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Chen X, Mohapatra A, Nguyen HTV, Schimanski L, Kit Tan T, Rijal P, Chen CP, Cheng SH, Lee WH, Chou YC, Townsend AR, Ma C, Huang KYA. The presence of broadly neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibodies elicited by primary series and booster dose of COVID-19 vaccine. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012246. [PMID: 38857264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated immunity plays a key role in protection against SARS-CoV-2. We characterized B-cell-derived anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibody repertoires from vaccinated and infected individuals and elucidate the mechanism of action of broadly neutralizing antibodies and dissect antibodies at the epitope level. The breadth and clonality of anti-RBD B cell response varies among individuals. The majority of neutralizing antibody clones lose or exhibit reduced activities against Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants. Nevertheless, a portion of anti-RBD antibody clones that develops after a primary series or booster dose of COVID-19 vaccination exhibit broad neutralization against emerging Omicron BA.2, BA.4, BA.5, BQ.1.1, XBB.1.5 and XBB.1.16 variants. These broadly neutralizing antibodies share genetic features including a conserved usage of the IGHV3-53 and 3-9 genes and recognize three clustered epitopes of the RBD, including epitopes that partially overlap the classically defined set identified early in the pandemic. The Fab-RBD crystal and Fab-Spike complex structures corroborate the epitope grouping of antibodies and reveal the detailed binding mode of broadly neutralizing antibodies. Structure-guided mutagenesis improves binding and neutralization potency of antibody with Omicron variants via a single amino-substitution. Together, these results provide an immunological basis for partial protection against severe COVID-19 by the ancestral strain-based vaccine and indicate guidance for next generation monoclonal antibody development and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Hong Thuy Vy Nguyen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lisa Schimanski
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tiong Kit Tan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pramila Rijal
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cheng-Pin Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hsing Cheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, and School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsin Lee
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Chou
- Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alain R Townsend
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Che Ma
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ying A Huang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Nygaard U, Nielsen AB, Dungu KHS, Drici L, Holm M, Ottenheijm ME, Nielsen AB, Glenthøj JP, Schmidt LS, Cortes D, Jørgensen IM, Mogensen TH, Schmiegelow K, Mann M, Vissing NH, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ. Proteomic profiling reveals diagnostic signatures and pathogenic insights in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. Commun Biol 2024; 7:688. [PMID: 38839859 PMCID: PMC11153518 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a severe disease that emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although recognized as an immune-mediated condition, the pathogenesis remains unresolved. Furthermore, the absence of a diagnostic test can lead to delayed immunotherapy. Using state-of-the-art mass-spectrometry proteomics, assisted by artificial intelligence (AI), we aimed to identify a diagnostic signature for MIS-C and to gain insights into disease mechanisms. We identified a highly specific 4-protein diagnostic signature in children with MIS-C. Furthermore, we identified seven clusters that differed between MIS-C and controls, indicating an interplay between apolipoproteins, immune response proteins, coagulation factors, platelet function, and the complement cascade. These intricate protein patterns indicated MIS-C as an immunometabolic condition with global hypercoagulability. Our findings emphasize the potential of AI-assisted proteomics as a powerful and unbiased tool for assessing disease pathogenesis and suggesting avenues for future interventions and impact on pediatric disease trajectories through early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrikka Nygaard
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Annelaura Bach Nielsen
- NNF Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kia Hee Schultz Dungu
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lylia Drici
- NNF Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Holm
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maud Eline Ottenheijm
- NNF Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Bybeck Nielsen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Peter Glenthøj
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital North Zealand, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Samsø Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Dina Cortes
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Inger Merete Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital North Zealand, Hillerød, Denmark
| | | | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Mann
- NNF Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Nadja Hawwa Vissing
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- NNF Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Dai B, Ji W, Zhu P, Han S, Chen Y, Jin Y. Update on Omicron variant and its threat to vulnerable populations. PUBLIC HEALTH IN PRACTICE 2024; 7:100494. [PMID: 38584806 PMCID: PMC10998192 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhip.2024.100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To reduce the incidence of severe illness and fatalities, and promote the awareness of protection and precaution, increased vaccination, strengthen the physical fitness, frequent ventilation, and health education should be enhanced among vulnerable populations as essential measures for the future control of COVID-19. Study design Systematic review. Method The search was done using PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science for studies without language restrictions, published up through March 2023, since their authoritative and comprehensive literature search database. Eighty articles were included. Extraction of articles and quality assessment of included reviews was performed independently by two authors using the AMSTAR 2 score. Results The articles in the final data set included research on epidemiological characteristics, pathogenicity, available vaccines, treatments and epidemiological features in special populations including the elders, pregnant women, kids, people with chronic diseases concerning Omicron. Conclusion Although less pathogenic potential is found in Omicron, highly mutated forms have enhanced the ability of immune evasion and resistance to existing vaccines compared with former variants. Severe complications and outcomes may occur in vulnerable populations. Infected pregnant women are more likely to give birth prematurely, and fatal implications in children infected with Omicron are hyperimmune response and severe neurological disorders. In immunocompromised patients, there is a greater reported mortality and complication compared to patients with normal immune systems. Therefore, maintain social distancing, wear masks, and receive vaccinations are effective long-term measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Dai
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wangquan Ji
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Peiyu Zhu
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shujie Han
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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4
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Hattab D, Amer MFA, Al-Alami ZM, Bakhtiar A. SARS-CoV-2 journey: from alpha variant to omicron and its sub-variants. Infection 2024; 52:767-786. [PMID: 38554253 PMCID: PMC11143066 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-024-02223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected hundreds of millions of individuals and caused more than six million deaths. The prolonged pandemic duration and the continual inter-individual transmissibility have contributed to the emergence of a wide variety of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Genomic surveillance and phylogenetic studies have shown that substantial mutations in crucial supersites of spike glycoprotein modulate the binding affinity of the evolved SARS-COV-2 lineages to ACE2 receptors and modify the binding of spike protein with neutralizing antibodies. The immunological spike mutations have been associated with differential transmissibility, infectivity, and therapeutic efficacy of the vaccines and the immunological therapies among the new variants. This review highlights the diverse genetic mutations assimilated in various SARS-CoV-2 variants. The implications of the acquired mutations related to viral transmission, infectivity, and COVID-19 severity are discussed. This review also addresses the effectiveness of human neutralizing antibodies induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection or immunization and the therapeutic antibodies against the ascended variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dima Hattab
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Queen Rania Street, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mumen F A Amer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Zina M Al-Alami
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Athirah Bakhtiar
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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5
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Li X, Kulakova L, Jones K, Toth EA, Mitchell MK, Mendez Q, Weiner MP, Fuerst TR. Site-directed neutralizing antibodies targeting structural sites on SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. N Biotechnol 2024; 80:27-36. [PMID: 38128698 PMCID: PMC10954356 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
'Epivolve' (epitope evolution) is an innovative paratope-evolving technology using a haptenated peptide or protein immunogen as a means of directing the in vivo immune response to specifically targeted sites at a one amino acid residue resolution. Guided by protein structural analysis, Epivolve technology was tested to develop site-directed neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) in a systematic fashion against the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain (RBD). Thirteen solvent-exposed sites covering the ACE2 receptor-binding interface were targeted. Immunogens composed of each targeted site were used to immunize rabbits in separate cohorts. In vivo site-directed immune responses against all 13 targets were demonstrated by B cell secreted IgG and recombinant IgG testing. One site, SL13 (Y505) which mutates from tyrosine to histidine in the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, was chosen as a proof-of-concept (PoC) model for further functional monoclonal antibody development. Epivolve technology demonstrated the capabilities of generating pan-variant antibodies and nAbs against the SARS-CoV-2 primary strain and the Omicron variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Li
- Abbratech Inc., 25 Business Park Drive, Suite C, Branford, CT 06405, USA.
| | - Liudmila Kulakova
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Kezzia Jones
- Abbratech Inc., 25 Business Park Drive, Suite C, Branford, CT 06405, USA
| | - Eric A Toth
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | | | - Qiana Mendez
- Abbratech Inc., 25 Business Park Drive, Suite C, Branford, CT 06405, USA
| | - Michael P Weiner
- Abbratech Inc., 25 Business Park Drive, Suite C, Branford, CT 06405, USA
| | - Thomas R Fuerst
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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6
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Sheward DJ, Pushparaj P, Das H, Greaney AJ, Kim C, Kim S, Hanke L, Hyllner E, Dyrdak R, Lee J, Dopico XC, Dosenovic P, Peacock TP, McInerney GM, Albert J, Corcoran M, Bloom JD, Murrell B, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Hällberg BM. Structural basis of broad SARS-CoV-2 cross-neutralization by affinity-matured public antibodies. Cell Rep Med 2024:101577. [PMID: 38761799 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Descendants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant now account for almost all SARS-CoV-2 infections. The Omicron variant and its sublineages have spike glycoproteins that are highly diverged from the pandemic founder and first-generation vaccine strain, resulting in significant evasion from monoclonal antibody therapeutics and vaccines. Understanding how commonly elicited antibodies can broaden to cross-neutralize escape variants is crucial. We isolate IGHV3-53, using "public" monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from an individual 7 months post infection with the ancestral virus and identify antibodies that exhibit potent and broad cross-neutralization, extending to the BA.1, BA.2, and BA.4/BA.5 sublineages of Omicron. Deep mutational scanning reveals these mAbs' high resistance to viral escape. Structural analysis via cryoelectron microscopy of a representative broadly neutralizing antibody, CAB-A17, in complex with the Omicron BA.1 spike highlights the structural underpinnings of this broad neutralization. By reintroducing somatic hypermutations into a germline-reverted CAB-A17, we delineate the role of affinity maturation in the development of cross-neutralization by a public class of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Sheward
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Pradeepa Pushparaj
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hrishikesh Das
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Allison J Greaney
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Changil Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sungyong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leo Hanke
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Hyllner
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Dyrdak
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jimin Lee
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Xaquin Castro Dopico
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pia Dosenovic
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas P Peacock
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gerald M McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Albert
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Ben Murrell
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - B Martin Hällberg
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB) and Karolinska Institutet VR-RÅC, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
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7
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Hartmann JA, Cardoso MR, Talarico MCR, Kenney DJ, Leone MR, Reese DC, Turcinovic J, O'Connell AK, Gertje HP, Marino C, Ojeda PE, De Paula EV, Orsi FA, Velloso LA, Cafiero TR, Connor JH, Ploss A, Hoelzemer A, Carrington M, Barczak AK, Crossland NA, Douam F, Boucau J, Garcia-Beltran WF. Evasion of NKG2D-mediated cytotoxic immunity by sarbecoviruses. Cell 2024; 187:2393-2410.e14. [PMID: 38653235 PMCID: PMC11088510 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 and other sarbecoviruses continue to threaten humanity, highlighting the need to characterize common mechanisms of viral immune evasion for pandemic preparedness. Cytotoxic lymphocytes are vital for antiviral immunity and express NKG2D, an activating receptor conserved among mammals that recognizes infection-induced stress ligands (e.g., MIC-A/B). We found that SARS-CoV-2 evades NKG2D recognition by surface downregulation of MIC-A/B via shedding, observed in human lung tissue and COVID-19 patient serum. Systematic testing of SARS-CoV-2 proteins revealed that ORF6, an accessory protein uniquely conserved among sarbecoviruses, was responsible for MIC-A/B downregulation via shedding. Further investigation demonstrated that natural killer (NK) cells efficiently killed SARS-CoV-2-infected cells and limited viral spread. However, inhibition of MIC-A/B shedding with a monoclonal antibody, 7C6, further enhanced NK-cell activity toward SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. Our findings unveil a strategy employed by SARS-CoV-2 to evade cytotoxic immunity, identify the culprit immunevasin shared among sarbecoviruses, and suggest a potential novel antiviral immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Hartmann
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Devin J Kenney
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Madison R Leone
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dagny C Reese
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Turcinovic
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aoife K O'Connell
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hans P Gertje
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin Marino
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pedro E Ojeda
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Erich V De Paula
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda A Orsi
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Licio Augusto Velloso
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Thomas R Cafiero
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - John H Connor
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Angelique Hoelzemer
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany; Institute for Infection and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany; Research Department Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mary Carrington
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy K Barczak
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas A Crossland
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Florian Douam
- Department of Virology, Immunology, and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Wilfredo F Garcia-Beltran
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Saraf A, Gurjar R, Kaviraj S, Kulkarni A, Kumar D, Kulkarni R, Virkar R, Krishnan J, Yadav A, Baranwal E, Singh A, Raghuwanshi A, Agarwal P, Savergave L, Singh S. An Omicron-specific, self-amplifying mRNA booster vaccine for COVID-19: a phase 2/3 randomized trial. Nat Med 2024; 30:1363-1372. [PMID: 38637636 PMCID: PMC11108772 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-02955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Here we conducted a multicenter open-label, randomized phase 2 and 3 study to assess the safety and immunogenicity of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron-specific (BA.1/B.1.1.529), monovalent, thermostable, self-amplifying mRNA vaccine, GEMCOVAC-OM, when administered intradermally as a booster in healthy adults who had received two doses of BBV152 or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. GEMCOVAC-OM was well tolerated with no related serious adverse events in both phase 2 and phase 3. In phase 2, the safety and immunogenicity of GEMCOVAC-OM was compared with our prototype mRNA vaccine GEMCOVAC-19 (D614G variant-specific) in 140 participants. At day 29 after vaccination, there was a significant rise in anti-spike (BA.1) IgG antibodies with GEMCOVAC-OM (P < 0.0001) and GEMCOVAC-19 (P < 0.0001). However, the IgG titers (primary endpoint) and seroconversion were higher with GEMCOVAC-OM (P < 0.0001). In phase 3, GEMCOVAC-OM was compared with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 in 3,140 participants (safety cohort), which included an immunogenicity cohort of 420 participants. At day 29, neutralizing antibody titers against the BA.1 variant of SARS-CoV-2 were significantly higher than baseline in the GEMCOVAC-OM arm (P < 0.0001), but not in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 arm (P = 0.1490). GEMCOVAC-OM was noninferior (primary endpoint) and superior to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 in terms of neutralizing antibody titers and seroconversion rate (lower bound 95% confidence interval of least square geometric mean ratio >1 and difference in seroconversion >0% for superiority). At day 29, anti-spike IgG antibodies and seroconversion (secondary endpoints) were significantly higher with GEMCOVAC-OM (P < 0.0001). These results demonstrate that GEMCOVAC-OM is safe and boosts immune responses against the B.1.1.529 variant. Clinical Trial Registry India identifier: CTRI/2022/10/046475 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Saraf
- Gennova Biopharmaceuticals Limited, Pune, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Ruta Kulkarni
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be University), Pune, India
| | - Rashmi Virkar
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to Be University), Pune, India
| | | | | | - Ekta Baranwal
- JSS Medical Research, Haryana, India
- Cytel, Pune, India
| | - Ajay Singh
- Gennova Biopharmaceuticals Limited, Pune, India
| | | | | | | | - Sanjay Singh
- Gennova Biopharmaceuticals Limited, Pune, India.
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9
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Tang L, Guo Y, Shu C, Peng X, Qiu S, Li R, Liu P, Wei H, Liao S, Du Y, Guo D, Gao N, Zeng QL, Liu X, Ji F. Neurological manifestations and risk factors associated with poor prognosis in hospitalized children with Omicron variant infection. Eur J Pediatr 2024; 183:2353-2363. [PMID: 38429545 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-024-05495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
There are increasing reports of neurological manifestation in children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the frequency and clinical outcomes of in hospitalized children infected with the Omicron variant are unknown. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics, neurological manifestations, and risk factor associated with poor prognosis of hospitalized children suffering from COVID-19 due to the Omicron variant. Participants included children older than 28 days and younger than 18 years. Patients were recruited from December 10, 2022 through January 5, 2023. They were followed up for 30 days. A total of 509 pediatric patients hospitalized with the Omicron variant infection were recruited into the study. Among them, 167 (32.81%) patients had neurological manifestations. The most common manifestations were febrile convulsions (n = 90, 53.89%), viral encephalitis (n = 34, 20.36%), epilepsy (n = 23, 13.77%), hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (n = 9, 5.39%), and acute necrotizing encephalopathy (n = 6, 3.59%). At discharge, 92.81% of patients had a good prognosis according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale (scores ≥ 4). However, 7.19% had a poor prognosis. Eight patients died during the follow-up period with a cumulative 30-day mortality rate of 4.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-8.1). Multivariate analysis revealed that albumin (odds ratio 0.711, 95% CI 0.556-0.910) and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) levels (odds ratio 1.033, 95% CI 1.004-1.063) were independent risk factors of poor prognosis due to neurological manifestations. The area under the curve for the prediction of poor prognosis with albumin and CK-MB was 0.915 (95%CI 0.799-1.000), indicating that these factors can accurately predict a poor prognosis. Conclusion: In this study, 32.8% of hospitalized children suffering from COVID-19 due to the Omicron variant infection experienced neurological manifestations. Baseline albumin and CK-MB levels could accurately predict poor prognosis in this patient population. What is Known: • Neurological injury has been reported in SARS-CoV-2 infection; compared with other strains, the Omicron strain is more likely to cause neurological manifestations in adults. • Neurologic injury in adults such as cerebral hemorrhage and epilepsy has been reported in patients with Omicron variant infection. What is New: • One-third hospitalized children with Omicron infection experience neurological manifestations, including central nervous system manifestations and peripheral nervous system manifestations. • Albumin and CK-MB combined can accurately predict poor prognosis (AUC 0.915), and the 30-day mortality rate of children with Omicron variant infection and neurological manifestations was 4.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Affiliated Children's Hospital, No. 69 Xi Ju Yuan Alley, Xi'an, 710003, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuxin Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.157 Xi Wu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chang Shu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Affiliated Children's Hospital, No. 69 Xi Ju Yuan Alley, Xi'an, 710003, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaokang Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Affiliated Children's Hospital, No. 69 Xi Ju Yuan Alley, Xi'an, 710003, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sikai Qiu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.157 Xi Wu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruina Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Affiliated Children's Hospital, No. 69 Xi Ju Yuan Alley, Xi'an, 710003, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Affiliated Children's Hospital, No. 69 Xi Ju Yuan Alley, Xi'an, 710003, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huijing Wei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Affiliated Children's Hospital, No. 69 Xi Ju Yuan Alley, Xi'an, 710003, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shan Liao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Affiliated Children's Hospital, No. 69 Xi Ju Yuan Alley, Xi'an, 710003, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yali Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Affiliated Children's Hospital, No. 69 Xi Ju Yuan Alley, Xi'an, 710003, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dandan Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Affiliated Children's Hospital, No. 69 Xi Ju Yuan Alley, Xi'an, 710003, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ning Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.157 Xi Wu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qing-Lei Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, Eastern Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Xiaoguai Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Affiliated Children's Hospital, No. 69 Xi Ju Yuan Alley, Xi'an, 710003, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Fanpu Ji
- Department of Infectious Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.157 Xi Wu Road, Xi'an, 710004, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University) Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China.
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Surgical Critical Care and Life Support (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Shaanxi, China.
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10
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Nakayama T, Todaka R, Sawada A, Ito T, Fujino M, Haga K, Katayama K. Different immunological responses following immunization with two mRNA vaccines. J Infect Chemother 2024; 30:439-449. [PMID: 38000497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2023.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunological responses were investigated following immunization with two mRNA vaccines: BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273. METHODS Neutralizing antibody (NAb) was assayed before, 2-4 weeks after, and 3 and 6 months after the primary immunization, and the same time-points after booster dose with 6- or 8-months interval. Whole-blood culture was stimulated with spike antigen, and cytokine production was assayed. RESULTS NAb was detected after primary immunization, NAb titers began to decrease three months after primary immunization with BNT162b2, lower than those after mRNA-1273, and elevated after booster immunization. The NAb level was 1/2 lower against δ variant, and 1/16 lower against omicron variant in comparison with that against α variant. Cytokine production following immunization with mRNA-1273 was maintained within three months at higher levels of Th1 (TNF-α), Th2 (IL-4 and IL-5), and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-17) than that following immunization with BNT162b2, reflecting prominent levels of NAb following immunization with mRNA-1273. Cytokine production decreased six months after primary immunization in both vaccine recipients and was enhanced following booster doses. During the omicron outbreak, medical staff members in the outpatient office experienced asymptomatic infection, with a greater than 4-fold increase in NAb titers against omicron variant even after booster immunization. Asymptomatic infection enhanced the production of Th2 and inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION mRNA-1273 induced stronger NAb responses with wide-range cross-reactive antibodies against δ and omicron variants. mRNA-1273 induced higher levels of Th1, Th2, and inflammatory cytokines than BNT162b2 did, reflecting higher levels of NAb against variant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Nakayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ömura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Reiko Todaka
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ömura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Akihito Sawada
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ömura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Takashi Ito
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ömura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0329, Japan.
| | - Motoko Fujino
- Department of Pediatrics, Saiseikai Central Hospital Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-0073, Japan.
| | - Kei Haga
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ömura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ömura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
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11
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Lee EJ, Lee H, O SW, Rhee JE, Kim JM, Kim DJ, Kim IH, No JS, Park AK, Kim JA, Lee CY, Choi YK, Kim EJ. Neutralization Testing-based Immunogenicity Analysis of Recent Prevalent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Omicron Sublineages. Ann Lab Med 2024; 44:289-293. [PMID: 38087945 PMCID: PMC10813829 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2023.0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Although WHO declared the end of the public health emergency for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), XBB lineages continue to evolve and emerge globally. In particular, XBB.1.5 and XBB.1.16 are raising concerns because of their high immune evasion, leading to apprehensions regarding vaccine efficacy reduction and potential reinfection. We aimed to investigate the COVID-19 outbreak in Korea and predict the likelihood of reinfection by testing neutralizing activity against live viruses from the S clade and 19 Omicron sublineages. We found a significant risk of infection with the currently prevalent XBB lineage for individuals who were either vaccinated early or infected during the initial Omicron outbreak. Vaccinated individuals were better equipped than unvaccinated individuals to produce neutralizing antibodies for other SARS-CoV-2 variants upon infection. Therefore, unvaccinated individuals do not easily develop neutralizing activity against other variants and face the highest risk of reinfection by the XBB lineage. Our study provides important information to facilitate the development of strategies for monitoring populations that would be the most susceptible to new COVID-19 outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ju Lee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute of Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Hyeokjin Lee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sang Won O
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jee Eun Rhee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jeong-Min Kim
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Dong Ju Kim
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Il-Hwan Kim
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jin Sun No
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Ae Kyung Park
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ah Kim
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Chae Young Lee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young-Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute of Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Kim
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
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12
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Jackson S, Marshall JL, Mawer A, Lopez-Ramon R, Harris SA, Satti I, Hughes E, Preston-Jones H, Cabrera Puig I, Longet S, Tipton T, Laidlaw S, Doherty RP, Morrison H, Mitchell R, Tanner R, Ateere A, Stylianou E, Wu MS, Fredsgaard-Jones TPW, Breuer J, Rapeport G, Ferreira VM, Gleeson F, Pollard AJ, Carroll M, Catchpole A, Chiu C, McShane H. Safety, tolerability, viral kinetics, and immune correlates of protection in healthy, seropositive UK adults inoculated with SARS-CoV-2: a single-centre, open-label, phase 1 controlled human infection study. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2024:S2666-5247(24)00025-9. [PMID: 38703782 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(24)00025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A SARS-CoV-2 controlled human infection model (CHIM) has been successfully established in seronegative individuals using a dose of 1×101 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) pre-alpha SARS-CoV-2 virus. Given the increasing prevalence of seropositivity to SARS-CoV-2, a CHIM that could be used for vaccine development will need to induce infection in those with pre-existing immunity. Our aim was to find a dose of pre-alpha SARS-CoV-2 virus that induced infection in previously infected individuals. METHODS Healthy, UK volunteers aged 18-30 years, with proven (quantitative RT-PCR or lateral flow antigen test) previous SARS-CoV-2 infection (with or without vaccination) were inoculated intranasally in a stepwise dose escalation CHIM with either 1×101, 1×102, 1×10³, 1×104, or 1×105 TCID50 SARS-CoV-2/human/GBR/484861/2020, the same virus used in the seronegative CHIM. Post-inoculation, volunteers were quarantined in functionally negative pressure rooms (Oxford, UK) for 14 days and until 12-hourly combined oropharyngeal-nasal swabs were negative for viable virus by focus-forming assay. Outpatient follow-up continued for 12 months post-enrolment, with additional visits for those who developed community-acquired SARS-CoV-2 infection. The primary objective was to identify a safe, well tolerated dose that induced infection (defined as two consecutive SARS-CoV-2 positive PCRs starting 24 h after inoculation) in 50% of seropositive volunteers. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04864548); enrolment and follow-up to 12 months post-enrolment are complete. FINDINGS Recruitment commenced on May 6, 2021, with the last volunteer enrolled into the dose escalation cohort on Nov 24, 2022. 36 volunteers were enrolled, with four to eight volunteers inoculated in each dosing group from 1×101 to 1×105 TCID50 SARS-CoV-2. All volunteers have completed quarantine, with follow-up to 12 months complete. Despite dose escalation to 1×105 TCID50, we were unable to induce sustained infection in any volunteers. Five (14%) of 36 volunteers were considered to have transient infection, based on the kinetic of their PCR-positive swabs. Transiently infected volunteers had significantly lower baseline mucosal and systemic SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody titres and significantly lower peripheral IFNγ responses against a CD8+ T-cell SARS-CoV-2 peptide pool than uninfected volunteers. 14 (39%) of 36 volunteers subsequently developed breakthrough infection with the omicron variant after discharge from quarantine. Most adverse events reported by volunteers in quarantine were mild, with fatigue (16 [44%]) and stuffy nose (16 [44%]) being the most common. There were no serious adverse events. INTERPRETATION Our study demonstrates potent protective immunity induced by homologous vaccination and homologous or heterologous previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. The community breakthrough infections seen with the omicron variant supports the use of newer variants to establish a model with sufficient rate of infection for use in vaccine and therapeutic development. FUNDING Wellcome Trust and Department for Health and Social Care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Jackson
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julia L Marshall
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Mawer
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Iman Satti
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eileen Hughes
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Stephanie Longet
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tom Tipton
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Laidlaw
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Hazel Morrison
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Rachel Tanner
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alberta Ateere
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Meng-San Wu
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Judith Breuer
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Garth Rapeport
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Fergus Gleeson
- Oxford Radiology Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Miles Carroll
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Christopher Chiu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Helen McShane
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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13
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Park S, Choi J, Lee Y, Noh J, Kim N, Lee J, Cho G, Kim S, Yoo DK, Kang CK, Choe PG, Kim NJ, Park WB, Kim S, Oh MD, Kwon S, Chung J. An ancestral SARS-CoV-2 vaccine induces anti-Omicron variants antibodies by hypermutation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3368. [PMID: 38643233 PMCID: PMC11032360 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47743-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune escape of Omicron variants significantly subsides by the third dose of an mRNA vaccine. However, it is unclear how Omicron variant-neutralizing antibodies develop under repeated vaccination. We analyze blood samples from 41 BNT162b2 vaccinees following the course of three injections and analyze their B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoires at six time points in total. The concomitant reactivity to both ancestral and Omicron receptor-binding domain (RBD) is achieved by a limited number of BCR clonotypes depending on the accumulation of somatic hypermutation (SHM) after the third dose. Our findings suggest that SHM accumulation in the BCR space to broaden its specificity for unseen antigens is a counterprotective mechanism against virus variant immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoryeong Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology Major, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Choi
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghee Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsung Noh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Namphil Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - JinAh Lee
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Geummi Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujeong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Duck Kyun Yoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Kyung Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyoeng Gyun Choe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Joong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Beom Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungtaek Kim
- Zoonotic Virus Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myoung-Don Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sunghoon Kwon
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Bio-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junho Chung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology Major, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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14
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de Santiago-Silva KM, Camargo PG, Carvalho Constant LE, Costa SDS, Frensel GB, Allonso D, Nakazato G, Lima CHDS, Bispo MDLF. Molecular modelling studies and in vitro enzymatic assays identified A 4-(nitrobenzyl)guanidine derivative as inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8620. [PMID: 38616188 PMCID: PMC11016540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Scientists and researchers have been searching for drugs targeting the main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2, which is crucial for virus replication. This study employed a virtual screening based on molecular docking to identify benzoylguanidines from an in-house chemical library that can inhibit Mpro on the active site and three allosteric sites. Molecular docking was performed on the LaSMMed Chemical Library using 88 benzoylguanidine compounds. Based on their RMSD values and conserved pose, three potential inhibitors (BZG1, BZG2, and BZG3) were selected. These results indicate that BZG1 and BZG3 may bind to the active site, while BZG2 may bind to allosteric sites. Molecular dynamics data suggest that BZG2 selectively targets allosteric site 3. In vitro tests were performed to measure the proteolytic activity of rMpro. The tests showed that BZG2 has uncompetitive inhibitory activity, with an IC50 value of 77 µM. These findings suggest that benzoylguanidines possess potential as Mpro inhibitors and pave the way towards combating SARS-Cov-2 effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaio Maciel de Santiago-Silva
- Laboratório de Síntese de Moléculas Medicinais (LaSMMed), Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Priscila Goes Camargo
- Laboratório de Síntese de Moléculas Medicinais (LaSMMed), Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Larissa Esteves Carvalho Constant
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Stephany da Silva Costa
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Barbosa Frensel
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Diego Allonso
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Gerson Nakazato
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Camilo Henrique da Silva Lima
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelle de Lima Ferreira Bispo
- Laboratório de Síntese de Moléculas Medicinais (LaSMMed), Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.
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15
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Wu N, Zhang J, Shen Y, Zhang X, Zhou J, Wu Y, Li E, Meng X, Chuai X, Chiu S, Wang Y. A potential bivalent mRNA vaccine candidate protects against both RSV and SARS-CoV-2 infections. Mol Ther 2024; 32:1033-1047. [PMID: 38341613 PMCID: PMC11163217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
As the world continues to confront severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is also causing severe respiratory illness in millions of infants, elderly individuals, and immunocompromised people globally. Exacerbating the situation is the fact that co-infection with multiple viruses is occurring, something which has greatly increased the clinical severity of the infections. Thus, our team developed a bivalent vaccine that delivered mRNAs encoding SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike (S) and RSV fusion (F) proteins simultaneously, SF-LNP, which induced S and F protein-specific binding antibodies and cellular immune responses in BALB/c mice. Moreover, SF-LNP immunization effectively protected BALB/c mice from RSV infection and hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection. Notably, our study pointed out the antigenic competition problem of bivalent vaccines and provided a solution. Overall, our results demonstrated the potential of preventing two infectious diseases with a single vaccine and provided a paradigm for the subsequent design of multivalent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namei Wu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, P.R. China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, P.R. China
| | - Jiachen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, P.R. China
| | - Yanqiong Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, P.R. China
| | - Xinghai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Jinge Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
| | - Entao Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230027, P.R. China
| | - Xia Chuai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China.
| | - Sandra Chiu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, P.R. China.
| | - Yucai Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, P.R. China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, P.R. China; RNAlfa Biotech, Hefei 230088, P.R. China.
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16
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Qian J, Zhang S, Wang F, Li J, Zhang J. What makes SARS-CoV-2 unique? Focusing on the spike protein. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:404-430. [PMID: 38263600 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seriously threatens public health and safety. Genetic variants determine the expression of SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins, which are associated with enhanced transmissibility, enhanced virulence, and immune escape. Vaccination is encouraged as a public health intervention, and different types of vaccines are used worldwide. However, new variants continue to emerge, especially the Omicron complex, and the neutralizing antibody responses are diminished significantly. In this review, we outlined the uniqueness of SARS-CoV-2 from three perspectives. First, we described the detailed structure of the spike (S) protein, which is highly susceptible to mutations and contributes to the distinct infection cycle of the virus. Second, we systematically summarized the immunoglobulin G epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 and highlighted the central role of the nonconserved regions of the S protein in adaptive immune escape. Third, we provided an overview of the vaccines targeting the S protein and discussed the impact of the nonconserved regions on vaccine effectiveness. The characterization and identification of the structure and genomic organization of SARS-CoV-2 will help elucidate its mechanisms of viral mutation and infection and provide a basis for the selection of optimal treatments. The leaps in advancements regarding improved diagnosis, targeted vaccines and therapeutic remedies provide sound evidence showing that scientific understanding, research, and technology evolved at the pace of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Qian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shichang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinming Li
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiexin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China
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17
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Tiwari ON, Bobby MN, Kondi V, Halder G, Kargarzadeh H, Ikbal AMA, Bhunia B, Thomas S, Efferth T, Chattopadhyay D, Palit P. Comprehensive review on recent trends and perspectives of natural exo-polysaccharides: Pioneering nano-biotechnological tools. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130747. [PMID: 38479657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides (EPSs), originating from various microbes, and mushrooms, excel in their conventional role in bioremediation to showcase diverse applications emphasizing nanobiotechnology including nano-drug carriers, nano-excipients, medication and/or cell encapsulation, gene delivery, tissue engineering, diagnostics, and associated treatments. Acknowledged for contributions to adsorption, nutrition, and biomedicine, EPSs are emerging as appealing alternatives to traditional polymers, for biodegradability and biocompatibility. This article shifts away from the conventional utility to delve deeply into the expansive landscape of EPS applications, particularly highlighting their integration into cutting-edge nanobiotechnological methods. Exploring EPS synthesis, extraction, composition, and properties, the discussion emphasizes their structural diversity with molecular weight and heteropolymer compositions. Their role as raw materials for value-added products takes center stage, with critical insights into recent applications in nanobiotechnology. The multifaceted potential, biological relevance, and commercial applicability of EPSs in contemporary research and industry align with the nanotechnological advancements coupled with biotechnological nano-cleansing agents are highlighted. EPS-based nanostructures for biological applications have a bright future ahead of them. Providing crucial information for present and future practices, this review sheds light on how eco-friendly EPSs derived from microbial biomass of terrestrial and aquatic environments can be used to better understand contemporary nanobiotechnology for the benefit of society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onkar Nath Tiwari
- Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Blue Green Algae, Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Md Nazneen Bobby
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, Vadlamudi, Andhra Pradesh 522213, India
| | - Vanitha Kondi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vishnu Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Narsapur, Medak 502313, Telangana, India
| | - Gopinath Halder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, West Bengal 713209, India
| | - Hanieh Kargarzadeh
- Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Seinkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Abu Md Ashif Ikbal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Discovery Research Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India
| | - Biswanath Bhunia
- Department of Bio Engineering, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Jirania 799046, India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Athirampuzha, Kerala, 686560, India; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box, 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi 590010, India; School of Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda University, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700102, India
| | - Partha Palit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Discovery Research Laboratory, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India.
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18
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Senevirathne TH, Wekking D, Swain JWR, Solinas C, De Silva P. COVID-19: From emerging variants to vaccination. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 76:127-141. [PMID: 38135574 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The vigorous spread of SARS-CoV-2 resulted in the rapid infection of millions of people worldwide and devastation of not only public healthcare, but also social, educational, and economic infrastructures. The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 over time is due to the mutations that occurred in the genome during each replication. These mutated forms of SARS-CoV-2, otherwise known as variants, were categorized as variants of interest (VOI) or variants of concern (VOC) based on the increased risk of transmissibility, disease severity, immune escape, decreased effectiveness of current social measures, and available vaccines and therapeutics. The swift development of COVID-19 vaccines has been a great success for biomedical research, and billions of vaccine doses, including boosters, have been administered worldwide. BNT162b2 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca), and Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) are the four major COVID-19 vaccines that received early regulatory authorization based on their efficacy. However, some SARS-CoV-2 variants resulted in higher resistance to available vaccines or treatments. It has been four years since the first reported infection of SARS-CoV-2, yet the Omicron variant and its subvariants are still infecting people worldwide. Despite this, COVID-19 vaccines are still expected to be effective at preventing severe disease, hospitalization, and death from COVID. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the COVID-19 pandemic focused on evolution of VOC and vaccination strategies against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilini H Senevirathne
- Faculty of Science, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Demi Wekking
- Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Cinzia Solinas
- Medical Oncology, AOU Cagliari, P.O. Duilio Casula, Monserrato (CA), Italy.
| | - Pushpamali De Silva
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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19
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Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Liu C, Liu J, Xue W, Wang Z, Li X. Tumor-activated IL-2 mRNA delivered by lipid nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2024; 368:663-675. [PMID: 38492862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) exhibits the unique capacity to modulate immune functions, potentially exerting antitumor effects by stimulating immune responses, making it highly promising for immunotherapy. However, the clinical use of recombinant IL-2 protein faces significant limitations due to its short half-life and systemic toxicity. To overcome these challenges and fully exploit IL-2's potential in tumor immunotherapy, this study reports the development of a tumor-activated IL-2 mRNA, delivered via lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Initially, ionizable lipid U-101 derived nanoparticles (U-101-LNP) were prepared using microfluidic technology. Subsequent in vitro and in vivo delivery tests demonstrated that U-101-LNP achieved more effective transfection than the approved ALC-0315-LNP. Following this, IL-2F mRNAs, encoding fusion proteins comprising IL-2, a linker, and CD25 (IL-2Rα), were designed and synthesized through in vitro transcription. A cleavable linker, consisting of the peptide sequence SGRSEN↓IRTA, was selected for cleavage by matrix metalloproteinase-14 (MMP-14). IL-2F mRNA was then encapsulated in U-101-LNP to create U-101-LNP/IL-2F mRNA complexes. After optimization, assessments of expression efficiency, masking, and release characteristics revealed that IL-2F with linker C4 demonstrated superior performance. Finally, the antitumor activity of IL-2F mRNA was evaluated. The results indicated that U-101-LNP/IL-2F mRNA achieved the strongest antitumor effect, with an inhibition rate of 70.3%. Immunohistochemistry observations revealed significant expressions of IL-2, IFN-γ, and CD8, suggesting an up-regulation of immunomodulation in tumor tissues. This effect could be ascribed to the expression of IL-2F, followed by the cleavage of the linker under the action of MMP-14 in tumor tissue, which sustainably releases IL-2. H&E staining of tissues treated with U-101-LNP/IL-2F mRNA showed no abnormalities. Further evaluations indicated that the U-101-LNP/IL-2F mRNA group maintained proper levels of inflammatory factors without obvious alterations in liver and renal functions. Taken together, the U-101-LNP/IL-2F mRNA formulation demonstrated effective antitumor activity and safety, which suggests potential applicability in clinical immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Yanhao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Jinyu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Wenliang Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Zihao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Xinsong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China.
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20
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Velarde CA, Hurtado U, Cardona Rios AF, Ortiz C, Betancur I. Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 δ sublineages of the second wave of 2021 in Antioquia, Colombia. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2024; 44:54-66. [PMID: 38648352 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Introduction. During the development of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Antioquia, we experienced epidemiological peaks related to the α, ɣ, β, ƛ, and δ variants. δ had the highest incidence and prevalence. This lineage is of concern due to its clinical manifestations and epidemiological characteristics. A total of 253 δ sublineages have been reported in the PANGOLIN database. The sublineage identification through genomic analysis has made it possible to trace their evolution and propagation. Objective. To characterize the genetic diversity of the different SARS-CoV-2 δ sublineages in Antioquia and to describe its prevalence. Materials and methods. We collected sociodemographic information from 2,675 samples, and obtained 1,115 genomes from the GISAID database between July 12th, 2021, and January 18th, 2022. From the analyzed genomes, 515 were selected because of their high coverage values (>90%) to perform phylogenetic analysis and to infer allele frequencies of mutations of interest. Results. We characterized 24 sublineages. The most prevalent was AY.25. Mutations of interest as L452R, P681R, and P681H were identified in this sublineage, comprising a frequency close to 0.99. Conclusions. This study identified that the AY.25 sublineage has a transmission advantage compared to the other δ sublineages. This attribute may be related to the presence of the L452R and P681R mutations associated in other studies with higher evasion of the immune system and less efficacy of drugs against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Arbey Velarde
- Laboratorio Departamental de Salud Pública de Antioquia, Secretaría Seccional de Salud y Protección Social de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Uriel Hurtado
- Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Celeny Ortiz
- Dirección de Salud Colectiva, Secretaria de Salud de Antioquia, Secretaría Seccional de Salud de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Idabely Betancur
- Laboratorio Departamental de Salud Pública de Antioquia, Secretaría Seccional de Salud y Protección Social de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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21
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Deng Y, Tang M, Ross TM, Schmidt AG, Chakraborty AK, Lingwood D. Repeated vaccination with homologous influenza hemagglutinin broadens human antibody responses to unmatched flu viruses. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.03.27.24303943. [PMID: 38585939 PMCID: PMC10996724 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.27.24303943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The on-going diversification of influenza virus necessicates annual vaccine updating. The vaccine antigen, the viral spike protein hemagglutinin (HA), tends to elicit strain-specific neutralizing activity, predicting that sequential immunization with the same HA strain will boost antibodies with narrow coverage. However, repeated vaccination with homologous SARS-CoV-2 vaccine eventually elicits neutralizing activity against highly unmatched variants, questioning this immunological premise. We evaluated a longitudinal influenza vaccine cohort, where each year the subjects received the same, novel H1N1 2009 pandemic vaccine strain. Repeated vaccination gradually enhanced receptor-blocking antibodies (HAI) to highly unmatched H1N1 strains within individuals with no initial memory recall against these historical viruses. An in silico model of affinity maturation in germinal centers integrated with a model of differentiation and expansion of memory cells provides insight into the mechanisms underlying these results and shows how repeated exposure to the same immunogen can broaden the antibody response against diversified targets.
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22
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Lee B, Bae GE, Jeong IH, Kim JH, Kwon MJ, Kim J, Kim B, Lee JW, Nam JH, Huh HJ, Kang ES. Age-Related Differences in Neutralizing Antibody Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron Variants in 151 SARS-CoV-2-Naïve Metropolitan Residents Boosted with BNT162b2. J Appl Lab Med 2024:jfae014. [PMID: 38531067 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although age negatively correlates with vaccine-induced immune responses, whether the vaccine-induced neutralizing effect against variants of concern (VOCs) substantially differs across age remains relatively poorly explored. In addition, the utility of commercial binding assays developed with the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 for predicting the neutralizing effect against VOCs should be revalidated. METHODS We analyzed 151 triple-vaccinated SARS-CoV-2-naïve individuals boosted with BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech). The study population was divided into young adults (age < 30), middle-aged adults (30 ≤ age < 60), and older adults (age ≥ 60). The plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) titers against Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529) variants were compared across age. Antibody titers measured with commercial binding assays were compared with PRNT titers. RESULTS Age-related decline in neutralizing titers was observed for both Delta and Omicron variants. Neutralizing titers for Omicron were lower than those against Delta in all ages. The multiple linear regression model demonstrated that duration from third dose to sample collection and vaccine types were also significant factors affecting vaccine-induced immunity along with age. The correlation between commercial binding assays and PRNT was acceptable for all age groups with the Delta variant, but relatively poor for middle-aged and older adults with the Omicron variant due to low titers. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into the age-related dynamics of vaccine-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, corroborating the need for age-specific vaccination strategies in the endemic era where new variants continue to evolve. Moreover, commercial binding assays should be used cautiously when estimating neutralizing titers against VOCs, particularly Omicron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beomki Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Go Eun Bae
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In Hwa Jeong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hun Kim
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kwon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungguk Kim
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Woo Lee
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Nam
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Huh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Suk Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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23
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Gardner BJ, Kilpatrick AM. Predicting Vaccine Effectiveness for Hospitalization and Symptomatic Disease for Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variants Using Neutralizing Antibody Titers. Viruses 2024; 16:479. [PMID: 38543844 PMCID: PMC10975673 DOI: 10.3390/v16030479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new virus variants, including the Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) of SARS-CoV-2, can lead to reduced vaccine effectiveness (VE) and the need for new vaccines or vaccine doses if the extent of immune evasion is severe. Neutralizing antibody titers have been shown to be a correlate of protection for SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens, and could be used to quickly estimate vaccine effectiveness for new variants. However, no model currently exists to provide precise VE estimates for a new variant against severe disease for SARS-CoV-2 using robust datasets from several populations. We developed predictive models for VE against COVID-19 symptomatic disease and hospitalization across a 54-fold range of mean neutralizing antibody titers. For two mRNA vaccines (mRNA-1273, BNT162b2), models fit without Omicron data predicted that infection with the BA.1 Omicron variant increased the risk of hospitalization 2.8-4.4-fold and increased the risk of symptomatic disease 1.7-4.2-fold compared to the Delta variant. Out-of-sample validation showed that model predictions were accurate; all predictions were within 10% of observed VE estimates and fell within the model prediction intervals. Predictive models using neutralizing antibody titers can provide rapid VE estimates, which can inform vaccine booster timing, vaccine design, and vaccine selection for new virus variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy J. Gardner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - A. Marm Kilpatrick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
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24
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Tsou HH, Lee FJ, Wu SI, Fan B, Wu HY, Lin YH, Hsu YT, Cheng C, Cheng YC, Jiang WM, Chiou HY, Chen WJ, Hsiung CA, Chen PC, Sytwu HK. Suppression of the alpha, delta, and omicron variants of SARS-Cov-2 in Taiwan. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300303. [PMID: 38498498 PMCID: PMC10947699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taiwan was a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outlier, with an extraordinarily long transmission-free record: 253 days without locally transmitted infections while the rest of the world battled wave after wave of infection. The appearance of the alpha variant in May 2021, closely followed by the delta variant, disrupted this transmission-free streak. However, despite low vaccination coverage (<1%), outbreaks were well-controlled. METHODS This study analyzed the time to border closure and conducted one-sample t test to compare between Taiwan and Non-Taiwan countries prior to vaccine introduction. The study also collected case data to observe the dynamics of omicron transmission. Time-varying reproduction number,Rt, was calculated and was used to reflect infection impact at specified time points and model trends of future incidence. RESULTS The study analyzed and compare the time to border closure in Taiwan and non-Taiwan countries. The mean times to any border closure from the first domestic case within each country were -21 and 5.98 days, respectively (P < .0001). The Taiwanese government invested in quick and effective contact tracing with a precise quarantine strategy in lieu of a strict lockdown. Residents followed recommendations based on self-discipline and unity. The self-discipline in action is evidenced in Google mobility reports. The central and local governments worked together to enact non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), including universal masking, social distancing, limited unnecessary gatherings, systematic contact tracing, and enhanced quarantine measures. The people cooperated actively with pandemic-prevention regulations, including vaccination and preventive NPIs. CONCLUSIONS This article describes four key factors underlying Taiwan's success in controlling COVID-19 transmission: quick responses; effective control measures with new technologies and rolling knowledge updates; unity and cooperation among Taiwanese government agencies, private companies and organizations, and individual citizens; and Taiwanese self-discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Hui Tsou
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Jing Lee
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Shiow-Ing Wu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Byron Fan
- Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Hsiao-Yu Wu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Health Behaviors and Community Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Hsu
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chieh Cheng
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Cheng
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ming Jiang
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Chiou
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Master’s Program in Applied Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei J. Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao A. Hsiung
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Pau-Chung Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
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Chen J, Luo D, Sun C, Sun X, Dai C, Hu X, Wu L, Lei H, Ding F, Chen W, Li X. Predicting COVID-19 Re-Positive Cases in Malnourished Older Adults: A Clinical Model Development and Validation. Clin Interv Aging 2024; 19:421-437. [PMID: 38487375 PMCID: PMC10937181 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s449338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Building and validating a clinical prediction model for novel coronavirus (COVID-19) re-positive cases in malnourished older adults. Patients and Methods Malnourished older adults from January to May 2023 were retrospectively collected from the Department of Geriatrics of the Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. They were divided into a "non-re-positive" group and a "re-positive" group based on the number of COVID-19 infections, and into a training set and a validation set at a 7:3 ratio. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis was used to identify predictive factors for COVID-19 re-positivity in malnourished older adults, and a nomogram was constructed. Independent influencing factors were screened by multivariate logistic regression. The model's goodness-of-fit, discrimination, calibration, and clinical impact were assessed by Hosmer-Lemeshow test, area under the curve (AUC), calibration curve, decision curve analysis (DCA), and clinical impact curve analysis (CIC), respectively. Results We included 347 cases, 243 in the training set, and 104 in the validation set. We screened 10 variables as factors influencing the outcome. By multivariate logistic regression analysis, preliminary identified protective factors, risk factors, and independent influencing factors that affect the re-positive outcome. We constructed a clinical prediction model for COVID-19 re-positivity in malnourished older adults. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test yielded χ2 =5.916, P =0.657; the AUC was 0.881; when the threshold probability was >8%, using this model to predict whether malnourished older adults were re-positive for COVID-19 was more beneficial than implementing intervention programs for all patients; when the threshold was >80%, the positive estimated value was closer to the actual number of cases. Conclusion This model can help identify the risk of COVID-19 re-positivity in malnourished older adults early, facilitate early clinical decision-making and intervention, and have important implications for improving patient outcomes. We also expect more large-scale, multicenter studies to further validate, refine, and update this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Chen
- Geriatric Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Danmei Luo
- Geriatric Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengxia Sun
- Geriatric Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolan Sun
- Geriatric Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changmao Dai
- Geriatric Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Hu
- Geriatric Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangqing Wu
- Geriatric Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Lei
- Geriatric Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Ding
- Geriatric Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Geriatric Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueping Li
- Geriatric Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
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Martín Pérez C, Aguilar R, Jiménez A, Salmerón G, Canyelles M, Rubio R, Vidal M, Cuamba I, Barrios D, Díaz N, Santano R, Serra P, Santamaria P, Izquierdo L, Trilla A, Vilella A, Barroso S, Tortajada M, García-Basteiro AL, Moncunill G, Dobaño C. Correlates of protection and determinants of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections 1 year after third dose vaccination. BMC Med 2024; 22:103. [PMID: 38454385 PMCID: PMC10921636 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants and the waning of immunity raise concerns about vaccine effectiveness and protection against COVID-19. While antibody response has been shown to correlate with the risk of infection with the original variant and earlier variants of concern, the effectiveness of antibody-mediated protection against Omicron and the factors associated with protection remain uncertain. METHODS We evaluated antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) antigens from Wuhan and variants of concern by Luminex and their role in preventing breakthrough infections 1 year after a third dose of mRNA vaccination, in a cohort of health care workers followed since the pandemic onset in Spain (N = 393). Data were analyzed in relation to COVID-19 history, demographic factors, comorbidities, vaccine doses, brand, and adverse events. RESULTS Higher levels of anti-S IgG and IgA to Wuhan, Delta, and Omicron were associated with protection against vaccine breakthroughs (IgG against Omicron S antigen HR, 0.06, 95%CI, 0.26-0.01). Previous SARS-CoV-2 infection was positively associated with antibody levels and protection against breakthroughs, and a longer time since last infection was associated with lower protection. In addition, priming with BNT162b2 followed by mRNA-1273 booster was associated with higher antibody responses than homologous mRNA-1273 vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Data show that IgG and IgA induced by vaccines against the original strain or by hybrid immunization are valid correlates of protection against Omicron BA.1 despite immune escape and support the benefits of heterologous vaccination regimens to enhance antibodies and the prioritization of booster vaccination in individuals without recent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Martín Pérez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Ruth Aguilar
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Alfons Jiménez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Gemma Salmerón
- Occupational Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Mar Canyelles
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Rocío Rubio
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Marta Vidal
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Inocencia Cuamba
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
- Centro de Investigação Em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, CP, 1929, Mozambique
| | - Diana Barrios
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Natalia Díaz
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Rebeca Santano
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Pau Serra
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, 08036, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Luis Izquierdo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Antoni Trilla
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Anna Vilella
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Sonia Barroso
- Occupational Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Marta Tortajada
- Occupational Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Alberto L García-Basteiro
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
- Centro de Investigação Em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, CP, 1929, Mozambique
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, 08036, Spain
- International Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Gemma Moncunill
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, 08036, Spain.
| | - Carlota Dobaño
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Barcelona, 08036, Spain.
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Roederer AL, Cao Y, Denis KS, Sheehan ML, Li CJ, Lam EC, Gregory DJ, Poznansky MC, Iafrate AJ, Canaday DH, Gravenstein S, Garcia-Beltran WF, Balazs AB. Ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 drives escape from mRNA vaccine-induced humoral immunity. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.03.05.24303815. [PMID: 38496628 PMCID: PMC10942518 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.05.24303815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Since the COVID-19 pandemic began in 2020, viral sequencing has documented 131 individual mutations in the viral spike protein across 48 named variants. To determine the ability of vaccine-mediated humoral immunity to keep pace with continued SARS-CoV-2 evolution, we assessed the neutralization potency of sera from 76 vaccine recipients collected after 2 to 6 immunizations against a comprehensive panel of mutations observed during the pandemic. Remarkably, while many individual mutations that emerged between 2020 and 2022 exhibit escape from sera following primary vaccination, few escape boosted sera. However, progressive loss of neutralization was observed across newer variants, irrespective of vaccine doses. Importantly, an updated XBB.1.5 booster significantly increased titers against newer variants but not JN.1. These findings demonstrate that seasonal boosters improve titers against contemporaneous strains, but novel variants continue to evade updated mRNA vaccines, demonstrating the need for novel approaches to adequately control SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex L. Roederer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yi Cao
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kerri St. Denis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Chia Jung Li
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Evan C. Lam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - David J. Gregory
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
- Pediatric Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mark C. Poznansky
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - A. John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - David H. Canaday
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Stefan Gravenstein
- Center of Innovation in Long-Term Services and Supports, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
- Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Brown University School of Public Health Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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Bellini T, Brisca G, Mariani M, Caorsi R, Bustaffa M, Drago E, Strati MF, Piccotti E, Moscatelli A, Gattorno M, Castagnola E. Epidemiological and clinical evolution of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children throughout the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in a tertiary Italian children's hospital. Acta Paediatr 2024; 113:523-530. [PMID: 38066729 DOI: 10.1111/apa.17054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a potentially life-threatening disease temporally linked to SARS-CoV-2 whose incidence and clinical presentation may have been altered by the different SARS-CoV-2 variants and by vaccination. METHODS We retrospectively collected the data of all MIS-C cases admitted to the Gaslini Children's Hospital, the hub for SARS-CoV-2 related diseases in Liguria region, Italy, from 01 October 2020, to 30 November 2022, evaluating the ratio between MIS-C cases and (1) COVID-19 paediatric cases in our region, (2) emergency department admissions and (3) emergency department febrile patients. We also compared MIS-C incidence in pre- post-vaccination periods. RESULTS We observed a significant global decline in the incidence of MIS-Cover the four variant periods and after the starting of vaccination whereas clinical features, therapeutic management and severity did not significantly vary. CONCLUSIONS In our setting, we demonstrated a significant decrease of MIS-C incidence according to the predominant variant and including not vaccinated children. Regardless of variant type, the patients showed similar phenotypes and severity throughout the pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 variants as well as immune protection after previous infections and/or vaccination may have interacted by playing different roles and reducing the incidence of MIS-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Bellini
- Pronto Soccorso e Medicina d'Urgenza, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Brisca
- Terapia Semintensiva, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marcello Mariani
- Pediatria e Malattie Infettive, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Roberta Caorsi
- Centro Malattie Autoinfiammatorie e Immunodeficienze, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marta Bustaffa
- Pronto Soccorso e Medicina d'Urgenza, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Enrico Drago
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Riabilitazione, Oftalmologia, Genetica e Scienze Materno-Infantile (DINOGMI), University of genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marina Francesca Strati
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Riabilitazione, Oftalmologia, Genetica e Scienze Materno-Infantile (DINOGMI), University of genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuela Piccotti
- Pronto Soccorso e Medicina d'Urgenza, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Marco Gattorno
- Centro Malattie Autoinfiammatorie e Immunodeficienze, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elio Castagnola
- Pediatria e Malattie Infettive, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
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Park JS, Jeon J, Um J, Choi YY, Kim MK, Lee KS, Sung HK, Jang HC, Chin B, Kim CK, Oh MD, Lee CS. Magnitude and Duration of Serum Neutralizing Antibody Titers Induced by a Third mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination against Omicron BA.1 in Older Individuals. Infect Chemother 2024; 56:25-36. [PMID: 38014726 PMCID: PMC10990888 DOI: 10.3947/ic.2023.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) is dominating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide. The waning protective effect of available vaccines against the Omicron variant is a critical public health issue. This study aimed to assess the impact of the third COVID-19 vaccination on immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 strain in older individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adults aged ≥60 years who had completed two doses of the homologous COVID-19 vaccine with either BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech, New York, NY, USA, BNT) or ChAdOx1 nCoV (SK bioscience, Andong-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea, ChAd) were registered to receive the third vaccination. Participants chose either BNT or mRNA-1273 (Moderna, Norwood, MA, USA, m1273) mRNA vaccine for the third dose and were categorized into four groups: ChAd/ChAd/BNT, ChAd/ChAd/m1273, BNT/BNT/BNT, and BNT/BNT/m1273. Four serum specimens were obtained from each participant at 0, 4, 12, and 24 weeks after the third dose (V1, V2, V3, and V4, respectively). Serum-neutralizing antibody (NAb) activity against BetaCoV/Korea/KCDC03/2020 (NCCP43326, ancestral strain) and B.1.1.529 (NCCP43411, Omicron BA.1 variant) was measured using plaque reduction neutralization tests. A 50% neutralizing dilution (ND50) >10 was considered indicative of protective NAb titers. RESULTS In total, 186 participants were enrolled between November 24, 2021, and June 30, 2022. The respective groups received the third dose at a median (interquartile range [IQR]) of 132 (125 - 191), 123 (122 - 126), 186 (166 - 193), and 182 (175 - 198) days after the second dose. Overall, ND50 was lower at V1 against Omicron BA.1 than against the ancestral strain. NAb titers against the ancestral strain and Omicron BA.1 variant at V2 were increased at least 30-fold (median [IQR], 1235.35 [1021.45 - 2374.65)] and 129.8 [65.3 - 250.7], respectively). ND50 titers against the ancestral strain and Omicron variant did not differ significantly among the four groups (P = 0.57). NAb titers were significantly lower against the Omicron variant than against the ancestral strain at V3 (median [IQR], 36.4 (17.55 - 75.09) vs. 325.9 [276.07 - 686.97]; P = 0.012). NAb titers against Omicron at V4 were 16 times lower than that at V3. Most sera exhibited a protective level (ND50 >10) at V4 (75.0% [24/32], 73.0% [27/37], 73.3% [22/30], and 70.6% [12/17] in the ChAd/ChAd/BNT, ChAd/ChAd/m1273, BNT/BNT/BNT, and BNT/BNT/m1273 groups, respectively), with no significant differences among groups (P = 0.99). CONCLUSION A third COVID-19 mRNA vaccine dose restored waning NAb titers against Omicron BA.1. Our findings support a third-dose vaccination program to prevent the waning of humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Sun Park
- Research Institute for Public Healthcare, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaehyun Jeon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihye Um
- Research Institute for Public Healthcare, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn Young Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Shin Lee
- Research Institute for Public Healthcare, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Kyung Sung
- Research Institute for Public Healthcare, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Chang Jang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea
| | - BumSik Chin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choon Kwan Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, VHS Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-don Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Seop Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
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30
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Kruglov AA, Bondareva MA, Gogoleva VS, Semin IK, Astrakhantseva IV, Zvartsev R, Lunin AS, Apolokhov VD, Shustova EY, Volok VP, Ustyugov AA, Ishmukhametov AA, Nedospasov SA, Kozlovskaya LI, Drutskaya MS. Inactivated whole virion vaccine protects K18-hACE2 Tg mice against the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant via cross-reactive T cells and nonneutralizing antibody responses. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350664. [PMID: 38088236 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a systemic inflammatory disease initiated by SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. Multiple vaccines against the Wuhan variant of SARS-CoV-2 have been developed including a whole virion beta-propiolactone-inactivated vaccine based on the B.1.1 strain (CoviVac). Since most of the population has been vaccinated by targeting the original or early variants of SARS-CoV-2, the emergence of novel mutant variants raises concern over possible evasion of vaccine-induced immune responses. Here, we report on the mechanism of protection by CoviVac, a whole virion-based vaccine, against the Omicron variant. CoviVac-immunized K18-hACE2 Tg mice were protected against both prototype B.1.1 and BA.1-like (Omicron) variants. Subsequently, vaccinated K18-hACE2 Tg mice rapidly cleared the infection via cross-reactive T-cell responses and cross-reactive, non-neutralizing antibodies recognizing the Omicron variant Spike protein. Thus, our data indicate that efficient protection from SARS-CoV-2 variants can be achieved by the orchestrated action of cross-reactive T cells and non-neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Kruglov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Systems Rheumatology, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina A Bondareva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Systems Rheumatology, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Violetta S Gogoleva
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Iaroslav K Semin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Systems Rheumatology, German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Irina V Astrakhantseva
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Federal Territory Sirius, Krasnodarsky Krai, Russia
| | - Ruslan Zvartsev
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandr S Lunin
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasiliy D Apolokhov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Yu Shustova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktor P Volok
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksey A Ustyugov
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds at Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Aydar A Ishmukhametov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moskva, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei A Nedospasov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology and Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Federal Territory Sirius, Krasnodarsky Krai, Russia
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Liubov I Kozlovskaya
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences (Institute of Poliomyelitis), Moscow, Russia
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moskva, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina S Drutskaya
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Federal Territory Sirius, Krasnodarsky Krai, Russia
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Baxter RM, Cabrera-Martinez B, Ghosh T, Rester C, Moreno MG, Borko TL, Selva S, Fleischer CL, Haakonsen N, Mayher A, Bowhay E, Evans C, Miller TM, Huey L, McWilliams J, van Bokhoven A, Deane KD, Knight V, Jordan KR, Ghosh D, Klarquist J, Kedl RM, Piquet AL, Hsieh EWY. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine-Elicited Immunity after B Cell Depletion in Multiple Sclerosis. Immunohorizons 2024; 8:254-268. [PMID: 38483384 PMCID: PMC10985059 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of B cell deficiency on the humoral and cellular responses to SARS-CoV2 mRNA vaccination remains a challenging and significant clinical management question. We evaluated vaccine-elicited serological and cellular responses in 1) healthy individuals who were pre-exposed to SARS-CoV-2 (n = 21), 2) healthy individuals who received a homologous booster (mRNA, n = 19; or Novavax, n = 19), and 3) persons with multiple sclerosis on B cell depletion therapy (MS-αCD20) receiving mRNA homologous boosting (n = 36). Pre-exposure increased humoral and CD4 T cellular responses in immunocompetent individuals. Novavax homologous boosting induced a significantly more robust serological response than mRNA boosting. MS-α CD20 had an intact IgA mucosal response and an enhanced CD8 T cell response to mRNA boosting compared with immunocompetent individuals. This enhanced cellular response was characterized by the expansion of only effector, not memory, T cells. The enhancement of CD8 T cells in the setting of B cell depletion suggests a regulatory mechanism between B and CD8 T cell vaccine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Baxter
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Tusharkanti Ghosh
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
| | - Cody Rester
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Miguel Guerrero Moreno
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Tyler L. Borko
- Department of Neurology, Sections of Neuroimmunology, Neuroinfectious Disease, and Neurohospitalist, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Sean Selva
- Department of Neurology, Sections of Neuroimmunology, Neuroinfectious Disease, and Neurohospitalist, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Chelsie L. Fleischer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Nicola Haakonsen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Ariana Mayher
- Allergy and Immunology Research, Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Emily Bowhay
- Allergy and Immunology Research, Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Courtney Evans
- Allergy and Immunology Research, Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Todd M. Miller
- Analytics Resource Center, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Leah Huey
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Jennifer McWilliams
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Adrie van Bokhoven
- Department of Pathology, Section of Pathology Shared Resource, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Kevin D. Deane
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Vijaya Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Kimberly R. Jordan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Debashis Ghosh
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
| | - Jared Klarquist
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Ross M. Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Amanda L. Piquet
- Department of Neurology, Sections of Neuroimmunology, Neuroinfectious Disease, and Neurohospitalist, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Elena W. Y. Hsieh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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Costa Rocha VP, Souza Machado BA, Barreto BC, Quadros HC, Santana Fernandes AM, Lima EDS, Bandeira ME, Meira CS, Moraes dos Santos Fonseca L, Erasmus J, Khandhar A, Berglund P, Reed S, José da Silva Badaró R, Pereira Soares MB. A polyvalent RNA vaccine reduces the immune imprinting phenotype in mice and induces neutralizing antibodies against omicron SARS-CoV-2. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25539. [PMID: 38370238 PMCID: PMC10869778 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune imprinting is now evident in COVID-19 vaccinated people. This phenomenon may impair the development of effective neutralizing antibodies against variants of concern (VoCs), mainly Omicron and its subvariants. Consequently, the boost doses with bivalent vaccines have not shown a significant gain of function regarding the neutralization of Omicron. The approach to design COVID-19 vaccines must be revised to improve the effectiveness against VoCs. Here, we took advantage of the self-amplifying characteristic of RepRNA and developed a polyvalent formulation composed of mRNA from five VoCs. LION/RepRNA Polyvalent induced neutralizing antibodies in mice previously immunized with LION/RepRNA D614G and reduced the imprinted phenotype associated with low neutralization capacity of Omicron B.1.1.529 pseudoviruses. The polyvalent vaccine can be a strategy to handle the low neutralization of Omicron VoC, despite booster doses with either monovalent or bivalent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Pinto Costa Rocha
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Bruna Aparecida Souza Machado
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- University Center SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Helenita Costa Quadros
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Eduarda dos Santos Lima
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mariana Evangelista Bandeira
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Cássio Santana Meira
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Roberto José da Silva Badaró
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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33
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Hauser B, Sangesland M, Lam EC, St Denis KJ, Sheehan ML, Vu ML, Cheng AH, Sordilla S, Lamson DT, Almawi AW, Balazs AB, Lingwood D, Schmidt AG. Heterologous Sarbecovirus Receptor Binding Domains as Scaffolds for SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Motif Presentation. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:553-561. [PMID: 38281136 PMCID: PMC10862550 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Structure-guided rational immunogen design can generate optimized immunogens that elicit a desired humoral response. Design strategies often center on targeting conserved sites on viral glycoproteins that will ultimately confer potent neutralization. For SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-2), the surface-exposed spike glycoprotein includes a broadly conserved portion, the receptor binding motif (RBM), that is required to engage the host cellular receptor, ACE2. Expanding humoral responses to this site may result in a more potent neutralizing antibody response against diverse sarbecoviruses. Here, we used a "resurfacing" approach and iterative design cycles to graft the SARS-2 RBM onto heterologous sarbecovirus scaffolds. The scaffolds were selected to vary the antigenic distance relative to SARS-2 to potentially focus responses to RBM. Multimerized versions of these immunogens elicited broad neutralization against sarbecoviruses in the context of preexisting SARS-2 immunity. These validated engineering approaches can help inform future immunogen design efforts for sarbecoviruses and are generally applicable to other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake
M. Hauser
- Ragon
Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Maya Sangesland
- Ragon
Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Evan C. Lam
- Ragon
Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kerri J. St Denis
- Ragon
Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Maegan L. Sheehan
- Ragon
Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mya L. Vu
- Ragon
Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Agnes H. Cheng
- Ragon
Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sophia Sordilla
- Ragon
Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dana Thornlow Lamson
- Ragon
Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ahmad W. Almawi
- Center
for Molecular Interactions, Department of Biological Chemistry and
Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alejandro B. Balazs
- Ragon
Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon
Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- Ragon
Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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34
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Van Dusen J, LeBlanc H, Nastasi N, Panescu J, Shamblin A, Smith JW, Sovic MG, Williams A, Quam MBM, Faith S, Dannemiller KC. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants in indoor dust. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297172. [PMID: 38335205 PMCID: PMC10857703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental surveillance of pathogens underlying infectious disease is critical to ensure public health. Recent efforts to track SARS-CoV-2 have utilized wastewater sampling to infer community trends in viral abundance and variant composition. Indoor dust has also been used for building-level inferences, though to date no sequencing data providing variant-scale resolution have been reported from dust samples, and strategies to monitor circulating variants in dust are needed to help inform public health decisions. In this study, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 lineages can be detected and sequenced from indoor bulk dust samples. We collected 93 vacuum bags from April 2021 to March 2022 from buildings on The Ohio State University's (OSU) Columbus campus, and the dust was used to develop and apply an amplicon-based whole-genome sequencing protocol to identify the variants present and estimate their relative abundances. Three variants of concern were detected in the dust: Alpha, Delta, and Omicron. Alpha was found in our earliest sample in April 2021 with an estimated frequency of 100%. Delta was the primary variant present from October of 2021 to January 2022, with an average estimated frequency of 91% (±1.3%). Omicron became the primary variant in January 2022 and was the dominant strain in circulation through March with an estimated frequency of 87% (±3.2%). The detection of these variants on OSU's campus correlates with the circulation of these variants in the surrounding population (Delta p<0.0001 and Omicron p = 0.02). Overall, these results support the hypothesis that dust can be used to track COVID-19 variants in buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Van Dusen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Haley LeBlanc
- Genetic Counseling Program, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Nastasi
- Environmental Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jenny Panescu
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Austin Shamblin
- Applied Microbiology Services Lab, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jacob W. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Sovic
- Applied Microbiology Services Lab, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amanda Williams
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mikkel B. M. Quam
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Section of Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Seth Faith
- Applied Microbiology Services Lab, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Karen C. Dannemiller
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Geodetic Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Sustainability Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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35
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Kim E, Khan MS, Ferrari A, Huang S, Kenniston TW, Cassaniti I, Baldanti F, Gambotto A. Second Boost of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 S1 Subunit Vaccine Induced Broad Humoral Immune Responses in Elderly Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.05.578925. [PMID: 38370806 PMCID: PMC10871204 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.05.578925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Currently approved COVID-19 vaccines prevent symptomatic infection, hospitalization, and death from the disease. However, repeated homologous boosters, while considered a solution for severe forms of the disease caused by new SARS-CoV-2 variants in elderly individuals and immunocompromised patients, cannot provide complete protection against breakthrough infections. This highlights the need for alternative platforms for booster vaccines. In our previous study, we assessed the boost effect of the SARS-CoV-2 Beta S1 recombinant protein subunit vaccine (rS1Beta) in aged mice primed with an adenovirus-based vaccine expressing SARS-CoV-2-S1 (Ad5.S1) via subcutaneous injection or intranasal delivery, which induced robust humoral immune responses (1). In this follow-up study, we demonstrated that a second booster dose of a non-adjuvanted recombinant Omicron (BA.1) S1 subunit vaccine with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist RS09 (rS1RS09OM) was effective in stimulating strong S1-specific immune responses and inducing significantly high neutralizing antibodies against the Wuhan, Delta, and Omicron variants in 100-week-old mice. Importantly, the second booster dose elicits cross-reactive antibody responses, resulting in ACE2 binding inhibition against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron (BA.1) and its subvariants. Interestingly, the levels of IgG and neutralizing antibodies correlated with the level of ACE2 inhibition in the booster serum samples, although Omicron S1-specific IgG level showed a weaker correlation compared to Wuhan S1-specific IgG level. Furthermore, we compared the immunogenic properties of the rS1 subunit vaccine in young, middle-aged, and elderly mice, resulting in reduced immunogenicity with age, especially an impaired Th1-biased immune response in aged mice. Our findings demonstrate that the new variant of concern (VOC) rS1 subunit vaccine as a second booster has the potential to offer cross-neutralization against a broad range of variants and to improve vaccine effectiveness against newly emerging breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 variants in elderly individuals who were previously primed with the authorized vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, PA 15213, USA
| | - Muhammad S. Khan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alessandro Ferrari
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Shaohua Huang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, PA 15213, USA
| | - Thomas W. Kenniston
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, PA 15213, USA
| | - Irene Cassaniti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambotto
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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36
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Fischer C, Willscher E, Paschold L, Gottschick C, Klee B, Diexer S, Bosurgi L, Dutzmann J, Sedding D, Frese T, Girndt M, Hoell JI, Gekle M, Addo MM, Schulze Zur Wiesch J, Mikolajczyk R, Binder M, Schultheiß C. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination may mitigate dysregulation of IL-1/IL-18 and gastrointestinal symptoms of the post-COVID-19 condition. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:23. [PMID: 38316833 PMCID: PMC10844289 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00815-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of safe and effective vaccines helped to prevent severe disease courses after SARS-CoV-2 infection and to mitigate the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic. While there is evidence that vaccination may reduce the risk of developing post-COVID-19 conditions (PCC), this effect may depend on the viral variant. Therapeutic effects of post-infection vaccination have been discussed but the data for individuals with PCC remains inconclusive. In addition, extremely rare side effects after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination may resemble the heterogeneous PCC phenotype. Here, we analyze the plasma levels of 25 cytokines and SARS-CoV-2 directed antibodies in 540 individuals with or without PCC relative to one or two mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccinations as well as in 20 uninfected individuals one month after their initial mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination. While none of the SARS-CoV-2 naïve individuals reported any persisting sequelae or exhibited PCC-like dysregulation of plasma cytokines, we detected lower levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in patients with ongoing PCC who received one or two vaccinations at a median of six months after infection as compared to unvaccinated PCC patients. This reduction correlated with less frequent reporting of persisting gastrointestinal symptoms. These data suggest that post-infection vaccination in patients with PCC might be beneficial in a subgroup of individuals displaying gastrointestinal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Fischer
- Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Department of Biomedicine, University, and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edith Willscher
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, (Saale), Germany
| | - Lisa Paschold
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, (Saale), Germany
| | - Cornelia Gottschick
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics, and Informatics (IMEBI), Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Medical School of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, (Saale), Germany
| | - Bianca Klee
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics, and Informatics (IMEBI), Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Medical School of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, (Saale), Germany
| | - Sophie Diexer
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics, and Informatics (IMEBI), Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Medical School of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, (Saale), Germany
| | - Lidia Bosurgi
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Protozoa Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Dutzmann
- Mid-German Heart Center, Department of Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, (Saale), Germany
| | - Daniel Sedding
- Mid-German Heart Center, Department of Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, (Saale), Germany
| | - Thomas Frese
- Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, (Saale), Germany
| | - Matthias Girndt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, (Saale), Germany
| | - Jessica I Hoell
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, (Saale), Germany
| | - Michael Gekle
- Julius Bernstein-Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, (Saale), Germany
| | - Marylyn M Addo
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Braunschweig, Germany
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Rafael Mikolajczyk
- Institute for Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics, and Informatics (IMEBI), Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Medical School of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, (Saale), Germany
| | - Mascha Binder
- Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Department of Biomedicine, University, and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Schultheiß
- Division of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Department of Biomedicine, University, and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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37
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Guan X, Pei Y, Song J. DNA-Based Nonviral Gene Therapy─Challenging but Promising. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:427-453. [PMID: 38198640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decades, significant progress has been made in utilizing nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA molecules, for therapeutic purposes. For DNA molecules, although various DNA delivery systems have been established, viral vector systems are the go-to choice for large-scale commercial applications. However, viral systems have certain disadvantages such as immune response, limited payload capacity, insertional mutagenesis and pre-existing immunity. In contrast, nonviral systems are less immunogenic, not size limited, safer, and easier for manufacturing compared with viral systems. What's more, nonviral DNA vectors have demonstrated their capacity to mediate specific protein expression in vivo for diverse therapeutic objectives containing a wide range of diseases such as cancer, rare diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and infectious diseases, yielding promising therapeutic outcomes. However, exogenous plasmid DNA is prone to degrade and has poor immunogenicity in vivo. Thus, various strategies have been developed: (i) designing novel plasmids with special structures, (ii) optimizing plasmid sequences for higher expression, and (iii) developing more efficient nonviral DNA delivery systems. Based on these strategies, many interesting clinical results have been reported. This Review discusses the development of DNA-based nonviral gene therapy, including novel plasmids, nonviral delivery systems, clinical advances, and prospects. These developments hold great potential for enhancing the efficacy and safety of nonviral gene therapy and expanding its applications in the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocai Guan
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yufeng Pei
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Jie Song
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
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38
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Ahmed N, Athavale A, Tripathi AH, Subramaniam A, Upadhyay SK, Pandey AK, Rai RC, Awasthi A. To be remembered: B cell memory response against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. Scand J Immunol 2024; 99:e13345. [PMID: 38441373 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19 disease has plagued the world economy and affected the overall well-being and life of most of the people. Natural infection as well as vaccination leads to the development of an immune response against the pathogen. This involves the production of antibodies, which can neutralize the virus during future challenges. In addition, the development of cellular immune memory with memory B and T cells provides long-lasting protection. The longevity of the immune response has been a subject of intensive research in this field. The extent of immunity conferred by different forms of vaccination or natural infections remained debatable for long. Hence, understanding the effectiveness of these responses among different groups of people can assist government organizations in making informed policy decisions. In this article, based on the publicly available data, we have reviewed the memory response generated by some of the vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, particularly B cell memory in different groups of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafees Ahmed
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Atharv Athavale
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Ankita H Tripathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Adarsh Subramaniam
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Santosh K Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | | | - Ramesh Chandra Rai
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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Ba Z, Qin Y, Sang Z, Wu H, Wu X, Cheng H, Ya B, Chen F. Vaccine inequity-induced COVID-19 dilemma: Time to sober up. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2024; 66:102364. [PMID: 38104356 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2023.102364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to discuss the catastrophic consequences of inequitable vaccine distribution and analyze the main challenges to address it, helping to guide efforts to address inequities in vaccine coverage. METHODS All published papers written in English were searched through PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar with the combination of relevant terms of COVID-19 vaccine inequity. RESULTS In this paper, we first outlined the scope of inequitable vaccine distribution and identify its truly catastrophic consequences. Next, from the perspectives of political will, free markets, and profit-driven enterprises based on patent and intellectual property protection, we analyzed in depth the root causes of why this phenomenon is so difficult to combat. In addition, some specific and crucial solutions that should be undertaken in the long term were also put forward in order to provide a useful reference for the authorities, stakeholders, and researchers involved in addressing this worldwide crisis and the next one. CONCLUSIONS Achieving COVID-19 vaccine equity faces funding gaps, vaccine nationalism, and barriers to access to intellectual property and technology. Thus, the scope of global vaccine inequity is immense, and its repercussions will continue to be felt worldwide, especially among the world's most vulnerable residents, both adults and children. Beyond fundamental issues, the growing vaccine hesitancy and unreliable distribution in low-income countries must be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaihua Ba
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yining Qin
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Ziling Sang
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Dongping County People's Hospital, Tai-an 271500, China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- Dongping County People's Hospital, Tai-an 271500, China
| | - Hongju Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Bailiu Ya
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.
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Huang L, Zhao F, He M, Fang Y, Ma X, Lu S, Li E, Xiao H, Zhu H, Wang X, Tang S, Yu B, Wang J, Zhao D, Wang C, Li H, Gao Y, Peng X, Shen H. An inoculation site-retained mRNA vaccine induces robust immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants. J Control Release 2024; 366:479-493. [PMID: 38184234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
mRNA-based vaccines and therapeutic agents hold great promise in prevention and treatment of human diseases, yet high percentage of systemic adverse effect in clinic remains a big safety concern. One major potential cause is a high level of leakage of the locally inoculated mRNA vaccine nanoparticles into circulation. We have screened and optimized a core-shell structured lipopolyplex (LPP) formulation for mRNA with a tissue-retention property. Upon intramuscular inoculation, the mRNA-encapsulated LPP nanoparticles were preferentially taken up by the phagocytic antigen-presentation cells, and potently promoted dendritic cell maturation. We applied the new formulation to prepare a prophylactic vaccine for SARS-CoV-2, and observed potent humoral and cellular immune responses from the vaccine in both murine models and non-human primates. More importantly, the vaccine demonstrated a benign safety profile in non-human primates, with limited side effects after repeated treatment with high dosages of LPP/mRNA. Taken together, the inoculation site-retained vaccine formulation serves as a promising vehicle for mRNA vaccines and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai 201206, China; Department of Material Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fanfan Zhao
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Muye He
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Xiaoping Ma
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Entao Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Hanfei Zhu
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Xueli Wang
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Siyuan Tang
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Department of Material Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Material Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hangwen Li
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai 201206, China.
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China.
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China.
| | - Haifa Shen
- Stemirna Therapeutics, Shanghai 201206, China.
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Lapuente D, Winkler TH, Tenbusch M. B-cell and antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2: infection, vaccination, and hybrid immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:144-158. [PMID: 37945737 PMCID: PMC10805925 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01095-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019 prompted scientific, medical, and biotech communities to investigate infection- and vaccine-induced immune responses in the context of this pathogen. B-cell and antibody responses are at the center of these investigations, as neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are an important correlate of protection (COP) from infection and the primary target of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine modalities. In addition to absolute levels, nAb longevity, neutralization breadth, immunoglobulin isotype and subtype composition, and presence at mucosal sites have become important topics for scientists and health policy makers. The recent pandemic was and still is a unique setting in which to study de novo and memory B-cell (MBC) and antibody responses in the dynamic interplay of infection- and vaccine-induced immunity. It also provided an opportunity to explore new vaccine platforms, such as mRNA or adenoviral vector vaccines, in unprecedented cohort sizes. Combined with the technological advances of recent years, this situation has provided detailed mechanistic insights into the development of B-cell and antibody responses but also revealed some unexpected findings. In this review, we summarize the key findings of the last 2.5 years regarding infection- and vaccine-induced B-cell immunity, which we believe are of significant value not only in the context of SARS-CoV-2 but also for future vaccination approaches in endemic and pandemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lapuente
- Institut für klinische und molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 1, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Institut für klinische und molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 1, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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42
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Zhang X, Li Y, Dai C, Chu Y, Luan C, Wang G. Safety and Efficacy of Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases and Serum Antibody Changes Post-Omicron Variant Infection. Rheumatol Ther 2024; 11:191-200. [PMID: 38175331 PMCID: PMC10796895 DOI: 10.1007/s40744-023-00630-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine has a similar effectiveness and safety profile in patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) and healthy controls (HCs). METHODS Between August 10, 2021 and September 30, 2021, 134 HCs and 269 patients with RMDs were recruited. All participants who tested negative for COVID-19 were vaccinated with SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine. Next, 150 patients with RMDs and 30 HCs infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant within the previous 12 weeks were recruited between February 20, 2023 and March 1, 2023. Serum samples were collected from each participant, and the serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 were determined using a chemiluminescence assay. RESULTS No statistically significant difference was found in the titer of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies, or in the incidence of vaccination-related adverse events between the RMD and HC groups (P = 0.183, P = 0.903, and P = 0.27, respectively). Serum IgG titers of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies were significantly higher in patients who received two or more doses of inactivated vaccine than in patients who were unvaccinated or had received one dose of vaccine (244.36 ± 109.79 vs. 66.20 ± 82.50; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccines have similar protective effects in HCs and patients with RMDs, with an appreciable safety profile. Fully vaccinated patients with RMDs infected with the Omicron variant were able to produce effective neutralizing antibody concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Anqing Medical Center, The Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 352 Renmin Road, Anqing, Anhui, China
| | - Yifei Li
- Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Chunqing Dai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Anqing Medical Center, Anhui Medical University, Anqing, Anhui, China
| | - Yaya Chu
- Wannan Medical College, 22 Wenchang West Road, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Chaoqi Luan
- Department of Laboratory, Anqing Medical Center, Anhui Medical University, Anqing, Anhui, China
| | - Guihong Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Anqing Medical Center, Anhui Medical University, Anqing, Anhui, China.
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Belongia EA, Petrie JG, Feldstein LR, Guan L, Halfmann PJ, King JP, Neumann G, Pattinson D, Rolfes MA, McLean HQ, Kawaoka Y. Neutralizing Immunity Against Antigenically Advanced Omicron BA.5 in Children After SARS-CoV-2 Infection. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2024; 13:100-104. [PMID: 38142128 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piad109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
We assessed serum neutralization of Omicron BA.5 in children following SARS-CoV-2 infection during the Delta or Omicron BA.1/BA.2 variant period. Convalescent BA.5 titers were higher following infections during the Omicron BA.1/BA.2 vs Delta variant period, and in vaccinated vs unvaccinated children. Titers against BA.5 did not differ by age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Belongia
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joshua G Petrie
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Leora R Feldstein
- Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lizheng Guan
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jennifer P King
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David Pattinson
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Melissa A Rolfes
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Huong Q McLean
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Mateos-Nozal J, Rodríguez-Domínguez M, San Román J, Candel FJ, Villarrubia N, Pérez-Panizo N, Segura E, Cuñarro JM, Ramírez-Arellano MVM, Rodríguez-Ramos R, Pariente-Rodríguez R, Villar LM, Ramos P, Cantón R, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Galán JC. Factors Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Fully Vaccinated Nursing Home Residents and Workers. Viruses 2024; 16:186. [PMID: 38399962 PMCID: PMC10891794 DOI: 10.3390/v16020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Persons living or working in nursing homes faced a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infections during the pandemic, resulting in heightened morbidity and mortality among older adults despite robust vaccination efforts. This prospective study evaluated the humoral and cellular immunity in fully vaccinated residents and workers from two nursing homes in Madrid, Spain, from 2020 to 2021. Measurements of IgG levels were conducted in August 2020 (pre-vaccination) and June and September 2021 (post-vaccination), alongside assessments of neutralizing antibodies and cellular responses in September 2021 among the most vulnerable individuals. Follow-up extended until February 2022 to identify risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection or mortality, involving 267 residents (mean age 87.6 years, 81.3% women) and 302 workers (mean age 50.7 years, 82.1% women). Residents exhibited a significantly higher likelihood of experiencing COVID-19 before June 2021 compared with nursing staff (OR [95% CI], 7.2 [3.0 to 17.2], p < 0.01). Participants with a history of previous COVID-19 infection showed more significant increases in IgG levels in August 2020, June 2021 and September 2021, alongside an increased proportion of neutralizing antibodies in the most vulnerable individuals. However, IgG decay remained the same between June and September 2021 based on the previous COVID-19 status. During the Omicron variant wave, residents and staff showed a similar rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Notably, preceding clinical or immunological factors before receiving three vaccination doses did not demonstrate associations with COVID-19 infection or overall mortality in our participant cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Mateos-Nozal
- Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (N.P.-P.); (M.V.M.R.-A.); (A.J.C.-J.)
| | - Mario Rodríguez-Domínguez
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.-D.); (R.C.); (J.C.G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Javier Candel
- Servicio de Microbiología Clínica y Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Noelia Villarrubia
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain (R.R.-R.); (R.P.-R.); (L.M.V.)
| | - Nuria Pérez-Panizo
- Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (N.P.-P.); (M.V.M.R.-A.); (A.J.C.-J.)
| | - Esther Segura
- Residencia de Mayores Manoteras, 28050 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | | | - Rafael Rodríguez-Ramos
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain (R.R.-R.); (R.P.-R.); (L.M.V.)
| | - Roberto Pariente-Rodríguez
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain (R.R.-R.); (R.P.-R.); (L.M.V.)
| | - Luisa M. Villar
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain (R.R.-R.); (R.P.-R.); (L.M.V.)
| | | | - Rafael Cantón
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.-D.); (R.C.); (J.C.G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso J. Cruz-Jentoft
- Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (N.P.-P.); (M.V.M.R.-A.); (A.J.C.-J.)
| | - Juan Carlos Galán
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.-D.); (R.C.); (J.C.G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Wang Y, Zhang Z, Yang M, Xiong X, Yan Q, Cao L, Wei P, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Lv K, Chen J, Liu X, Zhao X, Xiao J, Zhang S, Zhu A, Gan M, Zhang J, Cai R, Zhuo J, Zhang Y, Rao H, Qu B, Zhang Y, Chen L, Dai J, Cheng L, Hu Q, Chen Y, Lv H, So RTY, Peiris M, Zhao J, Liu X, Mok CKP, Wang X, Zhao J. Identification of a broad sarbecovirus neutralizing antibody targeting a conserved epitope on the receptor-binding domain. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113653. [PMID: 38175758 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Omicron, as the emerging variant with enhanced vaccine tolerance, has sharply disrupted most therapeutic antibodies. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the subgenus Sarbecovirus, members of which share high sequence similarity. Herein, we report one sarbecovirus antibody, 5817, which has broad-spectrum neutralization capacity against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) and SARS-CoV, as well as related bat and pangolin viruses. 5817 can hardly compete with six classes of receptor-binding-domain-targeted antibodies grouped by structural classifications. No obvious impairment in the potency is detected against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and subvariants. The cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of neutralizing antibody 5817 in complex with Omicron spike reveals a highly conserved epitope, only existing at the receptor-binding domain (RBD) open state. Prophylactic and therapeutic administration of 5817 potently protects mice from SARS-CoV-2 Beta, Delta, Omicron, and SARS-CoV infection. This study reveals a highly conserved cryptic epitope targeted by a broad sarbecovirus neutralizing antibody, which would be beneficial to meet the potential threat of pre-emergent SARS-CoV-2 VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Clinical Laboratory Medicine Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Minnan Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Xiong
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peilan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bio-Island, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Health and Quarantine Laboratory, Guangzhou Customs District Technology Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kexin Lv
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiantao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuesong Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Lab of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaochu Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Juxue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Airu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mian Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruoxi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianfen Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiyue Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Qu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Dai
- Health and Quarantine Laboratory, Guangzhou Customs District Technology Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linling Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingtao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaoqing Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huibin Lv
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ray T Y So
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Malik Peiris
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jingxian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bio-Island, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, State Key Lab of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chris Ka Pun Mok
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; S.H. Ho Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiangxi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Bio-Island, Guangzhou, China; Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
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46
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Varvel S, Galdzicka M, Nystrom S, Liu H, Chen G, Ragan I, Shabahang S. An omicron-specific neutralizing antibody test predicts neutralizing activity against XBB 1.5. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1334250. [PMID: 38322270 PMCID: PMC10845052 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1334250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Understanding the immune status of an individual using neutralizing antibody testing is complicated by the continued evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Previous work showed that assays developed against the wildtype strain of SARS-CoV-2 were insufficient predictors of neutralization of omicron variants, thus we developed an omicron-specific flow cytometry-based neutralizing antibody test and performed experiments to assess how well it compared to an omicron-specific PRNT assay (gold standard) and whether it could predict neutralizing activity to more recent omicron subvariants such as XBB.1.5. Methods Accuracy of a novel flow cytometry-based neutralizing antibody (FC-NAb) assay was determined by comparison with an omicron-specific PRNT assay. A series of samples were evaluated in both the omicron FC-NAb assay and a second test was designed to assess neutralization of XBB.1.5. Results Good concordance between the omicron FC-NAb test and the omicron PRNT was demonstrated (AUC = 0.97, p <0.001; sensitivity = 94%, specificity = 100%, PPV = 100%, and NPV = 97%). A strong linear relationship between the omicron FC-NAb and neutralization of XBB1.5 was observed (r = 0.83, p<0.001). Additionally, the omicron FC-NAb test was a very strong predictor of positive XBB1.5 NAb activity (AUC = 0.96, p<0.001; sensitivity = 94%, specificity = 90%, positive predictive value = 90%, and negative predictive values = 94%). Discussion Our data suggest that despite continued evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, the omicron FC-NAb assay described here is a good predictor of XBB1.5 neutralizing activity, as evidenced by a strong correlation and good predictive performance characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hong Liu
- Aditxt, Inc., Mountain View, CA, United States
| | - Ge Chen
- Aditxt, Inc., Mountain View, CA, United States
| | - Izabela Ragan
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Infectious Disease Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Kim SH, Kim J, Jung S, Noh JY, Kim J, Park H, Song YG, Peck KR, Park SH, Park MS, Ko JH, Song JY, Choi JY, Jung MK, Shin EC. Omicron BA.2 breakthrough infection elicits CD8 + T cell responses recognizing the spike of later Omicron subvariants. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eade6132. [PMID: 38241400 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.ade6132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Here, we examine peripheral blood memory T cell responses against the SARS-CoV-2 BA.4/BA.5 variant spike among vaccinated individuals with or without Omicron breakthrough infections. We provide evidence supporting a lack of original antigenic sin in CD8+ T cell responses targeting the spike. We show that BNT162b2-induced memory T cells respond to the BA.4/BA.5 spike. Among individuals with BA.1/BA.2 breakthrough infections, IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cell responses against the BA.4/BA.5 spike increased. In a subgroup with BA.2 breakthrough infections, IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cell responses against the BA.2-mutated spike region increased and correlated directly with responses against the BA.4/BA.5 spike, indicating that BA.2 spike-specific CD8+ T cells elicited by BA.2 breakthrough infection cross-react with the BA.4/BA.5 spike. We identified CD8+ T cell epitope peptides that are present in the spike of BA.2 and BA.4/BA.5 but not the original spike. These peptides are fully conserved in the spike of now-dominant XBB lineages. Our study shows that breakthrough infection by early Omicron subvariants elicits CD8+ T cell responses that recognize epitopes within the spike of newly emerging subvariants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hoon Kim
- Center for Viral Immunology, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Kim
- Center for Viral Immunology, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Jung
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yun Noh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinnam Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Heedo Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Goo Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong Ran Peck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Ko
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Young Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yong Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyung Jung
- Center for Viral Immunology, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Center for Viral Immunology, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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48
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Peng D, Yang L, Jin C, Feng J, Cao M, Liu Y. Effect of second booster vaccination on clinical outcomes of Omicron-variant breakthrough infection: A propensity score matching cohort study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23344. [PMID: 38169898 PMCID: PMC10758784 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To further explore the effect of vaccination regimen and frequency on clinical outcomes of breakthrough infections caused by the Omicron variant, as well as the durability of vaccine effectiveness. Methods A retrospective, propensity score matching, real-world cohort study was conducted. Vaccination frequency was categorized into regular vaccination, first booster, and second booster. Results A total of 7428 cases were included, with 3910 (53 %) being male. The median age was 39 years. BA.2 than BA.5/5.2 infection presented with more pulmonary symptoms and fewer influenza-like symptoms. Among the 3516 cases of BA.5/5.2 breakthrough infections, patients who received the second booster than the first booster or regular vaccination had higher first IgM and IgG titers and first cycle thredhold values for N gene on admission, a lower percentage of fever, lower peak body temperatures, and a higher percentage of asymptomatic cases. Patients who received the first booster vaccinated with homologous mRNA or heterologous inactivated plus mRNA vaccines than homologous inactivated vaccines had higher first IgM and IgG titers, a higher percentage of asymptomatic cases, and a lower percentage of fever. Moreover, significantly different first IgG titers were observed among patients receiving the second booster vaccinated with any of the three regimens. There was no statistical difference between booster regimens of homologous mRNA vaccines and heterologous inactivated plus mRNA vaccines. Patients in Month 7- than Month 0-6 after the first booster had lower first IgM and IgG titers and first cycle thredhold values, a lower percentage of asymptomatic cases, and a higher percentage of fever; and a higher percentage of pneumonia after the second booster. Conclusions Repeated booster vaccinations every six months, with priority given to heterologous mRNA vaccine booster regimens in countries previously primarily using inactivated vaccines, may provide protection for adult patients with Omicron-variant breakthrough infections and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denggao Peng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, China
| | - Liuqing Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiaqi Feng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Mengli Cao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518112, China
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Liu F, Deng P, He J, Chen X, Jiang X, Yan Q, Xu J, Hu S, Yan J. A regional genomic surveillance program is implemented to monitor the occurrence and emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants in Yubei District, China. Virol J 2024; 21:13. [PMID: 38191416 PMCID: PMC10775548 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02279-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In December 2022, Chongqing experienced a significant surge in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic after adjusting control measures in China. Given the widespread immunization of the population with the BA.5 variant, it is crucial to actively monitor severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant evolution in Chongqing's Yubei district. METHODS In this retrospective study based on whole genome sequencing, we collected oropharyngeal and nasal swab of native COVID-19 cases from Yubei district between January to May 2023, along with imported cases from January 2022 to January 2023. Through second-generation sequencing, we generated a total of 578 genomes. RESULTS Phylogenetic analyses revealed these genomes belong to 47 SARS-CoV-2 Pango lineages. BA.5.2.48 was dominant from January to April 2023, rapidly replaced by XBB* variants from April to May 2023. Bayesian Skyline Plot reconstructions indicated a higher evolutionary rate (6.973 × 10-4 subs/site/year) for the XBB.1.5* lineage compared to others. The mean time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of BA.5.2.48* closely matched BA.2.75* (May 27, 2022). Using multinomial logistic regression, we estimated growth advantages, with XBB.1.9.1 showing the highest growth advantage (1.2, 95% HPI:1.1-1.2), followed by lineage FR.1 (1.1, 95% HPI:1.1-1.2). CONCLUSIONS Our monitoring reveals the rapid replacement of the previously prevalent BA.5.2.48 variant by XBB and its sub-variants, underscoring the ineffectiveness of herd immunity and breakthrough BA.5 infections against XBB variants. Given the ongoing evolutionary pressure, sustaining a SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance program is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Liu
- Chongqing Yubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Deng
- Chongqing Yubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiuhong He
- Chongqing Yubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Chongqing Yubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyu Jiang
- Chongqing Yubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Yan
- Chongqing Yubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Chongqing Yubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Sihan Hu
- Chongqing Yubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Chongqing Yubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China.
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50
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Hall VJ, Insalata F, Foulkes S, Kirwan P, Sparkes D, Atti A, Cole M, de Lacy E, Price L, Corrigan D, Brown CS, Islam J, Charlett A, Hopkins S. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine third doses and previous infection in protecting against SARS-CoV-2 infections during the Delta and Omicron variant waves; the UK SIREN cohort study September 2021 to February 2022. J Infect 2024; 88:30-40. [PMID: 37926119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2023.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Third doses of COVID-19 vaccines were widely deployed following the primary vaccine course waning and the emergence of the Omicron-variant. We investigated protection from third-dose vaccines and previous infection against SARS-CoV-2 infection during Delta-variant and Omicron-variant (BA.1 & BA.2) waves in our frequently PCR-tested cohort of healthcare-workers. Relative effectiveness of BNT162b2 third doses and infection-acquired immunity was assessed by comparing the time to PCR-confirmed infection in boosted participants with those with waned dose-2 protection (≥254 days after dose-2), by primary series vaccination type. Follow-up time was divided by dominant circulating variant: Delta 07 September 2021 to 30 November 2021, Omicron 13 December 2021t o 28 February 2022. We used a Cox regression model with adjustment/stratification for demographic characteristics and staff-type. We explored protection associated with vaccination, infection and both. We included 19,614 participants, 29% previously infected. There were 278 primary infections (4 per 10,000 person-days of follow-up) and 85 reinfections (0.8/10,000 person-days) during the Delta period and 2467 primary infections (43/10,000 person-days) and 881 reinfections (33/10,000) during the Omicron period. Relative Vaccine Effectiveness (VE) 0-2 months post-3rd dose (3rd dose) (3-doses BNT162b2) in the previously uninfected cohort against Delta infections was 63% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 40%-77%) and was lower (35%) against Omicron infection (95% CI 21%-47%). The relative VE of 3rd dose (heterologous BNT162b2) was greater for primary course ChAdOX1 recipients, with VE 0-2 months post-3rd dose over ≥68% higher for both variants. Third-dose protection waned rapidly against Omicron, with no significant difference between two and three BNT162b2 doses observed after 4-months. Previous infection continued to provide additional protection against Omicron (67% (CI 56%-75%) 3-6 months post-infection), but this waned to about 25% after 9-months, approximately three times lower than against Delta. Infection rates surged with Omicron emergence. Third doses of BNT162b2 vaccine provided short-term protection, with rapid waning against Omicron infections. Protection associated with infections incurred before Omicron was markedly diminished against the Omicron wave. Our findings demonstrate the complexity of an evolving pandemic with the potential emergence of immune-escape variants and the importance of continued monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Hall
- UK Health Security Agency, 10 South Colonnade, London E14 4PU, United Kingdom.
| | - Ferdinando Insalata
- UK Health Security Agency, 10 South Colonnade, London E14 4PU, United Kingdom; Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Sarah Foulkes
- UK Health Security Agency, 10 South Colonnade, London E14 4PU, United Kingdom.
| | - Peter Kirwan
- UK Health Security Agency, 10 South Colonnade, London E14 4PU, United Kingdom; MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Institute of Public Health, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SR, United Kingdom.
| | - Dominic Sparkes
- UK Health Security Agency, 10 South Colonnade, London E14 4PU, United Kingdom.
| | - Ana Atti
- UK Health Security Agency, 10 South Colonnade, London E14 4PU, United Kingdom.
| | - Michelle Cole
- UK Health Security Agency, 10 South Colonnade, London E14 4PU, United Kingdom.
| | - Elen de Lacy
- Public Health Wales, 2 Capital Quarter, Tyndall Street, Cardiff CF10 4BZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Lesley Price
- Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom; Public Health Scotland, Gyle Square 1 South Gyle Crescent, Edinburgh EH12 9EB, United Kingdom.
| | - Diane Corrigan
- Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Unit 12-22 Linenhall Street, Belfast BT2 8BS, United Kingdom.
| | - Colin S Brown
- UK Health Security Agency, 10 South Colonnade, London E14 4PU, United Kingdom.
| | - Jasmin Islam
- UK Health Security Agency, 10 South Colonnade, London E14 4PU, United Kingdom.
| | - Andre Charlett
- UK Health Security Agency, UK Health Security Agency, Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London, SW1P 3JR.
| | - Susan Hopkins
- UK Health Security Agency, UK Health Security Agency, Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London, SW1P 3JR.
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