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Yang H, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Gao Z, Xu J, Xiao S, Dai C, Wu F, Deng Z, Peng J, Ran P. Association between long-term ozone exposure and readmission for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 348:123811. [PMID: 38531467 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The relationship between long-term ozone (O₃) exposure and readmission for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) remains elusive. In this study, we collected individual-level information on AECOPD hospitalizations from a standardized electronic database in Guangzhou from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2015. We calculated the annual mean O₃ concentration prior to the dates of the index hospitalization for AECOPD using patients' residential addresses. Employing Cox proportional hazards models, we assessed the association between long-term O₃ concentration and the risk of AECOPD readmission across several time frames (30 days, 90 days, 180 days, and 365 days). We estimated the disease and economic burden of AECOPD readmissions attributable to O₃ using a counterfactual approach. Of the 4574 patients included in the study, 1398 (30.6%) were readmitted during the study period, with 262 (5.7%) readmitted within 30 days. The annual mean O₃ concentration was 90.3 μg/m3 (standard deviation [SD] = 8.2 μg/m3). A 10-μg/m3 increase in long-term O₃ concentration resulted in a hazard ratio (HR) for AECOPD readmission within 30 days of 1.28 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09 to 1.49), with similar results for readmission within 90, 180, and 365 days. Older patients (aged 75 years or above) and males were more susceptible (HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.10-1.61 and HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.09-1.53, respectively). The population attributable fraction for 30-day readmission due to O₃ exposure was 29.0% (95% CI, 28.4%-30.0%), and the attributable mean cost per participant was 362.3 USD (354.5-370.2). Long-term exposure to elevated O₃ concentrations is associated with an increased risk of AECOPD readmission, contributing to a significant disease and economic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Postcode, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Postcode, China
| | - Zihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Postcode, China
| | - Yumin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Postcode, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Postcode, China
| | - Zhaosheng Gao
- Guangzhou Health Technology Appraisal and Talent Evaluation Center, Guangzhou Municipal Health Commission, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Guangzhou Health Technology Appraisal and Talent Evaluation Center, Guangzhou Municipal Health Commission, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Postcode, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Longgang District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cuiqiong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Postcode, China
| | - Fan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Postcode, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Postcode, China
| | - Zhishan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Postcode, China
| | - Jieqi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Postcode, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Postcode, China
| | - Pixin Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Postcode, China; Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Postcode, China.
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Pourmanaf H, Nikoukheslat S, Sari-Sarraf V, Amirsasan R, Vakili J, Mills DE. The acute effects of endurance exercise on epithelial integrity of the airways in athletes and non-athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Med 2023; 220:107457. [PMID: 37951313 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2023.107457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute endurance exercise may induce airway epithelium injury. However, the response of epithelial integrity markers of the airways including club cell secretory protein (CC16) and surfactant protein D (SP-D) to endurance exercise have not been systematically reviewed. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the acute effects of endurance exercise on markers of epithelial integrity of the airways (CC16, SP-D and the CC16/SP-D ratio) in athletes and non-athletes. METHODS A systematic search was performed utilizing PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, and hand searching bibliographies of retrieved articles through to September 2022. Based on the inclusion criteria, articles with available data about the acute effects of endurance exercise on serum or plasma concentrations of CC16, SP-D and CC16/SP-D ratio in athletes and non-athletes were included. Quality assessment of studies and statistical analysis were conducted via Review Manager 5.4 software. RESULTS The search resulted in 908 publications. Finally, thirteen articles were included in the review. Acute endurance exercise resulted in an increase in CC16 (P = 0.0006, n = 13) and CC16/SP-D ratio (P = 0.005, n = 2) whereas SP-D (P = 0.47, n = 3) did not change significantly. Subgroup analysis revealed that the type (P = 0.003), but not the duration of exercise (P = 0.77) or the environmental temperature (P = 0.06) affected the CC16 response to endurance exercise. CONCLUSIONS Acute endurance exercise increases CC16 and the CC16/SP-D ratio, as markers of epithelial integrity, but not SP-D in athletes and non-athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Pourmanaf
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeid Nikoukheslat
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Sari-Sarraf
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramin Amirsasan
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Vakili
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dean E Mills
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia; Respiratory and Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia; Centre for Health Research, Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland, Australia.
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Wang C, Meng XC, Huang C, Wang J, Liao YH, Huang Y, Liu R. Association between ambient air pollutants and lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115140. [PMID: 37348216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of the effects of atmospheric pollutants on lipid profiles remain inconsistent and controversial. AIM The study was aimed to investigate the relationship between the exposure to ambient air pollutants and variations in the blood lipid profiles in the population. METHODS A comprehensive search of three different databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library) until December 17, 2022, yielded 17 origional studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria for a meta-analysis. Aggregate effect measures and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the relevant ambient air pollutants were deduced employing random effects models. RESULTS The collective meta-analysis indicated that long-term exposure to PM1, PM2.5, PM10 and CO showed a substantial correlation with TC (PM1: β = 2.04, 95%CI = 0.15-3.94; PM2.5: β = 1.11, 95%CI = 0.39-1.84; PM10: β = 1.70, 95%CI = 0.67-2.73; CO: β = 0.08, 95%CI = 0.06-0.10), PM10 exhibited a significant association with TG (β = 0. 537,95% CI = 0.09-0.97), whereas HDL-C demonstrated notable relationships with PM1, PM10, SO2 and CO (PM1: β = -2.38, 95%CI = -4.00 to -2.76; PM10: β = -0.77, 95%CI = -1.33 to -0.21; SO2: β = -0.91, 95%CI = -1.73 to -0.10; CO: β = -0.03, 95%CI = -0.05 to 0.00). PM2.5, PM10 also showed significant associations with LDL-C (PM2.5: β = 1.44 95%CI = 0.48-2.40; PM10: β = 1.62 95%CI = 0.90-2.34). Subgroup analysis revealed significant or stronger correlations predominantly in cohort study designs, with higher male comparisons, and in regions exhibiting elevated contaminant levels. CONCLUSION In summary, the analysis substantiates that ambient air pollutants can be recognized as potent contributors to alterations in lipid profiles, particularly particulate pollutants which exert more obvious effects on lipid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xing-Chen Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ying-Hao Liao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Nauwelaerts SJD, Van Goethem N, Ureña BT, De Cremer K, Bernard A, Saenen ND, Nawrot TS, Roosens NHC, De Keersmaecker SCJ. Urinary CC16, a potential indicator of lung integrity and inflammation, increases in children after short-term exposure to PM 2.5/PM 10 and is driven by the CC16 38GG genotype. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113272. [PMID: 35439460 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Particular matter (PM) exposure is a big hazard for public health, especially for children. Serum CC16 is a well-known biomarker of respiratory health. Urinary CC16 (U-CC16) can be a noninvasive alternative, albeit requiring adequate adjustment for renal handling. Moreover, the SNP CC16 G38A influences CC16 levels. This study aimed to monitor the effect of short-term PM exposure on CC16 levels, measured noninvasively in schoolchildren, using an integrative approach. We used a selection of urine and buccal DNA samples from 86 children stored in an existing biobank. Using a multiple reaction monitoring method, we measured U-CC16, as well as RBP4 (retinol binding protein 4) and β2M (beta-2-microglobulin), required for adjustment. Buccal DNA samples were used for CC16 G38A genotyping. Linear mixed-effects models were used to find relevant associations between U-CC16 and previously obtained data from recent daily PM ≤ 2.5 or 10 μm exposure (PM2.5, PM10) modeled at the child's residence. Our study showed that exposure to low PM at the child's residence (median levels 18.9 μg/m³ (PM2.5) and 23.6 μg/m³ (PM10)) one day before sampling had an effect on the covariates-adjusted U-CC16 levels. This effect was dependent on the CC16 G38A genotype, due to its strong interaction with the association between PM levels and covariates-adjusted U-CC16 (P = 0.024 (PM2.5); P = 0.061 (PM10)). Only children carrying the 38GG genotype showed an increase of covariates-adjusted U-CC16, measured 24h after exposure, with increasing PM2.5 and PM10 (β = 0.332; 95% CI: 0.110 to 0.554 and β = 0.372; 95% CI: 0.101 to 0.643, respectively). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study using an integrative approach to investigate short-term PM exposure of children, using urine to detect early signs of pulmonary damage, and taking into account important determinants such as the genetic background and adequate adjustment of the measured biomarker in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J D Nauwelaerts
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium; Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, University Catholique de Louvain, Woluwe, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nina Van Goethem
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Faculty of Public Health, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Berta Tenas Ureña
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Koen De Cremer
- Platform Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alfred Bernard
- Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, University Catholique de Louvain, Woluwe, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nelly D Saenen
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nancy H C Roosens
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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Chen CH, Wu CD, Lee YL, Lee KY, Lin WY, Yeh JI, Chen HC, Guo YLL. Air pollution enhance the progression of restrictive lung function impairment and diffusion capacity reduction: an elderly cohort study. Respir Res 2022; 23:186. [PMID: 35836168 PMCID: PMC9281077 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02107-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some evidences have shown the association between air pollution exposure and the development of interstitial lung diseases. However, the effect of air pollution on the progression of restrictive ventilatory impairment and diffusion capacity reduction is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of long-term exposure to ambient air pollution on the change rates of total lung capacity, residual volume, and diffusion capacity among the elderly. METHODS From 2016 to 2018, single-breath helium dilution with the diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide was performed once per year on 543 elderly individuals. Monthly concentrations of ambient fine particulate matters (PM2.5) and nitric dioxide (NO2) at the individual residential address were estimated using a hybrid Kriging/Land-use regression model. Linear mixed models were used to evaluate the association between long-term (12 months) exposure to air pollution and lung function with adjustment for potential covariates, including basic characteristics, indoor air pollution (second-hand smoke, cooking fume, and incense burning), physician diagnosed diseases (asthma and chronic airway diseases), dusty job history, and short-term (lag one month) air pollution exposure. RESULTS An interquartile range (5.37 ppb) increase in long-term exposure to NO2 was associated with an additional rate of decline in total lung volume (- 1.8% per year, 95% CI: - 2.8 to - 0.9%), residual volume (- 3.3% per year, 95% CI: - 5.0 to - 1.6%), ratio of residual volume to total lung volume (- 1.6% per year, 95% CI: - 2.6 to - 0.5%), and diffusion capacity (- 1.1% per year, 95% CI: - 2.0 to - 0.2%). There is no effect on the transfer factor (ratio of diffusion capacity to alveolar volume). The effect of NO2 remained robust after adjustment for PM2.5 exposure. CONCLUSIONS Long-term exposure to ambient NO2 is associated with an accelerated decline in static lung volume and diffusion capacity in the elderly. NO2 related air pollution may be a risk factor for restrictive lung disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsien Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, No. 25, Ln. 442, Sec. 1, Jingguo Rd., North Dist., Hsinchu City, Taiwan.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (NTU) College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Rm 339, No. 7, Zhongshan S. Rd., 17 Syujhou Road, Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City, 100, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Da Wu
- Department of Geomatics, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, Daxue Rd., East Dist., Tainan City, Taiwan.,National Institute of Environmental Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Rd., Zhunan Township, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ya Ling Lee
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei City Hospital, No. 33, Sec. 2, Zhonghua Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei City, Taiwan.,University of Taipei, No. 1, Aiguo W. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Yun Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 291, Zhongzheng Rd., Zhonghe Dist., New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., Xinyi Dist., Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Lin
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Health Management and Occupational Safety Hygiene Center, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, No. 482, Shanming Rd., Siaogang Dist., Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Rd., Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Jih-I Yeh
- Department of Family Medicine, Hualien Tzu-Chi General Hospital, No. 707, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien City, Hualien County, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Chun Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, No. 2, Minsheng Rd., Dalin Township, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Liang Leon Guo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University (NTU) College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Rm 339, No. 7, Zhongshan S. Rd., 17 Syujhou Road, Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City, 100, Taiwan. .,National Institute of Environmental Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35, Keyan Rd., Zhunan Township, Miaoli County, Taiwan. .,Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Karamaoun C, Haut B, Blain GM, Bernard A, Daussin FN, Dekerle J, Bougault V, Mauroy B. Is airway damage during physical exercise related to airway dehydration? Inputs from a computational model. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:1031-1040. [PMID: 35201932 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00520.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In healthy subjects, at low minute ventilation (V̇E) during physical exercise, the water content and the temperature of the airways are well regulated. However, with the increase in V̇E, the bronchial mucosa becomes dehydrated and epithelial damage occurs. Our goal was to demonstrate the correspondence between the ventilatory threshold inducing epithelial damage, measured experimentally, and the dehydration threshold, estimated numerically. In 16 healthy adults, we assessed epithelial damage before and following a 30-min continuous cycling exercise at 70% of maximal work rate, by measuring the variation pre- to post-exercise of serum club cell protein (cc16/cr). Blood samples were collected at rest, just at the end of the standardized 10-min warm-up, and immediately, 30 min and 60 min post-exercise. V̇E was measured continuously during exercise. Airway water and heat losses were estimated using a computational model adapted to the experimental conditions and were compared to a literature-based threshold of dehydration. Eleven participants exceeded the threshold for bronchial dehydration during exercise (group A) and 5 did not (group B). Compared to post warm-up, the increase in cc16/cr post-exercise was significant (mean increase ± SEM: 0.48 ± 0.08 ng.l-1, i.e. 101 ± 32%, p < 0.001) only in group A but not in group B (mean difference ± SEM: 0.10 ± 0.04 ng.l-1, i.e. 13 ± 7 %, p = 0.79). Our findings suggest that the use of a computational model may be helpful to estimate an individual dehydration threshold of the airways that is associated with epithelial damage during physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Karamaoun
- Laboratoire J. A. Dieudonné, UMR CNRS 7351, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Centre VADER, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Institut de Physique de Nice (INPHYNI), UMR CNRS 7010, University Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Benoît Haut
- Transfers, Interfaces & Processes (TIPs), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Grégory M Blain
- Centre VADER, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Laboratoire Motricité Humaine, Expertise, Sport, Santé (LAMHESS), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Alfred Bernard
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Nicolas Daussin
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS-Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Lille, France
| | - Jeanne Dekerle
- Fatigue and Exercise Tolerance Laboratory (FET), Centre for Sport Exercise Science and Medicine, University of Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Bougault
- Centre VADER, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Laboratoire Motricité Humaine, Expertise, Sport, Santé (LAMHESS), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Benjamin Mauroy
- Laboratoire J. A. Dieudonné, UMR CNRS 7351, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,Centre VADER, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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Shin HH, Maquiling A, Thomson EM, Park IW, Stieb DM, Dehghani P. Sex-difference in air pollution-related acute circulatory and respiratory mortality and hospitalization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150515. [PMID: 34627116 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have estimated adverse effects of short-term exposure to ambient air pollution on public health. Few have focused on sex-differences, and results have been inconsistent. The purpose of this study was three-fold: to identify sex-differences in air pollution-related health outcomes; to examine sex-differences by cause and season; and to examine time trends in sex-differences. METHODS Daily data were collected on circulatory- and respiratory-related mortality (for 29 years) and cause-specific hospitalization (for 17 years) with hourly concentrations of ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). For hospitalization, more specific causes were examined: ischemic heart disease (IHD), other heart disease (OHD), cerebrovascular disease (CEV), chronic lower respiratory diseases (CLRD), and Influenza/Pneumonia (InfPn). Generalized Poisson models were applied to 24 Canadian cities, and the city-specific estimates were combined for nationwide estimates for each sex using Bayesian hierarchical models. Finally, sex-differences were tested statistically based on their interval estimates, considering the correlation between sex-specific national estimates. RESULTS Sex-differences were more frequently observed for hospitalization than mortality, respiratory than circulatory health outcomes, and warm than cold season. For hospitalization, males were at higher risk (M > F) for warm season (OHD and InfPn from O3; IHD from NO2; and InfPn from PM2.5), but F > M for cold season (CEV from O3 and OHD from NO2). For mortality, we found F > M only for circulatory diseases from ozone during the warm season. Among the above-mentioned sex-differences, three cases showed consistent time trends over the years: while M > F for OHD from O3 and IHD from NO2, F > M for OHD from NO2. CONCLUSIONS We found that sex-differences in effect of ambient air pollution varied over health outcome, cause, season and time. In particular, the consistent trends (either F > M or M > F) across 17 years provide stronger evidence of sex-differences in hospitalizations, and warrant investigation in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwashin H Shin
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Aubrey Maquiling
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Errol M Thomson
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - In-Woo Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
| | - Dave M Stieb
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Parvin Dehghani
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Guo C, Lv S, Liu Y, Li Y. Biomarkers for the adverse effects on respiratory system health associated with atmospheric particulate matter exposure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 421:126760. [PMID: 34396970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of epidemiological evidence have confirmed the atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure was positively correlated with the morbidity and mortality of respiratory diseases. Nevertheless, its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood, probably resulting from the activation of oxidative stress, inflammation, altered genetic and epigenetic modifications in the lung upon PM2.5 exposure. Currently, biomarker investigations have been widely used in epidemiological and toxicological studies, which may help in understanding the biologic mechanisms underlying PM2.5-elicited adverse health outcomes. Here, the emerging biomarkers to indicate PM2.5-respiratory system interactions were summarized, primarily related to oxidative stress (ROS, MDA, GSH, etc.), inflammation (Interleukins, FENO, CC16, etc.), DNA damage (8-OHdG, γH2AX, OGG1) and also epigenetic modulation (DNA methylation, histone modification, microRNAs). The identified biomarkers shed light on PM2.5-elicited inflammation, fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis, thus may favor more precise interventions in public health. It is worth noting that some inconsistent findings may possibly relate to the inter-study differentials in the airborne PM2.5 sample, exposure mode and targeted subjects, as well as methodological issues. Further research, particularly by -omics technique to identify novel, specific biomarkers, is warranted to illuminate the causal relationship between PM2.5 pollution and deleterious lung outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Guo
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Songqing Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yufan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yanbo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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The Acute Effects of Exercising in Air Pollution: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Sports Med 2021; 52:139-164. [PMID: 34499337 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01544-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The acute effects of air pollution (AP) exposure during physical activity have been studied. However, comprehensive systematic reviews are lacking, particularly regarding moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine the acute health- and exercise-related effects of AP exposure during a bout of MVPA in healthy individuals. METHODS We searched for randomized controlled trials in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, SPORTDiscus, Agricultural and Environmental Science Database, ClinicalTrials.gov, International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Registry, and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform up to July 2020 without language or date restrictions. Studies including healthy subjects engaging in a bout of MVPA while exposed to one or more of the following air pollutants were eligible: particulate matter, black carbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, diesel exhaust, and traffic-related air pollution (TRAP). Main outcome measures were markers of pulmonary function, symptoms, cardiovascular function, cognitive function, systemic inflammation, and exercise response. The evidence was synthesized by vote counting based on direction of effect. RESULTS In total, 53 studies were included in the systematic review. Studies employed a heterogeneous mix of exercise protocols, AP interventions, and measured outcomes. Pooled results suggest ozone exposure during MVPA has an adverse effect on pulmonary function (100% [95% confidence interval (CI) 88-100], p < 0.001; high-certainty evidence) and reported symptoms (88% [95% CI 69-96], p < 0.001; low-certainty evidence). The effect of exposure to carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, small engine exhaust, or diesel exhaust during MVPA on health- and exercise-related outcomes is uncertain because of insufficient evidence and the low to very low certainty of available evidence. DISCUSSION The evidence is strongest for ozone, exposure to which generally induced a reduction in pulmonary function and increased symptoms during MVPA. The research related to other outcome domains remains inconclusive. Although long-term exposure to AP is proven to be hazardous, the evidence for healthy individuals to forgo MVPA during periods of high (non-ozone) pollution remains weak. TRIAL REGISTRATION Retrospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020188280) on 10 July 2020.
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10
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Pulmonary Effects Due to Physical Exercise in Polluted Air: Evidence from Studies Conducted on Healthy Humans. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11072890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Physical inactivity has caused serious effects on the health of the population, having an impact on the quality of life and the cost of healthcare for many countries. This has motivated government and private institutions to promote regular physical activity, which, paradoxically, can involve health risks when it is carried out in areas with poor air quality. This review collects information from studies conducted on healthy humans related to the pulmonary effects caused by the practice of physical activity when there is poor air quality. In addition, several challenges related to the technological and educational areas, as well as to applied and basic research, have been identified to facilitate the rational practice of exercise in poor air quality conditions.
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11
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Dillon DT, Webster GD, Bisesi JH. Contributions of biomass/solid fuel burning to blood pressure modification in women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 34:e23586. [PMID: 33645874 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Approximately 2½ billion people worldwide rely on solid/biomass fuel as fuel for cooking/heating the home. Environmental exposure to the smoke associated with biomass fuel burning has been associated respiratory diseases, cardiac disorders, and altered blood pressure. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to study this relationship across multiple studies. METHODS Searches were performed using PRISMA guidelines for articles using Web of Science, PubMed, Toxline, and Web of Science of peer reviewed papers with no beginning time restriction until February 2017. The search yielded 10 manuscripts after application of inclusion criteria, which encompassed 93 724 participants. Outcomes included (a) the proportion of people with a clinical diagnosis of hypertension in an exposed (vs. unexposed) population or (b) correlation coefficients examining degree of exposure and systolic/diastolic blood pressure. RESULTS The four studies reporting effect sizes for hypertension (N = 92 042) had a weighted mean effect size of r = .12 [-0.02, 0.27], z = 1.66, p = 0.097. The six studies reporting effect sizes for systolic and diastolic blood pressure (N = 1682) had weighted mean effect sizes of r = .15 [0.06, 0.24], p = 0.001, and r = .09 [0.03, 0.15], p = 0.002, respectively. CONCLUSION These analyses revealed that there is a small-but-significant relationship between biomass fuel exposure and an increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, but the relationship between biomass fuel and hypertension specifically remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Dillon
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Gregory D Webster
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Joseph H Bisesi
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Zhang JS, Gui ZH, Zou ZY, Yang BY, Ma J, Jing J, Wang HJ, Luo JY, Zhang X, Luo CY, Wang H, Zhao HP, Pan DH, Bao WW, Guo YM, Ma YH, Dong GH, Chen YJ. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: A national cross-sectional study in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 148:106383. [PMID: 33465664 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) rapidly increased over the past decades. However, little evidence exists about the effects of long-term exposure to ambient air pollution on MetS in children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the association between long-term ambient air pollution and the prevalence of MetS in a large population of Chinese children and adolescents. METHODS In 2013, a total of 9,897 children and adolescents aged 10 to 18 years were recruited from seven provinces/municipalities in China. MetS was defined based on the recommendation by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Satellite based spatio-temporal models were used to estimate exposure to ambient air pollution (including particles with diameters ≤1.0 µm (PM1), ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5), and ≤10 µm (PM10), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)). Individual exposure was calculated according to 94 schools addresses. After adjustment for a range of covariates, generalized linear mixed-effects models were utilized to evaluate the associations between air pollutants and the prevalence of MetS and its components. In addition, several stratified analyses were examined according to sex, weight status, outdoor physical activity time, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) intake. RESULTS The prevalence of MetS was 2.8%. The odds ratio of MetS associated with a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM1, PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 was 1.20 (95%CI: 0.99, 1.46), 1.31 (95%CI: 1.05, 1.64), 1.32 (95%CI: 1.08, 1.62), and 1.33 (95%CI: 1.03, 1.72), respectively. Regarding the MetS components, we observed associations between all pollutants and abdominal obesity. In addition, long-term PM1 and NO2 exposures were associated with the prevalence of elevated fasting blood glucose. Stratified analyses detected that the associations between air pollutants and the prevalence of MetS were stronger in boys (Pinteraction < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We found that long-term exposure to PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 were positively associated with the prevalence of MetS in children and adolescents. Our findings may have certain public health implications for some comprehensive strategy of environment improvement and lifestyles changes in order to reduce the burden of non-communicable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Shu Zhang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhao-Huan Gui
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Zou
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, School of Public Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bo-Yi Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, School of Public Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jin Jing
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hai-Jun Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jia-You Luo
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Chun-Yan Luo
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Institutes of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hai-Ping Zhao
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, 750004, China
| | - De-Hong Pan
- Liaoning Health Supervision Bureau, Shenyang 110005, China
| | - Wen-Wen Bao
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yu-Ming Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Ying-Hua Ma
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, School of Public Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Ya-Jun Chen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Shin HH, Gogna P, Maquiling A, Parajuli RP, Haque L, Burr B. Comparison of hospitalization and mortality associated with short-term exposure to ambient ozone and PM 2.5 in Canada. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 265:128683. [PMID: 33158503 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospitalization and mortality (H-M) have been linked to air pollution separately. However, previous studies have not adequately compared whether air pollution is a stronger risk factor for hospitalization or mortality. This study aimed to investigate differences in H-M risk from short-term ozone and PM2.5 exposures, and determine whether differences are modified by season, age, and sex. METHODS Daily ozone, PM2.5, temperature, and all-cause H-M counts (ICD-10, A00-R99) were collected for 22-24 Canadian cities for up to 29 years. Generalized additive Poisson models were employed to estimate associations between each pollutant and health outcome, which were compared across season (warm, cold, or year-round), age (all ages or seniors > 65), and sex. RESULTS Overall, ozone and PM2.5 showed higher season-specific risk of mortality than hospitalization: warm-season ozone: 0.54% (95% credible interval, 0.20, 0.85) vs. 0.14% (0.02, 0.27) per 10 ppb; and year-round PM2.5: 0.90% (0.33, 1.41) vs. 0.29% (0.03, 0.56) per 10 μg/m3. While age showed little H-M difference, sex appeared to be a modifier of H-M risk. While females had higher mortality risk, males had higher hospitalization risk: for females, ozone 0.87% (0.36, 1.35) vs. -0.03% (-0.18, 0.11) and PM2.5 1.19% (0.40, 1.90) vs. 0.19% (-0.10, 0.47); and for males ozone 0.20% (-0.28, 0.65) vs. 0.35% (0.18, 0.51). CONCLUSION This study found H-M differences attributable to ozone and PM2.5, suggesting that both are stronger risk factors for mortality than hospitalization. In addition, there were clear H-M differences by sex: specifically, females showed higher mortality risk and males showed higher hospitalization risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwashin Hyun Shin
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Priyanka Gogna
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Aubrey Maquiling
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Lani Haque
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Benjamin Burr
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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14
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Morici G, Cibella F, Cogo A, Palange P, Bonsignore MR. Respiratory Effects of Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollutants During Exercise. Front Public Health 2020; 8:575137. [PMID: 33425832 PMCID: PMC7793908 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.575137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is increasing worldwide. Habitual physical activity is known to prevent cardiorespiratory diseases and mortality, but whether exposure to TRAP during exercise affects respiratory health is still uncertain. Exercise causes inflammatory changes in the airways, and its interaction with the effects of TRAP or ozone might be detrimental, for both athletes exercising outdoor and urban active commuters. In this Mini-Review, we summarize the literature on the effects of exposure to TRAP and/or ozone during exercise on lung function, respiratory symptoms, performance, and biomarkers. Ozone negatively affected pulmonary function after exercise, especially after combined exposure to ozone and diesel exhaust (DE). Spirometric changes after exercise during exposure to particulate matter and ultrafine particles suggest a decrease in lung function, especially in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ozone frequently caused respiratory symptoms during exercise. Women showed decreased exercise performance and higher symptom prevalence than men during TRAP exposure. However, performance was analyzed in few studies. To date, research has not identified reliable biomarkers of TRAP-related lung damage useful for monitoring athletes' health, except in scarce studies on airway cells obtained by induced sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage. In conclusion, despite partly counteracted by the positive effects of habitual exercise, the negative effects of TRAP exposure to pollutants during exercise are hard to assess: outdoor exercise is a complex model, for multiple and variable exposures to air pollutants and pollutant concentrations. Further studies are needed to identify pollutant and/or time thresholds for performing safe outdoor exercise in cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Morici
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Cibella
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cogo
- Biomedical Sport Studies Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Palange
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria R Bonsignore
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Acute effects of short-term exposure to air pollution while being physically active, the potential for modification: A review of the literature. Prev Med 2020; 139:106195. [PMID: 32652130 PMCID: PMC8043242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The science behind the combined effect of (and possible interaction between) physical activity and air pollution exposure on health endpoints is not well established, despite the fact that independent effects of physical activity and air pollution on health are well known. The objective of this review is to systematically assess the available literature pertaining to exposure to air pollution while being physically active, in order to assess statistical interaction. Articles published during 2000-2020 were identified by searching PubMed, Science Direct, and ProQuest Agricultural & Environmental Science Database for terms encompassing air pollution and exercise/physical activity. Articles were included if they examined the following four scenarios: at rest in clean air, physical activity in clean air, at rest in polluted air, and physical activity in polluted air. Risk of bias assessment was performed on all included articles. We identified 25 articles for inclusion and determined risk of bias was low to moderate. Nine articles identified evidence of statistical interaction between air pollution exposure and physical activity, while 16 identified no such interaction. However, pollutant levels, exercise intensity, and the population studied appeared to influence statistical interaction. Even in low levels of air pollution, low-intensity activities (i.e., walking), may intensify the negative impacts of air pollution, particularly among those with pre-existing conditions. However, among healthy adults, the review suggests that exercise is generally beneficial even in high air pollution environments. Particularly, the review indicates that moderate to high-intensity exercise may neutralize any short-term negative effects of air pollution.
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Milton LA, White AR. The potential impact of bushfire smoke on brain health. Neurochem Int 2020; 139:104796. [PMID: 32650032 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Smoke from bushfires (also known as wildfires or forest fires) has blanketed large regions of Australia during the southern hemisphere summer of 2019/2020, potentially endangering residents who breathe the polluted air. While such air pollution is known to cause respiratory irritation and damage, its effect on the brain is not well described. In this review, we aim to outline the potentially damaging effects of bushfire smoke on brain health. We also describe the composition of air pollution, including ambient particulate matter (PM) and bushfire PM, before covering the general health effects of each. The investigated entry routes for ambient PM and postulated entry routes for bushfire PM are discussed, along with epidemiological and experimental evidence of the effect of both PMs in the brain. It appears that bushfire PM may be more toxic than ambient PM, and that it may enter the brain through extrapulmonary or olfactory routes to cause inflammation and oxidative stress. Ultimately, this review highlights the desperate requirement of greater research into the effects of bushfire PM on brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Milton
- Mental Health Program, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Anthony R White
- Mental Health Program, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, 4006, Australia.
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17
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Di A, Wu Y, Chen M, Nie D, Ge X. Chemical Characterization of Seasonal PM 2.5 Samples and Their Cytotoxicity in Human Lung Epithelial Cells (A549). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124599. [PMID: 32604837 PMCID: PMC7345009 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the toxicity of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) sourced from different seasons on human health, we collected PM2.5 samples quarterly from March 2016 to February 2017 in Nanjing, China. The component analysis results showed that high proportions of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), SO42−, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were found in the summer samples, while high proportions of NO3−, NH4+ and heavy metals were observed in the spring and winter samples. Then human lung epithelial cells (A549) were exposed to the PM2.5 samples. The toxicological results indicated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the spring and winter samples was higher than that in the summer and fall samples, which was related to the contribution of some heavy metals and inorganic ions (e.g., Pb and NO3−). However, the apoptosis rates of the cells showed the opposite seasonal changes as what the ROS did, which might be caused by the higher WSOC content in the summer. In addition, regression analysis also showed the importance of the PM2.5 components in ROS production and apoptosis. Particularly, Zn had the strongest correlation with ROS production (R = 0.863) and cell apoptosis (R = 0.675); thus, the specific toxicity of Zn in PM2.5 deserves further investigation. Our results could be beneficial for assessing the health risks and controlling the toxic components of PM2.5 in Nanjing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Di
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (A.D.); (X.G.)
| | - Yun Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (A.D.); (X.G.)
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (M.C.); Tel.: +86-25-5873-1089 (M.C.)
| | - Mindong Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (A.D.); (X.G.)
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (M.C.); Tel.: +86-25-5873-1089 (M.C.)
| | - Dongyang Nie
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (A.D.); (X.G.)
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Liu F, Zhang Z, Chen H, Nie S. Associations of ambient air pollutants with regional pulmonary tuberculosis incidence in the central Chinese province of Hubei: a Bayesian spatial-temporal analysis. Environ Health 2020; 19:51. [PMID: 32410699 PMCID: PMC7226955 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-00604-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) are still serious worldwide problems, especially in areas of developing countries. Whether there is an association between high ambient air pollutant concentrations and PTB has not been fully explored. METHODS Bayesian spatial-temporal models were constructed to analyse the association between ambient air pollutants (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters of ≤10 μm (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)) and PTB incidence, adjusting for socioeconomic covariates. We collected data on pulmonary TB, ambient air pollution (PM10, SO2 and NO2) concentrations and socioeconomic covariates from 17 prefectures in the central Chinese province of Hubei between Jan 1, 2006, and Dec 31, 2015. RESULTS For every annual 10 μg/m3 increase in SO2, the relative risk (RR) of PTB incidence was 1.046 (95% credible interval [CI], 1.038-1.054) in the study area. Moreover, we found positive associations with each annual 10 μg/m3 increase in ambient air pollutants (PM10, SO2 and NO2) in females but only with SO2 in males. A significant association for each 10 μg/m3 increase in SO2 was observed in all the age groups, with a significant association for PM10 only in children under 14 years of age. A significant response relationship was also observed at a 0-1 month moving average lag for each 10 μg/m3 increase in SO2. CONCLUSIONS High ambient air pollution concentrations in areas of developing countries might increase the risk of regional PTB incidence, especially for women and young people. Precautions and protective measures and efforts to reduce ambient air pollutant concentrations should be strengthened in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixia Zhang
- Wuchang University of Technology, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongying Chen
- Hubei Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shaofa Nie
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Yue JL, Liu H, Li H, Liu JJ, Hu YH, Wang J, Lu L, Wang F. Association between ambient particulate matter and hospitalization for anxiety in China: A multicity case-crossover study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 223:171-178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Madureira J, Brancher EA, Costa C, Aurino de Pinho R, Teixeira JP. Cardio-respiratory health effects of exposure to traffic-related air pollutants while exercising outdoors: A systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 178:108647. [PMID: 31450147 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite physical exercise provides numerous health benefits, outdoor exercisers are frequently exposed to traffic-related air pollutants (TRAP) known to be associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effects of TRAP exposure, specifically particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), during outdoor exercise on cardio-respiratory health effects. Systematic database searches of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Medline were performed by two researchers to identify peer-reviewed studies from 2000 to 2018. Combinations of keywords related to cardio-respiratory health effects, physical exercise and ambient air pollution were used. Thirteen studies were included, originating predominantly from European countries but also the American. They suggested that exercising in an environment with high TRAP exposure increases markers of respiratory and systemic inflammation, as well as, impairs the vascular function and increases artery pressure, when compared with an environment with low-TRAP exposure. In addition, the smaller particles appear to have the most severe health consequences compared with the larger coarse particles and NO2. This study also provides evidence that specific groups of the population have enhanced susceptibility to adverse effects from particulate matter exposure while exercising. There is a need for more studies focused on the relationship between air pollution, physical exercise and health, as large societal benefits can be obtained from healthy environments that can promote outdoor physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Madureira
- National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Emerson Antonio Brancher
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica do Exercício (LAFIBE), Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil; Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Carla Costa
- National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Aurino de Pinho
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry in Health, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
Inflammation is a common and essential event in the pathogenesis of diverse diseases. Decades of research has converged on an understanding that all combustion-derived particulate matter (PM) is inflammatory to some extent in the lungs and also systemically, substantially explaining a significant portion of the massive cardiopulmonary disease burden associated with these exposures. In general, this means that efforts to do the following can all be beneficial: reduce particulates at the source, decrease the inflammatory potential of PM output, and, where PM inhalation is unavoidable, administer anti-inflammatory treatment. A range of research, including basic illumination of inflammatory pathways, assessment of disease burden in large cohorts, tailored treatment trials, and epidemiologic, animal, and in vitro studies, is highlighted in this review. However, meaningful translation of this research to decrease the burden of disease and deliver a clear and cohesive message to guide daily clinical practice remains rudimentary. Ongoing efforts to better understand substantial differences in the concentration and type of PM to which the global community is exposed and then distill how that influences inflammation promises to have real-world benefit. This review addresses this complex topic in 3 sections, including ambient PM (typically associated with ground-level transportation), wildfire-induced PM, and PM from indoor biomass burning. Recognizing the overlap between these domains, we also describe differences and suggest future directions to better inform clinical practice and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chris Carlsten
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Department of Medicine and School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Sah D, Verma PK, Kumari KM, Lakhani A. Chemical fractionation of heavy metals in fine particulate matter and their health risk assessment through inhalation exposure pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:1445-1458. [PMID: 30539333 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Samples of PM2.5 were collected from an urban area close to a national highway in Agra, India and sequentially extracted into four different fractions: water soluble (F1), reducible (F2), oxidizable (F3) and residual fraction (F4) for chemical fractionation of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb). The metals were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy in each fraction. The average mass concentration of PM2.5 was 93 ± 24 μg m-3.The total concentrations of Cr, Pb, Ni, Co, As and Cd in fine particle were 192 ± 54, 128 ± 25, 108 ± 34, 36 ± 6, 35 ± 5 and 8 ± 2 ng m-3, respectively. Results indicated that Cd and Co had the most bioavailability indexes. Risk Assessment Code and contamination factors were calculated to assess the environmental risk. The present study evaluated the potential Pb hazard to young children using the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic Model. From the model, the probability density of PbB (blood lead level) revealed that at the prevailing atmospheric concentration, 0.302 children are expected to have PbB concentrations exceeding 10 μg dL-1 and an estimated IQ (intelligence quotient) loss of 1.8 points. The predicted blood Pb levels belong to Group 3 (PbB < 5 μg dL-1). Based on the bioavailable fractions, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks via inhalation exposure were assessed for infants, toddlers, children, males and females. The hazard index for potential toxic metals was 2.50, which was higher than the safe limit (1). However, the combined carcinogenic risk for infants, toddlers, children, males and females was marginally higher than the precautionary criterion (10-6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Sah
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, U.P., 282005, India
| | - Puneet Kumar Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, U.P., 282005, India
| | - K Maharaj Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, U.P., 282005, India
| | - Anita Lakhani
- Department of Chemistry, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, U.P., 282005, India.
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Combes A, Dekerle J, Dumont X, Twomey R, Bernard A, Daussin F, Bougault V. Continuous exercise induces airway epithelium damage while a matched-intensity and volume intermittent exercise does not. Respir Res 2019; 20:12. [PMID: 30654798 PMCID: PMC6337858 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-0978-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While continuous exercise (CE) induces greater ventilation ([Formula: see text]E) when compared to intermittent exercise (IE), little is known of the consequences on airway damage. Our aim was to investigate markers of epithelial cell damage - i.e. serum levels of CC16 and of the CC16/SP-D ratio - during and following a bout of CE and IE of matched work. METHODS Sixteen healthy young adults performed a 30-min continuous (CE) and a 60-min intermittent exercise (IE; 1-min work: 1-min rest) on separate occasions in a random order. Intensity was set at 70% of their maximum work rate (WRmax). Heart rate (HR) and [Formula: see text]E were measured throughout both tests. Blood samples were taken at rest, after the 10th min of the warm-up, at the end of both exercises, half way through IE (matched time but 50% work done for IE) as well as 30- and 60-min post-exercise. Lactate and CC16 and SP-D were determined. RESULTS Mean [Formula: see text]E was higher for CE compared to IE (85 ± 17 l.min- 1 vs 50 ± 8 l.min- 1, respectively; P < 0.001). Serum-based markers of epithelial cell damage remained unchanged during IE. Interaction of test × time was observed for SP-D (P = 0.02), CC16 (μg.l- 1) (P = 0.006) and CC16/SP-D ratio (P = 0.03). Maximum delta CC16/SP-D was significantly correlated with mean [Formula: see text]E sustained (r = 0.83, P < 0.001) during CE but not during IE. CONCLUSION The 30-min CE performed at 70% WRmax induced mild airway damage, while a time- or work-matched IE did not. The extent of the damage during CE was associated with the higher ventilation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Combes
- URePSSS, Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport, Santé, Société, Lille, France
| | - Jeanne Dekerle
- Fatigue and Exercise Laboratory, Centre for Sport Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Xavier Dumont
- Louvain Center of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rosie Twomey
- Fatigue and Exercise Laboratory, Centre for Sport Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Alfred Bernard
- Louvain Center of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Daussin
- URePSSS, Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport, Santé, Société, Lille, France
| | - Valérie Bougault
- URePSSS, Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport, Santé, Société, Lille, France. .,LAMHESS, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France. .,Eurasport, 413 Avenue Eugène Avinée, 59120, Loos, France.
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Yang M, Chu C, Bloom MS, Li S, Chen G, Heinrich J, Markevych I, Knibbs LD, Bowatte G, Dharmage SC, Komppula M, Leskinen A, Hirvonen MR, Roponen M, Jalava P, Wang SQ, Lin S, Zeng XW, Hu LW, Liu KK, Yang BY, Chen W, Guo Y, Dong GH. Is smaller worse? New insights about associations of PM 1 and respiratory health in children and adolescents. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:516-524. [PMID: 30153645 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Little is known about PM1 effects on respiratory health, relative to larger size fractions (PM2.5). To address this literature gap, we assessed associations between PM1 exposure and asthmatic symptoms in Chinese children and adolescents, compared with PM2.5. METHODS A total of 59,754 children, aged 2-17 years, were recruited from 94 kindergartens, elementary and middle schools in the Seven Northeast Cities (SNEC) study, during 2012-2013. We obtained information on asthma and asthma-related symptoms including wheeze, persistent phlegm, and persistent cough using a standardized questionnaire developed by the American Thoracic Society. PM1 and PM2.5 concentrations were estimated using a spatial statistical model matched to the children's geocoded home addresses. To examine the associations, mixed models with school/kindergarten as random intercept were used, controlling for covariates. RESULTS Odds ratios (ORs) of doctor-diagnosed asthma associated with a 10-μg/m3 increase for PM1 and PM2.5 were 1.56 (95% CI: 1.46-1.66) and 1.50 (1.41-1.59), respectively, and similar pattern were observed for other outcomes. Interaction analyses indicated that boys and the individuals with an allergic predisposition may be vulnerable subgroups. For example, among children with allergic predisposition, the ORs for doctor diagnosed asthma per 10 μg/m3 increase in PM1 was 1.71 (95% CI: 1.60-1.83), which was stronger than in their counterparts (1.46; 1.37-1.56) (pfor interaction < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that long-term exposure to PM1 may increase the risk of asthma and asthma-related symptoms, especially among boys and those with allergic predisposition. Furthermore, these positive associations for PM1 were very similar to those for PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chu Chu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Michael S Bloom
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Gongbo Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich 80336, Germany; Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Iana Markevych
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Luke D Knibbs
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Gayan Bowatte
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Shyamali C Dharmage
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Mika Komppula
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Ari Leskinen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio 70211, Finland; Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Maija-Riitta Hirvonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Marjut Roponen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Pasi Jalava
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Si-Quan Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shao Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Xiao-Wen Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Li-Wen Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Kang-Kang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bo-Yi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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25
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Seposo X, Kondo M, Ueda K, Honda Y, Michikawa T, Yamazaki S, Nitta H. Health impact assessment of PM 2.5-related mitigation scenarios using local risk coefficient estimates in 9 Japanese cities. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:525-534. [PMID: 30153646 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have highlighted the negative effects of PM2.5 on mortality, expressed in terms of attributable deaths and life years lost. However, there are very few studies assessing the health impacts of air pollution in terms of economic burden/benefits. This study assessed the health impact of two hypothetical interventions among sex- and age-specific risk populations using a robust risk estimation and economic valuation process. We utilized the sex- and age-stratified daily all-cause mortality together with the daily PM2.5 of the 9 Japanese cities from 2002 to 2008 in estimating the relative risks. The estimated risks were then utilized for the economic valuation of co-benefits/burden with respect to the two hypothetical PM2.5-related mitigation scenarios, in comparison to status quo, namely: i) decrease to Japanese standards, and ii) decrease to WHO standards. Impact of these interventions on health were assessed using the following HIA metrics: attributable mortality, attributable years life lost, and environmental health impact. A 10-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 would increase the risk by 0.52% (95% CI: -0.91% to 1.99%) for all-cause mortality, with varying risk estimates per subgroup. High economic burdens were estimated at status quo, with particularly distinct burden difference for age-specific mortality; 0.40 trillion yen (0-64 y.o.) and 1.50 trillion yen (>64 y.o.). If stricter standards, relative to status quo, were to be enforced, i.e. WHO standard, there is a potential to yield economic benefits in the same risk population; 0.26 trillion yen (0-64 y.o.) and 0.98 trillion yen (>64 y.o.). We did not observe any substantial difference with the burden and benefit related to sex-specific mortality. Using the estimated local risk coefficients complemented with the valuation of the risks, policymaking entities will have the opportunity to operate their own HIA to assess the relevant air pollution-related health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xerxes Seposo
- Environmental Health Division, Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Global Ecology, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Masahide Kondo
- Department of Health Care Policy and Health Economics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kayo Ueda
- Environmental Health Division, Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Global Ecology, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasushi Honda
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takehiro Michikawa
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shin Yamazaki
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nitta
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
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26
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Yang BY, Qian Z, Howard SW, Vaughn MG, Fan SJ, Liu KK, Dong GH. Global association between ambient air pollution and blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:576-588. [PMID: 29331891 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have investigated the association of ambient air pollution with hypertension and blood pressure (BP), the results were inconsistent. We performed a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of these studies. Seven international and Chinese databases were searched for studies examining the associations of particulate (diameter<2.5 μm (PM2.5), 2.5-10 μm (PM2.5-10) or >10 μm (PM10)) and gaseous (sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO)) air pollutants with hypertension or BP. Odds ratios (OR), regression coefficients (β) and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated to evaluate the strength of the associations. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and meta-regression analysis were also conducted. The overall meta-analysis showed significant associations of long-term exposures to PM2.5 with hypertension (OR = 1.05), and of PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 with DBP (β values: 0.47-0.86 mmHg). In addition, short-term exposures to four (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2), two (PM2.5 and SO2), and four air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, and NO2), were significantly associated with hypertension (ORs: 1.05-1.10), SBP (β values: 0.53-0.75 mmHg) and DBP (β values: 0.15-0.64 mmHg), respectively. Stratified analyses showed a generally stronger relationship among studies of men, Asians, North Americans, and areas with higher air pollutant levels. In conclusion, our study indicates a positive association between ambient air pollution and increased BP and hypertension. Geographical and socio-demographic factors may modify the pro-hypertensive effects of air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yi Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhengmin Qian
- Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis 63104, USA
| | - Steven W Howard
- Department of Health Management and Policy, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis 63104, USA
| | - Michael G Vaughn
- School of Social Work, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis 63104, USA
| | - Shu-Jun Fan
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Kang-Kang Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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27
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Sex differences in cough reflex. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 245:122-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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28
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Yang L, Wang WC, Lung SCC, Sun Z, Chen C, Chen JK, Zou Q, Lin YH, Lin CH. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are associated with increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during haze events in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 574:1649-1658. [PMID: 27614859 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although exposure to particulate matter with a diameter of <2.5μm (PM2.5) is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the major components of PM2.5 in COPD pathogenesis are controversial. Here we employed the human lung epithelial cell line BEAS-2B to elucidate the association between COPD and the organic and water-soluble components of PM2.5. We found that the PM2.5 organic extract was a potential major risk factor for pulmonary epithelial barrier dysfunction through the depletion of proteins from the zonula occludens. This extract induced severe oxidative stress that increased DNA damage and the production of proinflammatory cytokines by BEAS-2B cells as well as decreased α1-antitrypsin expression, suggesting a mechanism that increases the risk of COPD. These effects were mainly mediated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway. PAHs with high benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)-equivalent concentrations, but not major PAH components, have an increased risk of causing COPD, suggesting that BaP-equivalent concentrations represent a PM2.5-induced COPD risk metric, which may contribute to provide a rationale for the remediation of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wen-Cheng Wang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | | | - Zhelin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chongjun Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Jen-Kun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering & Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
| | - Qiang Zou
- Suzhou Environmental Monitor Center, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Yu-Hsin Lin
- Department of Food and Beverage Management, Taipei College of Maritime Technology, Taipei 11174, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin 63208, Taiwan.
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Liu R, Young MT, Chen JC, Kaufman JD, Chen H. Ambient Air Pollution Exposures and Risk of Parkinson Disease. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1759-1765. [PMID: 27285422 PMCID: PMC5089873 DOI: 10.1289/ehp135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few epidemiologic studies have evaluated the effects of air pollution on the risk of Parkinson disease (PD). OBJECTIVE We investigated the associations of long-term residential concentrations of ambient particulate matter (PM) < 10 μm in diameter (PM10) and < 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in relation to PD risk. METHODS Our nested case-control analysis included 1,556 self-reported physician-diagnosed PD cases identified between 1995 and 2006 and 3,313 controls frequency-matched on age, sex, and race. We geocoded home addresses reported in 1995-1996 and estimated the average ambient concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 using a national fine-scale geostatistical model incorporating roadway information and other geographic covariates. Air pollutant exposures were analyzed as both quintiles and continuous variables, adjusting for matching variables and potential confounders. RESULTS We observed no statistically significant overall association between PM or NO2 exposures and PD risk. However, in preplanned subgroup analyses, a higher risk of PD was associated with higher exposure to PM10 (ORQ5 vs. Q1 = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.11, 2.45; p-trend = 0.02) among women, and with higher exposure to PM2.5 (ORQ5 vs. Q1 = 1.29; 95% CI: 0.94, 1.76; p-trend = 0.04) among never smokers. In post hoc analyses among female never smokers, both PM2.5 (ORQ5 vs. Q1 = 1.79; 95% CI: 1.01, 3.17; p-trend = 0.05) and PM10 (ORQ5 vs. Q1 = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.29, 4.26; p-trend = 0.01) showed positive associations with PD risk. Analyses based on continuous exposure variables generally showed similar but nonsignificant associations. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we found limited evidence for an association between exposures to ambient PM10, PM2.5, or NO2 and PD risk. The suggestive evidence that exposures to PM2.5 and PM10 may increase PD risk among female never smokers warrants further investigation. Citation: Liu R, Young MT, Chen JC, Kaufman JD, Chen H. 2016. Ambient air pollution exposures and risk of Parkinson disease. Environ Health Perspect 124:1759-1765; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP135.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael T. Young
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jiu-Chiuan Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Address correspondence to H. Chen, Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., P.O. Box 12233, Mail drop A3–05, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA. Telephone: (919) 541-3782. E-mail:
| | - Joel D. Kaufman
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, and
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Honglei Chen
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to H. Chen, Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., P.O. Box 12233, Mail drop A3–05, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA. Telephone: (919) 541-3782. E-mail:
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Demoulin-Alexikova S, Plevkova J, Mazurova L, Zatko T, Alexik M, Hanacek J, Tatar M. Impact of Air Pollution on Age and Gender Related Increase in Cough Reflex Sensitivity of Healthy Children in Slovakia. Front Physiol 2016; 7:54. [PMID: 26941651 PMCID: PMC4763033 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies show higher cough reflex sensitivity (CRS) and cough outcomes in children compared to adults and in females compared to males. Despite close link that exists between cough and environment the potential influence of environmental air pollution on age- and gender -related differences in cough has not been studied yet. PURPOSE The purpose of our study was to analyse whether the effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) from parental smoking and PM10 from living in urban area are implied in age- and gender-related differences in cough outcomes of healthy, non-asthmatic children. Assessment of CRS using capsaicin and incidence of dry and wet cough was performed in 290 children (mean age 13.3 ± 2.6 years (138 females/152 males). RESULTS CRS was significantly higher in girls exposed to ETS [22.3 μmol/l (9.8-50.2 μmol/l)] compared to not exposed girls [79.9 μmol/l (56.4-112.2 μmol/l), p = 0.02] as well as compared to exposed boys [121.4 μmol/l (58.2-253.1 μmol/l), p = 0.01]. Incidence of dry cough lasting more than 3 weeks was significantly higher in exposed compared to not exposed girls. CRS was significantly higher in school-aged girls living in urban area [22.0 μmol/l (10.6-45.6 μmol/l)] compared to school-aged girls living in rural area [215.9 μmol/l (87.3-533.4 μmol/l); p = 0.003], as well as compared to teenage girls living in urban area [108.8 μmol/l (68.7-172.9 μmol/l); p = 0.007]. No CRS differences were found between urban and rural boys when controlled for age group. No CRS differences were found between school-aged and teenage boys when controlled for living area. CONCLUSIONS Our results have shown that the effect of ETS on CRS was gender specific, linked to female gender and the effect of PM10 on CRS was both gender and age specific, related to female gender and school-age. We suggest that age and gender related differences in incidence of cough and CRS might be, at least partially, ascribed to the effect of environmental pollutants. The role of age and gender in the effect of air pollution on cough strongly suggest some interplay of development with biological and behavioral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Demoulin-Alexikova
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in BratislavaBratislava, Slovakia; Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Pédiatriques, Hôpital d'Enfants, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de NancyVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; EA 3450 DevAH - Laboratoire de Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de LorraineVandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jana Plevkova
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Mazurova
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomas Zatko
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mikulas Alexik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty Hospital of Žilina Žilina, Slovakia
| | - Jan Hanacek
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Milos Tatar
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava Bratislava, Slovakia
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Mirowsky J, Gordon T. Noninvasive effects measurements for air pollution human studies: methods, analysis, and implications. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2015; 25:354-80. [PMID: 25605444 PMCID: PMC6659729 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2014.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure studies, compared with cell and animal models, are heavily relied upon to study the associations between health effects in humans and air pollutant inhalation. Human studies vary in exposure methodology, with some work conducted in controlled settings, whereas other studies are conducted in ambient environments. Human studies can also vary in the health metrics explored, as there exists a myriad of health effect end points commonly measured. In this review, we compiled mini reviews of the most commonly used noninvasive health effect end points that are suitable for panel studies of air pollution, broken into cardiovascular end points, respiratory end points, and biomarkers of effect from biological specimens. Pertinent information regarding each health end point and the suggested methods for mobile collection in the field are assessed. In addition, the clinical implications for each health end point are summarized, along with the factors identified that can modify each measurement. Finally, the important research findings regarding each health end point and air pollutant exposures were reviewed. It appeared that most of the adverse health effects end points explored were found to positively correlate with pollutant levels, although differences in study design, pollutants measured, and study population were found to influence the magnitude of these effects. Thus, this review is intended to act as a guide for researchers interested in conducting human exposure studies of air pollutants while in the field, although there can be a wider application for using these end points in many epidemiological study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Mirowsky
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA
| | - Terry Gordon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA
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Indoor and outdoor exposure to ultrafine, fine and microbiologically derived particulate matter related to cardiovascular and respiratory effects in a panel of elderly urban citizens. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:1667-86. [PMID: 25648225 PMCID: PMC4344687 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120201667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To explore associations of exposure to ambient and indoor air particulate and bio-aerosol pollutants with cardiovascular and respiratory disease markers, we utilized seven repeated measurements from 48 elderly subjects participating in a 4-week home air filtration study. Microvascular function (MVF), lung function, blood leukocyte counts, monocyte adhesion molecule expression, C-reactive protein, Clara cell protein (CC16) and surfactant protein-D (SPD) were examined in relation to exposure preceding each measurement. Exposure assessment included 48-h urban background monitoring of PM10, PM2.5 and particle number concentration (PNC), weekly measurements of PM2.5 in living- and bedroom, 24-h measurements of indoor PNC three times, and bio-aerosol components in settled dust on a 2-week basis. Statistically significant inverse associations included: MVF with outdoor PNC; granulocyte counts with PM2.5; CD31 expression with dust fungi; SPD with dust endotoxin. Significant positive associations included: MVF with dust bacteria; monocyte expression of CD11 with PM2.5 in the bedroom and dust bacteria and endotoxin, CD31 expression with dust serine protease; serum CC16 with dust NAGase. Multiple comparisons demand cautious interpretation of results, which suggest that outdoor PNC have adverse effects on MVF, and outdoor and indoor PM2.5 and bio-aerosols are associated with markers of inflammation and lung cell integrity.
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Karottki DG, Bekö G, Clausen G, Madsen AM, Andersen ZJ, Massling A, Ketzel M, Ellermann T, Lund R, Sigsgaard T, Møller P, Loft S. Cardiovascular and lung function in relation to outdoor and indoor exposure to fine and ultrafine particulate matter in middle-aged subjects. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 73:372-81. [PMID: 25233101 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between exposure to airborne indoor and outdoor particulate matter (PM) and cardiovascular and respiratory health in a population-based sample of 58 residences in Copenhagen, Denmark. Over a 2-day period indoor particle number concentrations (PNC, 10-300 nm) and PM2.5 (aerodynamic diameter<2.5 μm) were monitored for each of the residences in the living room, and outdoor PNC (10-280 nm), PM2.5 and PM10 (aerodynamic diameter<10 μm) were monitored at an urban background station in Copenhagen. In the morning, after the 2-day monitoring period, we measured microvascular function (MVF) and lung function and collected blood samples for biomarkers related to inflammation, in 78 middle-aged residents. Bacteria, endotoxin and fungi were analyzed in material from electrostatic dust fall collectors placed in the residences for 4 weeks. Data were analyzed using linear regression with the generalized estimating equation approach. Statistically significant associations were found between indoor PNC, dominated by indoor use of candles, and lower lung function, the prediabetic marker HbA1c and systemic inflammatory markers observed as changes in leukocyte differential count and expression of adhesion markers on monocytes, whereas C-reactive protein was significantly associated with indoor PM2.5. The presence of indoor endotoxin was associated with lower lung function and expression of adhesion markers on monocytes. An inverse association between outdoor PNC and MVF was also statistically significant. The study suggests that PNC in the outdoor environment may be associated with decreased MVF, while PNC, mainly driven by candle burning, and bioaerosols in the indoor environment may have a negative effect on lung function and markers of systemic inflammation and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorina Gabriela Karottki
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé 402, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Geo Clausen
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé 402, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne Mette Madsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Zorana Jovanovic Andersen
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Andreas Massling
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Matthias Ketzel
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Thomas Ellermann
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Rikke Lund
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark; Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Department of Public Health - Section of Environment, Occupation and Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Steffen Loft
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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Abstract
The health benefits of exercise are well known. Many of the most accessible forms of exercise, such as walking, cycling, and running often occur outdoors. This means that exercising outdoors may increase exposure to urban air pollution. Regular exercise plays a key role in improving some of the physiologic mechanisms and health outcomes that air pollution exposure may exacerbate. This problem presents an interesting challenge of balancing the beneficial effects of exercise along with the detrimental effects of air pollution upon health. This article summarizes the pulmonary, cardiovascular, cognitive, and systemic health effects of exposure to particulate matter, ozone, and carbon monoxide during exercise. It also summarizes how air pollution exposure affects maximal oxygen consumption and exercise performance. This article highlights ways in which exercisers could mitigate the adverse health effects of air pollution exposure during exercise and draws attention to the potential importance of land use planning in selecting exercise facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa V Giles
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, 210-6081 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada,
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Rezaee F, Georas SN. Breaking barriers. New insights into airway epithelial barrier function in health and disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:857-69. [PMID: 24467704 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0541rt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial permeability is a hallmark of mucosal inflammation, but the molecular mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. A key component of the epithelial barrier is the apical junctional complex that forms between neighboring cells. Apical junctional complexes are made of tight junctions and adherens junctions and link to the cellular cytoskeleton via numerous adaptor proteins. Although the existence of tight and adherens junctions between epithelial cells has long been recognized, in recent years there have been significant advances in our understanding of the molecular regulation of junctional complex assembly and disassembly. Here we review the current thinking about the structure and function of the apical junctional complex in airway epithelial cells, emphasizing the translational aspects of relevance to cystic fibrosis and asthma. Most work to date has been conducted using cell culture models, but technical advancements in imaging techniques suggest that we are on the verge of important new breakthroughs in this area in physiological models of airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Rezaee
- 1 Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and
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Karottki DG, Spilak M, Frederiksen M, Gunnarsen L, Brauner EV, Kolarik B, Andersen ZJ, Sigsgaard T, Barregard L, Strandberg B, Sallsten G, Møller P, Loft S. An indoor air filtration study in homes of elderly: cardiovascular and respiratory effects of exposure to particulate matter. Environ Health 2013; 12:116. [PMID: 24373585 PMCID: PMC3893545 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-12-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to particulate air pollution increases respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, especially in elderly, possibly through inflammation and vascular dysfunction. METHODS We examined potential beneficial effects of indoor air filtration in the homes of elderly, including people taking vasoactive drugs.Forty-eight nonsmoking subjects (51 to 81 years) in 27 homes were included in this randomized, double-blind, crossover intervention study with consecutive two-week periods with or without the inclusion of a high-efficiency particle air filter in re-circulating custom built units in their living room and bedroom. We measured blood pressure, microvascular and lung function and collected blood samples for hematological, inflammation, monocyte surface and lung cell damage markers before and at day 2, 7 and 14 during each exposure scenario. RESULTS The particle filters reduced the median concentration of PM2.5 from approximately 8 to 4 μg/m3 and the particle number concentration from 7669 to 5352 particles/cm3. No statistically significant effects of filtration as category were observed on microvascular and lung function or the biomarkers of systemic inflammation among all subjects, or in the subgroups taking (n = 11) or not taking vasoactive drugs (n = 37). However, the filtration efficacy was variable and microvascular function was within 2 days significantly increased with the actual PM2.5 decrease in the bedroom, especially among 25 subjects not taking any drugs. CONCLUSION Substantial exposure contrasts in the bedroom and no confounding by drugs appear required for improved microvascular function by air filtration, whereas no other beneficial effect was found in this elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorina Gabriela Karottki
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Farimagsgade 5A K, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michal Spilak
- Danish Building Research Institute, Department of Construction and Health, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Frederiksen
- Danish Building Research Institute, Department of Construction and Health, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Gunnarsen
- Danish Building Research Institute, Department of Construction and Health, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elvira Vaclavik Brauner
- Danish Building Research Institute, Department of Construction and Health, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Barbara Kolarik
- Danish Building Research Institute, Department of Construction and Health, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zorana Jovanovic Andersen
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Farimagsgade 5A K, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Barregard
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bo Strandberg
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gerd Sallsten
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Møller
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Farimagsgade 5A K, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Loft
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Farimagsgade 5A K, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hazucha MJ, Bromberg PA, Lay JC, Bennett W, Zeman K, Alexis NE, Kehrl H, Rappold AG, Cascio WE, Devlin RB. Pulmonary responses in current smokers and ex-smokers following a two hour exposure at rest to clean air and fine ambient air particles. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013; 10:58. [PMID: 24245863 PMCID: PMC3842765 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased susceptibility of smokers to ambient PM may potentially promote development of COPD and accelerate already present disease. Objectives To characterize the acute and subacute lung function response and inflammatory effects of controlled chamber exposure to concentrated ambient fine particles (CAFP) with MMAD ≤ 2.5 microns in ex-smokers and lifetime smokers. Methods Eleven subjects, aged 35–74 years, came to the laboratory 5 times; a training day and two exposure days separated by at least 3 weeks, each with a post-exposure visit 22 h later. Double-blind and counterbalanced exposures to “clean air” (mean 1.5 ± 0.6 μg/m3) or CAFP (mean 108.7 ± 24.8 μg/m3 ) lasted 2 h with subjects at rest. Results At 3 h post-exposure subjects’ DTPA clearance half-time significantly increased by 6.3 min per 100 μg/m3 of CAFP relative to “clean air”. At 22 h post-exposure they showed significant reduction of 4.3% per 100 μg/m3 in FEV1 and a significant DLCO decrease by 11.1% per 100 μg/m3 of CAFP relative to “clean air”. At both 3 h and 22 h the HDL cholesterol level significantly decreased by 4.5% and 4.1%, respectively. Other blood chemistries and markers of lung injury, inflammation and procoagulant activity were within the normal range of values at any condition. Conclusions The results suggest that an acute 2 h resting exposure of smokers and ex-smokers to fine ambient particulate matter may transiently affect pulmonary function (spirometry and DLCO) and increase DTPA clearance half-time. Except for a post exposure decrease in HDL no other markers of pulmonary inflammation, prothrombotic activity and lung injury were significantly affected under the conditions of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan J Hazucha
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, CB#7310, 104 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7310, USA.
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Wichmann J, Folke F, Torp-Pedersen C, Lippert F, Ketzel M, Ellermann T, Loft S. Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests and outdoor air pollution exposure in Copenhagen, Denmark. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53684. [PMID: 23341975 PMCID: PMC3544842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death globally and air pollution can be a contributing cause. Acute myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest are frequent manifestations of coronary heart disease. The objectives of the study were to investigate the association between 4 657 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) and hourly and daily outdoor levels of PM10, PM2.5, coarse fraction of PM (PM10-2.5), ultrafine particle proxies, NOx, NO2, O3 and CO in Copenhagen, Denmark, for the period 2000–2010. Susceptible groups by age and sex was also investigated. A case-crossover design was applied. None of the hourly lags of any of the pollutants were significantly associated with OHCA events. The strongest association with OHCA events was observed for the daily lag4 of PM2.5, lag3 of PM10, lag3 of PM10-2.5, lag3 of NOx and lag4 of CO. An IQR increase of PM2.5 and PM10 was associated with a significant increase of 4% (95% CI: 0%; 9%) and 5% (95% CI: 1%; 9%) in OHCA events with 3 days lag, respectively. None of the other daily lags or other pollutants was significantly associated with OHCA events. Adjustment for O3 slightly increased the association between OHCA and PM2.5 and PM10. No susceptible groups were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Wichmann
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Stockfelt L, Sallsten G, Olin AC, Almerud P, Samuelsson L, Johannesson S, Molnar P, Strandberg B, Almstrand AC, Bergemalm-Rynell K, Barregard L. Effects on airways of short-term exposure to two kinds of wood smoke in a chamber study of healthy humans. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:47-59. [PMID: 22220980 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2011.633281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Air pollution causes respiratory symptoms and pulmonary disease. Airway inflammation may be involved in the mechanism also for cardiovascular disease. Wood smoke is a significant contributor to air pollution, with complex and varying composition. We examined airway effects of two kinds of wood smoke in a chamber study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirteen subjects were exposed to filtered air and to wood smoke from the start-up phase and the burn-out phase of the wood-burning cycle. Levels of PM(2.5) were 295 µg/m(3) and 146 µg/m(3), number concentrations 140 000/cm(3) and 100 000/cm(3). Biomarkers in blood, breath and urine were measured before and on several occasions after exposure. Effects of wood smoke exposure were assessed adjusting for results with filtered air. RESULTS After exposure to wood smoke from the start-up, but not the burn-out session, Clara cell protein 16 (CC16) increased in serum after 4 hours, and in urine the next morning. CC16 showed a clear diurnal variation. Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) increased after wood smoke exposure from the burn-out phase, but partly due to a decrease after exposure to filtered air. No other airway markers increased. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that relatively low levels of wood smoke exposure induce effects on airways. Effects on airway epithelial permeability was shown for the start-up phase of wood burning, while FENO increased after the burn-out session. CC16 seems to be a sensitive marker of effects of air pollution both in serum and urine, but its function and the significance need to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Stockfelt
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Conway J. Lung imaging - two dimensional gamma scintigraphy, SPECT, CT and PET. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:357-68. [PMID: 22310158 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review will cover the principles of imaging the deposition of inhaled drugs and some of the state-of-the art imaging techniques being used today. Aerosol deposition can be imaged and quantified by the addition of a radiolabel to the aerosol formulation. The subsequent imaging of the inhaled deposition pattern can be acquired by different imaging techniques. Specifically, this review will focus on the use of two-dimensional planar, gamma scintigraphy, SPECT, CT and PET. This review will look at how these imaging techniques are used to investigate the mechanisms of drug delivery in the lung and how the lung anatomy and physiology have the potential to alter therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Conway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, UK.
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Zuurbier M, Hoek G, Oldenwening M, Meliefste K, Krop E, van den Hazel P, Brunekreef B. In-traffic air pollution exposure and CC16, blood coagulation, and inflammation markers in healthy adults. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:1384-9. [PMID: 21665568 PMCID: PMC3230432 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1003151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to traffic-related air pollution is a risk factor for cardiovascular events, probably involving mechanisms of inflammation and coagulation. Little is known about effects of the short exposures encountered while participating in traffic. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to examine effects of exposure of commuters to air pollution on cardiovascular biomarkers. METHODS Thirty-four healthy adult volunteers commuted for 2 hr by bus, car, or bicycle during the morning rush hour. During the commute, exposure to particle number, particulate matter (PM) ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), PM ≤ 10 µm in diameter (PM10), and soot was measured. We estimated inhaled doses based on heart rate monitoring. Shortly before exposure and 6 hr after exposure, blood samples were taken and analyzed for CC16 (Clara cell protein 16), blood cell count, coagulation markers, and inflammation markers. Between June 2007 and June 2008, 352 pre- and postexposure blood samples were collected on 47 test days. We used mixed models to analyze the associations between exposure and changes in health parameters. RESULTS We observed no consistent associations between the air pollution exposures and doses and the various biomarkers that we investigated. CONCLUSIONS Air pollution exposure during commuting was not consistently associated with acute changes in inflammation markers, blood cell counts, or blood coagulation markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moniek Zuurbier
- Public Health Services Gelderland Midden, Arnhem, the Netherlands.
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Clougherty JE. A growing role for gender analysis in air pollution epidemiology. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2011; 16:2221-38. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232011000400021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies of air pollution effects on respiratory health report significant modification by sex, although results are not uniform. Importantly, it remains unclear whether modifications are attributable to socially derived gendered exposures, to sex-linked physiological differences, or to some interplay thereof. Gender analysis, which aims to disaggregate social from biological differences between males and females, may help to elucidate these possible sources of effect modification. Studies of children suggest stronger effects among boys in early life and among girls in later childhood. The qualitative review describes possible sources of difference in air pollution response between women and men, which may vary by life stage, coexposures, hormonal status, or other factors. The sources of observed effect modifications remain unclear, although gender analytic approaches may help to disentangle gender and sex differences in pollution response. A framework for incorporating gender analysis into environmental epidemiology is offered, along with several potentially useful methods from gender analysis.
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Møller P, Mikkelsen L, Vesterdal LK, Folkmann JK, Forchhammer L, Roursgaard M, Danielsen PH, Loft S. Hazard identification of particulate matter on vasomotor dysfunction and progression of atherosclerosis. Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 41:339-68. [PMID: 21345153 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2010.533152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The development and use of nanoparticles have alerted toxicologists and regulators to issues of safety testing. By analogy with ambient air particles, it can be expected that small doses are associated with a small increase in risk of cardiovascular diseases, possibly through oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways. We have assessed the effect of exposure to particulate matter on progression of atherosclerosis and vasomotor function in humans, animals, and ex vivo experimental systems. The type of particles that have been tested in these systems encompass TiO(2), carbon black, fullerene C(60), single-walled carbon nanotubes, ambient air particles, and diesel exhaust particles. Exposure to ambient air particles is associated with accelerated progression of atherosclerosis and vasomotor dysfunction in both healthy and susceptible animal models and humans at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. The vasomotor dysfunction includes increased vasoconstriction as well as reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilatation; endothelium-independent vasodilatation is often unaffected indicating mainly endothelial dysfunction. Pulmonary exposure to TiO(2), carbon black, and engineered nanoparticles generate vasomotor dysfunction; the effect size is similar to that generated by combustion-derived particles, although the effect could depend on the exposure period and the administered dose, route, and mode. The relative risk associated with exposure to nanoparticles may be small compared to some traditional risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, but superimposed on these and possible exposure to large parts of the population it is a significant public health concern. Overall, assessment of vasomotor dysfunction and progression of atherosclerosis are promising tools for understanding the effects of particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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Impact of heat and pollution on oxidative stress and CC16 secretion after 8 km run. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111:2089-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1839-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Clougherty JE. A growing role for gender analysis in air pollution epidemiology. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:167-76. [PMID: 20123621 PMCID: PMC2831913 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0900994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiologic studies of air pollution effects on respiratory health report significant modification by sex, although results are not uniform. Importantly, it remains unclear whether modifications are attributable to socially derived gendered exposures, to sex-linked physiological differences, or to some interplay thereof. Gender analysis, which aims to disaggregate social from biological differences between males and females, may help to elucidate these possible sources of effect modification. DATA SOURCES AND DATA EXTRACTION A PubMed literature search was performed in July 2009, using the terms "respiratory" and any of "sex" or "gender" or "men and women" or "boys and girls" and either "PM2.5" (particulate matter <or= 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter) or "NO2" (nitrogen dioxide). I reviewed the identified studies, and others cited therein, to summarize current evidence of effect modification, with attention to authors' interpretation of observed differences. Owing to broad differences in exposure mixes, outcomes, and analytic techniques, with few studies examining any given combination thereof, meta-analysis was not deemed appropriate at this time. DATA SYNTHESIS More studies of adults report stronger effects among women, particularly for older persons or where using residential exposure assessment. Studies of children suggest stronger effects among boys in early life and among girls in later childhood. CONCLUSIONS The qualitative review describes possible sources of difference in air pollution response between women and men, which may vary by life stage, coexposures, hormonal status, or other factors. The sources of observed effect modifications remain unclear, although gender analytic approaches may help to disentangle gender and sex differences in pollution response. A framework for incorporating gender analysis into environmental epidemiology is offered, along with several potentially useful methods from gender analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Clougherty
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Bräuner EV, Møller P, Barregard L, Dragsted LO, Glasius M, Wåhlin P, Vinzents P, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Loft S. Exposure to ambient concentrations of particulate air pollution does not influence vascular function or inflammatory pathways in young healthy individuals. Part Fibre Toxicol 2008; 5:13. [PMID: 18837984 PMCID: PMC2579917 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-5-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Particulate air pollution is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events although the involved mechanisms are poorly understood. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of controlled exposure to ambient air fine and ultrafine particles on microvascular function and biomarkers related to inflammation, haemostasis and lipid and protein oxidation. METHODS Twenty-nine subjects participated in a randomized, two-factor crossover study with or without biking exercise for 180 minutes and with 24 hour exposure to particle rich (number concentrations, NC: 11600 +/- 5600 per cm3, mass concentrations: 13.8 +/- 7.4 mug/m3 and 10.5 +/- 4.8 mug/m3 for PM10-2.5 and PM2.5, respectively) or particle filtered (NC: 555 +/- 1053 per cm3) air collected above a busy street. Microvascular function was assessed non-invasively by measuring digital peripheral artery tone following arm ischemia. Biomarkers included haemoglobin, red blood cells, platelet count, coagulation factors, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha, lag time to copper-induced oxidation of plasma lipids and protein oxidation measured as 2-aminoadipic semialdehyde in plasma. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were observed on microvascular function or the biomarkers after exposure to particle rich or particle filtered air. CONCLUSION This study indicates that exposure to air pollution particles at outdoor concentrations is not associated with detectable systemic inflammation, lipid or protein oxidation, altered haemostasis or microvascular function in young healthy participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira V Bräuner
- Institute of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Health Science Faculty, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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