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Pugliese M, Gilardi G, Garibaldi A, Gullino ML. The Impact of Climate Change on Vegetable Crop Diseases and Their Management: The Value of Phytotron Studies for the Agricultural Industry and Associated Stakeholders. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:843-854. [PMID: 38648074 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-23-0284-kc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is having a significant impact on global agriculture, particularly on vegetable crops, which play a critical role in global nutrition. Recently, increasing research has concentrated on the impact of climate change on vegetable crop diseases, with several studies being conducted in phytotrons, which have been used to explore the effects of increased temperatures and CO2 concentrations to simulate future scenarios. This review focuses on the combined effects of temperature and carbon dioxide increases on foliar and soilborne vegetable diseases, as evaluated under phytotron conditions. The influence of climate change on mycotoxin production and disease management strategies is also explored through case studies. The results offer valuable information that can be used to guide both seed and agrochemical industries, as well as to develop disease-resistant varieties and innovative control measures, including biocontrol agents, considering the diseases that are likely to become prevalent under future climatic scenarios. Recommendations on how to manage vegetable diseases under ongoing climate change are proposed to facilitate plants' adaptation to and enhanced against the changing conditions. A proactive and comprehensive response to climate-induced challenges in vegetable farming is imperative to ensure food security and sustainability.
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Agathokleous E, Kitao M, Hoshika Y, Haworth M, Tang Y, Koike T. Ethylenediurea protects against ozone phytotoxicity not by adding nitrogen or controlling stomata in a stomata-unresponsive hybrid poplar. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162672. [PMID: 36894106 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution is a persistent environmental issue worldwide, which causes widespread damage to vegetation, deteriorating plant health and reducing plant productivity. Ethylenediurea (EDU) is a synthetic chemical that has been widely applied in scientific studies as a protectant against O3 phytotoxicities. Despite four decades of active research, the exact mechanisms to explain its mode of action remain unclear. Here, we aimed to reveal whether EDU's phytoprotective property is due to its control over stomatal regulation and/or its action as a nitrogen (N) fertilizer, utilizing stomatal-unresponsive plants of a hybrid poplar (Populus koreana × trichocarpa cv. Peace) grown in a free-air O3-concenctration enrichment (FACE) facility. Plants were treated with water (WAT), EDU (400 mg L-1), or EDU's constitutive amount of N every nine days, and exposed to ambient (AOZ) or elevated (EOZ) O3 during a growing season (June-September). EOZ led to extensive foliar injuries (but protected against rust disease), lower photosynthetic rate (A), impaired dynamics of responses of A to changes in light intensity, and smaller total plant leaf area. EDU protected against common phytotoxicities caused by EOZ without inducing stomatal closure, since stomatal conductance (gs) was generally unresponsive to the experimental treatments. EDU also modulated the dynamic response of A to light fluctuations under O3 stress. N addition acted as a fertilizer but did not satisfactorily protect plants against O3 phytotoxicities. The results suggest that EDU protects against O3 phytotoxicity not by adding N or controlling stomata, which provides a new insight into our understanding of the mode of action of EDU as a protectant against O3 phytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Research Center for Global Changes and Ecosystem Carbon Sequestration & Mitigation, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, China; Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Hokkaido, Japan; Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Sapporo 062-8516, Japan.
| | - Mitsutoshi Kitao
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Sapporo 062-8516, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- IRET-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Matthew Haworth
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Yanhong Tang
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Hokkaido, Japan
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Anav A, De Marco A, Collalti A, Emberson L, Feng Z, Lombardozzi D, Sicard P, Verbeke T, Viovy N, Vitale M, Paoletti E. Legislative and functional aspects of different metrics used for ozone risk assessment to forests. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 295:118690. [PMID: 34921939 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface ozone (O3) is a threat to forests by decreasing photosynthesis and, consequently, influencing the strength of land carbon sink. However, due to the lack of continuous surface O3 measurements, observational-based assessments of O3 impacts on forests are largely missing at hemispheric to global scales. Currently, some metrics are used for regulatory purposes by governments or national agencies to protect forests against the negative impacts of ozone: in particular, both Europe and United States (US) makes use of two different exposure-based metrics, i.e. AOT40 and W126, respectively. However, because of some limitations in these metrics, a new standard is under consideration by the European Union (EU) to replace the current exposure metric. We analyse here the different air quality standards set or proposed for use in Europe and in the US to protect forests from O3 and to evaluate their spatial and temporal consistency while assessing their effectiveness in protecting northern-hemisphere forests. Then, we compare their results with the information obtained from a complex land surface model (ORCHIDEE). We find that present O3 uptake decreases gross primary production (GPP) in 37.7% of the NH forested area of northern hemisphere with a mean loss of 2.4% year-1. We show how the proposed US (W126) and the currently used European (AOT40) air quality standards substantially overestimate the extension of potential vulnerable regions, predicting that 46% and 61% of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) forested area are at risk of O3 pollution. Conversely, the new proposed European standard (POD1) identifies lower extension of vulnerability regions (39.6%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Anav
- Department of Sustainability, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Department of Sustainability, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessio Collalti
- Forest Modelling Laboratory. Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISAFOM), Perugia, Italy
| | - Lisa Emberson
- Environment and Geography Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Institute of Ecology, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Danica Lombardozzi
- Climate and Global Dynamics, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Thomas Verbeke
- Laboratory of Mechanics and Technology, ENS Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Viovy
- Laboratory for Sciences of Climate and Environment (LSCE), Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Marcello Vitale
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Spatio-Temporal Variation of Ozone Concentrations and Ozone Uptake Conditions in Forests in Western Germany. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11111261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The study analyzes the long-term trends (1998–2019) of concentrations of the air pollutants ozone (O3) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) as well as meteorological conditions at forest sites in German midrange mountains to evaluate changes in O3 uptake conditions for trees over time at a plot scale. O3 concentrations did not show significant trends over the course of 22 years, unlike NO2 and NO, whose concentrations decreased significantly since the end of the 1990s. Temporal analyses of meteorological parameters found increasing global radiation at all sites and decreasing precipitation, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and wind speed at most sites (temperature did not show any trend). A principal component analysis revealed strong correlations between O3 concentrations and global radiation, VPD, and temperature. Examination of the atmospheric water balance, a key parameter for O3 uptake, identified some unusually hot and dry years (2003, 2011, 2018, and 2019). With the help of a soil water model, periods of plant water stress were detected. These periods were often in synchrony with periods of elevated daytime O3 concentrations and usually occurred in mid and late summer, but occasionally also in spring and early summer. This suggests that drought protects forests against O3 uptake and that, in humid years with moderate O3 concentrations, the O3 flux was higher than in dry years with higher O3 concentrations.
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Pan L, Lin WQ, Yu M, Lie GW, Xue L, Chen HY. Effects of Elevated Ozone Concentrations on Root Characteristics and Soil Properties of Elaeocarpus sylvestris and Michelia chapensis. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 104:682-688. [PMID: 32239255 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-02832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The increasing concentration of surface ozone (O3) was observed during recent decades in the world, which affects tree roots and forest soils. Meanwhile, the impact of ozone on tree roots is greatly affected by soil condition. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the possible effects of ozone on tree roots and soil processes. In this study, The influences of surface ozone (O3) stress on the root biomass, morphology, nutrients, soil properties, and soil enzyme activity of Elaeocarpus sylvestris and Michelia chapensis seedlings were examined at four O3 concentrations (charcoal-filtered air, 1 × O3 air, 2 × O3 air, and 4 × O3 air). Elevated O3 concentrations were found to significantly increase the root C content, N content, C/P ratio, and N/P ratio, and significantly decrease the root biomass, number of root tips, and root C/N ratio of both species. The soil organic matter content, pH, total N content, and urease and catalase activities of both species tended to increase. The limitation in root growth and responses in the root structure of E. sylvestris induced by elevated O3 concentrations led to increased bulk density and decreased soil porosity and void ratio. These profound effects of O3 concentrations on the roots and soil characteristics of these two species underscore the importance of research in O3 science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Pan
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Qi Lin
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Yu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Gan-Wen Lie
- Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, 510520, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Xue
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Yue Chen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
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Pan L, Lie GW, Xue L, Chen HY. Changes of Cinnamomum camphora root characteristics and soil properties under ozone stress in South China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:30684-30692. [PMID: 31049865 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High O3 exposure affects the forest growth and soil characteristics. Although there is substantial evidence that O3 does impose a stress on forest trees, the effects of O3 on roots and soil of evergreen broad-leaved tree species in South China remain unknown. The effects of ozone (O3) fumigation on the root biomass, root morphology, root nutrient, soil physical, and chemical properties were examined in Cinnamomum camphora seedlings grown under four O3 treatments (charcoal-filtered air (CF) or O3 at 1×, 2× and 4× ambient concentration). O3 significantly decreased root biomass and root carbon (C). Regardless of O3 level, elevated O3 significantly resulted in reduced root surface area, volume, number of forks, and specific root length (SRL). The percentages of fine to total root in terms of root surface area and root volume of seedlings under the CF and 1 × O3 treatments were significantly higher than those of seedlings under the 4 × O3 treatment, indicating that high O3 level impaired the growth performance of fine roots. O3 affected root growth and structures, which increased soil bulk density and reduced soil total porosity and void ratio. The soil pH under all O3 fumigation treatments significantly increased compared with CF treatment, whereas the organic matter significantly decreased. In conclusion, although the increased O3 level enhanced root N and P under 2 and 4 × O3 treatments compared with 1 × O3 treatment as compensation mechanisms to prevent O3-induced decrease in root C gain and root functions, O3 still decreased the root biomass and root tips, and changed the soil physical and chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Pan
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Gan-Wen Lie
- Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, 510520, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xue
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Yue Chen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
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Agathokleous E, Araminiene V, Belz RG, Calatayud V, De Marco A, Domingos M, Feng Z, Hoshika Y, Kitao M, Koike T, Paoletti E, Saitanis CJ, Sicard P, Calabrese EJ. A quantitative assessment of hormetic responses of plants to ozone. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 176:108527. [PMID: 31203049 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Evaluations of ozone effects on vegetation across the globe over the last seven decades have mostly incorporated exposure levels that were multi-fold the preindustrial concentrations. As such, global risk assessments and derivation of critical levels for protecting plants and food supplies were based on extrapolation from high to low exposure levels. These were developed in an era when it was thought that stress biology is framed around a linear dose-response. However, it has recently emerged that stress biology commonly displays non-linear, hormetic processes. The current biological understanding highlights that the strategy of extrapolating from high to low exposure levels may lead to biased estimates. Here, we analyzed a diverse sample of published empirical data of approximately 500 stimulatory, hormetic-like dose-responses induced by ozone in plants. The median value of the maximum stimulatory responses induced by elevated ozone was 124%, and commonly <150%, of the background response (control), independently of species and response variable. The maximum stimulatory response to ozone was similar among types of response variables and major plant species. It was also similar among clades, between herbaceous and woody plants, between deciduous and evergreen trees, and between annual and perennial herbaceous plants. There were modest differences in the stimulatory response between genera and between families which may reflect different experimental designs and conditions among studies. The responses varied significantly upon type of exposure system, with open-top chambers (OTCs) underestimating the maximum stimulatory response compared to free-air ozone-concentration enrichment (FACE) systems. These findings suggest that plants show a generalized hormetic stimulation by ozone which is constrained within certain limits of biological plasticity, being highly generalizable, evolutionarily based, and maintained over ecological scales. They further highlight that non-linear responses should be taken into account when assessing the ozone effects on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Valda Araminiene
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Forestry, Girionys, Lithuania
| | - Regina G Belz
- University of Hohenheim, Agroecology Unit, Hans-Ruthenberg Institute, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Vicent Calatayud
- Fundación CEAM, Charles R. Darwin 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, SSPT-PVS, Via Anguillarese 301, S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, 00123, Italy
| | - Marisa Domingos
- Instituto de Botânica, Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ecologia, PO Box 68041, 04045-972, SP, Brazil
| | - ZhaoZhong Feng
- Institute of Ecology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- National Council of Research, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy
| | - Mitsutoshi Kitao
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Forest Research and Management Organization, 7 Hitsujigaoka, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-8516, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Elena Paoletti
- National Council of Research, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy
| | - Costas J Saitanis
- Lab of Ecology and Environmental Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens, 11855, Greece
| | - Pierre Sicard
- ARGANS, 260 route du Pin Montard, 06410, Biot, France
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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Evaluation of O3 Effects on Cumulative Photosynthetic CO2 Uptake in Seedlings of Four Japanese Deciduous Broad-Leaved Forest Tree Species Based on Stomatal O3 Uptake. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10070556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The current level of tropospheric ozone (O3) is expected to reduce the net primary production of forest trees. Here, we evaluated the negative effects of O3 on the photosynthetic CO2 uptake of Japanese forest trees species based on their cumulative stomatal O3 uptake, defined as the phytotoxic O3 dose (POD). Seedlings of four representative Japanese deciduous broad-leaved forest tree species (Fagus crenata, Quercus serrata, Quercus mongolica var. crispula and Betula platyphylla var. japonica) were exposed to different O3 concentrations in open-top chambers for two growing seasons. The photosynthesis–light response curves (A-light curves) and stomatal conductance were measured to estimate the leaf-level cumulative photosynthetic CO2 uptake (ΣPn_est) and POD, respectively. The whole-plant-level ΣPn_est were highly correlated with the whole-plant dry mass increments over the two growing seasons. Because whole-plant growth is largely determined by the amount of leaf area per plant and net photosynthetic rate per leaf area, this result suggests that leaf-level ΣPn_est, which was estimated from the monthly A-light curves and hourly PPFD, could reflect the cumulative photosynthetic CO2 uptake of the seedlings per unit leaf area. Although the O3-induced reductions in the leaf-level ΣPn_est were well explained by POD in all four tree species, species-specific responses of leaf-level ΣPn_est to POD were observed. In addition, the flux threshold appropriate for the linear regression of the responses of relative leaf-level ΣPn_est to POD was also species-specific. Therefore, species-specific responses of cumulative photosynthetic CO2 uptake to POD could be used to accurately evaluate O3 impact on the net primary production of deciduous broad-leaved trees.
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Effect of Long-Term vs. Short-Term Ambient Ozone Exposure on Radial Stem Growth, Sap Flux and Xylem Morphology of O3-Sensitive Poplar Trees. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10050396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High ozone (O3) pollution impairs the carbon and water balance of trees, which is of special interest in planted forests. However, the effect of long-term O3 exposure on tree growth and water use, little remains known. In this study, we analysed the relationships of intra-annual stem growth pattern, seasonal sap flow dynamics and xylem morphology to assess the effect of long term O3 exposure of mature O3-sensitive hybrid poplars (‘Oxford’ clone). Rooted cuttings were planted in autumn 2007 and drip irrigated with 2 liters of water as ambient O3 treatment, or 450 ppm ethylenediurea (N-[2-(2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl)ethyl]-N0-phenylurea, abbreviated as EDU) solution as O3 protection treatment over all growing seasons. During 2013, point dendrometers and heat pulses were installed to monitor radial growth, stem water relations and sap flow. Ambient O3 did not affect growth rates, even if the seasonal culmination point was 20 days earlier on average than that recorded in the O3 protected trees. Under ambient O3, trees showed reduced seasonal sap flow, however, the lower water use was due to a decrease of Huber value (decrease of leaf area for sapwood unit) rather than to a change in xylem morphology or due to a direct effect of sluggish stomatal responses on transpiration. Under high evaporative demand and ambient O3 concentrations, trees showed a high use of internal stem water resources modulated by stomatal sluggishness, thus predisposing them to be more sensitive water deficit during summer. The results of this study help untangle the compensatory mechanisms involved in the acclimation processes of forest species to long-term O3 exposure in a context of global change.
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Zeng Y, Cao Y, Qiao X, Seyler BC, Tang Y. Air pollution reduction in China: Recent success but great challenge for the future. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 663:329-337. [PMID: 30711599 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
China's rapid economic growth has caused severe air pollution, raising serious concerns about the growing evidence of its negative health, environmental, and economic impacts. Consequently, the Chinese government has implemented a number of policies and measures to reduce air pollution. Relying on published information over the last three decades in China, we analyzed trends in air pollutant emissions (SO2 and NOx) and concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3). During the past decade, SO2 and NOx emissions had declined throughout China and concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 had considerably decreased in most cities, but average reported 90th MDA8 O3, M7, and AOT40 O3 for 31 capital cities showed an increasing trend between 2013 and 2017. Despite progress in air pollution reduction and an increasing number of "clear sky" days, PM concentrations throughout China remain higher than the World Health Organization guidelines, and urban smog and haze remain a major threat to human health and the environment. Thus far, significant emission reductions have occurred largely through robust administrative power, especially when emission reductions were tied to the performance evaluations and promotion of government officials. Similar to most already-industrialized nations, China is now shifting away from SO2-dominated to NOx- and O3-dominated air pollution. Existing technologies and improved operations of existing control equipment appear unlikely to achieve sufficient reductions in NOx and O3 pollution. Considering the complex relationship between O3, NOx, VOCs, weather, and socio-economic changes in China, it is necessary to increase research on impacts of increasing ozone on plants and to adopt novel technologies and implemented to further reduce air pollution to levels that will protect human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zeng
- Department of Environment, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section One, First Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Yuanfei Cao
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section One, First Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section One, First Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China; Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section One, First Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China; State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section One, First Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Barnabas C Seyler
- Department of Environment, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section One, First Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Ya Tang
- Department of Environment, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section One, First Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China; Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section One, First Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China; State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section One, First Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.
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Agathokleous E, WaiLi Y, Ntatsi G, Konno K, Saitanis CJ, Kitao M, Koike T. Effects of ozone and ammonium sulfate on cauliflower: Emphasis on the interaction between plants and insect herbivores. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 659:995-1007. [PMID: 31096429 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] deposition and elevated ozone (O3) concentrations may negatively affect plants and trophic interactions. This study aimed to evaluate for the first time the interactive effects of high (NH4)2SO4 load and elevated O3 levels on cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.) under field conditions. Cauliflower seedlings were treated with 0 (AS0) or 50 (AS50) kg ha-1 (NH4)2SO4 and exposed to ambient (AOZ, ≈20 ppb) or elevated (EOZ, ≈55 ppb) O3 for about one month, in a Free Air O3 Concentration Enrichment (FACE) system. The oligophagous diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella Linnaeus, 1758) showed a clear preference towards the seedlings treated with AS50, which intensively grazed. Plant-herbivore interactions were driven by (NH4)2SO4 availability, rather than O3, via increased nitrogen content in the leaves. Further laboratory bioassays were followed to confirm the validity of these observations using polyphagous Eri silkmoth larvae (Samia ricini) as a biological model in a standardized experimental setup. Choice assays, where larvae could select leaves among leaf samples from the different experimental conditions, and no-choice assays, where larvae could graze leaves from just one experimental condition, were conducted. In the choice assay, the larvae preferred AS50-treated leaves, in agreement with the field observations with diamondback moth. In the no-choice assay, larval body mass growth was inhibited when fed with leaves treated with EOZ and/or AS50. Larvae fed with AS50-treated leaves displayed increased mortality. These observations coincide with higher NO3 and Zn content in AS50-treated leaves. This study shows that plant-herbivore interactions can be driven by (NH4)2SO4 availability, independently of O3, and suggests that high N deposition may have severe health implications in animals consuming such plant tissues. Key message: Plant-herbivore interactions are driven by high (NH4)2SO4 availability, independently of O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Forest Research and Management Organization, 7 Hitsujigaoka, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8516, Japan; Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita ku Kita 9 Nishi 9, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan.
| | - Yu WaiLi
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita ku Kita 9 Nishi 9, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan; Pathein University, Pathein, Ayeyarwady, Myanmar
| | - Georgia Ntatsi
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization, ELGO - DEMETER, PO Box 60458, 57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kotaro Konno
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Costas J Saitanis
- Lab of Ecology and Environmental Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Votanikos, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Mitsutoshi Kitao
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Forest Research and Management Organization, 7 Hitsujigaoka, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8516, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita ku Kita 9 Nishi 9, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
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12
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Augustaitis A, Augustaitienė I, Baugarten M, Bičenkienė S, Girgždienė R, Kulbokas G, Linkevičius E, Marozas V, Mikalajūnas M, Mordas G, Mozgeris G, Petrauskas E, Pivoras A, Šidlauskas G, Ulevičius V, Vitas A, Matyssek R. Tree-ring formation as an indicator of forest capacity to adapt to the main threats of environmental changes in Lithuania. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:1247-1261. [PMID: 29751430 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Global changes occurring under different environmental conditions have changed stand competition, as well as nutrient and light availability, which has resulted in changes in productivity. Therefore, in the present study, the characteristics of tree-ring width formation of the prevailing Lithuanian tree species, Norway spruce, Scots pine and silver and downy birch, and key factors resulting in their differences during the last 36-year period were investigated at forest sites located on poor mineral oligotrophic and on nutrient-rich organic mesoeutrophic soils. The aim of the study was as follows: first, to separately detect the maximum possible seasonal effect of three groups of variables - meteorology, acidifying pollutants and surface ozone on the stem basal area increment (BAI) of the evaluated tree species; second, to assess the significance of each group of variables affecting the BAI of these tree species integrally with the remaining groups of variables. Norway spruce was found to be well adapted to recent environmental changes, which makes it one of the most favourable tree species for silviculture in the northeastern part of Europe. The rapid increases recorded in growth intensity since 1980 were attributed to the increase in air temperature, precipitation amount, nitrogen deposition during the vegetative stage and reductions in SO2 concentrations and S deposition. Scots pine demonstrated the highest level of resilience and capacity to adapt to recent global changes because its reaction to both negative and favourable environmental factors was best expressed. Silver and downy birch tree reactions to the effects of air concentrations of acidifying compounds, their deposition and surface ozone concentrations were the least expressed; however, a significant decline in growth intensity indicated that these tree species experienced a reduced resistance to recent changes in environmental conditions in the mature and over-mature age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Algirdas Augustaitis
- Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentų 13, LT-53362, Kaunas dstr, Lithuania.
| | | | - Manuela Baugarten
- Chair Ecophysiology of Plants, Dep. Ecology, WZW, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Steigvilė Bičenkienė
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Raselė Girgždienė
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Gintaras Kulbokas
- Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentų 13, LT-53362, Kaunas dstr, Lithuania.
| | - Edgaras Linkevičius
- Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentų 13, LT-53362, Kaunas dstr, Lithuania.
| | - Vitas Marozas
- Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentų 13, LT-53362, Kaunas dstr, Lithuania.
| | - Marius Mikalajūnas
- Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentų 13, LT-53362, Kaunas dstr, Lithuania.
| | - Genrik Mordas
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Gintautas Mozgeris
- Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentų 13, LT-53362, Kaunas dstr, Lithuania.
| | - Edmundas Petrauskas
- Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentų 13, LT-53362, Kaunas dstr, Lithuania.
| | - Ainis Pivoras
- Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentų 13, LT-53362, Kaunas dstr, Lithuania.
| | - Giedrius Šidlauskas
- Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentų 13, LT-53362, Kaunas dstr, Lithuania.
| | - Vidmantas Ulevičius
- Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Adomas Vitas
- Vytautas Magnum University, Centre of Environmental Research, Faculty of Nature Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Ž.E. Žilibero str. 2, LT-46324 Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Rainer Matyssek
- Chair Ecophysiology of Plants, Dep. Ecology, WZW, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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13
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Moura BB, Alves ES, Marabesi MA, de Souza SR, Schaub M, Vollenweider P. Ozone affects leaf physiology and causes injury to foliage of native tree species from the tropical Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:912-925. [PMID: 28830051 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In southern Brazil, the recent increase in tropospheric ozone (O3) concentrations poses an additional threat to the biodiverse but endangered and fragmented remnants of the Atlantic Forest. Given the mostly unknown sensitivity of tropical species to oxidative stress, the principal objective of this study was to determine whether the current O3 levels in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas (MRC), downwind of São Paulo, affect the native vegetation of forest remnants. Foliar responses to O3 of three tree species typical of the MRC forests were investigated using indoor chamber exposure experiments under controlled conditions and a field survey. Exposure to 70ppb O3 reduced assimilation and leaf conductance but increased respiration in Astronium graveolens while gas exchange in Croton floribundus was little affected. Both A. graveolens and Piptadenia gonoacantha developed characteristic O3-induced injury in the foliage, similar to visible symptoms observed in >30% of trees assessed in the MRC, while C. floribundus remained asymptomatic. The underlying structural symptoms in both O3-exposed and field samples were indicative of oxidative burst, hypersensitive responses, accelerated cell senescence and, primarily in field samples, interaction with photo-oxidative stress. The markers of O3 stress were thus mostly similar to those observed in other regions of the world. Further research is needed, to estimate the proportion of sensitive forest species, the O3 impact on tree growth and stand stability and to detect O3 hot spots where woody species in the Atlantic Forest are mostly affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Baêsso Moura
- Botanical Institute of São Paulo, P. O. Box 4005, 01061-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - Edenise Segala Alves
- Botanical Institute of São Paulo, P. O. Box 4005, 01061-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcus Schaub
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vollenweider
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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14
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Yu H, Chen Z, Shang H, Cao J. Physiological and biochemical responses of Machilus ichangensis Rehd. et Wils and Taxus chinensis (Pilger) Rehd. to elevated O 3 in subtropical China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:17418-17427. [PMID: 28593538 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9417-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Considerable researches have documented the negative effects of ozone on woody species in North America and Europe; however, little is known about how woody tree species respond to elevated O3 in subtropical China, and most of the previous studies were conducted using pot experiment. In the present study, Machilus ichangensis Rehd. et Wils (M. ichangensis) and Taxus chinensis (Pilger) Rehd. (T. chinensis), evergreen tree species in subtropical China, were exposed to non-filtered air (NF), 100 nmol mol-1 O3 (E1) and 150 nmol mol-1 O3 (E2), in open-top chambers under field conditions from 21st March to 2nd November 2015. In this study, O3 fumigation significantly reduced net photosynthesis rate (Pn) in M. ichangensis in the three measurements and in T. chinensis in the last measurement. Also, non-stomatal factors should be primarily responsible for the decreased Pn. O3 fumigation-induced increase in malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and reduced ascorbic acid levels indicated that antioxidant defense mechanism had been stimulated to prevent O3 stress and repair the oxidative damage. Yet, the increase of antioxidant ability was not enough to counteract the harm of O3 fumigation. Because of the decrease in CO2 assimilation, the growth of the two tree species was restrained ultimately. The sensitivity of the two tree species to O3 can be determined: M. ichangensis > T. chinensis. It suggests a close link between the rising O3 concentrations and the health risk of some tree species in subtropics in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Zhan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - He Shang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Jixin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment, State Forestry Administration of China, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
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15
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Matyssek R, Kozovits AR, Wieser G, King J, Rennenberg H. Woody-plant ecosystems under climate change and air pollution-response consistencies across zonobiomes? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:706-732. [PMID: 28338970 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Forests store the largest terrestrial pools of carbon (C), helping to stabilize the global climate system, yet are threatened by climate change (CC) and associated air pollution (AP, highlighting ozone (O3) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)). We adopt the perspective that CC-AP drivers and physiological impacts are universal, resulting in consistent stress responses of forest ecosystems across zonobiomes. Evidence supporting this viewpoint is presented from the literature on ecosystem gross/net primary productivity and water cycling. Responses to CC-AP are compared across evergreen/deciduous foliage types, discussing implications of nutrition and resource turnover at tree and ecosystem scales. The availability of data is extremely uneven across zonobiomes, yet unifying patterns of ecosystem response are discernable. Ecosystem warming results in trade-offs between respiration and biomass production, affecting high elevation forests more than in the lowland tropics and low-elevation temperate zone. Resilience to drought is modulated by tree size and species richness. Elevated O3 tends to counteract stimulation by elevated carbon dioxide (CO2). Biotic stress and genomic structure ultimately determine ecosystem responsiveness. Aggrading early- rather than mature late-successional communities respond to CO2 enhancement, whereas O3 affects North American and Eurasian tree species consistently under free-air fumigation. Insect herbivory is exacerbated by CC-AP in biome-specific ways. Rhizosphere responses reflect similar stand-level nutritional dynamics across zonobiomes, but are modulated by differences in tree-soil nutrient cycling between deciduous and evergreen systems, and natural versus anthropogenic nitrogen (N) oversupply. The hypothesis of consistency of forest responses to interacting CC-AP is supported by currently available data, establishing the precedent for a global network of long-term coordinated research sites across zonobiomes to simultaneously advance both bottom-up (e.g., mechanistic) and top-down (systems-level) understanding. This global, synthetic approach is needed because high biological plasticity and physiographic variation across individual ecosystems currently limit development of predictive models of forest responses to CC-AP. Integrated research on C and nutrient cycling, O3-vegetation interactions and water relations must target mechanisms' ecosystem responsiveness. Worldwide case studies must be subject to biostatistical exploration to elucidate overarching response patterns and synthesize the resulting empirical data through advanced modelling, in order to provide regionally coherent, yet globally integrated information in support of internationally coordinated decision-making and policy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matyssek
- Technische Universität München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Ecophysiology of Plants, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - A R Kozovits
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Department of Biodiversity, Evolution and Environment, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Bauxita, 35.400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - G Wieser
- Department of Alpine Timberline Ecophysiology, Federal Office and Research Centre for Forests, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J King
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - H Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53/54, D79110 Freiburg, Germany
- King Saud University, PO Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Zhuang M, Lam SK, Li Y, Chen S. Elevated tropospheric ozone affects the concentration and allocation of mineral nutrients of two bamboo species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 577:231-235. [PMID: 27817929 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The increase in tropospheric ozone (O3) affects plant physiology and ecosystem processes, and consequently the cycle of nutrients. While mineral nutrients are critical for plant growth, the effect of elevated tropospheric O3 concentration on the uptake and allocation of mineral nutrients by plants is not well understood. Using open top chambers (OTCs), we investigated the effect of elevated O3 on calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) in mature bamboo species Phyllostachys edulis and Oligostachyum lubricum. Our results showed that elevated O3 decreased the leaf biomass of P. edulis and O. lubricum by 35.1% and 26.7%, respectively, but had no significant effect on the biomass of branches, stem or root. For P. edulis, elevated O3 increased the nutrient (Ca, Mg and Fe) concentration and allocation in leaf but reduced the concentration in other organs. In contrast, elevated O3 increased the nutrient concentration and allocation in the branch of O. lubricum but decreased that of other organs. We also found that that P. edulis and O. lubricum responded differently to elevated O3 in terms of nutrient (Ca, Mg and Fe) uptake and allocation. This information is critical for nutrient management and adaptation strategies for sustainable growth of P. edulis and O. lubricum under global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Zhuang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, #5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, PR China.
| | - Shu Kee Lam
- Crop and Soil Science Section, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yingchun Li
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang 311400, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuanglin Chen
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang 311400, Zhejiang, China.
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17
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Kitao M, Yasuda Y, Kominami Y, Yamanoi K, Komatsu M, Miyama T, Mizoguchi Y, Kitaoka S, Yazaki K, Tobita H, Yoshimura K, Koike T, Izuta T. Increased phytotoxic O3 dose accelerates autumn senescence in an O3-sensitive beech forest even under the present-level O3. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32549. [PMID: 27601188 PMCID: PMC5013268 DOI: 10.1038/srep32549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) concentrations are expected to increase over the 21st century, especially in East Asia. However, the impact of O3 has not been directly assessed at the forest level in this region. We performed O3 flux-based risk assessments of carbon sequestration capacity in an old cool temperate deciduous forest, consisting of O3-sensitive Japanese beech (Fagus crenata), and in a warm temperate deciduous and evergreen forest dominated by O3-tolerant Konara oak (Quercus serrata) based on long-term CO2 flux observations. On the basis of a practical approach for a continuous estimation of canopy-level stomatal conductance (Gs), higher phytotoxic ozone dose above a threshold of 0 uptake (POD0) with higher Gs was observed in the beech forest than that in the oak forest. Light-saturated gross primary production, as a measure of carbon sequestration capacity of forest ecosystem, declined earlier in the late growth season with increasing POD0, suggesting an earlier autumn senescence, especially in the O3-sensitive beech forest, but not in the O3-tolerant oak forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Kitao
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Yukio Yasuda
- Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Nabeyashiki 92-25, Morioka 020-0123, Japan
| | - Yuji Kominami
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Nagaikyutaroh 68, Kyoto 612-0855, Japan
| | - Katsumi Yamanoi
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hitsujigaoka 7, Sapporo 062-8516, Japan
| | - Masabumi Komatsu
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Takafumi Miyama
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Nagaikyutaroh 68, Kyoto 612-0855, Japan
| | - Yasuko Mizoguchi
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hitsujigaoka 7, Sapporo 062-8516, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kitaoka
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yazaki
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tobita
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yoshimura
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Nagaikyutaroh 68, Kyoto 612-0855, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Department of Forest Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takeshi Izuta
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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18
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Wang B, Shugart HH, Shuman JK, Lerdau MT. Forests and ozone: productivity, carbon storage, and feedbacks. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22133. [PMID: 26899381 PMCID: PMC4762018 DOI: 10.1038/srep22133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone is a serious air-pollutant, with large impacts on plant function. This study demonstrates that tropospheric ozone, although it damages plant metabolism, does not necessarily reduce ecosystem processes such as productivity or carbon sequestration because of diversity change and compensatory processes at the community scale ameliorate negative impacts at the individual level. This study assesses the impact of ozone on forest composition and ecosystem dynamics with an individual-based gap model that includes basic physiology as well as species-specific metabolic properties. Elevated tropospheric ozone leads to no reduction of forest productivity and carbon stock and to increased isoprene emissions, which result from enhanced dominance by isoprene-emitting species (which tolerate ozone stress better than non-emitters). This study suggests that tropospheric ozone may not diminish forest carbon sequestration capacity. This study also suggests that, because of the often positive relationship between isoprene emission and ozone formation, there is a positive feedback loop between forest communities and ozone, which further aggravates ozone pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, PO Box 400123, Clark Hall, 291 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4123, USA
| | - Herman H. Shugart
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, PO Box 400123, Clark Hall, 291 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4123, USA
| | - Jacquelyn K. Shuman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, PO Box 400123, Clark Hall, 291 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4123, USA
| | - Manuel T. Lerdau
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, PO Box 400123, Clark Hall, 291 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4123, USA
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19
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Sicard P, De Marco A, Dalstein-Richier L, Tagliaferro F, Renou C, Paoletti E. An epidemiological assessment of stomatal ozone flux-based critical levels for visible ozone injury in Southern European forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:729-741. [PMID: 26437347 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Southern forests are at the highest ozone (O3) risk in Europe where ground-level O3 is a pressing sanitary problem for ecosystem health. Exposure-based standards for protecting vegetation are not representative of actual field conditions. A biologically-sound stomatal flux-based standard has been proposed, although critical levels for protection still need to be validated. This innovative epidemiological assessment of forest responses to O3 was carried out in 54 plots in Southeastern France and Northwestern Italy in 2012 and 2013. Three O3 indices, namely the accumulated exposure AOT40, and the accumulated stomatal flux with and without an hourly threshold of uptake (POD1 and POD0) were compared. Stomatal O3 fluxes were modeled (DO3SE) and correlated to measured forest-response indicators, i.e. crown defoliation, crown discoloration and visible foliar O3 injury. Soil water content, a key variable affecting the severity of visible foliar O3 injury, was included in DO3SE. Based on flux-effect relationships, we developed species-specific flux-based critical levels (CLef) for forest protection against visible O3 injury. For O3 sensitive conifers, CLef of 19 mmol m(-2) for Pinus cembra (high O3 sensitivity) and 32 mmol m(-2) for Pinus halepensis (moderate O3 sensitivity) were calculated. For broadleaved species, we obtained a CLef of 25 mmol m(-2) for Fagus sylvatica (moderate O3 sensitivity) and of 19 mmol m(-2) for Fraxinus excelsior (high O3 sensitivity). We showed that an assessment based on PODY and on real plant symptoms is more appropriated than the concentration-based method. Indeed, POD0 was better correlated with visible foliar O3 injury than AOT40, whereas AOT40 was better correlated with crown discoloration and defoliation (aspecific indicators). To avoid an underestimation of the real O3 uptake, we recommend the use of POD0 calculated for hours with a non-null global radiation over the 24-h O3 accumulation window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sicard
- ACRI-HE, 260 route du Pin Montard, BP 234, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex, France.
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), 76, Lungotevere Thaon de Revel, Rome, Italy
| | - Laurence Dalstein-Richier
- GIEFS (Groupe International d'Etudes des Forêts Sud-européennes), 60, Avenue des Hespérides, 06300 Nice, France
| | - Francesco Tagliaferro
- IPLA (Istituto per le Piante da Legno e l'Ambiente), Corso Casale 476, 10132 Turin, Italy
| | - Camille Renou
- ACRI-HE, 260 route du Pin Montard, BP 234, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex, France
| | - Elena Paoletti
- IPSP-CNR (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
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20
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Carriero G, Emiliani G, Giovannelli A, Hoshika Y, Manning WJ, Traversi ML, Paoletti E. Effects of long-term ambient ozone exposure on biomass and wood traits in poplar treated with ethylenediurea (EDU). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 206:575-81. [PMID: 26310976 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This is the longest continuous experiment where ethylenediurea (EDU) was used to protect plants from ozone (O3). Effects of long-term ambient O3 exposure (23 ppm h AOT40) on biomass of an O3 sensitive poplar clone (Oxford) were examined after six years from in-ground planting. Trees were irrigated with either water or 450 ppm EDU. Above (-51%) and below-ground biomass (-47%) was reduced by O3 although the effect was significant only for stem and coarse roots. Ambient O3 decreased diameter of the lower stem, and increased moisture content along the stem of not-protected plants (+16%). No other change in the physical wood structure was observed. A comparison with a previous assessment in the same experiment suggested that O3 effects on biomass partitioning to above-ground organs depend on the tree ontogenetic stage. The root/shoot ratios did not change, suggesting that previous short-term observations of reduced allocation to tree roots may be overestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Carriero
- IPSP-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - G Emiliani
- IVALSA-CNR Laboratory of Xylogenesis, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - A Giovannelli
- IVALSA-CNR Laboratory of Xylogenesis, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Y Hoshika
- IPSP-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - W J Manning
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-9320, USA
| | - M L Traversi
- IVALSA-CNR Laboratory of Xylogenesis, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - E Paoletti
- IPSP-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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21
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Büker P, Feng Z, Uddling J, Briolat A, Alonso R, Braun S, Elvira S, Gerosa G, Karlsson PE, Le Thiec D, Marzuoli R, Mills G, Oksanen E, Wieser G, Wilkinson M, Emberson LD. New flux based dose-response relationships for ozone for European forest tree species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 206:163-74. [PMID: 26164201 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
To derive O3 dose-response relationships (DRR) for five European forest trees species and broadleaf deciduous and needleleaf tree plant functional types (PFTs), phytotoxic O3 doses (PODy) were related to biomass reductions. PODy was calculated using a stomatal flux model with a range of cut-off thresholds (y) indicative of varying detoxification capacities. Linear regression analysis showed that DRR for PFT and individual tree species differed in their robustness. A simplified parameterisation of the flux model was tested and showed that for most non-Mediterranean tree species, this simplified model led to similarly robust DRR as compared to a species- and climate region-specific parameterisation. Experimentally induced soil water stress was not found to substantially reduce PODy, mainly due to the short duration of soil water stress periods. This study validates the stomatal O3 flux concept and represents a step forward in predicting O3 damage to forests in a spatially and temporally varying climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Büker
- Stockholm Environment Institute at York, Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
| | - Z Feng
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidan District, 100085 Beijing, China.
| | - J Uddling
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - A Briolat
- Stockholm Environment Institute at York, Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
| | - R Alonso
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - S Braun
- Institut für Angewandte Pflanzenbiologie (IAP), Sandgrubenstraβe 25/27, 4124 Schönenbuch, Switzerland.
| | - S Elvira
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT, Av. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - G Gerosa
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "Niccolò Tartaglia", Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Musei 41, 25121 Brescia, Italy.
| | - P E Karlsson
- Swedish Environmental Research Institute, IVL, Box 5302, 40014 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - D Le Thiec
- UMR Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, INRA, Rue D'Amance, 54280 Champenoux, France.
| | - R Marzuoli
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "Niccolò Tartaglia", Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via Musei 41, 25121 Brescia, Italy.
| | - G Mills
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom.
| | - E Oksanen
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, Post Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - G Wieser
- Department for Natural Hazards and Alpine Timberline, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Hofburg 1, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - M Wilkinson
- Centre for Sustainable Forestry & Climate Change, Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH, United Kingdom.
| | - L D Emberson
- Stockholm Environment Institute at York, Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
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22
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Hoshika Y, Watanabe M, Kitao M, Häberle KH, Grams TEE, Koike T, Matyssek R. Ozone induces stomatal narrowing in European and Siebold's beeches: a comparison between two experiments of free-air ozone exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 196:527-33. [PMID: 25156633 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Stomata tend to narrow under ozone (O(3)) impact, leading to limitation of stomatal O(3) influx. Here, we review stomatal response under recently conducted free-air O(3) exposure experiments on two species of the same tree genus: Fagus sylvatica at Kranzberg Forest (Germany) and F. crenata at Sapporo Experimental Forest (Japan). Both beeches exhibited reduction in stomatal conductance (gs) by 10-20% under experimentally enhanced O(3) regimes throughout the summer relative to ambient-air controls. Stomatal narrowing occurred, in early summer, in the absence of reduced carboxylation capacity of Rubisco, although photosynthetic net CO(2) uptake rate temporarily reflected restriction to some minor extent. Observed stomatal narrowing was, however, diminished in autumn, suggesting gradual loss of stomatal regulation by O(3). Monotonic decline in gs with cumulative O(3) exposure or flux in current modeling concepts appear to be unrealistic in beech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutomo Hoshika
- Silviculture and Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8689, Japan.
| | - Makoto Watanabe
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Kitao
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Karl-Heinz Häberle
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Thorsten E E Grams
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Silviculture and Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8689, Japan.
| | - Rainer Matyssek
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany.
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23
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Matyssek R, Baumgarten M, Hummel U, Häberle KH, Kitao M, Wieser G. Canopy-level stomatal narrowing in adult Fagus sylvatica under O3 stress - means of preventing enhanced O3 uptake under high O3 exposure? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 196:518-26. [PMID: 25062776 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Spatio-temporally consistent O(3) doses are demonstrated in adult Fagus sylvatica from the Kranzberg Forest free-air fumigation experiment, covering cross-canopy and whole-seasonal scopes through sap flow measurement. Given O(3)-driven closure of stomata, we hypothesized enhanced whole-tree level O(3) influx to be prevented under enhanced O(3) exposure. Although foliage transpiration rate was lowered under twice-ambient O(3) around noon by 30% along with canopy conductance, the hypothesis was falsified, as O(3) influx was raised by 25%. Nevertheless, the twice-ambient/ambient ratio of O(3) uptake was smaller by about 20% than that of O(3) exposure, suggesting stomatal limitation of uptake. The O(3) response was traceable from leaves across branches to the canopy, where peak transpiration rates resembled those of shade rather than sun branches. Rainy/overcast-day and nightly O(3) uptake is quantified and discussed. Whole-seasonal canopy-level validation of modelled with sap flow-derived O(3) flux becomes available in assessing O(3) risk for forest trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matyssek
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - M Baumgarten
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - U Hummel
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - K-H Häberle
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - M Kitao
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - G Wieser
- Department of Alpine Timberline Ecophysiology, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW), Rennweg 1, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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24
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Ritter W, Lehmeier CA, Winkler JB, Matyssek R, Edgar Grams TE. Contrasting carbon allocation responses of juvenile European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) to competition and ozone. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 196:534-543. [PMID: 25315225 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Allocation of recent photoassimilates of juvenile beech and spruce in response to twice-ambient ozone (2 × O(3)) and plant competition (i.e. intra vs. inter-specific) was examined in a phytotron study. To this end, we employed continuous (13)CO(2)/(12)CO(2) labeling during late summer and pursued tracer kinetics in CO(2) released from stems. In beech, allocation of recent photoassimilates to stems was significantly lowered under 2 × O(3) and increased in spruce when grown in mixed culture. As total tree biomass was not yet affected by the treatments, C allocation reflected incipient tree responses providing the mechanistic basis for biomass partitioning as observed in longer experiments. Compartmental modeling characterized functional properties of substrate pools supplying respiratory C demand. Respiration of spruce appeared to be exclusively supplied by recent photoassimilates. In beech, older C, putatively located in stem parenchyma cells, was a major source of respiratory substrate, reflecting the fundamental anatomical disparity between angiosperm beech and gymnosperm spruce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilma Ritter
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christoph Andreas Lehmeier
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Department of Plant Sciences, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 12, 85350 Freising, Germany; Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jana Barbro Winkler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Matyssek
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Thorsten Erhard Edgar Grams
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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25
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Braun S, Schindler C, Rihm B. Growth losses in Swiss forests caused by ozone: epidemiological data analysis of stem increment of Fagus sylvatica L. and Picea abies Karst. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 192:129-38. [PMID: 24911370 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The estimate of growth losses by ozone exposure of forest trees is a significant part in current C sequestration calculations and will also be important in future modeling. It is therefore important to know if the relationship between ozone flux and growth reduction of young trees, used to derive a Critical Level for ozone, is also valid for mature trees. Epidemiological analysis of stem increment data from Fagus sylvatica L. and Picea abies Karst. observed in Swiss forest plots was used to test this hypothesis. The results confirm the validity of the flux-response relationship at least for beech and therefore enable estimating forest growth losses by ozone on a country-wide scale. For Switzerland, these estimates amount to 19.5% growth reduction for deciduous forests, 6.6% for coniferous forests and 11.0% for all forested areas based on annual ozone stomatal uptake during the time period 1991-2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Braun
- Institute for Applied Plant Biology, Sandgrubenstrasse 25, CH-4124 Schönenbuch, Switzerland.
| | - Christian Schindler
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat Rihm
- Meteotest, Fabrikstrasse 14, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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26
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Talhelm AF, Pregitzer KS, Kubiske ME, Zak DR, Campany CE, Burton AJ, Dickson RE, Hendrey GR, Isebrands JG, Lewin KF, Nagy J, Karnosky DF. Elevated carbon dioxide and ozone alter productivity and ecosystem carbon content in northern temperate forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2014; 20:2492-504. [PMID: 24604779 PMCID: PMC4261895 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Three young northern temperate forest communities in the north-central United States were exposed to factorial combinations of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and tropospheric ozone (O3 ) for 11 years. Here, we report results from an extensive sampling of plant biomass and soil conducted at the conclusion of the experiment that enabled us to estimate ecosystem carbon (C) content and cumulative net primary productivity (NPP). Elevated CO2 enhanced ecosystem C content by 11%, whereas elevated O3 decreased ecosystem C content by 9%. There was little variation in treatment effects on C content across communities and no meaningful interactions between CO2 and O3 . Treatment effects on ecosystem C content resulted primarily from changes in the near-surface mineral soil and tree C, particularly differences in woody tissues. Excluding the mineral soil, cumulative NPP was a strong predictor of ecosystem C content (r(2) = 0.96). Elevated CO2 enhanced cumulative NPP by 39%, a consequence of a 28% increase in canopy nitrogen (N) content (g N m(-2) ) and a 28% increase in N productivity (NPP/canopy N). In contrast, elevated O3 lowered NPP by 10% because of a 21% decrease in canopy N, but did not impact N productivity. Consequently, as the marginal impact of canopy N on NPP (∆NPP/∆N) decreased through time with further canopy development, the O3 effect on NPP dissipated. Within the mineral soil, there was less C in the top 0.1 m of soil under elevated O3 and less soil C from 0.1 to 0.2 m in depth under elevated CO2 . Overall, these results suggest that elevated CO2 may create a sustained increase in NPP, whereas the long-term effect of elevated O3 on NPP will be smaller than expected. However, changes in soil C are not well-understood and limit our ability to predict changes in ecosystem C content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan F Talhelm
- Department of Forest, Rangeland, & Fire Sciences, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
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27
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28
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Kitao M, Komatsu M, Hoshika Y, Yazaki K, Yoshimura K, Fujii S, Miyama T, Kominami Y. Seasonal ozone uptake by a warm-temperate mixed deciduous and evergreen broadleaf forest in western Japan estimated by the Penman-Monteith approach combined with a photosynthesis-dependent stomatal model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 184:457-463. [PMID: 24121421 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Canopy-level stomatal conductance over a warm-temperate mixed deciduous and evergreen broadleaf forest in Japan was estimated by the Penman-Monteith approach, as compensated by a semi-empirical photosynthesis-dependent stomatal model, where photosynthesis, relative humidity, and CO2 concentration were assumed to regulate stomatal conductance. This approach, using eddy covariance data and routine meteorological observations at a flux tower site, permits the continuous estimation of canopy-level O3 uptake, even when the Penman-Monteith approach is unavailable (i.e. in case of direct evaporation from soil or wet leaves). Distortion was observed between the AOT40 exposure index and O3 uptake through stomata, as AOT40 peaked in April, but with O3 uptake occurring in July. Thus, leaf pre-maturation in the predominant deciduous broadleaf tree species (Quercus serrata) might suppress O3 uptake in springtime, even when the highest O3 concentrations were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Kitao
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan.
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29
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Bohler S, Sergeant K, Jolivet Y, Hoffmann L, Hausman JF, Dizengremel P, Renaut J. A physiological and proteomic study of poplar leaves during ozone exposure combined with mild drought. Proteomics 2013; 13:1737-54. [PMID: 23613368 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of high-ozone concentrations during drought episodes is common considering that they are partially caused by the same meteorological phenomena. It was suggested that mild drought could protect plants against ozone-induced damage by causing the closure of stomata and preventing the entry of ozone into the leaves. The present experiment attempts to create an overview of the changes in cellular processes in response to ozone, mild drought and a combined treatment based on the use of 2D-DiGE to compare the involved proteins, and a number of supporting analyses. Morphological symptoms were worst in the combined treatment, indicating a severe stress, but fewer proteins were differentially abundant in the combined treatment than for ozone alone. Stomatal conductance was slightly lowered in the combined treatment. Shifts in carbon metabolism indicated that the metabolism changed to accommodate for protective measures and changes in the abundance of proteins involved in redox protection indicated the presence of an oxidative stress. This study allowed identifying a set of proteins that changed similarly during ozone and drought stress, indicative of crosstalk in the molecular response of plants exposed to these stresses. The abundance of other key proteins changed only when the plants are exposed to specific conditions. Together this indicates the coexistence of generalized and specialized responses to different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Bohler
- Department of Environment and Agro-biotechnologies, CRP-Gabriel Lippmann, Belvaux, GD. Luxembourg.
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30
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Riikonen J, Kontunen-Soppela S, Vapaavuori E, Tervahauta A, Tuomainen M, Oksanen E. Carbohydrate concentrations and freezing stress resistance of silver birch buds grown under elevated temperature and ozone. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 33:311-9. [PMID: 23425688 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of slightly elevated temperature (+0.8 °C), ozone (O3) concentration (1.3 × ambient O3 concentration) and their combination on over-wintering buds of Betula pendula Roth were studied after two growing seasons of exposure in the field. Carbohydrate concentrations, freezing stress resistance (FSR), bud dry weight to fresh weight ratio, and transcript levels of cytochrome oxidase (COX), alternative oxidase (AOX) and dehydrin (LTI36) genes were studied in two clones (clones 12 and 25) in December. Elevated temperature increased the bud dry weight to fresh weight ratio and the ratio of raffinose family oligosaccharides to sucrose and the transcript levels of the dehydrin (LTI36) gene (in clone 12 only), but did not alter the FSR of the buds. Genotype-specific alterations in carbohydrate metabolism were found in the buds grown under elevated O3. The treatments did not significantly affect the transcript level of the COX or AOX genes. No clear pattern of an interactive effect between elevated temperature and O3 concentration was found. According to these data, the increase in autumnal temperatures and slightly increasing O3 concentrations do not increase the risk for freeze-induced damage in winter in silver birch buds, although some alterations in bud physiology occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Riikonen
- Finnish Forest Research Institute, FIN-77600 Suonenjoki, Finland.
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31
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Ernst D. Integrated Studies on Abiotic Stress Defence in Trees. DEVELOPMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-098349-3.00014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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32
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Ozone Research, Quo Vadis? Lessons from the Free-Air Canopy Fumigation Experiment at Kranzberg Forest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-098349-3.00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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33
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Cieslik S, Tuovinen JP, Baumgarten M, Matyssek R, Brito P, Wieser G. Gaseous Exchange Between Forests and the Atmosphere. DEVELOPMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-098349-3.00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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34
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De Marco A, Screpanti A, Attorre F, Proietti C, Vitale M. Assessing ozone and nitrogen impact on net primary productivity with a Generalised non-Linear Model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 172:250-263. [PMID: 23078996 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Some studies suggest that in Europe the majority of forest growth increment can be accounted for N deposition and very little by elevated CO(2). High ozone (O(3)) concentrations cause reductions in carbon fixation in native plants by offsetting the effects of elevated CO(2) or N deposition. The cause-effect relationships between primary productivity (NPP) of Quercus cerris, Q. ilex and Fagus sylvatica plant species and climate and pollutants (O(3) and N deposition) in Italy have been investigated by application of Generalised Linear/non-Linear regression model (GLZ model). The GLZ model highlighted: i) cumulative O(3) concentration-based indicator (AOT40F) did not significantly affect NPP; ii) a differential action of oxidised and reduced nitrogen depositions to NPP was linked to the geographical location; iii) the species-specific variation of NPP caused by combination of pollutants and climatic variables could be a potentially important drive-factor for the plant species' shift as response to the future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment (ENEA), C.R. Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy.
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35
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Löw M, Deckmyn G, Op de Beeck M, Blumenröther MC, Oßwald W, Alexou M, Jehnes S, Haberer K, Rennenberg H, Herbinger K, Häberle KH, Bahnweg G, Hanke D, Wieser G, Ceulemans R, Matyssek R, Tausz M. Multivariate analysis of physiological parameters reveals a consistent O3 response pattern in leaves of adult European beech (Fagus sylvatica). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:162-172. [PMID: 22775349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
• Increasing atmospheric concentrations of phytotoxic ozone (O(3) ) can constrain growth and carbon sink strength of forest trees, potentially exacerbating global radiative forcing. Despite progress in the conceptual understanding of the impact of O(3) on plants, it is still difficult to detect response patterns at the leaf level. • Here, we employed principal component analysis (PCA) to analyse a database containing physiological leaf-level parameters of 60-yr-old Fagus sylvatica (European beech) trees. Data were collected over two climatically contrasting years under ambient and twice-ambient O(3) regimes in a free-air forest environment. • The first principal component (PC1) of the PCA was consistently responsive to O(3) and crown position within the trees over both years. Only a few of the original parameters showed an O(3) effect. PC1 was related to parameters indicative of oxidative stress signalling and changes in carbohydrate metabolism. PC1 correlated with cumulative O(3) uptake over preceding days. • PC1 represents an O(3) -responsive multivariate pattern detectable in the absence of consistently measurable O(3) effects on individual leaf-level parameters. An underlying effect of O(3) on physiological processes is indicated, providing experimental confirmation of theoretical O(3) response patterns suggested previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Löw
- Melbourne School of Land and Environment, Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, University of Melbourne, Water Street, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Gaby Deckmyn
- Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Maarten Op de Beeck
- Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Manuela C Blumenröther
- Phytopathology of Woody Plants, Technische Universität München, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Oßwald
- Phytopathology of Woody Plants, Technische Universität München, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Maria Alexou
- Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, Albert Ludwigs Universität, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053/054, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Jehnes
- Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, Albert Ludwigs Universität, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053/054, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kristine Haberer
- Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, Albert Ludwigs Universität, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053/054, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, Albert Ludwigs Universität, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053/054, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- King Saud University, PO Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karin Herbinger
- Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Universität Graz, Schubertstraße 51, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Karl-Heinz Häberle
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Günther Bahnweg
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - David Hanke
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Gerhard Wieser
- Institut für Naturgefahren und Waldgrenzregionen, Alpine Waldgrenzregionen, Hofburg 1 A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Reinhart Ceulemans
- Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Rainer Matyssek
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Tausz
- Melbourne School of Land and Environment, Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, University of Melbourne, Water Street, Creswick, Victoria 3363, Australia
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Weigt RB, Häberle KH, Millard P, Metzger U, Ritter W, Blaschke H, Göttlein A, Matyssek R. Ground-level ozone differentially affects nitrogen acquisition and allocation in mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 32:1259-1273. [PMID: 23042769 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tps087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Impacts of elevated ground-level ozone (O(3)) on nitrogen (N) uptake and allocation were studied on mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) in a forest stand, hypothesizing that: (i) chronically elevated O(3) limits nutrient uptake, and (ii) beech responds more sensitively to elevated O(3) than spruce, as previously found for juvenile trees. Tree canopies were exposed to twice-ambient O(3) concentrations (2 × O(3)) by a free-air fumigation system, with trees under ambient O(3) serving as control. After 5 years of O(3) fumigation, (15)NH(4)(15)NO(3) was applied to soil, and concentrations of newly acquired N (N(labelled)) and total N (N(total)) in plant compartments and soil measured. Under 2 × O(3), N(labelled) and N(total) were increased in the bulk soil and tended to be lower in fine and coarse roots of both species across the soil horizons, supporting hypothesis (i). N(labelled) was reduced in beech foliage by up to 60%, and by up to 50% in buds under 2 × O(3). Similarly, N(labelled) in stem bark and phloem was reduced. No such reduction was observed in spruce, reflecting a stronger effect on N acquisition in beech in accordance with hypothesis (ii). In spruce, 2 × O(3) tended to favour allocation of new N to foliage. N(labelled) in beech foliage correlated with cumulative seasonal transpiration, indicating impaired N acquisition was probably caused by reduced stomatal conductance and, hence, water transport under elevated O(3). Stimulated fine root growth under 2 × O(3) with a possible increase of below-ground N sink strength may also have accounted for lowered N allocation to above-ground organs. Reduced N uptake and altered allocation may enhance the use of stored N for growth, possibly affecting long-term stand nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Weigt
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Díaz-de-Quijano M, Schaub M, Bassin S, Volk M, Peñuelas J. Ozone visible symptoms and reduced root biomass in the subalpine species Pinus uncinata after two years of free-air ozone fumigation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 169:250-257. [PMID: 22410242 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of ozone often exceed the thresholds of forest protection in the Pyrenees, but the effect of ozone on Pinus uncinata, the dominant species in subalpine forests in this mountainous range, has not yet been studied. We conducted an experiment of free-air ozone fumigation with saplings of P. uncinata fumigated with ambient O(3) (AOT40 May-Oct: 9.2 ppm h), 1.5 × O(3amb) (AOT40 May-Oct: 19.2 ppm h), and 1.8 × O(3amb) (AOT40 May-Oct: 32.5 ppm h) during two growing seasons. We measured chlorophyll content and fluorescence, visible injury, gas exchange, and above- and below-ground biomass. Increased exposures to ozone led to a higher occurrence and intensity of visible injury from O(3) and a 24-29% reduction of root biomass, which may render trees more susceptible to other stresses such as drought. P. uncinata is thus a species sensitive to O(3), concentrations of which in the Pyrenees are already likely affecting this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Díaz-de-Quijano
- Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC, CREAF (Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications), Edifici C, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
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Anav A, Menut L, Khvorostyanov D, Viovy N. A comparison of two canopy conductance parameterizations to quantify the interactions between surface ozone and vegetation over Europe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jg001976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Riikonen J, Kontunen-Soppela S, Ossipov V, Tervahauta A, Tuomainen M, Oksanen E, Vapaavuori E, Heinonen J, Kivimäenpää M. Needle metabolome, freezing tolerance and gas exchange in Norway spruce seedlings exposed to elevated temperature and ozone concentration. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 32:1102-12. [PMID: 22935538 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tps072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Northern forests are currently experiencing increasing mean temperatures, especially during autumn and spring. Consequently, alterations in carbon sequestration, leaf biochemical quality and freezing tolerance (FT) are likely to occur. The interactive effects of elevated temperature and ozone (O(3)), the most harmful phytotoxic air pollutant, on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings were studied by analysing phenology, metabolite concentrations in the needles, FT and gas exchange. Sampling was performed in September and May. The seedlings were exposed to a year-round elevated temperature (+1.3 °C), and to 1.4× ambient O(3) concentration during the growing season in the field. Elevated temperature increased the concentrations of amino acids, organic acids of the citric acid cycle and some carbohydrates, and reduced the concentrations of phenolic compounds, some organic acids of the shikimic acid pathway, sucrose, cyclitols and steroids, depending on the timing of the sampling. Although growth onset occurred earlier at elevated temperature, the temperature of 50% lethality (LT(50)) was similar in the treatments. Photosynthesis and the ratio of photosynthesis to dark respiration were reduced by elevated temperature. Elevated concentrations of O(3) reduced the total concentration of soluble sugars, and tended to reduce LT(50) of the needles in September. These results show that alterations in needle chemical quality can be expected at elevated temperatures, but the seedlings' sensitivity to autumn and spring frosts is not altered. Elevated O(3) has the potential to disturb cold hardening of Norway spruce seedlings in autumn, and to alter the water balance of the seedling through changes in stomatal conductance (g(s)), while elevated temperature is likely to reduce g(s) and consequently reduce the O(3)-flux inside the leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Riikonen
- Finnish Forest Research Institute, FIN-77600 Suonenjoki, Finland.
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40
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Kitao M, Winkler JB, Löw M, Nunn AJ, Kuptz D, Häberle KH, Reiter IM, Matyssek R. How closely does stem growth of adult beech (Fagus sylvatica) relate to net carbon gain under experimentally enhanced ozone stress? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 166:108-115. [PMID: 22487316 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis was tested that O(3)-induced changes in leaf-level photosynthetic parameters have the capacity of limiting the seasonal photosynthetic carbon gain of adult beech trees. To this end, canopy-level photosynthetic carbon gain and respiratory carbon loss were assessed in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) by using a physiologically based model, integrating environmental and photosynthetic parameters. The latter were derived from leaves at various canopy positions under the ambient O(3) regime, as prevailing at the forest site (control), or under an experimental twice-ambient O(3) regime (elevated O(3)), as released through a free-air canopy O(3) fumigation system. Gross carbon gain at the canopy-level declined by 1.7%, while respiratory carbon loss increased by 4.6% under elevated O(3). As this outcome only partly accounts for the decline in stem growth, O(3)-induced changes in allocation are referred to and discussed as crucial in quantitatively linking carbon gain with stem growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Kitao
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan.
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Kasurinen A, Biasi C, Holopainen T, Rousi M, Mäenpää M, Oksanen E. Interactive effects of elevated ozone and temperature on carbon allocation of silver birch (Betula pendula) genotypes in an open-air field exposure. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 32:737-51. [PMID: 22363070 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tps005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present experiment, the single and combined effects of elevated temperature and ozone (O(3)) on four silver birch genotypes (gt12, gt14, gt15 and gt25) were studied in an open-air field exposure design. Above- and below-ground biomass accumulation, stem growth and soil respiration were measured in 2008. In addition, a (13)C-labelling experiment was conducted with gt15 trees. After the second exposure season, elevated temperature increased silver birch above- and below-ground growth and soil respiration rates. However, some of these variables showed that the temperature effect was modified by tree genotype and prevailing O(3) level. For instance, in gt14 soil respiration was increased in elevated temperature alone (T) and in elevated O(3) and elevated temperature in combination (O(3) + T) treatments, but in other genotypes O(3) either partly (gt12) or totally nullified (gt25) temperature effects on soil respiration, or acted synergistically with temperature (gt15). Before leaf abscission, all genotypes had the largest leaf biomass in T and O(3) + T treatments, whereas at the end of the season temperature effects on leaf biomass depended on the prevailing O(3) level. Temperature increase thus delayed and O(3) accelerated leaf senescence, and in combination treatment O(3) reduced the temperature effect. Photosynthetic : non-photosynthetic tissue ratios (P : nP ratios) showed that elevated temperature increased foliage biomass relative to woody mass, particularly in gt14 and gt12, whereas O(3) and O(3) + T decreased it most clearly in gt25. O(3)-caused stem growth reductions were clearest in the fastest-growing gt14 and gt25, whereas mycorrhizal root growth and sporocarp production increased under O(3) in all genotypes. A labelling experiment showed that temperature increased tree total biomass and hence (13)C fixation in the foliage and roots and also label return was highest under elevated temperature. Ozone seemed to change tree (13)C allocation, as it decreased foliar (13)C excess amount, simultaneously increasing (13)C excess obtained from the soil. The present results suggest that warming has potential to increase silver birch growth and hence carbon (C) accumulation in tree biomass, but the final magnitude of this C sink strength is partly counteracted by temperature-induced increase in soil respiration rates and simultaneous O(3) stress. Silver birch populations' response to climate change will also largely depend on their genotype composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kasurinen
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Richet N, Afif D, Tozo K, Pollet B, Maillard P, Huber F, Priault P, Banvoy J, Gross P, Dizengremel P, Lapierre C, Perré P, Cabané M. Elevated CO2 and/or ozone modify lignification in the wood of poplars (Populus tremula x alba). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:4291-301. [PMID: 22553285 PMCID: PMC3398455 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Trees will have to cope with increasing levels of CO(2) and ozone in the atmosphere. The purpose of this work was to assess whether the lignification process could be altered in the wood of poplars under elevated CO(2) and/or ozone. Young poplars were exposed either to charcoal-filtered air (control), to elevated CO(2) (800 μl l(-1)), to ozone (200 nl l(-1)) or to a combination of elevated CO(2) and ozone in controlled chambers. Lignification was analysed at different levels: biosynthesis pathway activities (enzyme and transcript), lignin content, and capacity to incorporate new assimilates by using (13)C labelling. Elevated CO(2) and ozone had opposite effects on many parameters (growth, biomass, cambial activity, wood cell wall thickness) except on lignin content which was increased by elevated CO(2) and/or ozone. However, this increased lignification was due to different response mechanisms. Under elevated CO(2), carbon supply to the stem and effective lignin synthesis were enhanced, leading to increased lignin content, although there was a reduction in the level of some enzyme and transcript involved in the lignin pathway. Ozone treatment induced a reduction in carbon supply and effective lignin synthesis as well as transcripts from all steps of the lignin pathway and some corresponding enzyme activities. However, lignin content was increased under ozone probably due to variations in other major components of the cell wall. Both mechanisms seemed to coexist under combined treatment and resulted in a high increase in lignin content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Richet
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Dany Afif
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Koffi Tozo
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
- Département de Botanique, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, BP 1515 Lomé, Togo
| | - Brigitte Pollet
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de St-Cyr (RD10), 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Pascale Maillard
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Françoise Huber
- INRA, UMR 1092 LERFOB, ENGREF, 14 rue Girardet, F-54042 Nancy cedex, France; AgroParisTech, UMR 1092 LERFOB, 14 rue Girardet, F-54042 Nancy cedex, France
| | - Pierrick Priault
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Jacques Banvoy
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Patrick Gross
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Pierre Dizengremel
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Catherine Lapierre
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de St-Cyr (RD10), 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Patrick Perré
- INRA, UMR 1092 LERFOB, ENGREF, 14 rue Girardet, F-54042 Nancy cedex, France; AgroParisTech, UMR 1092 LERFOB, 14 rue Girardet, F-54042 Nancy cedex, France
- Ecole Centrale Paris, LGPM, Grande Voie des Vignes, 92 295 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Mireille Cabané
- Nancy-Université, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France; INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, F-54280 Champenoux, France
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Matyssek R, Wieser G, Calfapietra C, de Vries W, Dizengremel P, Ernst D, Jolivet Y, Mikkelsen TN, Mohren GMJ, Le Thiec D, Tuovinen JP, Weatherall A, Paoletti E. Forests under climate change and air pollution: gaps in understanding and future directions for research. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 160:57-65. [PMID: 22035926 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Forests in Europe face significant changes in climate, which in interaction with air quality changes, may significantly affect forest productivity, stand composition and carbon sequestration in both vegetation and soils. Identified knowledge gaps and research needs include: (i) interaction between changes in air quality (trace gas concentrations), climate and other site factors on forest ecosystem response, (ii) significance of biotic processes in system response, (iii) tools for mechanistic and diagnostic understanding and upscaling, and (iv) the need for unifying modelling and empirical research for synthesis. This position paper highlights the above focuses, including the global dimension of air pollution as part of climate change and the need for knowledge transfer to enable reliable risk assessment. A new type of research site in forest ecosystems ("supersites") will be conducive to addressing these gaps by enabling integration of experimentation and modelling within the soil-plant-atmosphere interface, as well as further model development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matyssek
- Technische Universität München, Ecophysiology of Plants, von-Carlowitz Platz 2, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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Zak DR, Pregitzer KS, Kubiske ME, Burton AJ. Forest productivity under elevated CO2 and O3: positive feedbacks to soil N cycling sustain decade-long net primary productivity enhancement by CO2. Ecol Lett 2011; 14:1220-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Richet N, Afif D, Huber F, Pollet B, Banvoy J, El Zein R, Lapierre C, Dizengremel P, Perré P, Cabané M. Cellulose and lignin biosynthesis is altered by ozone in wood of hybrid poplar (Populus tremula × alba). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:3575-86. [PMID: 21357770 PMCID: PMC3130179 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Wood formation in trees is a dynamic process that is strongly affected by environmental factors. However, the impact of ozone on wood is poorly documented. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of ozone on wood formation by focusing on the two major wood components, cellulose and lignin, and analysing any anatomical modifications. Young hybrid poplars (Populus tremula × alba) were cultivated under different ozone concentrations (50, 100, 200, and 300 l l(-1)). As upright poplars usually develop tension wood in a non-set pattern, the trees were bent in order to induce tension wood formation on the upper side of the stem and normal or opposite wood on the lower side. Biosynthesis of cellulose and lignin (enzymes and RNA levels), together with cambial growth, decreased in response to ozone exposure. The cellulose to lignin ratio was reduced, suggesting that cellulose biosynthesis was more affected than that of lignin. Tension wood was generally more altered than opposite wood, especially at the anatomical level. Tension wood may be more susceptible to reduced carbon allocation to the stems under ozone exposure. These results suggested a coordinated regulation of cellulose and lignin deposition to sustain mechanical strength under ozone. The modifications of the cellulose to lignin ratio and wood anatomy could allow the tree to maintain radial growth while minimizing carbon cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Richet
- Nancy-Université, INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Dany Afif
- Nancy-Université, INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Françoise Huber
- INRA, UMR 1092 LERFOB, ENGREF, and AgroParisTech, UMR 1092 LERFOB, 14 rue Girardet, F-54042 Nancy cedex, France
| | - Brigitte Pollet
- AgroParisTech, and INRA UMR 1318, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Jacques Banvoy
- Nancy-Université, INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Rana El Zein
- Nancy-Université, INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
| | | | - Pierre Dizengremel
- Nancy-Université, INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Patrick Perré
- INRA, UMR 1092 LERFOB, ENGREF, and AgroParisTech, UMR 1092 LERFOB, 14 rue Girardet, F-54042 Nancy cedex, France
| | - Mireille Cabané
- Nancy-Université, INRA, UMR 1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, F-54506 Vandœuvre lès Nancy, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Bohler S, Sergeant K, Hoffmann L, Dizengremel P, Hausman JF, Renaut J, Jolivet Y. A difference gel electrophoresis study on thylakoids isolated from poplar leaves reveals a negative impact of ozone exposure on membrane proteins. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:3003-11. [PMID: 21520910 DOI: 10.1021/pr1012009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Populus tremula L. x P. alba L. (Populus x canescens (Aiton) Smith), clone INRA 717-1-B4, saplings were subjected to 120 ppb ozone exposure for 28 days. Chloroplasts were isolated, and the membrane proteins, solubilized using the detergent 1,2-diheptanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DHPC), were analyzed in a difference gel electrophoresis (DiGE) experiment comparing control versus ozone-exposed plants. Extrinsic photosystem (PS) proteins and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) subunits were detected to vary in abundance. The general trend was a decrease in abundance, except for ferredoxin-NADP(+) oxidoreductase (FNR), which increased after the first 7 days of exposure. The up-regulation of FNR would increase NAPDH production for reducing power and detoxification inside and outside of the chloroplast. Later on, FNR and a number of PS and ATPase subunits decrease in abundance. This could be the result of oxidative processes on chloroplast proteins but could also be a way to down-regulate photochemical reactions in response to an inhibition in Calvin cycle activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sacha Bohler
- Department Environment and Agro-biotechnologies, CRP-Gabriel Lippmann, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, GD, Luxembourg.
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Matyssek R, Wieser G, Ceulemans R, Rennenberg H, Pretzsch H, Haberer K, Löw M, Nunn AJ, Werner H, Wipfler P, Osswald W, Nikolova P, Hanke DE, Kraigher H, Tausz M, Bahnweg G, Kitao M, Dieler J, Sandermann H, Herbinger K, Grebenc T, Blumenröther M, Deckmyn G, Grams TEE, Heerdt C, Leuchner M, Fabian P, Häberle KH. Enhanced ozone strongly reduces carbon sink strength of adult beech (Fagus sylvatica)--resume from the free-air fumigation study at Kranzberg Forest. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:2527-32. [PMID: 20570421 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O(3)) has gained awareness as an agent of climate change. In this respect, key results are comprehended from a unique 8-year free-air O(3)-fumigation experiment, conducted on adult beech (Fagus sylvatica) at Kranzberg Forest (Germany). A novel canopy O(3) exposure methodology was employed that allowed whole-tree assessment in situ under twice-ambient O(3) levels. Elevated O(3) significantly weakened the C sink strength of the tree-soil system as evidenced by lowered photosynthesis and 44% reduction in whole-stem growth, but increased soil respiration. Associated effects in leaves and roots at the gene, cell and organ level varied from year to year, with drought being a crucial determinant of O(3) responsiveness. Regarding adult individuals of a late-successional tree species, empirical proof is provided first time in relation to recent modelling predictions that enhanced ground-level O(3) can substantially mitigate the C sequestration of forests in view of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matyssek
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany.
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Paoletti E, Schaub M, Matyssek R, Wieser G, Augustaitis A, Bastrup-Birk AM, Bytnerowicz A, Günthardt-Goerg MS, Müller-Starck G, Serengil Y. Advances of air pollution science: from forest decline to multiple-stress effects on forest ecosystem services. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:1986-1989. [PMID: 20036449 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, the focus of forest science on air pollution has moved from forest decline to a holistic framework of forest health, and from the effects on forest production to the ecosystem services provided by forest ecosystems. Hence, future research should focus on the interacting factorial impacts and resulting antagonistic and synergistic responses of forest trees and ecosystems. The synergistic effects of air pollution and climatic changes, in particular elevated ozone, altered nitrogen, carbon and water availability, must be key issues for research. Present evidence suggests air pollution will become increasingly harmful to forests under climate change, which requires integration amongst various stressors (abiotic and biotic factors, including competition, parasites and fire), effects on forest services (production, biodiversity protection, soil protection, sustained water balance, socio-economical relevance) and assessment approaches (research, monitoring, modeling) to be fostered.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Paoletti
- Institute of Plant Protection, National Council of Research, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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