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Ohata J. Friedel-Crafts reactions for biomolecular chemistry. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3544-3558. [PMID: 38624091 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00406j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Chemical tools and principles have become central to biological and medical research/applications by leveraging a range of classical organic chemistry reactions. Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation are arguably some of the most well-known and used synthetic methods for the preparation of small molecules but their use in biological and medical fields is relatively less frequent than the other reactions, possibly owing to the notion of their plausible incompatibility with biological systems. This review demonstrates advances in Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions in a variety of biomolecular chemistry fields. With the discoveries and applications of numerous biomolecule-catalyzed or -assisted processes, these reactions have garnered considerable interest in biochemistry, enzymology, and biocatalysis. Despite the challenges of reactivity and selectivity of biomolecular reactions, the alkylation and acylation reactions demonstrated their utility for the construction and functionalization of all the four major biomolecules (i.e., nucleosides, carbohydrates/saccharides, lipids/fatty acids, and amino acids/peptides/proteins), and their diverse applications in biological, medical, and material fields are discussed. As the alkylation and acylation reactions are often fundamental educational components of organic chemistry courses, this review is intended for both experts and nonexperts by discussing their basic reaction patterns (with the depiction of each reaction mechanism in the ESI) and relevant real-world impacts in order to enrich chemical research and education. The significant growth of biomolecular Friedel-Crafts reactions described here is a testament to their broad importance and utility, and further development and investigations of the reactions will surely be the focus in the organic biomolecular chemistry fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ohata
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.
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2
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Nuruzzaman M, Colella BM, Uzoewulu CP, Meo AE, Gross EJ, Ishizawa S, Sana S, Zhang H, Hoff ME, Medlock BTW, Joyner EC, Sato S, Ison EA, Li Z, Ohata J. Hexafluoroisopropanol as a Bioconjugation Medium of Ultrafast, Tryptophan-Selective Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6773-6783. [PMID: 38421958 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The past decade has seen a remarkable growth in the number of bioconjugation techniques in chemistry, biology, material science, and biomedical fields. A core design element in bioconjugation technology is a chemical reaction that can form a covalent bond between the protein of interest and the labeling reagent. Achieving chemoselective protein bioconjugation in aqueous media is challenging, especially for generally less reactive amino acid residues, such as tryptophan. We present here the development of tryptophan-selective bioconjugation methods through ultrafast Lewis acid-catalyzed reactions in hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP). Structure-reactivity relationship studies have revealed a combination of thiophene and ethanol moieties to give a suitable labeling reagent for this bioconjugation process, which enables modification of peptides and proteins in an extremely rapid reaction unencumbered by noticeable side reactions. The capability of the labeling method also facilitated radiofluorination application as well as antibody functionalization. Enhancement of an α-helix by HFIP leads to its compatibility with a certain protein, and this report also demonstrates a further stabilization strategy achieved by the addition of an ionic liquid to the HFIP medium. The nonaqueous bioconjugation approaches allow access to numerous chemical reactions that are unavailable in traditional aqueous processes and will further advance the chemistry of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nuruzzaman
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Brandon M Colella
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Chiamaka P Uzoewulu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Alissa E Meo
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Elizabeth J Gross
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Seiya Ishizawa
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Sravani Sana
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Meredith E Hoff
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Bryce T W Medlock
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Emily C Joyner
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Elon A Ison
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Zibo Li
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, and UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jun Ohata
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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3
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Kim J, Bose D, Araínga M, Haque MR, Fennessey CM, Caddell RA, Thomas Y, Ferrell DE, Ali S, Grody E, Goyal Y, Cicala C, Arthos J, Keele BF, Vaccari M, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Hope TJ, Villinger F, Martinelli E. TGF-β blockade drives a transitional effector phenotype in T cells reversing SIV latency and decreasing SIV reservoirs in vivo. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1348. [PMID: 38355731 PMCID: PMC10867093 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 persistence during ART is due to the establishment of long-lived viral reservoirs in resting immune cells. Using an NHP model of barcoded SIVmac239 intravenous infection and therapeutic dosing of anti-TGFBR1 inhibitor galunisertib (LY2157299), we confirm the latency reversal properties of in vivo TGF-β blockade, decrease viral reservoirs and stimulate immune responses. Treatment of eight female, SIV-infected macaques on ART with four 2-weeks cycles of galunisertib leads to viral reactivation as indicated by plasma viral load and immunoPET/CT with a 64Cu-DOTA-F(ab')2-p7D3-probe. Post-galunisertib, lymph nodes, gut and PBMC exhibit lower cell-associated (CA-)SIV DNA and lower intact pro-virus (PBMC). Galunisertib does not lead to systemic increase in inflammatory cytokines. High-dimensional cytometry, bulk, and single-cell (sc)RNAseq reveal a galunisertib-driven shift toward an effector phenotype in T and NK cells characterized by a progressive downregulation in TCF1. In summary, we demonstrate that galunisertib, a clinical stage TGF-β inhibitor, reverses SIV latency and decreases SIV reservoirs by driving T cells toward an effector phenotype, enhancing immune responses in vivo in absence of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deepanwita Bose
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Mariluz Araínga
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Muhammad R Haque
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christine M Fennessey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Rachel A Caddell
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Yanique Thomas
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Douglas E Ferrell
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Syed Ali
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Emanuelle Grody
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yogesh Goyal
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Northwestern University Havey Institute for Global Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas J Hope
- Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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4
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Kime J, Bose D, Arainga M, Haque MR, Fennessey CM, Caddell RA, Thomas Y, Ferrell DE, Ali S, Grody E, Goyal Y, Cicala C, Arthos J, Keele BF, Vaccari M, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Hope TJ, Villinger FJ, Marinelli E. TGF-β blockade drives a transitional effector phenotype in T cells reversing SIV latency and decreasing SIV reservoirs in vivo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.05.556422. [PMID: 38014094 PMCID: PMC10680555 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.05.556422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 persistence during ART is due to the establishment of long-lived viral reservoirs in resting immune cells. Using an NHP model of barcoded SIVmac239 intravenous infection and therapeutic dosing of the anti-TGFBR1 inhibitor galunisertib (LY2157299), we confirmed the latency reversal properties of in vivo TGF-β blockade, decreased viral reservoirs and stimulated immune responses. Eight SIV-infected macaques on suppressive ART were treated with 4 2-week cycles of galunisertib. ART was discontinued 3 weeks after the last dose, and macaques euthanized 6 weeks after ART-interruption(ATI). One macaque did not rebound, while the remaining rebounded between week 2 and 6 post-ATI. Galunisertib led to viral reactivation as indicated by plasma viral load and immunoPET/CT with the 64Cu-DOTA-F(ab')2-p7D3-probe. Half to 1 Log decrease in cell-associated (CA-)SIV DNA was detected in lymph nodes, gut and PBMC, while intact pro-virus in PBMC decreased by 3-fold. No systemic increase in inflammatory cytokines was observed. High-dimensions cytometry, bulk and single-cell RNAseq revealed a shift toward an effector phenotype in T and NK cells. In summary, we demonstrated that galunisertib, a clinical stage TGFβ inhibitor, reverses SIV latency and decreases SIV reservoirs by driving T cells toward an effector phenotype, enhancing immune responses in vivo in absence of toxicity.
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5
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Cossarini F, Aberg JA, Chen BK, Mehandru S. Viral Persistence in the Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue and Barriers to HIV Cure. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2023; 40:54-65. [PMID: 37450338 PMCID: PMC10790554 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2022.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 40 years after the first reported cases of what then became known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), tremendous progress has been achieved in transforming the disease from almost universally fatal to a chronic manageable condition. Nonetheless, the efforts to find a preventative vaccine or a cure for the underlying infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remain largely unsuccessful. Many challenges intrinsic to the virus characteristics and host response need to be overcome for either goal to be achieved. This article will review the obstacles to an effective HIV cure, specifically the steps involved in the generation of HIV latency, focusing on the role of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, which has received less attention compared with the peripheral blood, despite being the largest repository of lymphoid tissue in the human body, and a large site for HIV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cossarini
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Judith A. Aberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin K. Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Saurabh Mehandru
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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6
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Lau CY, Martinez-Orengo N, Lyndaker A, Flavahan K, Johnson RF, Shah S, Hammoud DA. Advances and Challenges in Molecular Imaging of Viral Infections. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S270-S280. [PMID: 37788495 PMCID: PMC10547465 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging of viral infection, using a variety of advanced imaging techniques such as optical and nuclear imaging, can and has been used for direct visualization of the virus as well as assessment of virus-host interactions. Unlike imaging of other pathogens such as bacteria and fungi, challenging aspects of imaging viral infections include the small size of viruses, the complexity of viral infection animal models (eg, species dependence), and the high-level containment needs for many high-consequence pathogens, among others. In this review, using representative viral infections, we discuss how molecular imaging can reveal real-time infection dynamics, improve our understanding of disease pathogenesis, and guide optimization of treatment and prevention strategies. Key findings from human and animal studies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuen-Yen Lau
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Neysha Martinez-Orengo
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna Lyndaker
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly Flavahan
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Reed F Johnson
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Swati Shah
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dima A Hammoud
- Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Shah S, Turner ML, Chen X, Ances BM, Hammoud DA, Tucker EW. The Promise of Molecular Imaging: Focus on Central Nervous System Infections. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S311-S321. [PMID: 37788502 PMCID: PMC11009511 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) infections can lead to high mortality and severe morbidity. Diagnosis, monitoring, and assessing response to therapy of CNS infections is particularly challenging with traditional tools, such as microbiology, due to the dangers associated with invasive CNS procedures (ie, biopsy or surgical resection) to obtain tissues. Molecular imaging techniques like positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging have long been used to complement anatomic imaging such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), for in vivo evaluation of disease pathophysiology, progression, and treatment response. In this review, we detail the use of molecular imaging to delineate host-pathogen interactions, elucidate antimicrobial pharmacokinetics, and monitor treatment response. We also discuss the utility of pathogen-specific radiotracers to accurately diagnose CNS infections and strategies to develop radiotracers that would cross the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Shah
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mitchell L Turner
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xueyi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Beau M Ances
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Dima A Hammoud
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Tucker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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8
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Kleynhans J, Sathekge MM, Ebenhan T. Preclinical Research Highlighting Contemporary Targeting Mechanisms of Radiolabelled Compounds for PET Based Infection Imaging. Semin Nucl Med 2023; 53:630-643. [PMID: 37012169 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
It is important to constantly monitor developments in the preclinical imaging arena of infection. Firstly, novel radiopharmaceuticals with the correct characteristics must be identified to funnel into the clinic. Secondly, it must be evaluated if enough innovative research is being done and adequate resources are geared towards the development of radiopharmaceuticals that could feed into the Nuclear Medicine Clinic in the near future. It is proposed that the ideal infection imaging agent will involve PET combined with CT but more ideally MRI. The radiopharmaceuticals currently presented in preclinical literature have a wide selection of vectors and targets. Ionic formulations of PET-radionuclides such 64CuCl2 and 68GaCl2 are evaluated for bacterial infection imaging. Many small molecule based radiopharmaceuticals are being investigated with the most prominent targets being cell wall synthesis, maltodextrin transport (such as [18F]F-maltotriose), siderophores (bacterial and fungal infections), the folate synthesis pathway (such as [18F]F-PABA) and protein synthesis (radiolabelled puromycin). Mycobacterial specific antibiotics, antifungals and antiviral agents are also under investigation as infection imaging agents. Peptide based radiopharmaceuticals are developed for bacterial, fungal and viral infections. The radiopharmaceutical development could even react quickly enough on a pandemic to develop a SARS-CoV-2 imaging agent in a timely fashion ([64Cu]Cu-NOTA-EK1). New immuno-PET agents for the imaging of viruses have recently been published, specifically for HIV persistence but also for SARS-CoV2. A very promising antifungal immuno-PET agent (hJ5F) is also considered. Future technologies could include the application of aptamers and bacteriophages and even going as far as the design of theranostic infection. Another possibility would be the application of nanobodies for immuno-PET applications. Standardization and optimization of the preclinical evaluation of radiopharmaceuticals could enhance clinical translation and reduce time spent in pursuing less than optimal candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janke Kleynhans
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological sciences, Radiopharmaceutical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mike Machaba Sathekge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa; Preclinical Imaging Facility, Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Thomas Ebenhan
- Preclinical Imaging Facility, Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), has become a heavy burden of disease and an important public health problem in the world. Although current antiretroviral therapy (ART) is effective at suppressing the virus in the blood, HIV still remains in two different types of reservoirs-the latently infected cells (represented by CD4+ T cells) and the tissues containing those cells, which may block access to ART, HIV-neutralizing antibodies and latency-reversing agents. The latter is the focus of our review, as blood viral load drops below detectable levels after ART, a deeper and more systematic understanding of the HIV tissue reservoirs is imperative. In this review, we take the lymphoid system (including lymph nodes, gut-associated lymphoid tissue, spleen and bone marrow), nervous system, respiratory system, reproductive system (divided into male and female), urinary system as the order, focusing on the particularity and importance of each tissue in HIV infection, the infection target cell types of each tissue, the specific infection situation of each tissue quantified by HIV DNA or HIV RNA and the evidence of compartmentalization and pharmacokinetics. In summary, we found that the present state of HIV in different tissues has both similarities and differences. In the future, the therapeutic principle we need to follow is to respect the discrepancy on the basis of grasping the commonality. The measures taken to completely eliminate the virus in the whole body cannot be generalized. It is necessary to formulate personalized treatment strategies according to the different characteristics of the HIV in the various tissues, so as to realize the prospect of curing AIDS as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangpeng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Buck AM, Deveau TM, Henrich TJ, Deitchman AN. Challenges in HIV-1 Latent Reservoir and Target Cell Quantification in CAR-T Cell and Other Lentiviral Gene Modifying HIV Cure Strategies. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051126. [PMID: 37243212 DOI: 10.3390/v15051126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene-modification therapies are at the forefront of HIV-1 cure strategies. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells pose a potential approach to target infected cells during antiretroviral therapy or following analytical treatment interruption (ATI). However, there are technical challenges in the quantification of HIV-1-infected and CAR-T cells in the setting of lentiviral CAR gene delivery and also in the identification of cells expressing target antigens. First, there is a lack of validated techniques to identify and characterize cells expressing the hypervariable HIV gp120 in both ART-suppressed and viremic individuals. Second, close sequence homology between lentiviral-based CAR-T gene modification vectors and conserved regions of HIV-1 creates quantification challenges of HIV-1 and lentiviral vector levels. Consideration needs to be taken into standardizing HIV-1 DNA/RNA assays in the setting of CAR-T cell and other lentiviral vector-based therapies to avoid these confounding interactions. Lastly, with the introduction of HIV-1 resistance genes in CAR-T cells, there is a need for assays with single-cell resolution to determine the competence of the gene inserts to prevent CAR-T cells from becoming infected in vivo. As novel therapies continue to arise in the HIV-1 cure field, resolving these challenges in CAR-T-cell therapy will be crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Buck
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Tyler-Marie Deveau
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Timothy J Henrich
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Amelia N Deitchman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
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11
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A contemporary and inflammatory triangle at the mucosa: HIV, antibodies and bacterial STIs. AIDS 2023; 37:841-843. [PMID: 36919788 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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12
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Vimonpatranon S, Goes LR, Chan A, Licavoli I, McMurry J, Wertz SR, Arakelyan A, Huang D, Jiang A, Huang C, Zhou J, Yolitz J, Girard A, Van Ryk D, Wei D, Hwang IY, Martens C, Kanakabandi K, Virtaneva K, Ricklefs S, Darwitz BP, Soares MA, Pattanapanyasat K, Fauci AS, Arthos J, Cicala C. MAdCAM-1 costimulation in the presence of retinoic acid and TGF-β promotes HIV infection and differentiation of CD4+ T cells into CCR5+ TRM-like cells. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011209. [PMID: 36897929 PMCID: PMC10032498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ tissue resident memory T cells (TRMs) are implicated in the formation of persistent HIV reservoirs that are established during the very early stages of infection. The tissue-specific factors that direct T cells to establish tissue residency are not well defined, nor are the factors that establish viral latency. We report that costimulation via MAdCAM-1 and retinoic acid (RA), two constituents of gut tissues, together with TGF-β, promote the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into a distinct subset α4β7+CD69+CD103+ TRM-like cells. Among the costimulatory ligands we evaluated, MAdCAM-1 was unique in its capacity to upregulate both CCR5 and CCR9. MAdCAM-1 costimulation rendered cells susceptible to HIV infection. Differentiation of TRM-like cells was reduced by MAdCAM-1 antagonists developed to treat inflammatory bowel diseases. These finding provide a framework to better understand the contribution of CD4+ TRMs to persistent viral reservoirs and HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinmanus Vimonpatranon
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Microparticle and Exosome in Diseases, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Livia R Goes
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Oncovirology Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda Chan
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Isabella Licavoli
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jordan McMurry
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Samuel R Wertz
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anush Arakelyan
- Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Georgiamune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dawei Huang
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew Jiang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cindy Huang
- Bioinformatics Program, St. Bonaventure University, St. Bonaventure, New York, United States of America
| | - Joyce Zhou
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jason Yolitz
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexandre Girard
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Donald Van Ryk
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Danlan Wei
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Il Young Hwang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Craig Martens
- Research Technologies Section, Genomics Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Kishore Kanakabandi
- Research Technologies Section, Genomics Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Kimmo Virtaneva
- Research Technologies Section, Genomics Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Stacy Ricklefs
- Research Technologies Section, Genomics Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Benjamin P Darwitz
- Research Technologies Section, Genomics Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Marcelo A Soares
- Oncovirology Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kovit Pattanapanyasat
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Microparticle and Exosome in Diseases, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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13
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Kincer LP, Joseph SB, Gilleece MM, Hauser BM, Sizemore S, Zhou S, Di Germanio C, Zetterberg H, Fuchs D, Deeks SG, Spudich S, Gisslen M, Price RW, Swanstrom R. Rebound HIV-1 in cerebrospinal fluid after antiviral therapy interruption is mainly clonally amplified R5 T cell-tropic virus. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:260-271. [PMID: 36717718 PMCID: PMC10201410 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 persists as a latent reservoir in people receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). When ART is interrupted (treatment interruption/TI), rebound virus re-initiates systemic infection in the lymphoid system. During TI, HIV-1 is also detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), although the source of this rebound virus is unknown. To investigate whether there is a distinct HIV-1 reservoir in the central nervous system (CNS), we compared rebound virus after TI in the blood and CSF of 11 participants. Peak rebound CSF viral loads vary and we show that high viral loads and the appearance of clonally amplified viral lineages in the CSF are correlated with the transient influx of white blood cells. We found no evidence of rebound macrophage-tropic virus in the CSF, even in one individual who had macrophage-tropic HIV-1 in the CSF pre-therapy. We propose a model in which R5 T cell-tropic virus is released from infected T cells that enter the CNS from the blood (or are resident in the CNS during therapy), with clonal amplification of infected T cells and virus replication occurring in the CNS during TI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura P Kincer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarah Beth Joseph
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maria M Gilleece
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biogen, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sabrina Sizemore
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shuntai Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Clara Di Germanio
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Serena Spudich
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Magnus Gisslen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard W Price
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ronald Swanstrom
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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14
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Zerbato JM, Avihingsanon A, Singh KP, Zhao W, Deleage C, Rosen E, Cottrell ML, Rhodes A, Dantanarayana A, Tumpach C, Tennakoon S, Crane M, Price DJ, Braat S, Mason H, Roche M, Kashuba AD, Revill PA, Audsley J, Lewin SR. HIV DNA persists in hepatocytes in people with HIV-hepatitis B co-infection on antiretroviral therapy. EBioMedicine 2022; 87:104391. [PMID: 36502576 PMCID: PMC9763386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV can infect multiple cells in the liver including hepatocytes, Kupffer cells and infiltrating T cells, but whether HIV can persist in the liver in people with HIV (PWH) on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains unknown. METHODS In a prospective longitudinal cohort of PWH and hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infection living in Bangkok, Thailand, we collected blood and liver biopsies from 18 participants prior to and following ART and quantified HIV and HBV persistence using quantitative (q)PCR and RNA/DNAscope. Antiretroviral (ARV) drug levels were quantified using mass spectroscopy. FINDINGS In liver biopsies taken prior to ART, HIV DNA and HIV RNA were detected by qPCR in 53% (9/17) and 47% (8/17) of participants respectively. Following a median ART duration of 3.4 years, HIV DNA was detected in liver in 61% (11/18) of participants by either qPCR, DNAscope or both, but only at very low and non-quantifiable levels. Using immunohistochemistry, HIV DNA was observed in both hepatocytes and liver infiltrating CD4+ T cells on ART. HIV RNA was not detected in liver biopsies collected on ART, by either qPCR or RNAscope. All ARVs were clearly detected in liver tissue. INTERPRETATION Persistence of HIV DNA in liver in PWH on ART represents an additional reservoir that warrants further investigation. FUNDING National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (Project Grant APP1101836, 1149990, and 1135851); This project has been funded in part with federal funds from the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, under Contract No. 75N91019D00024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Zerbato
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anchalee Avihingsanon
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Centre of Excellence in Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kasha P. Singh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elias Rosen
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Ajantha Rhodes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ashanti Dantanarayana
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carolin Tumpach
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Surekha Tennakoon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Megan Crane
- National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David J. Price
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,Centre for Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sabine Braat
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,Centre for Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population & Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia,MISCH (Methods and Implementation Support for Clinical Health) Research Hub, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hugh Mason
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Angela D.M. Kashuba
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Peter A. Revill
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jennifer Audsley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia,Corresponding author. Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 786-798 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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15
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Cornelis R, Shulman Z. Upper airway and brain protection by plasma cells: A local affair. Immunity 2022; 55:1972-1974. [PMID: 36351370 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protecting the upper airways and brain from viral invasion through the olfactory mucosa is critical. Wellford et al. describe a barrier that restricts the passage of circulating antibodies and prevents them from reaching the olfactory mucosa. Instead, plasma cells are recruited into this site and prevent viral infection of the airways and the brain through local antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Cornelis
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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16
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Samer S, Thomas Y, Araínga M, Carter C, Shirreff LM, Arif MS, Avita JM, Frank I, McRaven MD, Thuruthiyil CT, Heybeli VB, Anderson MR, Owen B, Gaisin A, Bose D, Simons LM, Hultquist JF, Arthos J, Cicala C, Sereti I, Santangelo PJ, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Hope TJ, Villinger FJ, Martinelli E. Blockade of TGF-β signaling reactivates HIV-1/SIV reservoirs and immune responses in vivo. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e162290. [PMID: 36125890 PMCID: PMC9675457 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.162290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β plays a critical role in maintaining immune cells in a resting state by inhibiting cell activation and proliferation. Resting HIV-1 target cells represent the main cellular reservoir after long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART). We hypothesized that releasing cells from TGF-β-driven signaling would promote latency reversal. To test our hypothesis, we compared HIV-1 latency models with and without TGF-β and a TGF-β type 1 receptor inhibitor, galunisertib. We tested the effect of galunisertib in SIV-infected, ART-treated macaques by monitoring SIV-env expression via PET/CT using the 64Cu-DOTA-F(ab')2 p7D3 probe, along with plasma and tissue viral loads (VLs). Exogenous TGF-β reduced HIV-1 reactivation in U1 and ACH-2 models. Galunisertib increased HIV-1 latency reversal ex vivo and in PBMCs from HIV-1-infected, ART-treated, aviremic donors. In vivo, oral galunisertib promoted increased total standardized uptake values in PET/CT images in gut and lymph nodes of 5 out of 7 aviremic, long-term ART-treated, SIV-infected macaques. This increase correlated with an increase in SIV RNA in the gut. Two of the 7 animals also exhibited increases in plasma VLs. Higher anti-SIV T cell responses and antibody titers were detected after galunisertib treatment. In summary, our data suggest that blocking TGF-β signaling simultaneously increases retroviral reactivation events and enhances anti-SIV immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Samer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yanique Thomas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mariluz Araínga
- New Iberia Research Center (NIRC), University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Crystal Carter
- New Iberia Research Center (NIRC), University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lisa M. Shirreff
- New Iberia Research Center (NIRC), University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Muhammad S. Arif
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Juan M. Avita
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ines Frank
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael D. McRaven
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christopher T. Thuruthiyil
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Veli B. Heybeli
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Meegan R. Anderson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Benjamin Owen
- Integrated Molecular Structure Education and Research (IMSERC), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Arsen Gaisin
- Integrated Molecular Structure Education and Research (IMSERC), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Deepanwita Bose
- New Iberia Research Center (NIRC), University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lacy M. Simons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Havey Institute for Global Health Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Judd F. Hultquist
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Havey Institute for Global Health Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Irini Sereti
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Philip J. Santangelo
- WH Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Havey Institute for Global Health Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas J. Hope
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Francois J. Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center (NIRC), University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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17
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Zhang T, Guo S, Li F, Lan X, Jia Y, Zhang J, Huang Y, Liang XJ. Image-guided/improved diseases management: From immune-strategies and beyond. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114446. [PMID: 35820600 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Timely and accurate assessment and diagnosis are extremely important and beneficial for all diseases, especially for some of the major human disease, such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Limited by the variable disease microenvironment, early imperceptible symptoms, complex immune system interactions, and delayed clinical phenotypes, disease diagnosis and treatment are difficult in most cases. Molecular imaging (MI) techniques can track therapeutic drugs and disease sites in vivo and in vitro in a non-invasive, real-time and visible strategies. Comprehensive visual imaging and quantitative analysis based on different levels can help to clarify the disease process, pathogenesis, drug pharmacokinetics, and further evaluate the therapeutic effects. This review summarizes the application of different MI techniques in the diagnosis and treatment of these major human diseases. It is hoped to shed a light on the development of related technologies and fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- School of Life Science Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science School of Medical Technology (Institute of Engineering Medicine) Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuai Guo
- School of Life Science Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science School of Medical Technology (Institute of Engineering Medicine) Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fangzhou Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Xinmiao Lan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaru Jia
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jinchao Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yuanyu Huang
- School of Life Science Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science School of Medical Technology (Institute of Engineering Medicine) Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Center for Excellence in Nanoscience and CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China; College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100049, China.
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18
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Isotopic Radiolabeling of the Antiretroviral Drug [ 18F]Dolutegravir for Pharmacokinetic PET Imaging. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050587. [PMID: 35631413 PMCID: PMC9143889 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the drug/virus/host interactions at infected cell reservoirs is a key leading to HIV-1 remission for which positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using radiolabeled antiretroviral (ARV) drugs is a powerful asset. Dolutegravir (DTG) is one of the preferred therapeutic options to treat HIV and can be isotopically labeled with fluorine-18. [18F]DTG was synthesized via a three-step approach of radiofluorination/nitrile reduction/peptide coupling with optimization for each step. Radiofluorination was performed on 2-fluoro-4-nitrobenzonitrile in 90% conversion followed by nitrile reduction using sodium borohydride and aqueous nickel(II) chloride with 72% conversion. Final peptide coupling reaction followed by HPLC purification and formulation afforded ready-to-inject [18F]DTG in 5.1 ± 0.8% (n = 10) decay-corrected radiochemical yield within 95 min. The whole process was automatized using a TRACERlab® FX NPro module, and quality control performed by analytical HPLC showed that [18F]DTG was suitable for in vivo injection with >99% chemical and radiochemical purity and a molar activity of 83 ± 18 GBq/µmol (n = 10). Whole-body distribution of [18F]DTG was performed by PET imaging on a healthy macaque and highlighted the elimination routes of the tracer. This study demonstrated the feasibility of in vivo [18F]DTG PET imaging and paved the way to explore drug/virus/tissues interactions in animals and humans.
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19
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Ta TM, Malik S, Anderson EM, Jones AD, Perchik J, Freylikh M, Sardo L, Klase ZA, Izumi T. Insights Into Persistent HIV-1 Infection and Functional Cure: Novel Capabilities and Strategies. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:862270. [PMID: 35572626 PMCID: PMC9093714 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.862270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although HIV-1 replication can be efficiently suppressed to undetectable levels in peripheral blood by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), lifelong medication is still required in people living with HIV (PLWH). Life expectancies have been extended by cART, but age-related comorbidities have increased which are associated with heavy physiological and economic burdens on PLWH. The obstacle to a functional HIV cure can be ascribed to the formation of latent reservoir establishment at the time of acute infection that persists during cART. Recent studies suggest that some HIV reservoirs are established in the early acute stages of HIV infection within multiple immune cells that are gradually shaped by various host and viral mechanisms and may undergo clonal expansion. Early cART initiation has been shown to reduce the reservoir size in HIV-infected individuals. Memory CD4+ T cell subsets are regarded as the predominant cellular compartment of the HIV reservoir, but monocytes and derivative macrophages or dendritic cells also play a role in the persistent virus infection. HIV latency is regulated at multiple molecular levels in transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes. Epigenetic regulation of the proviral promoter can profoundly regulate the viral transcription. In addition, transcriptional elongation, RNA splicing, and nuclear export pathways are also involved in maintaining HIV latency. Although most proviruses contain large internal deletions, some defective proviruses may induce immune activation by expressing viral proteins or producing replication-defective viral-like particles. In this review article, we discuss the state of the art on mechanisms of virus persistence in the periphery and tissue and summarize interdisciplinary approaches toward a functional HIV cure, including novel capabilities and strategies to measure and eliminate the infected reservoirs and induce immune control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tram M. Ta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sajjaf Malik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Anderson
- Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, Region 3, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Amber D. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jocelyn Perchik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maryann Freylikh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Luca Sardo
- Department of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, United States
| | - Zackary A. Klase
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Drexel University of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Taisuke Izumi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Taisuke Izumi,
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20
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Madden PJ, Thomas Y, Blair RV, Samer S, Doyle M, Midkiff CC, Doyle-Meyers LA, Becker ME, Arif MS, McRaven MD, Simons LM, Carias AM, Martinelli E, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Hultquist JF, Villinger FJ, Veazey RS, Hope TJ. An immunoPET probe to SARS-CoV-2 reveals early infection of the male genital tract in rhesus macaques. RESEARCH SQUARE 2022:rs.3.rs-1479315. [PMID: 35411346 PMCID: PMC8996619 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1479315/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The systemic nature of SARS-CoV-2 infection is highly recognized, but poorly characterized. A non-invasive and unbiased method is needed to clarify whole body spatiotemporal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection after transmission. We recently developed a probe based on the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody CR3022 to study SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in vivo. Herein, we describe its use in immunoPET to investigate SARS-CoV-2 infection of three rhesus macaques. Using PET/CT imaging of macaques at different times post-SARS-CoV-2 inoculation, we track the 64Cu-labelled CR3022-F(ab')2 probe targeting the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 to study the dynamics of infection within the respiratory tract and uncover novel sites of infection. Using this method, we uncovered differences in lung pathology between infection with the WA1 isolate and the delta variant, which were readily corroborated through computed tomography scans. The 64Cu-CR3022-probe also demonstrated dynamic changes occurring between 1- and 2-weeks post-infection. Remarkably, a robust signal was seen in the male genital tract (MGT) of all three animals studied. Infection of the MGT was validated by immunofluorescence imaging of infected cells in the testicular and penile tissue and severe pathology was observed in the testes of one animal at 2-weeks post-infection. The results presented here underscore the utility of using immunoPET to study the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection to understand its pathogenicity and discover new anatomical sites of viral replication. We provide direct evidence for SARS-CoV-2 infection of the MGT in rhesus macaques revealing the possible pathologic outcomes of viral replication at these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Madden
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yanique Thomas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert V Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sadia Samer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark Doyle
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Cecily C Midkiff
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Mark E Becker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Muhammad S Arif
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael D McRaven
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lacy M Simons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ann M Carias
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Judd F Hultquist
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francois J Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana-Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Thomas J Hope
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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21
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Madden PJ, Thomas Y, Blair RV, Samer S, Doyle M, Midkiff CC, Doyle-Meyers LA, Becker ME, Arif MS, McRaven MD, Simons LM, Carias AM, Martinelli E, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Hultquist JF, Villinger FJ, Veazey RS, Hope TJ. An immunoPET probe to SARS-CoV-2 reveals early infection of the male genital tract in rhesus macaques. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.02.25.481974. [PMID: 35262081 PMCID: PMC8902882 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.25.481974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The systemic nature of SARS-CoV-2 infection is highly recognized, but poorly characterized. A non-invasive and unbiased method is needed to clarify whole body spatiotemporal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection after transmission. We recently developed a probe based on the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody CR3022 to study SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in vivo. Herein, we describe its use in immunoPET to investigate SARS-CoV-2 infection of three rhesus macaques. Using PET/CT imaging of macaques at different times post-SARS-CoV-2 inoculation, we track the 64Cu-labelled CR3022-F(ab')2 probe targeting the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 to study the dynamics of infection within the respiratory tract and uncover novel sites of infection. Using this method, we uncovered differences in lung pathology between infection with the WA1 isolate and the delta variant, which were readily corroborated through computed tomography scans. The 64Cu-CR3022-probe also demonstrated dynamic changes occurring between 1- and 2-weeks post-infection. Remarkably, a robust signal was seen in the male genital tract (MGT) of all three animals studied. Infection of the MGT was validated by immunofluorescence imaging of infected cells in the testicular and penile tissue and severe pathology was observed in the testes of one animal at 2-weeks post-infection. The results presented here underscore the utility of using immunoPET to study the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection to understand its pathogenicity and discover new anatomical sites of viral replication. We provide direct evidence for SARS-CoV-2 infection of the MGT in rhesus macaques revealing the possible pathologic outcomes of viral replication at these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Madden
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yanique Thomas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert V Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sadia Samer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mark Doyle
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Cecily C Midkiff
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Mark E Becker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Muhammad S Arif
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael D McRaven
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lacy M Simons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ann M Carias
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Judd F Hultquist
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Havey Institute for Global Health, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Francois J Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana-Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Thomas J Hope
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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22
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Beckford-Vera DR, Flavell RR, Seo Y, Martinez-Ortiz E, Aslam M, Thanh C, Fehrman E, Pardons M, Kumar S, Deitchman AN, Ravanfar V, Schulte B, Wu IWK, Pan T, Reeves JD, Nixon CC, Iyer NS, Torres L, Munter SE, Hyunh T, Petropoulos CJ, Hoh R, Franc BL, Gama L, Koup RA, Mascola JR, Chomont N, Deeks SG, VanBrocklin HF, Henrich TJ. First-in-human immunoPET imaging of HIV-1 infection using 89Zr-labeled VRC01 broadly neutralizing antibody. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1219. [PMID: 35264559 PMCID: PMC8907355 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A major obstacle to achieving long-term antiretroviral (ART) free remission or functional cure of HIV infection is the presence of persistently infected cells that establish a long-lived viral reservoir. HIV largely resides in anatomical regions that are inaccessible to routine sampling, however, and non-invasive methods to understand the longitudinal tissue-wide burden of HIV persistence are urgently needed. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is a promising strategy to identify and characterize the tissue-wide burden of HIV. Here, we assess the efficacy of using immunoPET imaging to characterize HIV reservoirs and identify anatomical foci of persistent viral transcriptional activity using a radiolabeled HIV Env-specific broadly neutralizing antibody, 89Zr-VRC01, in HIV-infected individuals with detectable viremia and on suppressive ART compared to uninfected controls (NCT03729752). We also assess the relationship between PET tracer uptake in tissues and timing of ART initiation and direct HIV protein expression in CD4 T cells obtained from lymph node biopsies. We observe significant increases in 89Zr-VRC01 uptake in various tissues (including lymph nodes and gut) in HIV-infected individuals with detectable viremia (N = 5) and on suppressive ART (N = 5) compared to uninfected controls (N = 5). Importantly, PET tracer uptake in inguinal lymph nodes in viremic and ART-suppressed participants significantly and positively correlates with HIV protein expression measured directly in tissue. Our strategy may allow non-invasive longitudinal characterization of residual HIV infection and lays the framework for the development of immunoPET imaging in a variety of other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis R Beckford-Vera
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert R Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Youngho Seo
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Enrique Martinez-Ortiz
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maya Aslam
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cassandra Thanh
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Emily Fehrman
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marion Pardons
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shreya Kumar
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amelia N Deitchman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Vahid Ravanfar
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brailee Schulte
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - I-Wei Katherine Wu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tony Pan
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline D Reeves
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher C Nixon
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nikita S Iyer
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leonel Torres
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sadie E Munter
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tony Hyunh
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christos J Petropoulos
- Monogram Biosciences, Inc., Laboratory Corporation of America, South San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin L Franc
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Lucio Gama
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Steven G Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Henry F VanBrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Timothy J Henrich
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Nonhuman primates are critically important animal models in which to study complex human diseases, understand biological functions, and address the safety of new diagnostics and therapies proposed for human use. They have genetic, physiologic, immunologic, and developmental similarities when compared to humans and therefore provide important preclinical models of human health and disease. This review highlights select research areas that demonstrate the importance of nonhuman primates in translational research. These include pregnancy and developmental disorders, infectious diseases, gene therapy, somatic cell genome editing, and applications of in vivo imaging. The power of the immune system and our increasing understanding of the role it plays in acute and chronic illnesses are being leveraged to produce new treatments for a range of medical conditions. Given the importance of the human immune system in health and disease, detailed study of the immune system of nonhuman primates is essential to advance preclinical translational research. The need for nonhuman primates continues to remain a high priority, which has been acutely evident during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) global pandemic. Nonhuman primates will continue to address key questions and provide predictive models to identify the safety and efficiency of new diagnostics and therapies for human use across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice F Tarantal
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, California, USA;
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Stephen C Noctor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA;
| | - Dennis J Hartigan-O'Connor
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA;
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24
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Dadachova E, Rangel DEN. Highlights of the Latest Developments in Radiopharmaceuticals for Infection Imaging and Future Perspectives. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:819702. [PMID: 35223918 PMCID: PMC8873932 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.819702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has heightened the interest toward diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Nuclear medicine with its powerful scintigraphic, single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging modalities has always played an important role in diagnosis of infections and distinguishing them from the sterile inflammation. In addition to the clinically available radiopharmaceuticals there has been a decades-long effort to develop more specific imaging agents with some examples being radiolabeled antibiotics and antimicrobial peptides for bacterial imaging, radiolabeled anti-fungals for fungal infections imaging, radiolabeled pathogen-specific antibodies and molecular engineered constructs. In this opinion piece, we would like to discuss some examples of the work published in the last decade on developing nuclear imaging agents for bacterial, fungal, and viral infections in order to generate more interest among nuclear medicine community toward conducting clinical trials of these novel probes, as well as toward developing novel radiotracers for imaging infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Dadachova
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- *Correspondence: Ekaterina Dadachova
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25
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Sari H, Galbusera R, Bonnier G, Lin Y, Alshelh Z, Torrado-Carvajal A, Mukerji SS, Ratai EM, Gandhi RT, Chu JT, Akeju O, Orhurhu V, Salvatore AN, Sherman J, Kwon DS, Walker B, Rosen B, Price JC, Pollak LE, Loggia M, Granziera C. Multimodal Investigation of Neuroinflammation in Aviremic Patients With HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy and HIV Elite Controllers. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2022; 9:9/2/e1144. [PMID: 35140142 PMCID: PMC8860468 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The presence of HIV in the CNS has been related to chronic immune activation and cognitive dysfunction. The aim of this work was to investigate (1) the presence of neuroinflammation in aviremic people with HIV (PWH) on therapy and in nontreated aviremic PWH (elite controllers [ECs]) using a translocator protein 18 kDa radioligand; (2) the relationship between neuroinflammation and cognitive function in aviremic PWH; and (3) the relationship between [11C]-PBR28 signal and quantitative MRI (qMRI) measures of brain tissue integrity such as T1 and T2 relaxation times (rts). METHODS [11C]-PBR28 (standard uptake value ratio, SUVR) images were generated in 36 participants (14 PWH, 6 ECs, and 16 healthy controls) using a statistically defined pseudoreference region. Group comparisons of [11C]-PBR28 SUVR were performed using region of interest-based and voxelwise analyses. The relationship between inflammation, qMRI measures, and cognitive function was studied. RESULTS In region of interest analyses, ECs exhibited significantly lower [11C]-PBR28 signal in the thalamus, putamen, superior temporal gyrus, prefrontal cortex, and cerebellum compared with the PWH. In voxelwise analyses, differences were observed in the thalamus, precuneus cortex, inferior temporal gyrus, occipital cortex, cerebellum, and white matter (WM). [11C]-PBR28 signal in the WM and superior temporal gyrus was related to processing speed and selective attention in PWH. In a subset of PWH (n = 12), [11C]-PBR28 signal in the thalamus and WM regions was related to a decrease in T2 rt and to an increase in T1 rt suggesting a colocalization of increased glial metabolism, decrease in microstructural integrity, and iron accumulation. DISCUSSION This study casts a new light onto the role of neuroinflammation and related microstructural alterations of HIV infection in the CNS and shows that ECs suppress neuroinflammation more effectively than PWH on therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cristina Granziera
- From the MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging (H.S., Y.L., Z.A., A.T.-C., E.M.R., A.N.S., B.R., J.C.P., M.L.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown; Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic (R.G., G.B., C.G.), Departments of Medicine, Clinical Research and Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Translational Imaging in Neurology (ThINk) Basel (R.G., G.B., C.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Medical Image Analysis and Biometry Lab (A.T.-C.), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Department of Neurology (S.S.M., R.T.G.), Infectious Diseases (J.T.C.), Department of Anesthesia (O.A., V.O.), and Department of Psychiatry (J.S., L.E.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; and Ragon Institute of MGH (D.S.K., B.W.), MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.
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26
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Alexandrova Y, Costiniuk CT, Jenabian MA. Pulmonary Immune Dysregulation and Viral Persistence During HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 12:808722. [PMID: 35058937 PMCID: PMC8764194 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.808722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV continue to suffer from high burdens of respiratory infections, lung cancers and chronic lung disease at a higher rate than the general population. The lung mucosa, a previously neglected HIV reservoir site, is of particular importance in this phenomenon. Because ART does not eliminate the virus, residual levels of HIV that remain in deep tissues lead to chronic immune activation and pulmonary inflammatory pathologies. In turn, continuous pulmonary and systemic inflammation cause immune cell exhaustion and pulmonary immune dysregulation, creating a pro-inflammatory environment ideal for HIV reservoir persistence. Moreover, smoking, gut and lung dysbiosis and co-infections further fuel the vicious cycle of residual viral replication which, in turn, contributes to inflammation and immune cell proliferation, further maintaining the HIV reservoir. Herein, we discuss the recent evidence supporting the notion that the lungs serve as an HIV viral reservoir. We will explore how smoking, changes in the microbiome, and common co-infections seen in PLWH contribute to HIV persistence, pulmonary immune dysregulation, and high rates of infectious and non-infectious lung disease among these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Alexandrova
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cecilia T. Costiniuk
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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27
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Routy JP, Dupuy FP, Lin J, Isnard S. More than a Gender Issue: Testis as a Distinctive HIV Reservoir and Its Implication for Viral Eradication. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2407:173-186. [PMID: 34985665 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1871-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Early establishment of HIV reservoir represents the main impediment to an HIV cure. Mainly composed of infected memory CD4 T-cells and macrophages, HIV reservoirs are found in several organs including lymph nodes, gut, and testes. In men, and as seen in brain and eyes, testes represent a distinctive organ characterized by an immune privilege, allowing the tolerance of spermatozoa which only develop after puberty, long after the establishment of systemic immunity. The immune privilege of testes relies on a strict testis-blood barrier, and a local immunosuppressive environment. Testes has been described as reservoir for several viruses including Ebola, Zika, and HIV. Indeed, HIV reservoirs were detected in tested viremic and virally suppressed donor taking antiretroviral therapy (ART). Herein, we discuss the distinctive environment found in human testes and describe a validated method allowing the characterization and quantification of HIV-infected CD4 T-cells in human testes. Using mechanical and enzymatic treatment, cells can be extracted from human testis samples. Characterization of those cells can be performed by flow cytometry and HIV reservoir quantification performed by nested qPCR after flow cytometry sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Franck P Dupuy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - John Lin
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network (CTN), Vancouver, BC, Canada
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28
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Madden PJ, Arif MS, Becker ME, McRaven MD, Carias AM, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Xiao S, Midkiff CC, Blair RV, Potter EL, Martin-Sancho L, Dodson A, Martinelli E, Todd JPM, Villinger FJ, Chanda SK, Aye PP, Roy CJ, Roederer M, Lewis MG, Veazey RS, Hope TJ. Development of an In Vivo Probe to Track SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2021; 12:810047. [PMID: 35003140 PMCID: PMC8739270 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.810047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, results in pneumonia and other respiratory symptoms as well as pathologies at diverse anatomical sites. An outstanding question is whether these diverse pathologies are due to replication of the virus in these anatomical compartments and how and when the virus reaches those sites. To answer these outstanding questions and study the spatiotemporal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection a method for tracking viral spread in vivo is needed. We developed a novel, fluorescently labeled, antibody-based in vivo probe system using the anti-spike monoclonal antibody CR3022 and demonstrated that it could successfully identify sites of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a rhesus macaque model of COVID-19. Our results showed that the fluorescent signal from our antibody-based probe could differentiate whole lungs of macaques infected for 9 days from those infected for 2 or 3 days. Additionally, the probe signal corroborated the frequency and density of infected cells in individual tissue blocks from infected macaques. These results provide proof of concept for the use of in vivo antibody-based probes to study SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics in rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Madden
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Muhammad S. Arif
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mark E. Becker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Michael D. McRaven
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ann M. Carias
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Northwestern University Institute for Global Health, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sixia Xiao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Cecily C. Midkiff
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Robert V. Blair
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Lake Potter
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Laura Martin-Sancho
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Elena Martinelli
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - John-Paul M. Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Francois J. Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana-Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, United States
| | - Sumit K. Chanda
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Pyone Pyone Aye
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Chad J. Roy
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Ronald S. Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - Thomas J. Hope
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Obregon-Perko V, Bricker KM, Mensah G, Uddin F, Rotolo L, Vanover D, Desai Y, Santangelo PJ, Jean S, Wood JS, Connor-Stroud FC, Ehnert S, Berendam SJ, Liang S, Vanderford TH, Bar KJ, Shaw GM, Silvestri G, Kumar A, Fouda GG, Permar SR, Chahroudi A. Dynamics and origin of rebound viremia in SHIV-infected infant macaques following interruption of long-term ART. JCI Insight 2021; 6:152526. [PMID: 34699383 PMCID: PMC8675190 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.152526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding viral rebound in pediatric HIV-1 infection may inform the development of alternatives to lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) to achieve viral remission. We thus investigated viral rebound after analytical treatment interruption (ATI) in 10 infant macaques orally infected with SHIV.C.CH505 and treated with long-term ART. Rebound viremia was detected within 7 to 35 days of ATI in 9 of 10 animals, with posttreatment control of viremia seen in 5 of 5 Mamu-A*01+ macaques. Single-genome sequencing revealed that initial rebound virus was similar to viral DNA present in CD4+ T cells from blood, rectum, and lymph nodes before ATI. We assessed the earliest sites of viral reactivation immediately following ATI using ImmunoPET imaging. The largest increase in signal that preceded detectable viral RNA in plasma was found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, a site with relatively high SHIV RNA/DNA ratios in CD4+ T cells before ATI. Thus, the GI tract may be an initial source of rebound virus, but as ATI progresses, viral reactivation in other tissues likely contributes to the composition of plasma virus. Our study provides potentially novel insight into the features of viral rebound in pediatric infection and highlights the application of a noninvasive technique to monitor areas of HIV-1 expression in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine M. Bricker
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Gloria Mensah
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ferzan Uddin
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Laura Rotolo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Daryll Vanover
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yesha Desai
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Philip J. Santangelo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sherrie Jean
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Wood
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Stephanie Ehnert
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stella J. Berendam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shan Liang
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Thomas H. Vanderford
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Katharine J. Bar
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - George M. Shaw
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Genevieve G. Fouda
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Deeks SG, Archin N, Cannon P, Collins S, Jones RB, de Jong MAWP, Lambotte O, Lamplough R, Ndung'u T, Sugarman J, Tiemessen CT, Vandekerckhove L, Lewin SR. Research priorities for an HIV cure: International AIDS Society Global Scientific Strategy 2021. Nat Med 2021; 27:2085-2098. [PMID: 34848888 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01590-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for people living with HIV, lifelong treatment is required and there is no cure. HIV can integrate in the host genome and persist for the life span of the infected cell. These latently infected cells are not recognized as foreign because they are largely transcriptionally silent, but contain replication-competent virus that drives resurgence of the infection once ART is stopped. With a combination of immune activators, neutralizing antibodies, and therapeutic vaccines, some nonhuman primate models have been cured, providing optimism for these approaches now being evaluated in human clinical trials. In vivo delivery of gene-editing tools to either target the virus, boost immunity or protect cells from infection, also holds promise for future HIV cure strategies. In this Review, we discuss advances related to HIV cure in the last 5 years, highlight remaining knowledge gaps and identify priority areas for research for the next 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Deeks
- University of California San Francisco, San Fransisco, CA, USA.
| | - Nancie Archin
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paula Cannon
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - R Brad Jones
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Olivier Lambotte
- University Paris Saclay, AP-HP, Bicêtre Hospital, UMR1184 INSERM CEA, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | | | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Africa Health Research Institute and University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- University College London, London, UK
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy Sugarman
- Berman Institute of Bioethics and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caroline T Tiemessen
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Sharon R Lewin
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
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31
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Taylor RA, McRaven MD, Carias AM, Anderson MR, Matias E, Araínga M, Allen EJ, Rogers KA, Gupta S, Kulkarni V, Lakhashe S, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Thomas Y, Strickland A, Villinger FJ, Ruprecht RM, Hope TJ. Localization of infection in neonatal rhesus macaques after oral viral challenge. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009855. [PMID: 34793582 PMCID: PMC8639050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can occur in utero, during delivery, and through breastfeeding. We utilized Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging coupled with fluorescent microscopy of 64Cu-labeled photoactivatable-GFP-HIV (PA-GFP-BaL) to determine how HIV virions distribute and localize in neonatal rhesus macaques two and four hours after oral viral challenge. Our results show that by four hours after oral viral exposure, HIV virions localize to and penetrate the rectal mucosa. We also used a dual viral challenge with a non-replicative viral vector and a replication competent SHIV-1157ipd3N4 to examine viral transduction and dissemination at 96 hours. Our data show that while SHIV-1157ipd3N4 infection can be found in the oral cavity and upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the small and large intestine contained the largest number of infected cells. Moreover, we found that T cells were the biggest population of infected immune cells. Thus, thanks to these novel technologies, we are able to visualize and delineate of viral distribution and infection throughout the entire neonatal GI tract during acute viral infection. Approximately 1.8 million children are currently living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). While mother-to-child HIV transmission can occur in utero and during delivery, it most commonly occurs through breastfeeding, creating the need to understand how the virus moves throughout the body and infects the infant once breast milk is consumed. Here, we used multiple imaging techniques and PCR to determine how HIV distributes throughout the gastrointestinal tract after oral viral exposure and in which tissues and cell types become acutely infected. We found that HIV rapidly spreads throughout and penetrates the entire gastrointestinal tract as early as four hours after exposure. We also found that the intestine contained the largest number of infected cells at 96 hours and that most cells infected were T cells. Our study shows that these imaging technologies allow for the examination of viral distribution and infection in a rhesus macaque model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roslyn A. Taylor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Michael D. McRaven
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ann M. Carias
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Meegan R. Anderson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Edgar Matias
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mariluz Araínga
- Department of Biology, New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Edward J. Allen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kenneth A. Rogers
- Department of Biology, New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Sandeep Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Viraj Kulkarni
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Samir Lakhashe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Northwestern University Institute for Global Health, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yanique Thomas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Amanda Strickland
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Francois J. Villinger
- Department of Biology, New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- Department of Biology, New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Hope
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The persistence of HIV-1-infected cells, despite the introduction of the combinatorial antiretroviral therapy, is a major obstacle to HIV-1 eradication. Understanding the nature of HIV reservoir will lead to novel therapeutic approaches for the functional cure or eradication of the virus. In this review, we will update the recent development in imaging applications toward HIV-1/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) viral reservoirs research and highlight some of their limitations. RECENT FINDINGS CD4 T cells are the primary target of HIV-1/SIV and the predominant site for productive and latent reservoirs. This viral reservoir preferentially resides in lymphoid compartments that are difficult to access, which renders sampling and measurements problematical and a hurdle for understanding HIV-1 pathogenicity. Novel noninvasive technologies are needed to circumvent this and urgently help to find a cure for HIV-1. Recent technological advancements have had a significant impact on the development of imaging methodologies allowing the visualization of relevant biomarkers with high resolution and analytical capacity. Such methodologies have provided insights into our understanding of cellular and molecular interactions in health and disease. SUMMARY Imaging of the HIV-1 reservoir can provide significant insights for the nature (cell types), spatial distribution, and the role of the tissue microenvironment for its in vivo dynamics and potentially lead to novel targets for the virus elimination.
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Frank I, Cigoli M, Arif MS, Fahlberg MD, Maldonado S, Calenda G, Pegu A, Yang ES, Rawi R, Chuang GY, Geng H, Liu C, Zhou T, Kwong PD, Arthos J, Cicala C, Grasperge BF, Blanchard JL, Gettie A, Fennessey CM, Keele BF, Vaccari M, Hope TJ, Fauci AS, Mascola JR, Martinelli E. Blocking α 4β 7 integrin delays viral rebound in SHIV SF162P3-infected macaques treated with anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabf7201. [PMID: 34408080 PMCID: PMC8977869 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abf7201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) may favor development of antiviral immunity by engaging the immune system during immunotherapy. Targeting integrin α4β7 with an anti-α4β7 monoclonal antibody (Rh-α4β7) affects immune responses in SIV/SHIV-infected macaques. To explore the therapeutic potential of combining bNAbs with α4β7 integrin blockade, SHIVSF162P3-infected, viremic rhesus macaques were treated with bNAbs only (VRC07-523LS and PGT128 anti-HIV antibodies) or a combination of bNAbs and Rh-α4β7 or were left untreated as a control. Treatment with bNAbs alone decreased viremia below 200 copies/ml in all macaques, but seven of eight macaques (87.5%) in the bNAbs-only group rebounded within a median of 3 weeks (95% CI: 2 to 9). In contrast, three of six macaques treated with a combination of Rh-α4β7 and bNAbs (50%) maintained a viremia below 200 copies/ml until the end of the follow-up period; viremia in the other three macaques rebounded within a median of 6 weeks (95% CI: 5 to 11). Thus, there was a modest delay in viral rebound in the macaques treated with the combination antibody therapy compared to bNAbs alone. Our study suggests that α4β7 integrin blockade may prolong virologic control by bNAbs in SHIVSF162P3-infected macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Frank
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariasole Cigoli
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | - Muhammad S Arif
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marissa D Fahlberg
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
| | | | - Giulia Calenda
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eun Sung Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Reda Rawi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hui Geng
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cuiping Liu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brooke F Grasperge
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
| | - James L Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christine M Fennessey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Thomas J Hope
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Bricker KM, Chahroudi A, Mavigner M. New Latency Reversing Agents for HIV-1 Cure: Insights from Nonhuman Primate Models. Viruses 2021; 13:1560. [PMID: 34452425 PMCID: PMC8402914 DOI: 10.3390/v13081560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) controls human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) replication and prevents disease progression but does not eradicate HIV-1. The persistence of a reservoir of latently infected cells represents the main barrier to a cure. "Shock and kill" is a promising strategy involving latency reversing agents (LRAs) to reactivate HIV-1 from latently infected cells, thus exposing the infected cells to killing by the immune system or clearance agents. Here, we review advances to the "shock and kill" strategy made through the nonhuman primate (NHP) model, highlighting recently identified latency reversing agents and approaches such as mimetics of the second mitochondrial activator of caspase (SMACm), experimental CD8+ T cell depletion, immune checkpoint blockade (ICI), and toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. We also discuss the advantages and limits of the NHP model for HIV cure research and methods developed to evaluate the efficacy of in vivo treatment with LRAs in NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M. Bricker
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (K.M.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (K.M.B.); (A.C.)
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Emory + Children’s Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Maud Mavigner
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (K.M.B.); (A.C.)
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Ronit A, Omland LH, Kronborg G, Pedersen G, Nielsen L, Mohey R, Wiese L, Obel N, Ahlström MG. Incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in people with HIV, their parents and siblings in Denmark. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:492-501. [PMID: 34260725 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with HIV (PWH) may be at increased risk of several respiratory syndromes including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In matched cohort studies, we examined risk factors for COPD in PWH, their parents and siblings compared with population controls. METHODS Using data from national registries, competing risk regression models were constructed and used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) for COPD. We evaluated the effect of HIV characteristics, smoking and educational attainment on COPD incidence in PWH. RESULTS A total of 226 PWH and 1029 population controls were diagnosed with COPD during 63,661 and 562,171 person years of follow up. PWH had increased risk of being diagnosed with COPD compared to controls (aHR 2.02 [95%CI: 1.75-2.33]). Parents and siblings of PWH were also more likely to be diagnosed with COPD compared to controls. CD4+ T-cell counts were not associated with COPD, but both unsuppressed viral replication, smoking status and educational attainment were associated with COPD in PWH. No COPD diagnoses were registered in PWH with high educational attainment and absence of smoking. CONCLUSIONS PWH have an increased risk of being diagnosed with COPD, as have their parents and siblings. This seems to be driven primarily by smoking and low socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ronit
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre,Denmark
| | - Lars H Omland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigsh ospitalet,Denmark
| | - Gitte Kronborg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre,Denmark
| | - Gitte Pedersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg,Denmark
| | - Lars Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hillerød University Hospital, Hillerød,Denmark
| | - Rajesh Mohey
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Herning University Hospital, Herning,Denmark
| | - Lothar Wiese
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde,Denmark
| | - Niels Obel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigsh ospitalet,Denmark
| | - Magnus G Ahlström
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
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CG dinucleotide removal in bioluminescent and fluorescent reporters improves HIV-1 replication and reporter gene expression for dual imaging in humanized mice. J Virol 2021; 95:e0044921. [PMID: 34232063 PMCID: PMC8428378 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00449-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Visualizing the transmission and dissemination of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in real time in humanized mouse models is a robust tool to investigate viral replication during treatments and in tissue reservoirs. However, the stability and expression of HIV-1 reporter genes are obstacles for long-term serial imaging in vivo. Two replication-competent CCR5-tropic HIV-1 reporter constructs were created that encode either nanoluciferase (nLuc) or a near-infrared fluorescent protein (iRFP) upstream of nef. HIV-1 reporter virus replication and reporter gene expression was measured in cell culture and in humanized mice. While reporter gene expression in vivo correlated initially with plasma viremia, expression decreased after 4 to 5 weeks despite high plasma viremia. The reporter genes were codon optimized to remove cytosine/guanine (CG) dinucleotides, and new CO-nLuc and CO-iRFP viruses were reconstructed. Removal of CG dinucleotides in HIV-1 reporter viruses improved replication in vitro and reporter expression in vivo and ex vivo. Both codon-optimized reporter viruses could be visualized during coinfection and in vivo reporter gene expression during treatment failure preceded detection of plasma viremia. While the dynamic range of CO-iRFP HIV-1 was lower than that of CO-nLuc HIV-1, both viruses could have utility in studying and visualizing HIV-1 infection in humanized mice. IMPORTANCE Animal models are important for studying HIV-1 pathogenesis and treatments. We developed two viruses each encoding a reporter gene that can be expressed in cells after infection. This study shows that HIV-1 infection can be visualized by noninvasive, whole-body imaging in mice with human immune cells over time by reporter expression. We improved reporter expression to reflect HIV-1 replication and showed that two viral variants can be tracked over time in the same animal and can predict failure of antiretroviral therapy to suppress virus.
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Lemaitre J, Naninck T, Delache B, Creppy J, Huber P, Holzapfel M, Bouillier C, Contreras V, Martinon F, Kahlaoui N, Pascal Q, Tricot S, Ducancel F, Vecellio L, Le Grand R, Maisonnasse P. Non-human primate models of human respiratory infections. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:147-164. [PMID: 33895579 PMCID: PMC8062575 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory pathogens represent a great burden for humanity and a potential source of new pandemics, as illustrated by the recent emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In recent decades, biotechnological advances have led to the development of numerous innovative therapeutic molecules and vaccine immunogens. However, we still lack effective treatments and vaccines against many respiratory pathogens. More than ever, there is a need for a fast, predictive, preclinical pipeline, to keep pace with emerging diseases. Animal models are key for the preclinical development of disease management strategies. The predictive value of these models depends on their ability to reproduce the features of the human disease, the mode of transmission of the infectious agent and the availability of technologies for monitoring infection. This review focuses on the use of non-human primates as relevant preclinical models for the development of prevention and treatment for human respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lemaitre
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Thibaut Naninck
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Benoît Delache
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Justina Creppy
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, INSERM U1100, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Huber
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marion Holzapfel
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Camille Bouillier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Frédéric Martinon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Nidhal Kahlaoui
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Quentin Pascal
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sabine Tricot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Frédéric Ducancel
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laurent Vecellio
- Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, INSERM U1100, Université de Tours, Tours, France; Plateforme Scientifique et Technique Animaleries (PST-A), Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Pauline Maisonnasse
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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38
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Matar AJ, Crepeau RL, Duran-Struuck R. Non-invasive imaging for the diagnosis of acute rejection in transplantation: The next frontier. Transpl Immunol 2021; 68:101431. [PMID: 34157374 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2021.101431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute rejection is a leading cause of organ transplant failure and the most common indication for re-transplantation. Clinically, suspicion of acute rejection is often dependent upon serum laboratory values which may only manifest after organ injury. The gold standard for diagnosis requires an invasive biopsy which can carry serious clinical risks including bleeding and graft loss as well as the possibility of sampling error. The use of noninvasive imaging modalities to monitor transplanted organs is of great clinical value, particularly as a tool for early detection of graft dysfunction or acute rejection. Herein, we provide an overview of the existing literature evaluating noninvasive imaging modalities of solid organ and cellular allografts after transplantation, including both preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J Matar
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca L Crepeau
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Raimon Duran-Struuck
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Taylor RA, Xiao S, Carias AM, McRaven MD, Thakkar DN, Araínga M, Allen EJ, Rogers KA, Kumarapperuma SC, Gong S, Fought AJ, Anderson MR, Thomas Y, Schneider JR, Goins B, Fox P, Villinger FJ, Ruprecht RM, Hope TJ. PET/CT targeted tissue sampling reveals virus specific dIgA can alter the distribution and localization of HIV after rectal exposure. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009632. [PMID: 34061907 PMCID: PMC8195437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines have not been successful in clinical trials. Dimeric IgA (dIgA) in the form of secretory IgA is the most abundant antibody class in mucosal tissues, making dIgA a prime candidate for potential HIV vaccines. We coupled Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging and fluorescent microscopy of 64Cu-labeled, photoactivatable-GFP HIV (PA-GFP-BaL) and fluorescently labeled dIgA to determine how dIgA antibodies influence virus interaction with mucosal barriers and viral penetration in colorectal tissue. Our results show that HIV virions rapidly disseminate throughout the colon two hours after exposure. The presence of dIgA resulted in an increase in virions and penetration depth in the transverse colon. Moreover, virions were found in the mesenteric lymph nodes two hours after viral exposure, and the presence of dIgA led to an increase in virions in mesenteric lymph nodes. Taken together, these technologies enable in vivo and in situ visualization of antibody-virus interactions and detailed investigations of early events in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roslyn A. Taylor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sixia Xiao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ann M. Carias
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Michael D. McRaven
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Divya N. Thakkar
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mariluz Araínga
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Edward J. Allen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kenneth A. Rogers
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Sidath C. Kumarapperuma
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Siqi Gong
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute and Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Angela J. Fought
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Meegan R. Anderson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yanique Thomas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey R. Schneider
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Beth Goins
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Francois J. Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute and Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Hope
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Spencer DA, Shapiro MB, Haigwood NL, Hessell AJ. Advancing HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies: From Discovery to the Clinic. Front Public Health 2021; 9:690017. [PMID: 34123998 PMCID: PMC8187619 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.690017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial progress in confronting the global HIV-1 epidemic since its inception in the 1980s, better approaches for both treatment and prevention will be necessary to end the epidemic and remain a top public health priority. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been effective in extending lives, but at a cost of lifelong adherence to treatment. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are directed to conserved regions of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimer (Env) and can block infection if present at the time of viral exposure. The therapeutic application of bNAbs holds great promise, and progress is being made toward their development for widespread clinical use. Compared to the current standard of care of small molecule-based ART, bNAbs offer: (1) reduced toxicity; (2) the advantages of extended half-lives that would bypass daily dosing requirements; and (3) the potential to incorporate a wider immune response through Fc signaling. Recent advances in discovery technology can enable system-wide mining of the immunoglobulin repertoire and will continue to accelerate isolation of next generation potent bNAbs. Passive transfer studies in pre-clinical models and clinical trials have demonstrated the utility of bNAbs in blocking or limiting transmission and achieving viral suppression. These studies have helped to define the window of opportunity for optimal intervention to achieve viral clearance, either using bNAbs alone or in combination with ART. None of these advances with bNAbs would be possible without technological advancements and expanding the cohorts of donor participation. Together these elements fueled the remarkable growth in bNAb development. Here, we review the development of bNAbs as therapies for HIV-1, exploring advances in discovery, insights from animal models and early clinical trials, and innovations to optimize their clinical potential through efforts to extend half-life, maximize the contribution of Fc effector functions, preclude escape through multiepitope targeting, and the potential for sustained delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Spencer
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Mariya B. Shapiro
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Nancy L. Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ann J. Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
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41
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Byrareddy SN. Meet Our Editorial Board Member. Curr HIV Res 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570162x1903210401104648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neurosciences University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, NE, United States
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42
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Optimal Maturation of the SIV-Specific CD8 + T Cell Response after Primary Infection Is Associated with Natural Control of SIV: ANRS SIC Study. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108174. [PMID: 32966788 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly efficient CD8+ T cells are associated with natural HIV control, but it has remained unclear how these cells are generated and maintained. We have used a macaque model of spontaneous SIVmac251 control to monitor the development of efficient CD8+ T cell responses. Our results show that SIV-specific CD8+ T cells emerge during primary infection in all animals. The ability of CD8+ T cells to suppress SIV is suboptimal in the acute phase but increases progressively in controller macaques before the establishment of sustained low-level viremia. Controller macaques develop optimal memory-like SIV-specific CD8+ T cells early after infection. In contrast, a persistently skewed differentiation phenotype characterizes memory SIV-specific CD8+ T cells in non-controller macaques. Accordingly, the phenotype of SIV-specific CD8+ T cells defined early after infection appears to favor the development of protective immunity in controllers, whereas SIV-specific CD8+ T cells in non-controllers fail to gain antiviral potency, feasibly as a consequence of early defects imprinted in the memory pool.
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43
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León SR. A radiolabeled mAb 3BNC117 with copper-64: First round in favor for studying clearance of HIV reservoirs. EBioMedicine 2021; 66:103282. [PMID: 33752124 PMCID: PMC7985269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Segundo R León
- School of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, San Juan Bautista Private University, Lima, Peru Av. Juan A. Lavalle 302-304, Lima 9, Peru.
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Persistence of viral RNA in lymph nodes in ART-suppressed SIV/SHIV-infected Rhesus Macaques. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1474. [PMID: 33674572 PMCID: PMC7935896 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of a long-lived viral reservoir is the key obstacle for achieving an HIV-1 cure. However, the anatomic, virologic, and immunologic features of the viral reservoir in tissues during antiretroviral therapy (ART) remain poorly understood. Here we present a comprehensive necroscopic analysis of the SIV/SHIV viral reservoir in multiple lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues from SIV/SHIV-infected rhesus macaques suppressed with ART for one year. Viral DNA is observed broadly in multiple tissues and is comparable in animals that had initiated ART at week 1 or week 52 of infection. In contrast, viral RNA is restricted primarily to lymph nodes. Ongoing viral RNA transcription is not the result of unsuppressed viral replication, as single-genome amplification and subsequent phylogenetic analysis do not show evidence of viral evolution. Gag-specific CD8+ T cell responses are predominantly observed in secondary lymphoid organs in animals chronically infected prior to ART and these responses are dominated by CD69+ populations. Overall, we observe that the viral reservoir in rhesus macaques is widely distributed across multiple tissue sites and that lymphoid tissues act as a site of persistent viral RNA transcription under conditions of long-term ART suppression. The existence of HIV reservoir and ongoing replication despite antiretroviral therapy (ART) represents a barrier for cure efforts. Here, using SIV/SHIV-infected rhesus macaque suppressed with ART for one year, the authors characterize multiple lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues and show that while the viral reservoir exhibits a wide anatomic heterogeneity, persistent viral transcription is mainly restricted to secondary lymphoid organs.
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McMahon JH, Zerbato JM, Lau JSY, Lange JL, Roche M, Tumpach C, Dantanarayana A, Rhodes A, Chang J, Rasmussen TA, Mackenzie CA, Alt K, Hagenauer M, Roney J, O'Bryan J, Carey A, McIntyre R, Beech P, O'Keefe GJ, Wichmann CW, Scott FE, Guo N, Lee ST, Liu Z, Caskey M, Nussenzweig MC, Donnelly PS, Egan G, Hagemeyer CE, Scott AM, Lewin SR. A clinical trial of non-invasive imaging with an anti-HIV antibody labelled with copper-64 in people living with HIV and uninfected controls. EBioMedicine 2021; 65:103252. [PMID: 33640794 PMCID: PMC7921458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A research priority in finding a cure for HIV is to establish methods to accurately locate and quantify where and how HIV persists in people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). Infusing copper-64 (64Cu) radiolabelled broadly neutralising antibodies targeting HIV envelope (Env) with CT scan and positron emission tomography (PET) identified HIV Env in tissues in SIV infected non-human primates . We aimed to determine if a similar approach was effective in people living with HIV (PLWH). METHODS Unmodified 3BNC117 was compared with 3BNC117 bound to the chelator MeCOSar and 64Cu (64Cu-3BNC117) in vitro to assess binding and neutralization. In a clinical trial 64Cu-3BNC117 was infused into HIV uninfected (Group 1), HIV infected and viremic (viral load, VL >1000 c/mL; Group 2) and HIV infected aviremic (VL <20 c/mL; Group 3) participants using two dosing strategies: high protein (3mg/kg unlabeled 3BNC117 combined with <5mg 64Cu-3BNC117) and trace (<5mg 64Cu-3BNC117 only). All participants were screened for 3BNC117 sensitivity from virus obtained from viral outgrowth. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/PET and pharmacokinetic assessments (ELISA for serum 3BNC117 concentrations and gamma counting for 64Cu) were performed 1, 24- and 48-hours post dosing. The trial (clincialtrials.gov NCT03063788) primary endpoint was comparison of PET standard uptake values (SUVs) in regions of interest (e.g lymph node groups and gastrointestinal tract). FINDINGS Comparison of unmodified and modified 3BNC117 in vitro demonstrated no difference in HIV binding or neutralisation. 17 individuals were enrolled of which 12 were dosed including Group 1 (n=4, 2 high protein, 2 trace dose), Group 2 (n=6, 2 high protein, 4 trace) and Group 3 (n=2, trace only). HIV+ participants had a mean CD4 of 574 cells/microL and mean age 43 years. There were no drug related adverse effects and no differences in tissue uptake in regions of interest (e.g lymph node gut, pharynx) between the 3 groups. In the high protein dosing group, serum concentrations of 3BNC117 and gamma counts were highly correlated demonstrating that 64Cu-3BNC117 remained intact in vivo. INTERPRETATION In PLWH on or off ART, the intervention of infusing 64Cu-3BNC117 and MRI/PET imaging over 48 hours, was unable to detect HIV-1 env expression in vivo. Future studies should investigate alternative radiolabels such as zirconium which have a longer half-life in vivo. FUNDING Funded by the Alfred Foundation, The Australian Centre for HIV and Hepatitis Virology Research with additional support from the Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, US National Institutes of Health (USAI126611). JHM and SRL are supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H McMahon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jennifer M Zerbato
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jillian S Y Lau
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jaclyn L Lange
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carolin Tumpach
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ashanti Dantanarayana
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ajantha Rhodes
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Judy Chang
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas A Rasmussen
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Charlene A Mackenzie
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karen Alt
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michelle Hagenauer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Janine Roney
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jessica O'Bryan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexandra Carey
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard McIntyre
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul Beech
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Graeme J O'Keefe
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christian W Wichmann
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fiona E Scott
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nancy Guo
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sze-Ting Lee
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zhanqi Liu
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gary Egan
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Andrew M Scott
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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Chung NPY, Khan KMF, Kaner RJ, O'Beirne SL, Crystal RG. HIV induces airway basal progenitor cells to adopt an inflammatory phenotype. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3988. [PMID: 33597552 PMCID: PMC7889866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the introduction of anti-retroviral therapy, chronic HIV infection is associated with an increased incidence of other comorbidities such as COPD. Based on the knowledge that binding of HIV to human airway basal stem/progenitor cells (BC) induces a destructive phenotype by increased MMP-9 expression through MAPK signaling pathways, we hypothesized that HIV induces the BC to express inflammatory mediators that contribute to the pathogenesis of emphysema. Our data demonstrate that airway BC isolated from HAART-treated HIV+ nonsmokers spontaneously release inflammatory mediators IL-8, IL-1β, ICAM-1 and GM-CSF. Similarly, exposure of normal BC to HIV in vitro up-regulates expression of the same inflammatory mediators. These HIV-BC derived mediators induce migration of alveolar macrophages (AM) and neutrophils and stimulate AM proliferation. This HIV-induced inflammatory phenotype likely contributes to lung inflammation in HIV+ individuals and provides explanation for the increased incidence of COPD in HIV+ individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy P Y Chung
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 164, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - K M Faisal Khan
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 164, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Robert J Kaner
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 164, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah L O'Beirne
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 164, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 164, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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47
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Schiff AE, Linder AH, Luhembo SN, Banning S, Deymier MJ, Diefenbach TJ, Dickey AK, Tsibris AM, Balazs AB, Cho JL, Medoff BD, Walzl G, Wilkinson RJ, Burgers WA, Corleis B, Kwon DS. T cell-tropic HIV efficiently infects alveolar macrophages through contact with infected CD4+ T cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3890. [PMID: 33594125 PMCID: PMC7886866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are critical for defense against airborne pathogens and AM dysfunction is thought to contribute to the increased burden of pulmonary infections observed in individuals living with HIV-1 (HIV). While HIV nucleic acids have been detected in AMs early in infection, circulating HIV during acute and chronic infection is usually CCR5 T cell-tropic (T-tropic) and enters macrophages inefficiently in vitro. The mechanism by which T-tropic viruses infect AMs remains unknown. We collected AMs by bronchoscopy performed in HIV-infected, antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive and uninfected subjects. We found that viral constructs made with primary HIV envelope sequences isolated from both AMs and plasma were T-tropic and inefficiently infected macrophages. However, these isolates productively infected macrophages when co-cultured with HIV-infected CD4+ T cells. In addition, we provide evidence that T-tropic HIV is transmitted from infected CD4+ T cells to the AM cytosol. We conclude that AM-derived HIV isolates are T-tropic and can enter macrophages through contact with an infected CD4+ T cell, which results in productive infection of AMs. CD4+ T cell-dependent entry of HIV into AMs helps explain the presence of HIV in AMs despite inefficient cell-free infection, and may contribute to AM dysfunction in people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail E Schiff
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alice H Linder
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shillah N Luhembo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Banning
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin J Deymier
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas J Diefenbach
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Amy K Dickey
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Athe M Tsibris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alejandro B Balazs
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Josalyn L Cho
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Occupational Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Benjamin D Medoff
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- DST-NRF Center of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Wellcome Center for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Republic of South Africa
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, W12 ONN, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 AT, UK
| | - Wendy A Burgers
- Wellcome Center for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Republic of South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
| | - Björn Corleis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Isle of Riems, Germany.
| | - Douglas S Kwon
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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48
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Fromentin R, Chomont N. HIV persistence in subsets of CD4+ T cells: 50 shades of reservoirs. Semin Immunol 2021; 51:101438. [PMID: 33272901 PMCID: PMC8164644 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy controls HIV replication but does not eliminate the virus from the infected host. The persistence of a small pool of cells harboring integrated and replication-competent HIV genomes impedes viral eradication efforts. The HIV reservoir was originally described as a relatively homogeneous pool of resting memory CD4+ T cells. Over the past 20 years, the identification of multiple cellular subsets of CD4+ T cells endowed with distinct biological properties shed new lights on the heterogeneity of HIV reservoirs. It is now clear that HIV persists in a large variety of CD4+ T cells, which contribute to HIV persistence through different mechanisms. In this review, we summarize recent findings indicating that specific biological features of well-characterized subsets of CD4+ T cells individually contribute to the persistence of HIV. These include an increased sensitivity to HIV infection, specific tissue locations, enhanced survival and heightened capacity to proliferate. We also discuss the relative abilities of these cellular reservoirs to contribute to viral rebound upon ART interruption. Together, these findings reveal that the HIV reservoir is not homogeneous and should be viewed as a mosaic of multiple cell types that all contribute to HIV persistence through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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49
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Neumaier F, Zlatopolskiy BD, Neumaier B. Nuclear Medicine in Times of COVID-19: How Radiopharmaceuticals Could Help to Fight the Current and Future Pandemics. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1247. [PMID: 33371500 PMCID: PMC7767508 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence and global spread of COVID-19, an infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has resulted in a continuing pandemic threat to global health. Nuclear medicine techniques can be used for functional imaging of (patho)physiological processes at the cellular or molecular level and for treatment approaches based on targeted delivery of therapeutic radionuclides. Ongoing development of radiolabeling methods has significantly improved the accessibility of radiopharmaceuticals for in vivo molecular imaging or targeted radionuclide therapy, but their use for biosafety threats such as SARS-CoV-2 is restricted by the contagious nature of these agents. Here, we highlight several potential uses of nuclear medicine in the context of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, many of which could also be performed in laboratories without dedicated containment measures. In addition, we provide a broad overview of experimental or repurposed SARS-CoV-2-targeting drugs and describe how radiolabeled analogs of these compounds could facilitate antiviral drug development and translation to the clinic, reduce the incidence of late-stage failures and possibly provide the basis for radionuclide-based treatment strategies. Based on the continuing threat by emerging coronaviruses and other pathogens, it is anticipated that these applications of nuclear medicine will become a more important part of future antiviral drug development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Neumaier
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany; (B.D.Z.); (B.N.)
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Boris D. Zlatopolskiy
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany; (B.D.Z.); (B.N.)
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Nuclear Chemistry (INM-5), Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52428 Jülich, Germany; (B.D.Z.); (B.N.)
- Institute of Radiochemistry and Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
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50
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Meziane O, Alexandrova Y, Olivenstein R, Dupuy FP, Salahuddin S, Thomson E, Orlova M, Schurr E, Ancuta P, Durand M, Chomont N, Estaquier J, Bernard NF, Costiniuk CT, Jenabian MA. Peculiar Phenotypic and Cytotoxic Features of Pulmonary Mucosal CD8 T Cells in People Living with HIV Receiving Long-Term Antiretroviral Therapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 206:641-651. [PMID: 33318292 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
People living with HIV have high burdens of chronic lung disease, lung cancers, and pulmonary infections despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). The rates of tobacco smoking by people living with HIV vastly exceed that of the general population. Furthermore, we showed that HIV can persist within the lung mucosa despite long-term ART. As CD8 T cell cytotoxicity is pivotal for controlling viral infections and eliminating defective cells, we explored the phenotypic and functional features of pulmonary versus peripheral blood CD8 T cells in ART-treated HIV+ and uninfected controls. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and matched blood were obtained from asymptomatic ART-treated HIV+ smokers (n = 11) and nonsmokers (n = 15) and uninfected smokers (n = 7) and nonsmokers (n = 10). CD8 T cell subsets and phenotypes were assessed by flow cytometry. Perforin/granzyme B content, degranulation (CD107a expression), and cytotoxicity against autologous Gag peptide-pulsed CD4 T cells (Annexin V+) following in vitro stimulation were assessed. In all groups, pulmonary CD8 T cells were enriched in effector memory subsets compared with blood and displayed higher levels of activation (HLA-DR+) and exhaustion (PD1+) markers. Significant reductions in proportions of senescent pulmonary CD28-CD57+ CD8 T cells were observed only in HIV+ smokers. Pulmonary CD8 T cells showed lower perforin expression ex vivo compared with blood CD8 T cells, with reduced granzyme B expression only in HIV+ nonsmokers. Bronchoalveolar lavage CD8 T cells showed significantly less in vitro degranulation and CD4 killing capacity than blood CD8 T cells. Therefore, pulmonary mucosal CD8 T cells are more differentiated, activated, and exhausted, with reduced killing capacity in vitro than blood CD8 T cells, potentially contributing to a suboptimal anti-HIV immune response within the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Meziane
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 1Y4, Canada
| | - Yulia Alexandrova
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 1Y4, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Ronald Olivenstein
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Franck P Dupuy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Syim Salahuddin
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 1Y4, Canada
| | - Elaine Thomson
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 1Y4, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Marianna Orlova
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Erwin Schurr
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie, et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Madeleine Durand
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie, et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Nicole F Bernard
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Division of Clinical Immunology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada; and
| | - Cecilia T Costiniuk
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 1Y4, Canada; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie, et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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