during pregnancy remain underexplored. The aim of this study was to assess the safety of fermented milk enriched with L. plantarum IIA-IA5 in pregnant mice. An experimental study was conducted at Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia. Two groups of pregnant mice (Mus musculus L.) were used, each with six mice. The control group received sterilized milk (10 mL/kg body weight (BW)), while the intervention group was given fermented milk containing L. plantarum IIA-1A5 (107 colony forming unit (CFU)/mL). The evaluated outcomes included maternal weight changes, fetal counts and measurements, and assessments of fetal morphology and skeletal development. Results indicated that the morphology of fetuses showed no significant differences between the control and intervention groups; both groups demonstrated normal development with no detected resorption sites, growth retardation, or hemorrhage. For skeletal development, both groups had the same bone counts, including frontal, parietal, intraparietal, exoccipital, supraoccipital, nasal, pre-maxilla, mandibular, thoracal, lumbar, sternum, and extremities. This study highlights that L. plantarum IIA-1A5-enriched fermented milk was safe, as no significant morphological or bone developmental abnormalities were observed, indicating its potential as a dietary supplement to support pregnancy health. However, further studies involving larger sample sizes may be needed to provide a more comprehensive assessment of its outcomes and safety.

Moderate concentration of Lactobacillus metabolites does not adversely affect mouse sperm

Many couples in contemporary societies suffer from infertility of unexplained origins (idiopathic). A promising treatment strategy within this context involves the administration to women of preparations containing lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus) and/or their metabolites. Recent investigations underscore the role of lactobacilli in sustaining female fertility and enhancing the effectiveness of assisted reproductive techniques. There have also been reports describing the effect of lactobacilli on sperm functions, but our knowledge in this domain remains uncertain. In this study, the effect of supernatant from Lactobacillus rhamnosus culture on mouse sperm viability and motility was tested. The protective properties of lactobacilli metabolites against hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage were also verified. It was shown that the metabolites have no effect on viability, motility, and genome integrity of spermatozoa, but in excessive concentrations they become toxic. The obtained results imply that probiotic and/or postbiotic preparations taken by women should not adversely affect the sperm of their partners, provided the dose is correctly selected.

The Oral-Gut-Brain Axis: The Influence of Microbes as a Link of Periodontitis With Ischemic Stroke

Periodontitis, a non-communicable chronic inflammation disease resulting from dysbiosis of the oral microbiota, has been demonstrated to have a positive association with the risk of ischemic stroke (IS). The major periodontal pathogens contribute to the progression of stroke-related risk factors such as obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. Transcriptional changes in periodontitis pathogens have been detected in oral samples from stroke patients, suggesting a new conceptual framework involving microorganisms. The bidirectional regulation between the gut and the central nervous system (CNS) is mediated by interactions between intestinal microflora and brain cells. The connection between the oral cavity and gut through microbiota indicates that the oral microbial community may play a role in mediating complex communication between the oral cavity and the CNS; however, underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully understood. In this review, we present an overview of key concepts and potential mechanisms of interaction between the oral-gut-brain axis based on previous research, focusing on how the oral microbiome (especially the periodontal pathogens) impacts IS and its risk factors, as well as the mediating role of immune system homeostasis, and providing potential preventive and therapeutic approaches.

Preventive effect of probiotics on infections following colorectal cancer surgery: An umbrella meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Postoperative infections remain a significant source of morbidity among patients undergoing colorectal cancer (CRC) surgery. While probiotics have been proposed as a potential strategy to mitigate the risk of these infections, contemporary meta-analyses have produced conflicting findings.

AIM

To synthesize the available evidence regarding the prophylactic efficacy of probiotics in preventing infections following CRC surgery.

METHODS

A comprehensive search of PubMed and Scopus was conducted to identify relevant meta-analyses published up to February 2024. To assess the efficacy of probiotics on outcomes, relative risks (RR) and their corresponding 95%CI were pooled using a random effects model.

RESULTS

This comprehensive umbrella meta-analysis integrated eleven meta-analyses encompassing 11518 participants who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Probiotics administration resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of total infections (RR: 0.40, 95%CI: 0.31-0.51; moderate certainty), surgical site infections (RR: 0.56, 95%CI: 0.49-0.63; high certainty), pneumonia (RR: 0.38, 95%CI: 0.30-0.48; high certainty), urinary tract infections (RR: 0.44, 95%CI: 0.31-0.61; moderate certainty), bacteremia (RR: 0.41, 95%CI: 0.30-0.56; high certainty), and sepsis (RR: 0.35, 95%CI: 0.25-0.44; high certainty). However, probiotics did not significantly affect intra-abdominal, central line, or peritoneal infections.

CONCLUSION

Probiotics have demonstrated potential in mitigating postoperative infectious complications among patients undergoing CRC surgery.