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Stone ET, Pinto AK. T Cells in Tick-Borne Flavivirus Encephalitis: A Review of Current Paradigms in Protection and Disease Pathology. Viruses 2023; 15:958. [PMID: 37112938 PMCID: PMC10146733 DOI: 10.3390/v15040958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The family Flaviviridae is comprised of a diverse group of arthropod-borne viruses that are the etiological agents of globally relevant diseases in humans. Among these, infection with several of these flaviviruses-including West Nile virus (WNV), Zika virus (ZIKV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), and Powassan virus (POWV)-can result in neuroinvasive disease presenting as meningitis or encephalitis. Factors contributing to the development and resolution of tick-borne flavivirus (TBEV, POWV) infection and neuropathology remain unclear, though many recently undertaken studies have described the virus-host interactions underlying encephalitic disease. With access to neural tissues despite the selectively permeable blood-brain barrier, T cells have emerged as one notable contributor to neuroinflammation. The goal of this review is to summarize the recent advances in tick-borne flavivirus immunology-particularly with respect to T cells-as it pertains to the development of encephalitis. We found that although T cell responses are rarely evaluated in a clinical setting, they are integral in conjunction with antibody responses to restricting the entry of TBFV into the CNS. The extent and means by which they can drive immune pathology, however, merits further study. Understanding the role of the T cell compartment in tick-borne flavivirus encephalitis is instrumental for improving vaccine safety and efficacy, and has implications for treatments and interventions for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amelia K. Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
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2
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Niederkorn JY. The Eye Sees Eye to Eye With the Immune System: The 2019 Proctor Lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:4489-4495. [PMID: 31661549 PMCID: PMC6819053 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-28632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Y. Niederkorn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
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3
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Nardo G, Trolese MC, Bendotti C. Major Histocompatibility Complex I Expression by Motor Neurons and Its Implication in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2016; 7:89. [PMID: 27379008 PMCID: PMC4904147 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal expression of major histocompatibility complex I (MHCI)-related molecules in adults and during CNS diseases is involved in the synaptic plasticity and axonal regeneration with mechanisms either dependent or independent of their immune functions. Motor neurons are highly responsive in triggering the expression of MHCI molecules during normal aging or following insults and diseases, and this has implications in the synaptic controls, axonal regeneration, and neuromuscular junction stability of these neurons. We recently reported that MHCI and immunoproteasome are strongly activated in spinal motor neurons and their peripheral motor axon in a mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) during the course of the disease. This response was prominent in ALS mice with slower disease progression in which the axonal structure and function was better preserved than in fast-progressing mice. This review summarizes and discusses our observations in the light of knowledge about the possible role of MHCI in motor neurons providing additional insight into the pathophysiology of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Nardo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS , Milan , Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Trolese
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS , Milan , Italy
| | - Caterina Bendotti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research IRCCS , Milan , Italy
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4
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Gozzard P, Chapman C, Vincent A, Lang B, Maddison P. Novel Humoral Prognostic Markers in Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma: A Prospective Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143558. [PMID: 26606748 PMCID: PMC4659625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Favourable small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) survival outcomes have been reported in patients with paraneoplastic neurological disorders (PNDs) associated with neuronal antibodies (Neur-Abs), but the presence of a PND might have expedited diagnosis. Our aim was to establish whether neuronal antibodies, independent of clinical neurological features, correlate with SCLC survival. Experimental Design 262 consecutive SCLC patients were examined: of these, 24 with neurological disease were excluded from this study. The remaining 238 were tested for a broad array of Neur-Abs at the time of cancer diagnosis; survival time was established from follow-up clinical data. Results Median survival of the non-PND cohort (n = 238) was 9.5 months. 103 patients (43%) had one or more antigen-defined Neur-Abs. We found significantly longer median survival in 23 patients (10%) with HuD/anti-neuronal nuclear antibody type 1 (ANNA-1, 13.0 months P = 0.037), but not with any of the other antigen-defined antibodies, including the PND-related SOX2 (n = 56, 24%). An additional 28 patients (12%) had uncharacterised anti-neuronal nuclear antibodies (ANNA-U); their median survival time was longer still (15.0 months, P = 0.0048), contrasting with the survival time in patients with non-neuronal anti-nuclear antibodies (detected using HEp-2 cells, n = 23 (10%), 9.25 months). In multivariate analyses, both ANNA-1 and ANNA-U independently reduced the mortality hazard by a ratio of 0.532 (P = 0.01) and 0.430 (P<0.001) respectively. Conclusions ANNAs, including the newly described ANNA-U, may be key components of the SCLC immunome and have a potential role in predicting SCLC survival; screening for them could add prognostic value that is similar in magnitude to that of limited staging at diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gozzard
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Caroline Chapman
- Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Vincent
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bethan Lang
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Maddison
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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5
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Borriello L, Seeger RC, Asgharzadeh S, DeClerck YA. More than the genes, the tumor microenvironment in neuroblastoma. Cancer Lett 2015; 380:304-14. [PMID: 26597947 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the second most common solid tumor in children. Since the seminal discovery of the role of amplification of the MYCN oncogene in the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma in the 1980s, much focus has been on the contribution of genetic alterations in the progression of this cancer. However it is now clear that not only genetic events play a role but that the tumor microenvironment (TME) substantially contributes to the biology of neuroblastoma. In this article, we present a comprehensive review of the literature on the contribution of the TME to the ten hallmarks of cancer in neuroblastoma and discuss the mechanisms of communication between neuroblastoma cells and the TME that underlie the influence of the TME on neuroblastoma progression. We end our review by discussing how the knowledge acquired over the last two decades in this field is now leading to new clinical trials targeting the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Borriello
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Robert C Seeger
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Shahab Asgharzadeh
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Yves A DeClerck
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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6
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Marra J, Greene J, Hwang J, Du J, Damon L, Martin T, Venstrom JM. KIR and HLA genotypes predictive of low-affinity interactions are associated with lower relapse in autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4222-30. [PMID: 25810393 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) bind cognate HLA class I ligands with distinct affinities, affecting NK cell licensing and inhibition. We hypothesized that differences in KIR and HLA class I genotypes predictive of varying degrees of receptor-ligand binding affinities influence clinical outcomes in autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT) for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Using genomic DNA from a homogeneous cohort of 125 AML patients treated with AHCT, we performed KIR and HLA class I genotyping and found that patients with a compound KIR3DL1(+) and HLA-Bw4-80Thr(+), HLA-Bw4-80Ile(-) genotype, predictive of low-affinity interactions, had a low incidence of relapse, compared with patients with a KIR3DL1(+) and HLA-Bw4-80Ile(+) genotype, predictive of high-affinity interactions (hazard ratio [HR], 0.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.06-0.78; p = 0.02). This effect was influenced by HLA-Bw4 copy number, such that relapse progressively increased with one copy of HLA-Bw4-80Ile (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 0.84-3.1; p = 0.15) to two to three copies (HR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.4-6.5; p = 0.005) and progressively decreased with one to two copies of HLA-Bw4-80Thr (p = 0.13). Among KIR3DL1(+) and HLA-Bw4-80Ile(+) patients, a predicted low-affinity KIR2DL2/3(+) and HLA-C1/C1 genotype was associated with lower relapse than a predicted high-affinity KIR2DL1(+) and HLA-C2/C2 genotype (HR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.09-0.73; p = 0.01). Similarly, a KIR3DL1(+) and HLA-Bw4-80Thr(+), HLA-Bw4-80Ile(-) genotype, or lack of KIR3DL1(+) and HLA-Bw4-80Ile(+) genotype, rescued KIR2DL1(+) and HLA-C2/C2 patients from high relapse (p = 0.007). These findings support a role for NK cell graft-versus-leukemia activity modulated by NK cell receptor-ligand affinities in AHCT for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Marra
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Justin Greene
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Jimmy Hwang
- Biostatistics Core, University of California, San Francisco, Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA 94115
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Lloyd Damon
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Tom Martin
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Jeffrey M Venstrom
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
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7
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Lv D, Shi Q, Liu J, Zhang A, Miao F, He Y, Shen Y, Zhang J. The similar expression pattern of MHC class I molecules in human and mouse cerebellar cortex. Neurochem Res 2013; 39:180-6. [PMID: 24272393 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are considered to be important in the immune system. However, the results reported in the past decade indicate that they also play important roles in the central nervous system. Here we examined the expression of MHC I and β2-microglobulin (β2m) in human and mouse cerebellar cortex. The results show that MHC I molecules are expressed both in human and mouse cerebellar cortex during brain development. The expression of H-2K(b)/D(b) is gradually increased with the development of mouse cerebellar cortex, but finally decreased to a very low level. Similarly, the expression of HLA-B/C genes is increased in developing human cerebellar cortex, but decreased after birth. The spatial and temporal expression of β2m overlaps mostly with that of HLA-B/C molecules, and they are co-expressed in Purkinje cells. Our findings provide a fundamental basis to reveal the functions of neuronal MHC class I molecules in the development of human cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, 87 Dingjiaqiao Road, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, China
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8
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Abstract
Members of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I family of proteins are well known for their central role in the adaptive immune system, where they present self and non-self peptides for immune surveillance. Although the brain has been long considered immune privileged, in part because of an apparent lack of neuronal MHC class I, it has since been shown that MHC class I proteins are expressed by normal, uninfected neurons. Moreover, expression of MHC class I is unusually dynamic in the developing and adult brain, and MHC class I levels in neurons can be regulated by endogenous and exogenous electrical activity. Unexpectedly, several recent studies find that MHC class I is required for distinct activity-dependent events during brain development, adult plasticity, and in response to injury. Together, these studies indicate a novel role for MHC class I proteins in translating electrical activity into changes in synaptic strength and neuronal connectivity in vivo.
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9
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Tarek N, Le Luduec JB, Gallagher MM, Zheng J, Venstrom JM, Chamberlain E, Modak S, Heller G, Dupont B, Cheung NKV, Hsu KC. Unlicensed NK cells target neuroblastoma following anti-GD2 antibody treatment. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3260-70. [PMID: 22863621 DOI: 10.1172/jci62749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Survival outcomes for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma (NB) have significantly improved with anti-disialoganglioside GD2 mAb therapy, which promotes NK cell activation through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. NK cell activation requires an interaction between inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and HLA class I ligands. NK cells lacking KIRs that are specific for self HLA are therefore "unlicensed" and hyporesponsive. mAb-treated NB patients lacking HLA class I ligands for their inhibitory KIRs have significantly higher survival rates, suggesting that NK cells expressing KIRs for non-self HLA are mediating tumor control in these individuals. We found that, in the presence of mAb, both licensed and unlicensed NK cells are highly activated in vitro. However, HLA class I expression on NB cell lines selectively inhibited licensed NK cell activity, permitting primarily unlicensed NK cells to mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. These results indicate that unlicensed NK cells play a key antitumor role in patients undergoing mAb therapy via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, thus explaining the potent "missing KIR ligand" benefit in patients with NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidale Tarek
- Department of Pediatrics, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
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10
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Stauffer JK, Orentas RJ, Lincoln E, Khan T, Salcedo R, Hixon JA, Back TC, Wei JS, Patidar R, Song Y, Hurd L, Tsokos M, Lai EW, Eisenhofer G, Weiss W, Khan J, Wigginton JM. High-throughput molecular and histopathologic profiling of tumor tissue in a novel transplantable model of murine neuroblastoma: new tools for pediatric drug discovery. Cancer Invest 2012; 30:343-63. [PMID: 22571338 PMCID: PMC6993178 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2012.664670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Using two MYCN transgenic mouse strains, we established 10 transplantable neuroblastoma cell lines via serial orthotopic passage in the adrenal gland. Tissue arrays demonstrate that by histochemistry, vascularity, immunohistochemical staining for neuroblastoma markers, catecholamine analysis, and concurrent cDNA microarray analysis, there is a close correspondence between the transplantable lines and the spontaneous tumors. Several genes closely associated with the pathobiology and immune evasion of neuroblastoma, novel targets that warrant evaluation, and decreased expression of tumor suppressor genes are demonstrated. These studies describe a unique and generalizable approach to expand the utility of transgenic models of spontaneous tumor, providing new tools for preclinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy K Stauffer
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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11
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Seeger RC. Immunology and immunotherapy of neuroblastoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2011; 21:229-37. [PMID: 21971567 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review demonstrates the importance of immunobiology and immunotherapy research for understanding and treating neuroblastoma. PRINCIPAL RESULTS The first suggestions of immune system-neuroblastoma interactions came from in vitro experiments showing that lymphocytes from patients were cytotoxic for their own tumor cells and from evaluations of tumors from patients that showed infiltrations of immune system cells. With the development of monoclonal antibody (mAb) technology, a number of mAbs were generated against neuroblastoma cells lines and were used to define tumor associated antigens. Disialoganglioside (GD2) is one such antigen that is highly expressed by virtually all neuroblastoma cells and so is a useful target for both identification and treatment of tumor cells with mAbs. Preclinical research using in vitro and transplantable tumor models of neuroblastoma has demonstrated that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can specifically recognize and kill tumor cells as a result of vaccination or of genetic engineering that endows them with chimeric antigen receptors. However, CTL based clinical trials have not progressed beyond pilot and phase I studies. In contrast, anti-GD2 mAbs have been extensively studied and modified in pre-clinical experiments and have progressed from phase I through phase III clinical trials. Thus, the one proven beneficial immunotherapy for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma uses a chimeric anti-GD2 mAb combined with IL-2 and GM-CSF to treat patients after they have received intensive cyto-reductive chemotherapy, irradiation, and surgery. Ongoing pre-clinical and clinical research emphasizes vaccine, adoptive cell therapy, and mAb strategies. Recently it was shown that the neuroblastoma microenvironment is immunosuppressive and tumor growth promoting, and strategies to overcome this are being developed to enhance anti-tumor immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Our understanding of the immunobiology of neuroblastoma has increased immensely over the past 40 years, and clinical translation has shown that mAb based immunotherapy can contribute to improving treatment for high-risk patients. Continued immunobiology and pre-clinical therapeutic research will be translated into even more effective immunotherapeutic strategies that will be integrated with new cytotoxic drug and irradiation therapies to improve survival and quality of life for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Seeger
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States.
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12
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Characterization of signaling function and expression of HLA class I molecules in medulloblastoma. J Neurooncol 2010; 103:197-206. [PMID: 20811766 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-010-0378-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although known for the important function in the immune system, MHC class I molecules are increasingly ascribed an alternative role in modifying signal transduction. In medulloblastoma, HLA class I molecules are associated with poor prognosis, and can induce ERK1/2 activation upon engagement with ligands that bind to incompletely assembled complexes (so called open conformers). We here demonstrate that ERK1/2 activation in medulloblastoma can occur in the absence of endogenously synthesized β2m, formally excluding involvement of closed HLA class conformation. In addition, several experimental observations suggest that heterogeneity of HLA class I expression may be a reflection of the status of original cells before transformation, rather than a consequence of immune-based selection of HLA-loss mutants. These results contribute to our understanding of an immune system-independent role of HLA class I in the pathology of medulloblastoma, and cancer in general.
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13
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Abstract
The notion that the immune system might control the growth of tumors was suggested over 100 years ago by the eminent microbiologist Paul Ehrlich. This concept was refined and expanded by Burnet and Thomas 50 years later with their articulation of the "immune surveillance" hypothesis. In its simplest form, the immune surveillance hypothesis suggests that neoplasms arise spontaneously and express novel antigens that are recognized by the immune system, which either eliminates the tumors or restrains their growth. Within the eye, immune responses are controlled and sometimes profoundly inhibited - a condition known as immune privilege. Immune privilege in the eye is the result of a complex array of anatomical, physiological, and immunoregulatory mechanisms that prevent the induction and expression of many immune responses. Tumors arising in the eye would seem to have an advantage in evading immune surveillance due to ocular immune privilege. Uveal melanoma, the most common and malignant intraocular tumor in adults, not only benefits from the immune privilege of the eye but also has adopted many of the mechanisms that contribute to ocular immune privilege as a strategy for protecting uveal melanoma cells once they leave the sanctuary of the eye and are disseminated systemically in the form of metastases. Although the immune system possesses a battery of effector mechanisms designed to rid the body of neoplasms, tumors are capable of rapidly evolving and countering even the most sophisticated immunological effector mechanisms. To date, tumors seem to be winning this arms race, but an increased understanding of these mechanisms should provide insights for designing immunotherapy that was envisioned over half a century ago, but has failed to materialize to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Y Niederkorn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9057, USA.
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14
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Weil ZM, Norman GJ, DeVries AC, Nelson RJ. The injured nervous system: a Darwinian perspective. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 86:48-59. [PMID: 18602443 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Much of the permanent damage that occurs in response to nervous system damage (trauma, infection, ischemia, etc.) is mediated by endogenous secondary processes that can contribute to cell death and tissue damage (excitotoxicity, oxidative damage and inflammation). For humans to evolve mechanisms to minimize secondary pathophysiological events following CNS injuries, selection must occur for individuals who survive such insults. Two major factors limit the selection for beneficial responses to CNS insults: for many CNS disease states the principal risk factor is advanced, post-reproductive age and virtually all severe CNS traumas are fatal in the absence of modern medical intervention. An alternative hypothesis for the persistence of apparently maladaptive responses to CNS damage is that the secondary exacerbation of damage is the result of unavoidable evolutionary constraints. That is, the nervous system could not function under normal conditions if the mechanisms that caused secondary damage (e.g., excitotoxicity) in response to injury were decreased or eliminated. However, some vertebrate species normally inhabit environments (e.g., hypoxia in underground burrows) that could potentially damage their nervous systems. Yet, neuroprotective mechanisms have evolved in these animals indicating that natural selection can occur for traits that protect animals from nervous system damage. Many of the secondary processes and regeneration-inhibitory factors that exacerbate injuries likely persist because they have been adaptive over evolutionary time in the healthy nervous system. Therefore, it remains important that researchers consider the role of the processes in the healthy or developing nervous system to understand how they become dysregulated following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M Weil
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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15
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Sabha M, Emirandetti A, Cullheim S, De Oliveira ALR. MHC I expression and synaptic plasticity in different mice strains after axotomy. Synapse 2008; 62:137-48. [PMID: 18000810 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The success of axonal regeneration has been attributed to a co-operation between the severed neurons and the surrounding environment, including non-neuronal cells and the extracellular matrix. Important differences regarding the regeneration potential after injury have been described among inbred mice strains. To date, there is only limited knowledge of how such variation can be linked with the genetic background. It has recently been demonstrated that MHC class I molecules have an influence on the spinal cord synaptic plasticity elicited by a peripheral lesion, and the regenerative capacity following such a lesion. Therefore, in the present work we compared the MHC I expression after axotomy in three isogenic mice strains, namely C57BL/6J, Balb/cJ, and A/J, and investigated the fine ultrastructure of the synaptic elimination process that follows such lesion. The results show that C57BL/6J mice, that have a comparatively poor regenerative potential, display a lower upregulation of MHC I in the spinal cord, coupled with a slower synaptic stripping. On the other hand, A/J mice, which have been shown to have a stronger axonal regrowth potential, showed a clear upregulation of MHC I and a sharp acute loss of afferents, at 1 week after lesion. Our results suggest that a more prominent expression of MHC I in the first week after lesion may positively influence the regenerative outcome associated with a more effective axonal regrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Sabha
- Department of Anatomy, State University of Campinas/SP - Brazil
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16
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Thams S, Oliveira A, Cullheim S. MHC class I expression and synaptic plasticity after nerve lesion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 57:265-9. [PMID: 17764750 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An axon lesion to a bulbar or spinal motoneuron is followed by a typical retrograde response at the cell body level, including the removal or 'stripping' of synapses from the perikaryon and dendrites of affected cells. Both activated microglia and astrocytes have been attributed roles in this process. The signalling pathways for this 'synaptic stripping' have so far been unknown, but recently a classical set of immune recognition molecules, the MHC class I molecules, have been shown to have a strong influence on the strength and pattern of the synapse elimination response. Thus, when MHC class I signalling is severely impaired in mice lacking the MHC class I subunit beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) and transporter associated with antigen processing 1 (TAP 1) genes, both of which are necessary for surface expression of MHC class I, there is a stronger elimination of synapses from injured neurons, with the surplus elimination directed towards clusters of putatively inhibitory synapses. Moreover, the regenerative capacity of motoneurons in such mice is lower than in wild-type animals. The expression of MHC class I, as well as MHC class I-related receptors in both neurons and glia, lend support to a hypothesis that classical immune recognition signalling between neurons and glia underlie part of the 'stripping' response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Thams
- Department of Neuroscience, Retzius v 8, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Abstract
Immune-mediated inflammation and allograft rejection are greatly reduced in certain organs, a phenomenon called 'immune privilege'. Immune privilege is well developed in three regions of the body: the eye, the brain and the pregnant uterus. Immune-mediated inflammation has devastating consequences in the eye and brain, which have limited capacity for regeneration. Likewise, loss of immune privilege at the maternal-fetal interface culminates in abortion in rodents. However, all three regions share many adaptations that restrict the induction and expression of immune-mediated inflammation. A growing body of evidence from rodent studies suggests that a breakdown in immune privilege contributes to multiple sclerosis, uveitis, corneal allograft rejection and possibly even immune abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Y Niederkorn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9057, USA.
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18
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Raffaghello L, Prigione I, Bocca P, Morandi F, Camoriano M, Gambini C, Wang X, Ferrone S, Pistoia V. Multiple defects of the antigen-processing machinery components in human neuroblastoma: immunotherapeutic implications. Oncogene 2005; 24:4634-44. [PMID: 15897905 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Low expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I in human tumors may be related to defects of the antigen-processing machinery (APM) components. Neuroblastoma cells are virtually HLA class I negative, but (i) the underlying mechanisms are unknown, and (ii) expression of the APM components has never been investigated. Here we have used a panel of novel monoclonal antibodies to proteasomal and immunoproteasomal components, chaperons and transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) to characterize 24 stroma-poor neuroblastoma tumors and six neuroblastoma cell lines. Primary tumors showed defects in the expression of zeta, tapasin, TAP1 or TAP2, HLA class I heavy chain and beta2 microglobulin, LMP2 and LMP7, as compared to normal adrenal medulla. Neuroblastoma cell lines displayed roughly similar patterns of APM expression in comparison to primary tumors. Incubation of neuroblastoma cell lines with interferon-gamma caused upregulation of HLA class I molecules and reduced lysis by killer inhibitory receptor HLA ligand-matched NK cells. Defects in APM components explain reduced peptide loading on HLA class I molecules, their instability and failure to be expressed on the cell surface. HLA class I upregulation by interferon-gamma, although enhancing neuroblastoma cell recognition by cytotoxic T cells, dampens their susceptibility to NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizzia Raffaghello
- Laboratory of Oncology, G Gaslini Institute, Largo G Gaslini, Genova, Italy.
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19
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Boulanger LM, Shatz CJ. Immune signalling in neural development, synaptic plasticity and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2004; 5:521-31. [PMID: 15208694 DOI: 10.1038/nrn1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Boulanger
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, Pacific Hall 1212A, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood, remains a challenge for clinicians and investigators in pediatric surgical oncology. The absence of effective conventional therapies for most patients with neuroblastoma justifies the application of novel, biology-based, experimental approaches to the treatment of this deadly disease. The observation that some aggressive neuroblastomas, particularly in infants, may spontaneously regress suggested that immune-mediated mechanisms may be important in the biology of this disease. Advances in the understanding of the cognate interactions between T cells, antigen-presenting cells and tumors have demonstrated the sentinel role of dendritic cells (DC), the most potent antigen presenting cells, in initiating the cellular immune response to cancer. Until recently the function of DC in pediatric solid tumors, especially neuroblastoma, had not been extensively studied. This review discusses the role of DC in initiating and coordinating the immune response against cancer, the ability of neuroblastoma to induce DC dysregulation at multiple levels by inhibiting DC maturation and function, and the current vaccine strategies being designed to employ the unique ability of DC to promote neuroblastoma regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Redlinger
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2583, USA
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21
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Sarkar AK, Burlingame SM, Zang YQ, Dulai V, Hicks MJ, Strother DR, Nuchtern JG. Major histocompatibility complex-restricted lysis of neuroblastoma cells by autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Immunother 2001; 24:305-11. [PMID: 11565832 DOI: 10.1097/00002371-200107000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vigorous host immune reactivity to neuroblastoma may correlate with better prognosis, but identification of human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses has been relatively unsuccessful. We generated neuroblastoma-reactive CTL lines from two human leukocyte antigen (HLA) A2+ neuroblastoma patients by stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) with irradiated autologous tumor cells pretreated with interferon-gamma in the presence of low concentrations of interleukin-2 (5 U/mL). These lines lyse autologous tumor cells but do not kill HLA mismatched allogeneic tumor cells, Epstein-Barr virus-transformed autologous B cells, or standard natural killer cell targets. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes generated from one patient recognize tumor cells from several HLA-A2 matched children, although the other patient's CTLs do not kill tumor cells from other HLA-A2+ individuals. Pretreatment of CTLs or target cells with appropriate standard monoclonal antibodies demonstrates that these CTLs are major histocompatibility complex class I (HLA-A2) restricted and that the effector cell population is CD8+. Our findings suggest that these tumor cells express at least one common HLA-A2 restricted antigen and at least one unique private epitope. Autologous tumor-specific CTLs can be readily generated from patients' PBLs and maintained in long-term culture using standard techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Sarkar
- DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, and The Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, USA
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22
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Corrias MV, Occhino M, Croce M, De Ambrosis A, Pistillo MP, Bocca P, Pistoia V, Ferrini S. Lack of HLA-class I antigens in human neuroblastoma cells: analysis of its relationship to TAP and tapasin expression. TISSUE ANTIGENS 2001; 57:110-7. [PMID: 11260505 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2001.057002110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We studied the constitutive and the interferon (IFN)-gamma-induced expression of HLA class I antigen heavy chain, beta2-microglobulin (beta2m), TAP-1, TAP-2 and tapasin in a panel of eleven neuroblastoma cell lines. Surface expression of HLA class I antigens was low in eight out of eight neuroblastoma cell lines bearing MYC-N amplification and/or 1p deletion, while two out of three neuroblastoma cell lines lacking these genetic alterations showed normal expression. IFN-gamma treatment restored HLA class I antigen surface expression in all neuroblastoma cell lines. Eight out of 11 neuroblastoma cell lines did not express TAP-1 mRNA and three of them also lacked TAP-2 mRNA. beta2 m mRNA was barely detectable or absent in five neuroblastoma cell lines, while tapasin mRNA was always expressed. IFN-gamma upregulated the expression of HLA class I heavy chain, beta2 m, TAP-1, TAP-2 and tapasin, as detected at mRNA or protein level. Post-transcriptional events were involved in altered TAP-1 and beta2 m expression in one peculiar neuroblastoma cell line. These data indicate that multiple mechanisms play a role in the HLA class I antigen-deficient phenotype of human neuroblastoma.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 2
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 3
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/analysis
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/genetics
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antiporters/analysis
- Antiporters/genetics
- Antiporters/immunology
- Blotting, Western
- Brain Neoplasms/immunology
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/analysis
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/immunology
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression/immunology
- Genes, myc
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/analysis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/analysis
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/immunology
- Immunoglobulins/analysis
- Immunoglobulins/genetics
- Immunoglobulins/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Membrane Transport Proteins
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/analysis
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/immunology
- Neuroblastoma/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- beta 2-Microglobulin/analysis
- beta 2-Microglobulin/genetics
- beta 2-Microglobulin/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Corrias
- Laboratorio di Oncologia, Istituto Scientifico G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
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23
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Abendroth A, Simmons A, Efstathiou S, Pereira RA. Infection with an H2 recombinant herpes simplex virus vector results in expression of MHC class I antigens on the surfaces of human neuroblastoma cells in vitro and mouse sensory neurons in vivo. J Gen Virol 2000; 81:2375-2383. [PMID: 10993925 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-10-2375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of neurons in herpes simplex virus (HSV)-infected murine sensory ganglia are transiently induced to express MHC-I antigens at the cell surface, whereas only a minority are themselves productively infected. The aim of the current work was to determine whether MHC-I antigens can be expressed on the surfaces of infected neurons in addition to their uninfected neighbours. To address this aim a recombinant HSV type 1 strain, S-130, was used to deliver a mouse H2K(d) gene, under control of the HCMV IE-1 promoter/enhancer, into human neuroblastoma cells in vitro and mouse primary sensory neurons in vivo. S-130 expressed H2K(d) antigens on the surfaces of IMR-32 cells, a human neuroblastoma cell line that expresses very low levels of MHC-I constitutively. In K562 cells, which do not express MHC-I constitutively, H2K(d) and beta(2)-microglobulin (beta(2)m) were shown to be co-expressed at the cell surface following S-130 infection. This observation was taken as evidence that class I heavy chain (alphaC) molecules encoded by the expression cassette in the HSV genome were transported to the cell surface as stable complexes with beta(2)m. Significantly, after introduction of S-130 into flank skin, H2K(d) antigens were detected on the surfaces of primary sensory neurons in ganglia innervating the inoculation site. Our data show that HSV-infected murine primary sensory neurons and human neuroblastoma cells are capable of expressing cell-surface MHC-I molecules encoded by a transgene. From this, we infer that up-regulation of alphaC expression is, in principle, sufficient to overcome potential impediments to neuronal cell surface expression of MHC-I complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Abendroth
- Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia1
| | - Anthony Simmons
- Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia1
| | - Stacey Efstathiou
- Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia1
| | - Rosemarie A Pereira
- Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia1
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24
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Dhib-Jalbut S, Xia J, Rangaviggula H, Fang YY, Lee T. Failure of Measles Virus to Activate Nuclear Factor-κB in Neuronal Cells: Implications on the Immune Response to Viral Infections in the Central Nervous System. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.7.4024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Neurons are postmitotic cells that foster virus persistence. These cells lack the HLA class I molecules required for clearance of infected cells. Previously, we showed that HLA class I is induced by measles virus (MV) on glial cells, which is primarily mediated by IFN-β. In contrast, MV was unable to induce HLA class I or IFN-β in neuronal cells. This failure was associated with lack of NF-κB binding to the positive regulatory domain II element of the IFN-β promoter, which is essential for virus-induced IFN-β gene activity. In this study, we demonstrate that the failure to activate NF-κB in neuronal cells is due to the inability of MV to induce phosphorylation and degradation of IκB, the inhibitor of NF-κB. In contrast, TNF-α induced degradation of IκBα in the neuronal cells, suggesting that failure to induce IκBα degradation is likely due to a defect in virus-mediated signaling rather than to a defect involving neuronal IκBα. Like MV, mumps virus and dsRNA failed to induce IκBα degradation in the neuronal cells, suggesting that this defect may be specific to viruses. Autophosphorylation of the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase, a kinase possibly involved in virus-mediated IκBα phosphorylation, was intact in both cell types. The failure of virus to induce IκBα phosphorylation and consequently to activate NF-κB in neuronal cells could explain the repression of IFN-β and class I gene expression in virus-infected cells. These findings provide a potential mechanism for the ability of virus to persist in neurons and to escape immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhayl Dhib-Jalbut
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201; and Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Jane Xia
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201; and Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Himabindu Rangaviggula
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201; and Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Yu-Yan Fang
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201; and Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Terry Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201; and Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore, MD 21201
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25
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Park JH, Chang SH, Kim MC, Shin SH, Youn HJ, Kim JK, Jang YS, Kim CW. Up-regulation of the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I antigens by plasmid DNA transfection in non-hematopoietic cells. FEBS Lett 1998; 436:55-60. [PMID: 9771893 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)01097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of DNA on the surface expression of major histocompatibility (MHC) class I antigens was examined in non-hematopoietic tumor cell lines. Transfection with plasmid DNA via liposome or electroporation significantly increased the surface expression of MHC class I molecules in a transient manner. Northern blot analysis showed that levels of MHC class I mRNA were increased by DNA transfection, probably via transcriptional activation. In contrast, the expression of the MHC class II and beta-actin genes was not affected, suggesting that the up-regulation of MHC class I expression by plasmid DNA works in a gene-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Park
- Department of Biology, Changwon National University, Kyungnam, South Korea.
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26
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Rall GF. CNS neurons: the basis and benefits of low class I major histocompatibility complex expression. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1998; 232:115-34. [PMID: 9557396 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-72045-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G F Rall
- The Fox Chase Cancer Center, Department of Basic Science, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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27
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Seeger RC, Rosenblatt JD, Duerst RE, Reynolds CP, Villablanca JG, Hasenauer B, Feig SA. A Phase I study of human gamma interferon gene-transduced tumor cells in patients with neuroblastoma. Hum Gene Ther 1998; 9:379-90. [PMID: 9508055 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1998.9.3-379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R C Seeger
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, USA
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28
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Ziegler MM, Ishizu H, Nagabuchi E, Takada N, Arya G. A comparative review of the immunobiology of murine neuroblastoma and human neuroblastoma. Cancer 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19970501)79:9<1757::aid-cncr18>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Murphy C, Nikodem D, Howcroft K, Weissman JD, Singer DS. Active repression of major histocompatibility complex class I genes in a human neuroblastoma cell line. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:30992-9. [PMID: 8940088 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.48.30992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neuronal cells express neither major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I RNA nor cell surface molecules but can be induced to do so by various cytokines. In the present studies, we report that expression of MHC class I in a neuroblastoma cell line, CHP-126, is actively repressed. This repression is mediated by the combined effects of a series of upstream silencer elements. Removal of the silencers reveals not only an active promoter element but also the presence of an active enhancer. Four silencers have been identified and shown to have distinct sequences, binding factors, and patterns of function. One element is located between -724 and -697 base pairs (bp) and corresponds to a silencer involved in tissue-specific regulation of class I gene expression. Three additional elements occur between -503 and -402 bp. One of these corresponds to a c-jun responsive element. Neither of the remaining elements corresponds to DNA sequences known to regulate expression of other genes. These data demonstrate that MHC class I expression normally is actively repressed in neuronal cells and suggest a model of rapid and specific triggering of class I in neuronal cells in response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Murphy
- Experimental Immunology Branch, DBS, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1360, USA
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30
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Drew PD, Franzoso G, Becker KG, Bours V, Carlson LM, Siebenlist U, Ozato K. NF kappa B and interferon regulatory factor 1 physically interact and synergistically induce major histocompatibility class I gene expression. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1995; 15:1037-45. [PMID: 8746784 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1995.15.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility (MHC) class I gene expression is synergistically induced by the cytokines TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. However, the mechanism that results in synergistic activation of these genes has remained unclear. We demonstrated here that TNF-alpha induced binding of NF kappa B p50 and p65 to the NF kappa B-like element of the MHC class I promoter termed region I and IFN-gamma induced binding of IRF-1 to the adjacent interferon consensus sequence (ICS). We further demonstrated that NF kappa B and IRF-1 physically interacted with each other and cooperatively induced MHC class I gene expression when cotransfected into CHP-126 neuroblastomas. These results provide a molecular mechanism by which TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma synergistically induce the expression of a variety of genes involved in immune responses, including MHC class I.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Drew
- Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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31
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Collins AR. Interferon gamma potentiates human coronavirus OC43 infection of neuronal cells by modulation of HLA class I expression. Immunol Invest 1995; 24:977-86. [PMID: 8575842 DOI: 10.3109/08820139509060722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
HCN-1A, a human cerebral cortical neuron cell line, was examined for its susceptibility to human coronaviruses. The 229e strain replicated efficiently, but the OC43 strain did not replicate well, if at all. Treatment of the cells with interferon gamma at 20U/ml for 48 hr markedly increased the susceptibility of the cells to infection with OC43 virus as shown by a 100-fold increase in secretion of infectious virus over a four day period as compared to untreated controls. The increased susceptibility was shown to be due to membrane expression of HLA class I by receptor-blockade with a monoclonal antibody specific for HLA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Collins
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo 14214, USA
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32
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Rall GF, Mucke L, Oldstone MB. Consequences of cytotoxic T lymphocyte interaction with major histocompatibility complex class I-expressing neurons in vivo. J Exp Med 1995; 182:1201-12. [PMID: 7595191 PMCID: PMC2192211 DOI: 10.1084/jem.182.5.1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons have evolved strategies to evade immune surveillance that include an inability to synthesize the heavy chain of the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC), proteins that are necessary for cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) recognition of target cells. Multiple viruses have taken advantage of the lack of CTL-mediated recognition and killing of neurons by establishing persistent neuronal infections and thereby escaping attack by antiviral CTL. We have expressed a class I MHC molecule (Db) in neurons of transgenic mice using the neuron-specific enolase (NSE) promoter to determine the pathogenic consequences of CTL recognition of virally infected, MHC-expressing central nervous system (CNS) neurons. The NSE-Db transgene was expressed in H-2b founder mice, and transgene-derived messenger RNA was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in transgenic brains from several lines. Purified primary neurons from transgenic but not from nontransgenic mice adhered to coverslips coated with a conformation-dependent monoclonal antibody directed against the Dv molecule and presented viral peptide to CTL in an MHC-restricted manner, indicating that the Db molecule was expressed on transgenic neurons in a functional form. Transgenic mice infected with the neurotropic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and given anti-LCMV, MHC-restricted CTL displayed a high morbidity and mortality when compared with controls receiving MHC-mismatched CTL or expressing alternative transgenes. After CTL transfer, transgenic brains showed an increased number of CD8+ cells compared with nontransgenic controls as well as an increased rate of clearance of infectious virus from the CNS. Additionally, an increase in blood-brain barrier permeability was detected during viral clearance in NSE-Db transgenic mice and lasted several months after clearance of virus from neurons. In contrast, LCMV-infected, nontransgenic littermates and mice expressing other gene products from the NSE promoter showed no CNS disease, no increased intraparenchymal CTL, and no blood-brain barrier damage after the adoptive transfer of antiviral CTL. Our study indicates that viral infections and CTL-CNS interactions may induce blood-brain barrier disruptions and neurologic disease by a "hit-and-run" mechanism, triggering a cascade of pathogenic events that proceeds in the absence of continual viral stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Rall
- Scripps Research Institute, Department of Neuropharmacology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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33
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Lampson LA. Interpreting MHC class I expression and class I/class II reciprocity in the CNS: reconciling divergent findings. Microsc Res Tech 1995; 32:267-85. [PMID: 8573777 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1070320402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
MHC-restricted T cells are thought to contribute to clinical demyelination in MS and other circumstances. The step-by-step mechanisms involved and ways of controlling them are still being defined. Identification of the MHC+ cells in the CNS in situ has been controversial. This chapter reviews MHC expression in neural tissue, including normal, pathological, experimental, and developing tissue in situ and isolated cells in vitro. A basic pattern is defined, in which MHC expression is limited to nonneural cells and strongest class I and II expression are on different cell types. Variations from the basic pattern are reviewed. Ways of reconciling divergent findings are discussed, including the use of "mock tissue" to help choose between technical and biological bases for divergent findings, the potential contribution of internal antigen to the in situ staining patterns, and the possibility that class I upregulation is actively suppressed in situ. Functional implications of the observed patterns of MHC expression and ways of confirming the function of each MHC+ cell type in situ are described. It is suggested that modulating MHC expression in different cell types at different times or in different directions might be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Lampson
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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34
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous reports suggesting a correlation between lymphoproliferative disease and serum levels of beta-2-microglobulin (beta-2M) and in vitro data indicating a role of cytokines in the production of beta-2M prompted a study of serum and urine beta-2M concentration in patients with hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS), because no data were previously available for HPS, a pathologic state associated with excessive cytokines secreted from activated reactive/malignant lymphocytes and histiocytes. METHODS Serum and urine beta-2M levels were measured in six children with HPS during active and convalescent phase and in other diseases. RESULTS Serum and urine beta-2M levels during active phase HPS were significantly high not only in serum (median, 7.5 mg/l; range, 2.3-16.0 mg/l; P < 0.01), but also in urine (median, > 31,650 micrograms/gram Creatinine (gCr); range, 8179-236,333 micrograms/gCr; P < 0.01), compared with levels during convalescent phase HPS (median, 2.0 mg/l; range, 0.9-2.5 mg/l in serum and median, 338 micrograms/gCr; range, 223-585 micrograms/gCr in urine) and in control subjects with diseases such as acute lymphocytic leukemia (median, 2.3 mg/l; range, 1.0-2.8 mg/l in serum and median, 327 micrograms/gCr; range, 48-2684 micrograms/gCr in urine), infectious mononucleosis (median, 2.9 mg/l; range, 2.5-5.5 mg/l in serum and median, 348 micrograms/gCr; range, 80-1325 micrograms/gCr in urine), and Kawasaki disease (median, 2.8 mg/l; range, 1.5-3.3 mg/l in serum and median, 1016 micrograms/gCr; range, 214-4500 micrograms/gCr in urine). Noteworthy was the observation that urine beta-2M levels correlated closely with HPS disease activity. CONCLUSIONS Urine beta-2M appears to be a useful marker for assessing disease activity in patients with HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hibi
- Division of Pediatrics, Children's Research Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
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35
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Katsanis E, Bausero MA, Xu H, Orchard PJ, Xu Z, McIvor RS, Brian AA, Blazar BR. Transfection of the mouse ICAM-1 gene into murine neuroblastoma enhances susceptibility to lysis, reduces in vivo tumorigenicity and decreases ICAM-2-dependent killing. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1994; 38:135-41. [PMID: 7905790 PMCID: PMC11038452 DOI: 10.1007/bf01526209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/1993] [Accepted: 08/18/1993] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We determined the expression of intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM) on neuro-2a cells in order to evaluate whether they were involved in cytolysis of murine neuroblastoma. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis revealed that the control neomycin-resistance-gene-transduced line (neuro-2a/LN) had poor expression of ICAM-1 (mean channel fluorescence, MCF = 3.7). An ICAM-1-positive transfectant of neuro-2a (neuro-2a/ICAM-1+) (MCF = 64.3) was generated to evaluate directly the role of this adhesion molecule in cytolysis. Neuro-2a/ICAM-1+ was more sensitive to LAK killing (69.7% at an effector-to-target ratio of 100:1) compared to neuro-2a/LN (48.6%) (P < 0.001). Blocking of neuro-2a/LN and neuro-2a/ICAM-1+ lysis with anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) did not account for all the LFA-1-dependent killing. These data indicate that even in neuro-2a/ICAM-1+ cells, other LFA-1 ligands participated in the effector-target interaction. Therefore, we examined these cell lines for ICAM-2 expression. Both neuro-2a/LN and neuro-2a/ICAM-1+ lines expressed ICAM-2 (MCF = 16.4 and 16.5). ICAM-2 accounted for the majority of the LFA-1-dependent killing in the ICAM-1-negative target, neuro-2a/LN, while ICAM-1 played a primary role in the cytolysis of the ICAM-1+ transfectant. Inhibition of lysis in the presence of anti-ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 mAbs was comparable to that seen with the addition of anti-LFA-1 mAb, indicating that other LFA-1 ligands were not involved in this system. ICAM-1 expression was associated with decreased in vivo tumorigenicity, mice inoculated with neuro-2a/ICAM-1+ cells had a significantly longer survival compared to those receiving neuro-2a/LN cells (median survival time 35.5 versus 24.5 days) (P < 0.001). It is important to note that ICAM-1 transfection of murine neuroblastoma did not alter its metastatic potential. We conclude that transfection of mouse neuroblastoma with ICAM-1 increases its sensitivity to in vitro lysis and reduces its in vivo tumorigenicity. In ICAM-1-negative murine neuroblastoma cells, ICAM-2 plays a primary role in cell-mediated lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455
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Lampson LA, Grabowska A, Whelan JP. Class I and II MHC expression and its implications for regeneration in the nervous system. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1994; 103:307-17. [PMID: 7886215 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L A Lampson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
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Widner H, Brundin P. Sequential intracerebral transplantation of allogeneic and syngeneic fetal dopamine-rich neuronal tissue in adult rats: will the first graft be rejected? Cell Transplant 1993; 2:307-17. [PMID: 8162272 DOI: 10.1177/096368979300200413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune response against intracerebral grafts of allogeneic fetal dopamine-rich tissue was assessed in adult rats. Sprague-Dawley rats, now outbred, but originating from an inbred stock, were given unilateral 6-hydroxy-dopamine lesions of the mesostriatal pathway, and grafted intrastriatally with mechanically dissociated ventral mesencephalic tissue (embryonic day 13-15) obtained from an inbred Lewis strain. Graft survival was assessed by functional recovery of amphetamine-induced rotational behavior on four different occasions postsurgery, and histologically using catecholamine histofluorescence and tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry. The following groups were analysed: long-term survival of a single allogeneic graft; survival of a first allogeneic graft with a syngeneic second graft; survival of a first allograft combined with a second allogeneic graft; the survival of bilateral allogeneic grafts following a subsequent orthotopic allogeneic skin graft. Evidence for recipient immunization was obtained using an indirect fluorescent antibody detection technique, Simonsen's Spleen Index (S I) test. Viable grafts, giving rise to behavioral compensation, were present after 40 wk in rats from all groups. The "first" allograft always displayed good survival and function, even following a second intracerebral allograft. However, five of nine "second" allogeneic intracerebral grafts survived poorly. In contrast, all secondary syngeneic grafts survived well. Following the application of a subsequent orthotopic allogeneic skin graft in a subgroup of rats, there was a significantly lower survival of grafted dopamine neurons in the "first" graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Widner
- Department of Neurology, Lund University Hospital, Sweden
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38
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Marozzi A, Meneveri R, Bunone G, De Santis C, Lopalco L, Beretta A, Agresti A, Siccardi AG, Della Valle G, Ginelli E. Expression of beta 2m-free HLA class I heavy chains in neuroblastoma cell lines. Scand J Immunol 1993; 37:661-7. [PMID: 8316764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1993.tb01680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry with the specific monoclonal antibody (MoAb) L31 was used to analyse the expression of HLA class I heavy chains not bound with beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) by neuroblastoma (NB) cell lines IMR-32 and LA-N-1. The cells, which express barely detectable amounts of beta 2m-free (L31-positive molecules) and beta 2m-complexed HLA class I antigens (W6.32- and BBM.1-reactive molecules), expressed MHC class I molecules not bound to light chains upon differentiation with either retinoic acid or serum starvation. The expression was not accompanied by an increase of surface heterodimers. Conversely, recombinant interferon-gamma (rIFN-gamma) treatment led IMR-32 and LA-N-1 cells to almost exclusively express beta 2m-complexes HLA class I heavy chains. Surface beta 2m-free MHC class I molecules displayed a molecular mass of approximately 45 kDa and did not bind exogenously added beta 2m. No changes in the synthesis of either HLA class I and beta 2m mRNAs or of L31 proteins were observed in differentiated NB cells, thus suggesting that the surface exposure of unusual HLA class I antigens is regulated post-translationally. These findings indicate that, in addition to activated lymphocytes, the surface expression of beta 2m-free class I heavy chains is a feature of other cell types, such as NB cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marozzi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Genetica per le Scienze Mediche, Università di Milano, Italy
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Satoh J, Gallyas F, Endoh M, Yamamura T, Kunishita T, Kobayashi T, Tabira T. Establishment of mouse-immortalized hybrid clones expressing characteristics of differentiated neurons derived from the cerebellar and brain stem regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 23:905-19. [PMID: 1359006 DOI: 10.1002/neu.480230711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two clonal immortalized neurons designated CL8c4.7 and CL8a5.2 were established by somatic cell fusion between a hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-(HPRT-) deficient neuroblastoma N18TG2 and newborn mouse cerebellar/brain stem neurons. In the serum-containing medium without extra differentiating agents, both clones exhibited a morphology of differentiated neurons. They contained high levels of glutamate but no gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The CL8a5.2 clone synthesized choline acetyltransferase and serotonin. In immunocytochemical studies, both clones expressed 200 kD neurofilament protein, neuron-specific enolase, microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), tau protein, neuronal cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM), HNK-1, Thy-1.2, saxitoxin-binding sodium channel protein, and glutamate. Synaptophysin immunoreactivity was identified in the neuritic terminals of CL8c4.7 cells. Most of these antigens were barely detectable on N18TG2 cells. Electrophysiologically, both clones generated action potentials in response to electrical stimuli. The hybrid clones that express characteristics of differentiated neurons derived from the cerebellar and brain stem regions might be invaluable for the study of the molecular basis of neuronal differentiation and degeneration in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Satoh
- Division of Demyelinating Diseases and Aging, National Institute of Neuroscience, Tokyo, Japan
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41
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Kornguth S, Bersu E, Anderson M, Markley J. Correlation of increased levels of class I MHC H-2Kk in the placenta of murine trisomy 16 conceptuses with structural abnormalities revealed by magnetic resonance microscopy. TERATOLOGY 1992; 45:383-91. [PMID: 1533959 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420450409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Murine trisomy 16 (mts16) placentas and fetuses, 17-day gestation age, were examined histologically and by magnetic resonance imaging at 9.4 T and compared with control littermate tissues. Placentas were studied by immunohistochemical methods, at 15-days gestational age, for expression of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I H-2Kk cell surface marker. Immunohistochemical studies revealed a markedly increased expression of the MHC marker H-2Kk on cells in the labyrinth of the placenta of mts16. There were differences between the magnetic resonance (MR) images of the trisomic and normal placentas, which may be correlated with the increased expression of H-2Kk in the mts16 placental labyrinth. The decidual and labyrinthine components of the normal placentas showed similar high signal intensities (SI) while in trisomic placentas a marked high SI was characteristic only of the decidual region on proton spin density images. The MRI also revealed a smaller cerebellum in the ts16 fetuses. The potential effects of the compromised structure of the placental labyrinth and the overexpression of the H-2Kk marker on the mts16 neural and placental dysgenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kornguth
- Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53705
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42
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Tedeschi B. Interferon--a candidate mediator of cell growth. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1992; 321:53-6; discussion 57-8. [PMID: 1280401 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3448-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The IFNs are a class of compounds comprising at least three different entities alpha, beta, gamma, with a clearly defined capacity to enhance expression of MHC antigens, as well as modulate growth in a variety of tissues. They are thus candidates for autoimmune cellular destruction and growth modulation. IFN has now been shown to modulate important developmental and injury-related events in both the pancreas and CNS. Other cytokines may also be important players in these biological events and it remains to be elucidated how IFN and other cytokines exert their effects in these organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tedeschi
- Eastern Virginia Medical School, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Norfolk 22501
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Gopas J, Itzhaky D, Segev Y, Salzberg S, Trink B, Isakov N, Rager-Zisman B. Persistent measles virus infection enhances major histocompatibility complex class I expression and immunogenicity of murine neuroblastoma cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1992; 34:313-20. [PMID: 1347254 PMCID: PMC11038602 DOI: 10.1007/bf01741552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/1991] [Accepted: 10/30/1991] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of persistent measles virus infection on the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigens was studied. Mouse neuroblastoma cells C1300, clone NS20Y, were persistently infected with the Edmonston strain of measles virus. The persistently infected cell line, NS20Y/MS, expressed augmented levels of both H-2Kk and H-2Dd MHC class I glycoproteins. Activation of two interferon(IFN)-induced enzymes, known to be part of the IFN system: (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase and double-stranded-RNA-activated protein kinase, was detected. Measles-virus-infected cells elicited cytotoxic T lymphocytes that recognized and lysed virus-infected and uninfected neuroblastoma cells in an H-2-restricted fashion. Furthermore, immunization of mice with persistently infected cells conferred resistance to tumor growth after challenge with the highly malignant NS20Y cells. The rationale for using measles virus for immunotherapy is that most patients develop lifelong immunity after recovery or vaccination from this infection. Patients developing cancer are likely to have memory cells. A secondary response induced by measles-virus-infected cells may therefore induce an efficient immune response against non-infected tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gopas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Hetier E, Ayala J, Bousseau A, Prochiantz A. Modulation of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor expression by beta-adrenergic agonists in mouse ameboid microglial cells. Exp Brain Res 1991; 86:407-13. [PMID: 1684549 DOI: 10.1007/bf00228965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Brain macrophages (ameboid microglial cells) purified to homogeneity and cultured in vitro synthesize and release IL-1 and TNF upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This induction can be measured at the levels of transcription and translation. In the present study we have analysed whether certain compounds normally present in the nervous tissue could regulate cytokine production by brain macrophages. We demonstrate that the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol, at a concentration of 10(-7) M; inhibits the LPS-induced transcription and release of TNF alpha. At the same concentration, isoproterenol increases the accumulation of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta mRNAs. In spite of its strong effect on IL-1 mRNA accumulation, the adrenergic agonist did not enhance IL-1 activity produced by microglial cells. On the contrary, as is the case for TNF, the LPS-induced production of IL-1 was inhibited by isoproterenol. The effects of isoproterenol on cytokine production specifically involve the beta 2 and not the beta 1 adrenergic receptor. It thus appears (i) that the accumulation of mRNAs coding for TNF alpha on one hand and IL-1 alpha and beta on the other is regulated in two opposite ways by the stimulation of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor and (ii) that mRNA accumulation and cytokine production and secretion are not necessarily coupled.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hetier
- CNRS URA 1414, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
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45
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Christmas TI, Manning LS, Davis MR, Robinson BW, Garlepp MJ. HLA antigen expression and malignant mesothelioma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1991; 5:213-20. [PMID: 1910807 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb/5.3.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of HLA antigens by a tumor may determine its progression and metastatic potential by influencing the immune response to that tumor. The upregulation of HLA antigen expression on some cell types by interferons (IFNs) may contribute to their antitumor activity. Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a tumor that has a poor prognosis and is unaffected by conventional therapy, although immunotherapy has not been adequately assessed. In this study, we have examined the constitutive and IFN-inducible expression of class I and class II HLA antigens on MM cell lines using indirect immunofluorescence and Northern blotting. All MM cell lines constitutively expressed class I, but not class II, surface antigen, and all three class I loci (HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C) were expressed. The MM cell lines were heterogeneous in their response to the IFNs. Treatment with IFN-alpha marginally increased class I surface expression, but not class II. Class I mRNA was, however, clearly increased in all cell lines after IFN-alpha treatment, suggesting that class I surface antigen was already maximally expressed. IFN-gamma increased class I mRNA expression in all but one cell line and induced DR expression on three of the cell lines. DQ-beta, but not DQ-alpha, mRNA was inducible in the same three cell lines, but DQ surface antigen was never demonstrable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T I Christmas
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands
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46
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Ling EA, Kaur C, Wong WC. Expression of major histocompatibility complex and leukocyte common antigens in amoeboid microglia in postnatal rats. J Anat 1991; 177:117-26. [PMID: 1769886 PMCID: PMC1260419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen and leukocyte common antigen (LCA) was observed in the amoeboid microglial cells in postnatal rat brain. Considerable MHC class I surface antigen was detected at the plasma membrane and its tubular invaginations in the amoeboid microglia in the corpus callosum using the monoclonal antibody OX-18. In early postnatal (2 and 5 day) rats, the OX-18 positive cells were mostly round but a few possessed stout processes. With increasing age (9 and 15 days) the OX-18 positive amoeboid microglia assumed an oval or elongated form. By the time of weaning (21 days) and in older animals, the immunoreactivity was extremely weak and was detectable only on some branched microglia bearing fine processes. The presence of MHC class Ia antigens with OX-3 and OX-6 was hardly detectable except for a few weakly stained cells in the corpus callosum and cavum septum pellucidum in early postnatal rats. The expression of LCA was observed in amoeboid microglial using the monoclonal antibody OX-1 and this followed a similar temporal pattern to that with OX-18. The additional phenotypic features of amoeboid microglial cells in the present study support their monocytic origin. These cells are endowed with MHC class I antigens which may serve as the restriction elements for T lymphocytes, at least in the early postnatal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Ling
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore
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47
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Seong D, Sims S, Johnson E, Lyding J, Lopez A, Garovoy M, Talpaz M, Kantarjian H, Lopez-Berestein G, Reading C. Activation of class I HLA expression by TNF-alpha and gamma-interferon is mediated through protein kinase C-dependent pathway in CML cell lines. Br J Haematol 1991; 78:359-67. [PMID: 1908310 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1991.tb04449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The combination of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and gamma-interferon induced transcription of class I HLA genes in chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) cell lines through the formation of a complex between nuclear proteins and the transcriptional enhancers associated with these genes. Although gamma-interferon or TNF-alpha stimulated expression of class I HLA antigens in the EM2 and K562 CML cell lines when used alone, the effect of the combination of TNF-alpha and gamma-interferon was greater than that observed with either agent alone. The induction of class I HLA expression by gamma-interferon and TNF-alpha was inhibited completely by the isoquinoline sulfonamide H7, an inhibitor of protein kinase C. We conclude that the enhancement of the gamma-interferon induced transcriptional activation of class I HLA gene expression by TNF-alpha involves a protein kinase C-dependent pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Cell Division
- Cell Line
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Gene Expression
- Genes, MHC Class I/drug effects
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- D Seong
- Department of Hematology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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48
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Abstract
Combinations of aggressive therapy and radiotherapy directed at the primary tumor site as well as dose intensive chemotherapy against metastases can effectively induce complete remissions in patients with stage IV neuroblastomas. By virtue of its tumor specificity, the use of immunotherapy at the time when microscopic residual disease is present holds great promise in eradicating the tumors permanently. Monoclonal antibodies can accumulate selectively and at high concentrations in neuroblastomas. They have the potential of initiating complement activation and inflammation at the tumor site. Hematopoietic factors and cytokines can reinforce the body with tumoricidal leukocytes. Ex vivo activation of autologous white cells as well as arming by genetic manipulation can also produce tumor-seeking vehicles that may be therapeutically useful. As the knowledge of tumor and host immunobiology accumulates, the optimal combination of these approaches will become apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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49
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Whittemore SR, Holets VR, Keane RW, Levy DJ, McKay RD. Transplantation of a temperature-sensitive, nerve growth factor-secreting, neuroblastoma cell line into adult rats with fimbria-fornix lesions rescues cholinergic septal neurons. J Neurosci Res 1991; 28:156-70. [PMID: 2033646 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490280203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The HT4 cell line was derived from infection of a mouse neuroblastoma cell line with a retrovirus that encoded the temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of SV40 large T antigen. At nonpermissive temperature, HT4 cells differentiated with neuronal morphology, expressed neuronal antigens, synthesized nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA, and secreted biologically active NGF in vitro. We sought to establish whether transplanted HT4 cells expressed class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens, a partial requirement for recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and thus be susceptible to xenograft rejection. Differentiated HT4 cells expressed marginally detectable levels of class I MHC antigens, but demonstrated higher levels of class I MHC expression after treatment with interferon-gamma. However, HT4 cells were resistant to direct lysis by perforin, the pore-forming protein of CTLs, and thus may have potential use in xenograft experiments. To address whether HT4 cells secrete NGF in vivo, HT4 cells were transplanted into adults rats with unilateral fimbria-fornix transections. A ts cell line derived from P4 cerebellum, BT1, that does not differentiate with neuronal phenotype or synthesize NGF in vitro, was transplanted as a control. Six weeks posttransplant. HT4 cells had integrated into host CNS without forming tumors. In BT1 transplants, the number of medial septal acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive cells was reduced to 26-39% of the contralateral control side, depending on the rostrocaudal level. In HT4 transplants, the number of cholinergic septal neurons was 58-78% of the contralateral side. This percentage was significantly (P less than 0.005) greater than that seen with BT1 transplants, indicating that transplanted HT4 cells secrete NGF in vivo and rescue cholinergic septal neurons following fimbria-fornix transection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Whittemore
- Miami Project, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL 33136
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50
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Gogate N, Bakhiet M, Kristensson K, Norrby E, Olsson T. Gamma interferon expression and major histocompatibility complex induction during measles and vesicular stomatitis virus infections of the brain. J Neuroimmunol 1991; 31:19-26. [PMID: 1845767 PMCID: PMC7119734 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(91)90082-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytic interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) production and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen induction were studied in experimental measles and vesicular stomatitis virus infections in the brain. Fifteen-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats injected intracerebrally with the HNT strain of measles virus showed already within 1 day after infection an increased number of cells producing IFN-gamma in the spleen, cervical lymph nodes and leptomeninges. These rats recovered after a transient neuronal infection in the brain. Rats infected intracerebrally with vesicular stomatitis virus, on the other hand, all succumbed after 2 days and showed no IFN-gamma production in lymphoid cells. Immunohistochemically MHC class I antigen appeared in infected and uninfected cells in the brain during replication of both viruses. A role for the recently discovered nerve fibres with IFN-gamma-like immunoreactivity, which are normally present in the brain, in the MHC antigen induction is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gogate
- Department of Cellular and Neuropathology, Huddinge Hospital, Sweden
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