1
|
Hellgren F, Cagigi A, Arcoverde Cerveira R, Ols S, Kern T, Lin A, Eriksson B, Dodds MG, Jasny E, Schwendt K, Freuling C, Müller T, Corcoran M, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Petsch B, Loré K. Unmodified rabies mRNA vaccine elicits high cross-neutralizing antibody titers and diverse B cell memory responses. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3713. [PMID: 37349310 PMCID: PMC10287699 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39421-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Licensed rabies virus vaccines based on whole inactivated virus are effective in humans. However, there is a lack of detailed investigations of the elicited immune response, and whether responses can be improved using novel vaccine platforms. Here we show that two doses of a lipid nanoparticle-formulated unmodified mRNA vaccine encoding the rabies virus glycoprotein (RABV-G) induces higher levels of RABV-G specific plasmablasts and T cells in blood, and plasma cells in the bone marrow compared to two doses of Rabipur in non-human primates. The mRNA vaccine also generates higher RABV-G binding and neutralizing antibody titers than Rabipur, while the degree of somatic hypermutation and clonal diversity of the response are similar for the two vaccines. The higher overall antibody titers induced by the mRNA vaccine translates into improved cross-neutralization of related lyssavirus strains, suggesting that this platform has potential for the development of a broadly protective vaccine against these viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrika Hellgren
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Cagigi
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
- Nykode Therapeutics, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rodrigo Arcoverde Cerveira
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Theresa Kern
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ang Lin
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bengt Eriksson
- Astrid Fagraeus Laboratory, Comparative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Conrad Freuling
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute for Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology and Tumor Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Karin Loré
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fan L, Zhang L, Li J, Zhu F. Advances in the progress of monoclonal antibodies for rabies. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2026713. [PMID: 35172707 PMCID: PMC8993100 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2026713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a highly fatal zoonotic disease caused by the rabies virus invading the central nervous system. When suspected of exposure to the rabies virus, post-exposure prophylaxis should be administered as soon as possible. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) neutralizing the rabies virus could be better in human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis than equine or human rabies immune globulin in terms of supply, cost, and efficacy. This article reviews anti-rabies mAbs produced by multiple techniques, and the results of clinical trials for anti-rabies mAbs cocktails recognizing non-overlapping epitopes are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Fan
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- Vaccine Clinical Evaluation Department, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jingxin Li
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.,Vaccine Clinical Evaluation Department, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, PR China.,Institute of Global Public Health and Emergency Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China.,Institute of Global Public Health and Emergency Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
de Melo GD, Hellert J, Gupta R, Corti D, Bourhy H. Monoclonal antibodies against rabies: current uses in prophylaxis and in therapy. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 53:101204. [PMID: 35151116 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a severe viral infection that causes an acute encephalomyelitis, which presents a case fatality of nearly 100% after the manifestation of neurological clinical signs. Rabies can be efficiently prevented with post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), composed of vaccines and anti-rabies immunoglobulins (RIGs); however, no treatment exists for symptomatic rabies. The PEP protocol faces access and implementation obstacles in resource-limited settings, which could be partially overcome by substituting RIGs for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). mAbs offer lower production costs, consistent supply availability, long-term storage/stability, and an improved safety profile. Here we summarize the key features of the different available mAbs against rabies, focusing on their application in PEP and highlighting their potential in a novel therapeutic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Dias de Melo
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Jan Hellert
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie (HPI), Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg, 22607, Germany
| | | | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Paris, F-75015, France; Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, National Reference Center for Rabies, Paris, F-75015, France; Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, F-75015, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Efficacy of ormutivimab, a novel recombinant human anti-rabies monoclonal antibody, in post-exposure prophylaxis animal models. Travel Med Infect Dis 2022; 46:102267. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
5
|
Huang F, Ren M, Pei J, Mei H, Sui B, Wu Q, Chai B, Yang R, Zhou M, Fu ZF, Zhou H, Zhao L. Preexposure and Postexposure Prophylaxis of Rabies With Adeno-Associated Virus Expressing Virus-Neutralizing Antibody in Rodent Models. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:702273. [PMID: 34489891 PMCID: PMC8417364 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.702273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies, a fatal disease in humans and other mammals, is caused by the rabies virus (RABV), and it poses a public health threat in many parts of the world. Once symptoms of rabies appear, the mortality is near 100%. There is currently no effective treatment for rabies. In our study, two human-derived RABV-neutralizing antibodies (RVNA), CR57 and CR4098, were cloned into adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, and recombinant AAVs expressing RVNA were evaluated for postexposure prophylaxis after intrathecal injection into RABV-infected rats. At 4days post-infection with a lethal dose of RABV, 60% of the rats that received an intrathecal injection of AAV-CR57 survived, while 100% of the rats inoculated with AAV-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) succumbed to rabies. Overall, these results demonstrate that AAV-encoding RVNA can be utilized as a potential human rabies postexposure prophylaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meishen Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Baokun Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Benjie Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruicheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiping Zhou
- School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Roth KDR, Wenzel EV, Ruschig M, Steinke S, Langreder N, Heine PA, Schneider KT, Ballmann R, Fühner V, Kuhn P, Schirrmann T, Frenzel A, Dübel S, Schubert M, Moreira GMSG, Bertoglio F, Russo G, Hust M. Developing Recombinant Antibodies by Phage Display Against Infectious Diseases and Toxins for Diagnostics and Therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:697876. [PMID: 34307196 PMCID: PMC8294040 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.697876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are essential molecules for diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by pathogens and their toxins. Antibodies were integrated in our medical repertoire against infectious diseases more than hundred years ago by using animal sera to treat tetanus and diphtheria. In these days, most developed therapeutic antibodies target cancer or autoimmune diseases. The COVID-19 pandemic was a reminder about the importance of antibodies for therapy against infectious diseases. While monoclonal antibodies could be generated by hybridoma technology since the 70ies of the former century, nowadays antibody phage display, among other display technologies, is robustly established to discover new human monoclonal antibodies. Phage display is an in vitro technology which confers the potential for generating antibodies from universal libraries against any conceivable molecule of sufficient size and omits the limitations of the immune systems. If convalescent patients or immunized/infected animals are available, it is possible to construct immune phage display libraries to select in vivo affinity-matured antibodies. A further advantage is the availability of the DNA sequence encoding the phage displayed antibody fragment, which is packaged in the phage particles. Therefore, the selected antibody fragments can be rapidly further engineered in any needed antibody format according to the requirements of the final application. In this review, we present an overview of phage display derived recombinant antibodies against bacterial, viral and eukaryotic pathogens, as well as microbial toxins, intended for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Daniel Ralph Roth
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Esther Veronika Wenzel
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Abcalis GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Ruschig
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Steinke
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nora Langreder
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Philip Alexander Heine
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kai-Thomas Schneider
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rico Ballmann
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Viola Fühner
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Stefan Dübel
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Abcalis GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany.,YUMAB GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maren Schubert
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Federico Bertoglio
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Giulio Russo
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Abcalis GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,YUMAB GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gogtay NJ, Munshi R, Ashwath Narayana DH, Mahendra BJ, Kshirsagar V, Gunale B, Moore S, Cheslock P, Thaker S, Deshpande S, Karande S, Kumbhar D, Ravish HS, Harish BR, Pisal SS, Dhere R, Parulekar V, Blackwelder WC, Molrine DC, Kulkarni PS. Comparison of a Novel Human Rabies Monoclonal Antibody to Human Rabies Immunoglobulin for Postexposure Prophylaxis: A Phase 2/3, Randomized, Single-Blind, Noninferiority, Controlled Study. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 66:387-395. [PMID: 29020321 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lack of access to rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) contributes to high rabies mortality. A recombinant human monoclonal antibody (SII RMAb) was tested in a postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimen in comparison with a human RIG (HRIG)-containing PEP regimen. Methods This was a phase 2/3, randomized, single-blind, noninferiority study conducted in 200 participants with World Health Organization category III suspected rabies exposures. Participants received either SII RMAb or HRIG (1:1 ratio) in wounds and, if required, intramuscularly on day 0, along with 5 doses of rabies vaccine intramuscualarly on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28. The primary endpoint was the ratio of the day 14 geometric mean concentration (GMC) of rabies virus neutralizing activity (RVNA) as measured by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test for SII RMAb recipients relative to HRIG recipients. Results One hundred ninety-nine participants received SII RMAb (n = 101) or HRIG (n = 98) and at least 1 dose of vaccine. The day 14 GMC ratio of RVNA for the SII RMAb group relative to the HRIG group was 4.23 (96.9018% confidence interval [CI], 2.59-6.94) with a GMC of of 24.90 IU/mL (95% CI, 18.94-32.74) for SII RMAb recipients and 5.88 IU/mL (95% CI, 4.11-8.41) for HRIG recipients. The majority of local injection site and systemic adverse reactions reported from both groups were mild to moderate in severity. Conclusions A PEP regimen containing SII RMAb was safe and demonstrated noninferiority to HRIG PEP in RVNA production. The novel monoclonal potentially offers a safe and potent alternative for the passive component of PEP and could significantly improve the management of bites from suspected rabid animals. Clincical Trials Registration CTRI/2012/05/002709.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nithya J Gogtay
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, KEM Hospital and Seth G. S. Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra
| | - Renuka Munshi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, BYL Nair Charitable Hospital and Topiwala National Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra
| | - D H Ashwath Narayana
- Department of Community Medicine, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bengaluru
| | - B J Mahendra
- Department of Community Medicine, Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences, Karnataka
| | - Vikas Kshirsagar
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine (Community Medicine), B. J. Government Medical College and Sassoon General Hospitals
| | - Bhagwat Gunale
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Susan Moore
- Rabies Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan
| | - Peter Cheslock
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston
| | - Saket Thaker
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, KEM Hospital and Seth G. S. Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra
| | - Siddharth Deshpande
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, KEM Hospital and Seth G. S. Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra
| | - Sunil Karande
- Department of Pediatrics, KEM Hospital and Seth G. S. Medical College
| | - Dipti Kumbhar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, BYL Nair Charitable Hospital and Topiwala National Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra
| | - H S Ravish
- Department of Community Medicine, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bengaluru
| | - B R Harish
- Department of Community Medicine, Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences, Karnataka
| | | | - Rajeev Dhere
- Serum Institute of India Pvt Ltd, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Smith SP, Wu G, Fooks AR, Ma J, Banyard AC. Trying to treat the untreatable: experimental approaches to clear rabies virus infection from the CNS. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1171-1186. [PMID: 31237530 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus causes an invariably fatal encephalitis following the onset of clinical disease. Despite the availability of safe and effective vaccines, the clinical stages of rabies encephalitis remain untreatable, with few survivors being documented. A principal obstacle to the treatment of rabies is the neurotropic nature of the virus, with the blood-brain barrier size exclusion limit rendering the delivery of antiviral drugs and molecules to the central nervous system inherently problematic. This review focuses on efforts to try and overcome barriers to molecule delivery to treat clinical rabies and overviews current progress in the development of experimental live rabies virus vaccines that may have future applications in the treatment of clinical rabies, including the attenuation of rabies virus vectors through either the duplication or mutation of existing genes or the incorporation of non-viral elements within the genome. Rabies post-infection treatment (PIT) remains the holy grail of rabies research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P Smith
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK
| | - Guanghui Wu
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Anthony R Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.,Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK.,Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Julian Ma
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of West Sussex, Falmer, West Sussex, UK.,Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Status of antiviral therapeutics against rabies virus and related emerging lyssaviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 35:1-13. [PMID: 30753961 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) constitutes a major social and economic burden associated with 60 000 deaths annually worldwide. Although pre-exposure and post-exposure treatment options are available, they are efficacious only when initiated before the onset of clinical symptoms. Aggravating the problem, the current RABV vaccine does not cross-protect against the emerging zoonotic phylogroup II lyssaviruses. A requirement for an uninterrupted cold chain and high cost of the immunoglobulin component of rabies prophylaxis generate an unmet need for the development of RABV-specific antivirals. We discuss desirable anti-RABV drug profiles, past efforts to address the problem and inhibitor candidates identified, and examine how the rapidly expanding structural insight into RABV protein organization has illuminated novel druggable target candidates and paved the way to structure-aided drug optimization. Special emphasis is given to the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complex as a promising target for direct-acting broad-spectrum RABV inhibitors.
Collapse
|
10
|
Schlake T, Thess A, Thran M, Jordan I. mRNA as novel technology for passive immunotherapy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:301-328. [PMID: 30334070 PMCID: PMC6339677 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2935-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While active immunization elicits a lasting immune response by the body, passive immunotherapy transiently equips the body with exogenously generated immunological effectors in the form of either target-specific antibodies or lymphocytes functionalized with target-specific receptors. In either case, administration or expression of recombinant proteins plays a fundamental role. mRNA prepared by in vitro transcription (IVT) is increasingly appreciated as a drug substance for delivery of recombinant proteins. With its biological role as transient carrier of genetic information translated into protein in the cytoplasm, therapeutic application of mRNA combines several advantages. For example, compared to transfected DNA, mRNA harbors inherent safety features. It is not associated with the risk of inducing genomic changes and potential adverse effects are only temporary due to its transient nature. Compared to the administration of recombinant proteins produced in bioreactors, mRNA allows supplying proteins that are difficult to manufacture and offers extended pharmacokinetics for short-lived proteins. Based on great progress in understanding and manipulating mRNA properties, efficacy data in various models have now demonstrated that IVT mRNA constitutes a potent and flexible platform technology. Starting with an introduction into passive immunotherapy, this review summarizes the current status of IVT mRNA technology and its application to such immunological interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schlake
- CureVac AG, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Thess
- CureVac AG, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Moritz Thran
- CureVac AG, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ingo Jordan
- CureVac AG, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yu PC, Tao XY, Wang LH, Tang Q, Fan LY, Zhang SX, Liu SQ, Lu XX, Wu GZ, Zhu WY. Establishment of a Chinese street rabies virus library and its application for detecting neutralizing activity. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:117. [PMID: 30514379 PMCID: PMC6280407 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The injection of rabies immune globulin (RIG) is of the utmost importance in the management of category III exposures to rabies-suspect animals. Because of the high cost and limited availability of existing RIG, one possible replacement for RIG is monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the rabies virus (RABV). Consequently, it is necessary to determine the neutralizing activity of the MAbs against rabies viruses, especially street rabies virus. However, the method to detect the neutralizing activity of MAbs against street rabies virus remains undefined. Methods To establish a method for detecting the neutralizing activity of MAbs against street rabies virus, we constructed a library consisting of 12 strains of street RABV from 11 provinces in China. Using this street RABV library and the Reed–Muench formula, we established a method for detecting the neutralizing titer of the MAbs. The reliability and repeatability of the method were evaluated by repeatedly measuring the neutralizing activity of a MAb and a post vaccination serum. Results A total of 12 strains of street RABV were chosen for inclusion in the street RABV library, which covered six Chinese lineages (China I–China VI) and grew to high titers in N2A cells (> 105 FFD50/ml). On the basis of the library, we constructed the method to detect the neutralizing activity of the MAbs. The results of repeatedly measuring the MAbs and positive serum showed excellent reliability and repeatability of the method established in this study. Conclusions This study established a street RABV library reflecting the epidemiological features of Chinese rabies viruses, which provides a platform for detecting the neutralizing activity of MAbs against rabies viruses circulating in China. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-018-0500-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Li-Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qing Tang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Li-Yun Fan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shu-Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shu-Qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xue-Xin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Gui-Zhen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Wu-Yang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Ministry of Health, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sparrow E, Torvaldsen S, Newall AT, Wood JG, Sheikh M, Kieny MP, Abela-Ridder B. Recent advances in the development of monoclonal antibodies for rabies post exposure prophylaxis: A review of the current status of the clinical development pipeline. Vaccine 2018; 37 Suppl 1:A132-A139. [PMID: 30503659 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite successful control in many parts of the world, rabies virus continues to result in tens of thousands of deaths each year. Death from rabies can be prevented by timely and appropriate post exposure prophylaxis including wound cleaning and administration of vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin. Currently, rabies immunoglobulin is derived from the blood plasma of horses or humans and has several limitations relating to supply, cost and quality. Monoclonal antibodies produced through recombinant DNA technologies could potentially overcome these limitations. The first anti-rabies monoclonal antibody has recently gained regulatory approval in India and there are several other candidates being evaluated in clinical trials. Given the advances in the field, rabies monoclonal antibodies have been recently considered by the World Health Organization's Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization and included in updated WHO immunization policy recommendations for rabies published in April 2018. This article reviews the current landscape of the clinical trial development of anti-rabies monoclonal antibodies and the historical clinical trial pathways followed for blood-derived rabies immunoglobulin before discussing challenges in the clinical evaluation, regulatory approval, uptake and monitoring of these products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin Sparrow
- The World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Siranda Torvaldsen
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia; Clinical and Population Perinatal Health Research, The University of Sydney Northern Clinical School, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony T Newall
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James G Wood
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mohamud Sheikh
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marie Paule Kieny
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xi H, Meng X, Gu T, Li Z, Cheng Y, Sun Q, Zhang K, Kong W, Wu Y. Comparison of rabies virus protection by single chain and leucine zipper Fv fragments cocktail derived from a monoclonal antibody cocktail. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:197-202. [PMID: 30007229 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are a unique and attractive class of biologics and are potential substitutes for post-exposure rabies prophylaxis. The safety, tolerance, and broad neutralization efficiency of a MAb cocktail called CL184, composed of the antibodies CR4098 and CR57, was confirmed in a phase I clinical trial. We have prepared a series of single-chain Fv fragments (scFvs) and leucine zipper Fv fragments (zipFvs) from CR57 and CR4098. In this study, we selected and formed scFv and zipFv cocktails and compared their protective effects against the rabies virus. Mice and hamster challenge models demonstrated the improved protection of the zipFv cocktail compared with scFv cocktail, because of its stronger affinity. The results indicate that zipFv production is a promising novel method for the genetic engineering of antibody fragments and improving affinity through systematic screening may be important when designing small molecule antibodies against RV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Xi
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Tiejun Gu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhuang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qing Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yongge Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shafaghi M, Maktoobian S, Rasouli R, Howaizi N, Ofoghi H, Ehsani P. Transient Expression of Biologically Active Anti-rabies Virus Monoclonal Antibody in Tobacco Leaves. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 16:e1774. [PMID: 30555840 PMCID: PMC6217261 DOI: 10.21859/ijb.1774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Rabies virus is a neurotropic virus that causes fatal, but, a preventable disease in mammals. Administration of rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) is essential for the post-exposure of the prophylaxis to prevent the disease. However, replacement of polyclonal RIGs with alternative monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that are capable of neutralizing rabies virus has been recommended. Objectives Here, we have investigated the transient expression of the full-size human MAb against rabies virus glycoprotein; the MAb SO57 in the tobacco plants using vacuum agro-infiltration. Previously, stably transformed plants expressing the MAb have been reported. Materials and Methods In this study three vectors carrying the codon-optimized genes for the heavy or light chain and p19 silencing-suppressor were constructed. These vectors were co-infiltrated into Nicotiana tabacum leaves and the transgenes were expressed. Results Dot blot, Western blotting, ELISA, and in vitro neutralization assays of the plant extracts showed that the human MAb could assemble in tobacco leaves and was able to neutralize rabies virus. Conclusions This study is the first report of transient expression of human MAb SO57 gene in tobacco plant within a few days after vacuum agro-infiltration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Shafaghi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Maktoobian
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahimeh Rasouli
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Howaizi
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Ofoghi
- Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Ehsani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ilina EN, Larina MV, Aliev TK, Dolgikh DA, Kirpichnikov MP. Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies for Rabies Post-exposure Prophylaxis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018. [PMID: 29534663 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies virus is a prototypical neurotropic virus that causes one of the most dangerous zoonotic diseases in humans. Humanized or fully human monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that neutralize rabies virus would be the basis for powerful post-exposure prophylaxis of rabies in humans, having several significant benefits in comparison with human or equine rabies polyclonal immunoglobulins. The most advanced antibodies should broadly neutralize natural rabies virus isolates, bind with conserved antigenic determinants of the rabies virus glycoprotein, and show high neutralizing potency in assays in vivo. The antibodies should recognize nonoverlapping epitopes if they are used in combination. This review focuses on basic requirements for anti-rabies therapeutic antibodies. The urgency in the search for novel rabies post-exposure prophylaxis and methods of development of anti-rabies human mAb cocktail are discussed. The rabies virus structure and pathways of its penetration into the nervous system are also briefly described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E N Ilina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Development and characterization of novel chimeric monoclonal antibodies for broad spectrum neutralization of rabies virus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186380. [PMID: 29045436 PMCID: PMC5646816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Current post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies virus infection has several limitations in terms of supply, cost, safety, and efficacy. Attempts to replace human or equine rabies immune globulins (HRIG or ERIG) have been made by several companies and institutes. We developed potent monoclonal antibodies to neutralize a broad spectrum of rabies viruses by screening hybridomas received from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Two kinds of chimeric human antibodies (chimeric #7 and #17) were constructed by cloning the variable regions from selected hybridomas and the constant region of a human antibody. Two antibodies were bound to antigenic site III and I/IV, respectively, and were able to neutralize 51 field isolates of rabies virus that were isolated at different times and places such as Asia, Africa, North America, South America, and Australia. These two antibodies neutralize rabies viruses with high efficacy in an in vivo test using Syrian hamster and mouse models and show low risk for adverse immunogenicity.
Collapse
|
18
|
Franka R, Carson WC, Ellison JA, Taylor ST, Smith TG, Kuzmina NA, Kuzmin IV, Marissen WE, Rupprecht CE. In Vivo Efficacy of a Cocktail of Human Monoclonal Antibodies (CL184) Against Diverse North American Bat Rabies Virus Variants. Trop Med Infect Dis 2017; 2:E48. [PMID: 30270905 PMCID: PMC6082099 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed2030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Following rabies virus (RABV) exposure, a combination of thorough wound washing, multiple-dose vaccine administration and the local infiltration of rabies immune globulin (RIG) are essential components of modern post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Although modern cell-culture-based rabies vaccines are increasingly used in many countries, RIG is much less available. The prohibitive cost of polyclonal serum RIG products has prompted a search for alternatives and design of anti-RABV monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that can be manufactured on a large scale with a consistent potency and lower production costs. Robust in vitro neutralization activity has been demonstrated for the CL184 MAb cocktail, a 1:1 protein mixture of two human anti-RABV MAbs (CR57/CR4098), against a large panel of RABV isolates. In this study, we used a hamster model to evaluate the efficacy of experimental PEP against a lethal challenge. Various doses of CL184 and commercial rabies vaccine were assessed for the ability to protect against lethal infection with representatives of four distinct bat RABV lineages of public health relevance: silver-haired bat (Ln RABV); western canyon bat (Ph RABV); big brown bat (Ef-w1 RABV) and Mexican free-tailed bat RABV (Tb RABV). 42⁻100% of animals survived bat RABV infection when CL184 (in combination with the vaccine) was administered. A dose-response relationship was observed with decreasing doses of CL184 resulting in increasing mortality. Importantly, CL184 was highly effective in neutralizing and clearing Ph RABV in vivo, even though CR4098 does not neutralize this virus in vitro. By comparison, 19⁻95% survivorship was observed if human RIG (20 IU/kg) and vaccine were used following challenge with different bat viruses. Based on our results, CL184 represents an efficacious alternative for RIG. Both large-scale and lower cost production could ensure better availability and affordability of this critical life-saving biologic in rabies enzootic countries and as such, significantly contribute to the reduction of human rabies deaths globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Franka
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - William C Carson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - James A Ellison
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Steven T Taylor
- East Tennessee State University, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
| | - Todd G Smith
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Natalia A Kuzmina
- University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 50555, USA.
| | - Ivan V Kuzmin
- University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 50555, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xi H, Zhang K, Yin Y, Gu T, Sun Q, Li Z, Cheng Y, Jiang C, Kong W, Wu Y. Engineering of a novel zipFv using leucine zipper motif against rabies virus glycoprotein G with improved protection potency in vivo. Immunol Lett 2017; 186:9-14. [PMID: 28389318 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is an acute zoonotic infectious disease with a high fatality rate but is preventable with vaccination and rabies immunoglobulin (RIG). The single-chain Fv fragment (scFv), a small engineered antigen-binding protein derived from antibody variable heavy (VH) and light (VL) chains connected by a peptide linker, can potentially be used to replace RIG. Here, we produced two peptides VH-JUN-HIS and VL-FOS-HA separately in Escherichia coli and assembled them to form zipFv successfully in vitro. The new zipFv utilizes FOS and JUN leucine zippers to form an antibody structure similar to the IgG counterpart with two free N-terminal ends of VH and VL. The zipFv protein showed notable improvement in binding ability and affinity over its corresponding scFv. The zipFv also demonstrated greater stability in serum and the same protective rate as RIG against challenge with a standard rabies virus (CVS-24) in mice. Our results indicated zipFv as a novel and efficient antibody form with enhanced neutralizing potency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Xi
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yanchun Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Tiejun Gu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qing Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhuang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yongge Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chan SK, Rahumatullah A, Lai JY, Lim TS. Naïve Human Antibody Libraries for Infectious Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1053:35-59. [PMID: 29549634 PMCID: PMC7120739 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72077-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many countries are facing an uphill battle in combating the spread of infectious diseases. The constant evolution of microorganisms magnifies the problem as it facilitates the re-emergence of old infectious diseases as well as promote the introduction of new and more deadly variants. Evidently, infectious diseases have contributed to an alarming rate of mortality worldwide making it a growing concern. Historically, antibodies have been used successfully to prevent and treat infectious diseases since the nineteenth century using antisera collected from immunized animals. The inherent ability of antibodies to trigger effector mechanisms aids the immune system to fight off pathogens that invades the host. Immune libraries have always been an important source of antibodies for infectious diseases due to the skewed repertoire generated post infection. Even so, the role and ability of naïve antibody libraries should not be underestimated. The naïve repertoire has its own unique advantages in generating antibodies against target antigens. This chapter will highlight the concept, advantages and application of human naïve libraries as a source to isolate antibodies against infectious disease target antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Khim Chan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Anizah Rahumatullah
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Jing Yi Lai
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xi H, Yuan R, Chen X, Gu T, Cheng Y, Li Z, Jiang C, Kong W, Wu Y. Purification and on-column refolding of a single-chain antibody fragment against rabies virus glycoprotein expressed in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 126:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
22
|
Two Phase 1, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Single-Ascending-Dose Studies To Investigate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of an Anti-Influenza A Virus Monoclonal Antibody, MHAA4549A, in Healthy Volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:5437-44. [PMID: 27381392 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00607-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hospitalized patients with severe influenza are at significant risk for morbidity and mortality. MHAA4549A is a human monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 antibody that binds to a highly conserved stalk region of the influenza A virus hemagglutinin protein and neutralizes all tested seasonal human influenza A virus strains. Two phase 1 trials examined the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of MHAA4549A in healthy volunteers. Both single ascending-dose trials were randomized, double blinded, and placebo controlled. Trial 1 randomized 21 healthy adults into four cohorts receiving a single intravenous dose of 1.5, 5, 15, or 45 mg/kg MHAA4549A or placebo. Trial 2 randomized 14 healthy adults into two cohorts receiving a single intravenous fixed dose of 8,400 mg or 10,800 mg of MHAA4549A or placebo. Subjects were followed for 120 days after dosing. No subject was discontinued in either trial, and no serious adverse events were reported. The most common adverse event in both studies was mild headache (trial 1, 4/16 subjects receiving MHAA4549A and 1/5 receiving placebo; trial 2, 4/8 subjects receiving MHAA4549A and 2/6 receiving placebo). MHAA4549A produced no relevant time- or dose-related changes in laboratory values or vital signs compared to those with placebo. No subjects developed an antitherapeutic antibody response following MHAA4549A administration. MHAA4549A showed linear serum pharmacokinetics, with a mean half-life of 22.5 to 23.7 days. MHAA4549A is safe and well tolerated in healthy volunteers up to a single intravenous dose of 10,800 mg and demonstrates linear serum pharmacokinetics consistent with those of a human IgG1 antibody lacking known endogenous targets in humans. (These trials have been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01877785 and NCT02284607).
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Over the last 3 decades, monoclonal antibodies have become the most important class of therapeutic biologicals on the market. Development of therapeutic antibodies was accelerated by recombinant DNA technologies, which allowed the humanization of murine monoclonal antibodies to make them more similar to those of the human body and suitable for a broad range of chronic diseases like cancer and autoimmune diseases. In the early 1990s in vitro antibody selection technologies were developed that enabled the discovery of “fully” human antibodies with potentially superior clinical efficacy and lowest immunogenicity. Antibody phage display is the first and most widely used of the in vitro selection technologies. It has proven to be a robust, versatile platform technology for the discovery of human antibodies and a powerful engineering tool to improve antibody properties. As of the beginning of 2016, 6 human antibodies discovered or further developed by phage display were approved for therapy. In 2002, adalimumab (Humira®) became the first phage display-derived antibody granted a marketing approval. Humira® was also the first approved human antibody, and it is currently the best-selling antibody drug on the market. Numerous phage display-derived antibodies are currently under advanced clinical investigation, and, despite the availability of other technologies such as human antibody-producing transgenic mice, phage display has not lost its importance for the discovery and engineering of therapeutic antibodies. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview about phage display-derived antibodies that are approved for therapy or in clinical development. A selection of these antibodies is described in more detail to demonstrate different aspects of the phage display technology and its development over the last 25 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Frenzel
- a YUMAB GmbH , Rebenring , Braunschweig.,b Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie , Braunschweig , Germany
| | | | - Michael Hust
- b Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie , Braunschweig , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kuhn P, Fühner V, Unkauf T, Moreira GMSG, Frenzel A, Miethe S, Hust M. Recombinant antibodies for diagnostics and therapy against pathogens and toxins generated by phage display. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:922-948. [PMID: 27198131 PMCID: PMC7168043 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are valuable molecules for the diagnostic and treatment of diseases caused by pathogens and toxins. Traditionally, these antibodies are generated by hybridoma technology. An alternative to hybridoma technology is the use of antibody phage display to generate recombinant antibodies. This in vitro technology circumvents the limitations of the immune system and allows—in theory—the generation of antibodies against all conceivable molecules. Phage display technology enables obtaining human antibodies from naïve antibody gene libraries when either patients are not available or immunization is not ethically feasible. On the other hand, if patients or immunized/infected animals are available, it is common to construct immune phage display libraries to select in vivo affinity‐matured antibodies. Because the phage packaged DNA sequence encoding the antibodies is directly available, the antibodies can be smoothly engineered according to the requirements of the final application. In this review, an overview of phage display derived recombinant antibodies against bacterial, viral, and eukaryotic pathogens as well as toxins for diagnostics and therapy is given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kuhn
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Viola Fühner
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tobias Unkauf
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - André Frenzel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Braunschweig, Germany.,YUMAB GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Miethe
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hust
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Braunschweig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
De Benedictis P, Minola A, Rota Nodari E, Aiello R, Zecchin B, Salomoni A, Foglierini M, Agatic G, Vanzetta F, Lavenir R, Lepelletier A, Bentley E, Weiss R, Cattoli G, Capua I, Sallusto F, Wright E, Lanzavecchia A, Bourhy H, Corti D. Development of broad-spectrum human monoclonal antibodies for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:407-21. [PMID: 26992832 PMCID: PMC4818751 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently available rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for use in humans includes equine or human rabies immunoglobulins (RIG). The replacement of RIG with an equally or more potent and safer product is strongly encouraged due to the high costs and limited availability of existing RIG. In this study, we identified two broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies that represent a valid and affordable alternative to RIG in rabies PEP. Memory B cells from four selected vaccinated donors were immortalized and monoclonal antibodies were tested for neutralizing activity and epitope specificity. Two antibodies, identified as RVC20 and RVC58 (binding to antigenic site I and III, respectively), were selected for their potency and broad-spectrum reactivity. In vitro, RVC20 and RVC58 were able to neutralize all 35 rabies virus (RABV) and 25 non-RABV lyssaviruses. They showed higher potency and breath compared to antibodies under clinical development (namely CR57, CR4098, and RAB1) and commercially available human RIG. In vivo, the RVC20-RVC58 cocktail protected Syrian hamsters from a lethal RABV challenge and did not affect the endogenous hamster post-vaccination antibody response.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive/methods
- Immunologic Factors/administration & dosage
- Immunologic Factors/immunology
- Immunologic Factors/isolation & purification
- Mesocricetus
- Post-Exposure Prophylaxis/methods
- Rabies/prevention & control
- Rabies virus/immunology
- Survival Analysis
- Treatment Outcome
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola De Benedictis
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Elena Rota Nodari
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Roberta Aiello
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Barbara Zecchin
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Angela Salomoni
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Mathilde Foglierini
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Rachel Lavenir
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation National Reference Centre for Rabies World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Anthony Lepelletier
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation National Reference Centre for Rabies World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Emma Bentley
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Robin Weiss
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Ilaria Capua
- FAO and National Reference Centre for Rabies, National Reference Centre and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation National Reference Centre for Rabies World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs BioMed SA, Bellinzona, Switzerland Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li Z, Cheng Y, Xi H, Gu T, Yuan R, Chen X, Jiang C, Kong W, Wu Y. A novel variable antibody fragment dimerized by leucine zippers with enhanced neutralizing potency against rabies virus G protein compared to its corresponding single-chain variable antibody fragment. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:168-75. [PMID: 26325475 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fatal rabies can be prevented effectively by post-exposure prophylactic (PEP) with rabies immunoglobulin (RIG). Single-chain variable fragments (scFv), which are composed of a variable heavy chain (VH) and a variable light chain (VL) connected by a peptide linker, can potentially be used to replace RIG. However, in our previous study, a scFv (scFV57S) specific for the rabies virus (RV) G protein showed a lower neutralizing potency than that of its parent IgG due to lower stability and altered peptide assembly pattern. In monoclonal antibodies, the VH and VL interact non-covalently, while in scFvs the VH is connected covalently with the VL by the artificial linker. In this study, we constructed and expressed two peptides 57VL-JUN-HIS and 57VH-FOS-HA in Escherichia coli. The well-known Fos and Jun leucine zippers were utilized to dimerize VH and VL similarly to the IgG counterpart. The two peptides assembled to form zipFv57S in vitro. Due to the greater similarity in structure with IgG, the zipFv57S protein showed a higher binding ability and affinity resulting in notable improvement of in vitro neutralizing activity over its corresponding scFv. The zipFv57S protein was also found to be more stable and showed similar protective rate as RIG in mice challenged with a lethal dose of RV. Our results not only indicated zipFv57S as an ideal alternative for RIG in PEP but also offered a novel and efficient hetero-dimerization pattern of VH and VL leading to enhanced neutralizing potency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hualong Xi
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Tiejun Gu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ruosen Yuan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiaoxu Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chunlai Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yongge Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Takada A. The clinical potential of passive immunization with therapeutic antibodies: focus on highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus has been reported to infect humans and posing a significant pandemic threat. Although neuraminidase inhibitors are currently available for the treatment of human influenza, alternative strategies need to be developed for the treatment of H5N1 HPAI virus infection in humans due to the appearance of drug-resistant viruses. Recently, passive immunization with virus-specific monoclonal antibodies has been tested for H5N1 HPAI virus infection in animal models, providing evidence that antibody therapy may be a promising option for prophylaxis or treatment of this infectious disease. Here we discuss potential benefits and limitations of antibody therapy in clinical cases of H5N1 virus infection in humans.
Collapse
|
28
|
Sasikalaveni A, Tirumurugaan KG, Manoharan S, Raj GD, Kumanan K. Co-culture: A quick approach for isolation of street rabies virus in murine neuroblastoma cells. Vet World 2015; 8:636-9. [PMID: 27047148 PMCID: PMC4774726 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.636-639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laboratory detection of rabies in most cases is based on detection of the antigen by fluorescent antibody test, however, in weak positive cases confirmative laboratory diagnosis depends on widely accepted mouse inoculation test. Cell lines like neuroblastoma have been used to isolate the virus with greater success not only to target for diagnosis, but also for molecular studies that determine the epidemiology of the circulating street rabies strains and in studies that look at the efficiency of the developed monoclonal antibodies to neutralize the different rabies strains. Due to the recent issues in obtaining ethical permission for mouse experimentation, and also the passages required in the cell lines to isolate the virus, we report herewith a co-culture protocol using the murine neuroblastoma (MNA) cells, which enable quicker isolation of street rabies virus with minimum passages. OBJECTIVE This study is not to have an alternative diagnostic assay, but an approach to produce sufficient amount of rabies virus in minimum passages by a co-culture approach in MNA cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The MNA cells are co-cultured by topping the normal cells with infected cells every 48 h and the infectivity was followed up by performing direct fluorescent-antibody test. RESULTS The co-culture approach results in 100% infectivity and hence the use of live mouse for experimentation could be avoided. CONCLUSION Co-culture method provides an alternative for the situations with limited sample volume and for the quicker isolation of virus which warrants the wild type strains without much modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Sasikalaveni
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai - 600 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K. G. Tirumurugaan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai - 600 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Manoharan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai - 600 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G. Dhinakar Raj
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai - 600 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K. Kumanan
- Dean, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai - 600 051, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Papaneri AB, Bernbaum JG, Blaney JE, Jahrling PB, Schnell MJ, Johnson RF. Controlled viral glycoprotein expression as a safety feature in a bivalent rabies-ebola vaccine. Virus Res 2015; 197:54-8. [PMID: 25481284 PMCID: PMC4362543 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Using a recombinant rabies (RABV) vaccine platform, we have developed several safe and effective vaccines. Most recently, we have developed a RABV-based ebolavirus (EBOV) vaccine that is efficacious in nonhuman primates. One safety feature of this vaccine is the utilization of a live but replication-deficient RABV construct. In this construct, the RABV glycoprotein (G) has been deleted from the genome, requiring G trans complementation in order for new infectious viruses to be released from the initial infected cell. Here we analyze this safety feature of the bivalent RABV-based EBOV vaccine comprised of the G-deleted RABV backbone expressing EBOV glycoprotein (GP). We found that, while the level of RABV genome in infected cells is equivalent regardless of G supplementation, the production of infectious virus is indeed restricted by the lack of G, and most importantly, that the presence of EBOV GP does not substitute for G. These findings further support the safety profile of this replication-deficient RABV-EBOV bivalent vaccine.
Collapse
|
30
|
van Dolleweerd CJ, Teh AYH, Banyard AC, Both L, Lotter-Stark HCT, Tsekoa T, Phahladira B, Shumba W, Chakauya E, Sabeta CT, Gruber C, Fooks AR, Chikwamba RK, Ma JKC. Engineering, expression in transgenic plants and characterisation of E559, a rabies virus-neutralising monoclonal antibody. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:200-8. [PMID: 24511101 PMCID: PMC4073784 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) currently comprises administration of rabies vaccine together with rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) of either equine or human origin. In the developing world, RIG preparations are expensive, often in short supply, and of variable efficacy. Therefore, we are seeking to develop a monoclonal antibody cocktail to replace RIG. Here, we describe the cloning, engineering and production in plants of a candidate monoclonal antibody (E559) for inclusion in such a cocktail. The murine constant domains of E559 were replaced with human IgG1κ constant domains and the resulting chimeric mouse-human genes were cloned into plant expression vectors for stable nuclear transformation of Nicotiana tabacum. The plant-expressed, chimeric antibody was purified and biochemically characterized, was demonstrated to neutralize rabies virus in a fluorescent antibody virus neutralization assay, and conferred protection in a hamster challenge model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig J. van Dolleweerd
- Research Centre for Infection and Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Y-H. Teh
- Research Centre for Infection and Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Leonard Both
- Research Centre for Infection and Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tsepo Tsekoa
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Biosciences, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Baby Phahladira
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (ARC-OVI), OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Wonderful Shumba
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (ARC-OVI), OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ereck Chakauya
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Biosciences, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Claude T. Sabeta
- Agricultural Research Council-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (ARC-OVI), OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Clemens Gruber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel K. Chikwamba
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Biosciences, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Julian K-C. Ma
- Research Centre for Infection and Immunity, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Protective efficacy of passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies in animal models of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004192. [PMID: 24945244 PMCID: PMC4055766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5N1 subtype often cause severe pneumonia and multiple organ failure in humans, with reported case fatality rates of more than 60%. To develop a clinical antibody therapy, we generated a human-mouse chimeric monoclonal antibody (MAb) ch61 that showed strong neutralizing activity against H5N1 HPAI viruses isolated from humans and evaluated its protective potential in mouse and nonhuman primate models of H5N1 HPAI virus infections. Passive immunization with MAb ch61 one day before or after challenge with a lethal dose of the virus completely protected mice, and partial protection was achieved when mice were treated 3 days after the challenge. In a cynomolgus macaque model, reduced viral loads and partial protection against lethal infection were observed in macaques treated with MAb ch61 intravenously one and three days after challenge. Protective effects were also noted in macaques under immunosuppression. Though mutant viruses escaping from neutralization by MAb ch61 were recovered from macaques treated with this MAb alone, combined treatment with MAb ch61 and peramivir reduced the emergence of escape mutants. Our results indicate that antibody therapy might be beneficial in reducing viral loads and delaying disease progression during H5N1 HPAI virus infection in clinical cases and combined treatment with other antiviral compounds should improve the protective effects of antibody therapy against H5N1 HPAI virus infection. The H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus has been circulating in poultry in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa since its first appearance in southern China in 1996. This virus occasionally infects humans with a high case mortality rate and poses a significant pandemic threat. Since neutralizing antibodies generally play a major role in protective immunity against influenza viruses, antibody therapy is a potential option for preventing highly lethal infection with the H5N1 virus in humans. Here we evaluated the protective potential of a human-mouse chimeric monoclonal antibody with strong neutralizing activity against H5N1 viruses in mouse and nonhuman primate models of lethal H5N1 virus infection. The therapeutic use of the neutralizing antibody resulted in reduced viral loads and improved survival in animals infected with highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses. It was noted that the protective effects were more prominent in immunosuppressed macaques, which might provide a model of protection against severe clinical disease in immunocompromised patients. In addition, combination therapy together with an antiviral drug reduced the selection of escape mutants. Collectively, this study suggests that antibody therapy may have beneficial effects in clinical cases of H5N1 HPAI virus infection in humans.
Collapse
|
32
|
Negative effects of a disulfide bond mismatch in anti-rabies G protein single-chain antibody variable fragment FV57. Mol Immunol 2014; 59:136-41. [PMID: 24598312 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rabies virus (RV) causes a fatal infectious disease requiring efficient post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which includes a rabies vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin (RIG). The single-chain antibody variable fragment (scFv), a small engineered antibody fragment derived from an antibody variable heavy chain and light chain, has the potential to replace the current application of RIG. In previous studies, we constructed and evaluated an anti-rabies virus G protein scFv (FV57) based on the monoclonal antibody CR57. Of the five cysteines in FV57, four are linked in intra-chain disulfide bonds (Cys-VH28/Cys-VH98 and Cys-VL16/Cys-VL84), and one is free (Cys-VL85). However, the thiol in Cys-VL85 neighboring Cys-VL84 in the CDR3 of the light chain is likely to mismatch with the thiol in Cys-VL16 during the renaturing process. In order to study effects of the mismatched disulfide bond, Cys-VL85 and Cys-VL84 of FV57 were mutated to serine to construct mutants FV57(VL85S) and FV57(VL84S). Furthermore, the disulfide bonds in the light chain of FV57, FV57(VL85S) and FV57(VL84S) were deleted by mutating Cys-VL16 to serine. All mutants were prepared and evaluated along with the original FV57. The results indicated that the mismatched disulfide bond of FV57 linking the light chain FR1 and CDR3 would confer deleterious negative effects on its activity against RV, likely due to spatial hindrance in the light chain CDR3. Moreover, avoidance of the disulfide bond mismatch provided an additional 30% protective efficacy against RV infection in the mouse RV challenge model. Thus, modifications of FV57 to eliminate the disulfide bond mismatch may provide a candidate therapeutic agent for effective PEP against rabies.
Collapse
|
33
|
Rupprecht CE, Willoughby R, Slate D. Current and future trends in the prevention, treatment and control of rabies. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 4:1021-38. [PMID: 17181418 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.4.6.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rabies remains a global zoonosis of major public health, agricultural and economic significance. Dogs are the major animal reservoirs in developing regions, wildlife maintain cycles of infection even in developed countries and new viral etiological agents continue to emerge. Nearly all human rabies cases are related directly to animal bite and thus, primary disease prevention requires minimization of suspected exposures. Once exposure occurs, modern prophylaxis entails immediate wound care, local infiltration of rabies immune globulin and parenteral administration of modern cell culture vaccines in multiple doses. Pre-exposure vaccination should occur in selected population groups at risk of occupational exposure. Historically, survival from fatal rabies by at least five human patients, vaccinated prior to the onset of clinical signs, signaled initial optimism as to the theoretical utility of medical intervention. Recently, the heroic recovery of an unvaccinated teenager from clinical rabies offers hope of future specific therapy. Canine rabies elimination is the key towards ultimate reduction of the disease burden, as first illustrated in developed countries. Implementation of oral vaccination in free-ranging carnivore hosts demonstrates the feasibility of disease abatement in particular wildlife populations, such as demonstrated in Europe and North America, with an enhanced need for application to developing countries in the Americas, Africa and Eurasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Rupprecht
- Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, MS G33, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Antibody therapeutics are one of the fastest growing classes of pharmaceuticals, with an annual US market over $20 billion, developed to treat a variety of diseases including cancer, auto-immune and infectious diseases. Most are currently administered as a single molecule to treat a single disease, however there is mounting evidence that cocktails of multiple antibodies, each with a unique binding specificity and protective mechanism, may improve clinical efficacy. Here, we review progress in the development of oligoclonal combinations of antibodies to treat disease, focusing on identification of synergistic antibodies. We then discuss the application of modern antibody engineering technologies to produce highly potent antibody preparations, including oligoclonal antibody cocktails and truly recombinant polyclonal antibodies. Specific examples illustrating the synergy conferred by multiple antibodies will be provided for diseases caused by botulinum toxin, cancer and immune thrombocytopenia. The bioprocessing and regulatory options for these preparations will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-zhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Vincent W Coljee
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Jennifer A Maynard
- Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Papaneri AB, Wirblich C, Marissen WE, Schnell MJ. Alanine scanning of the rabies virus glycoprotein antigenic site III using recombinant rabies virus: implication for post-exposure treatment. Vaccine 2013; 31:5897-902. [PMID: 24120673 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The safety and availability of the human polyclonal sera that is currently utilized for post-exposure treatment (PET) of rabies virus (RABV) infection remain a concern. Recombinant monoclonal antibodies have been postulated as suitable alternatives by WHO. To this extent, CL184, the RABV human antibody combination comprising monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) CR57 and CR4098, has been developed and has delivered promising clinical data to support its use for RABV PET. For this fully human IgG1 cocktail, mAbs CR57 and CR4098 are produced in the PER.C6 human cell line and combined in equal amounts in the final product. During preclinical evaluation, CR57 was shown to bind to antigenic site I whereas CR4098 neutralization was influenced by a mutation of position 336 (N336) located within antigenic site III. Here, alanine scanning was used to analyze the influence of mutations within the potential binding site for CR4098, antigenic site III, in order to evaluate the possibility of mutated rabies viruses escaping neutralization. For this approach, twenty flanking amino acids (10 upstream and 10 downstream) of the RABV glycoprotein (G) asparagine (N336) were exchanged to alanine (or serine, if already alanine) by site-directed mutagenesis. Analysis of G expression revealed four of the twenty mutant Gs to be non-functional, as shown by their lack of cell surface expression, which is a requirement for the production of infectious RABV. Therefore, these mutants were excluded from further study. The remaining sixteen mutants were introduced in an infectious clone of RABV, and recombinant RABVs (rRABVs) were recovered and utilized for in vitro neutralization assays. All of the viruses were effectively neutralized by CR4098 as well as by CR57, indicating that single amino acid exchanges in this region does not affect the broad neutralizing capability of the CL184 mAb combination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy B Papaneri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Monoclonal antibodies for prophylactic and therapeutic use against viral infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 88:T15-T23. [PMID: 32287402 PMCID: PMC7111719 DOI: 10.1016/j.pepo.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies play an essential part in antiviral immunity and are instrumental in preventing or modulating viral diseases. Polyclonal antibody preparations are increasingly being replaced by highly potent monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Cocktails of mAbs and bispecific constructs can be used to simultaneously target multiple viral epitopes and to overcome issues of neutralization escape. Advances in antibody engineering have led to a large array of novel mAb formats, while deeper insight into the biology of several viruses and increasing knowledge of their neutralizing epitopes has extended the list of potential targets. In addition, progress in developing inexpensive production platforms will make antiviral mAbs more widely available and affordable.
Collapse
|
37
|
Franka R, Smith TG, Dyer JL, Wu X, Niezgoda M, Rupprecht CE. Current and future tools for global canine rabies elimination. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:220-5. [PMID: 23871797 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Even though rabies is almost uniformly fatal, it is readily preventable with currently available tools. Vaccination is highly efficacious for the pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) of rabies in humans and animals, and prompt postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) with vaccine and rabies immune globulin (RIG) can reliably prevent disease in humans. However, access to these tools and knowledge of their proper use are often limited, especially in impoverished, rabies-enzootic countries with the highest disease burden. In the absence of reliable diagnostic capacity and risk assessments, vaccines and RIG are often administered inappropriately, leading to chronic supply shortages and otherwise preventable deaths. Rather than focusing solely on human prophylaxis, it is more cost-effective over the long term to eliminate canine rabies in its natural terrestrial reservoirs. Because more than 99% of human rabies deaths result from dog bites, prevention efforts should focus on dogs. A versatile "One Health" strategy for canine rabies elimination should aim to create sustainable herd immunity in dogs, using proven vaccination strategies at the local level, coupled with community education and humane population management. Such strategies have succeeded in both developed and developing countries, and can be adapted to any locality. Numerous examples in Africa, Asia, and Latin America have shown that community-based, locally guided vaccination and education programs, based on a shared vision and long-term commitment, can eliminate canine rabies. Such programs should have specific goals and measurable outcomes, and should be conducted under the guidance of supportive governments, in collaboration with international partners and nongovernmental organizations. In addition to currently available tools, rabies prevention can be augmented by new dose-sparing human vaccine schedules, alternative routes of vaccine administration, monoclonal antibodies as an alternative to RIG, sensitive and specific point-of-care diagnostics and the development of canine immunocontraceptive methods. Accurate risk assessments of potential human exposures and support for decentralized laboratory capacity will be essential to ensure the most effective utilization of vaccines and RIG until canine rabies has been eliminated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Franka
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Mail Stop G33, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Both L, van Dolleweerd C, Wright E, Banyard AC, Bulmer-Thomas B, Selden D, Altmann F, Fooks AR, Ma JKC. Production, characterization, and antigen specificity of recombinant 62-71-3, a candidate monoclonal antibody for rabies prophylaxis in humans. FASEB J 2013; 27:2055-65. [PMID: 23371065 PMCID: PMC3633812 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-219964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Rabies kills many people throughout the developing world every year. The murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) 62-71-3 was recently identified for its potential application in rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). The purpose here was to establish a plant-based production system for a chimeric mouse-human version of mAb 62-71-3, to characterize the recombinant antibody and investigate at a molecular level its interaction with rabies virus glycoprotein. Chimeric 62-71-3 was successfully expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Glycosylation was analyzed by mass spectroscopy; functionality was confirmed by antigen ELISA, as well as rabies and pseudotype virus neutralization. Epitope characterization was performed using pseudotype virus expressing mutagenized rabies glycoproteins. Purified mAb demonstrated potent viral neutralization at 500 IU/mg. A critical role for antigenic site I of the glycoprotein, as well as for two specific amino acid residues (K226 and G229) within site I, was identified with regard to mAb 62-71-3 neutralization. Pseudotype viruses expressing glycoprotein from lyssaviruses known not to be neutralized by this antibody were the controls. The results provide the molecular rationale for developing 62-71-3 mAb for rabies PEP; they also establish the basis for developing an inexpensive plant-based antibody product to benefit low-income families in developing countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Both
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Division of Clinical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Department of Virology, Weybridge, UK
| | - Craig van Dolleweerd
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Division of Clinical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Edward Wright
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
- Wohl Virion Centre, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; and
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Department of Virology, Weybridge, UK
| | - Bianca Bulmer-Thomas
- Wohl Virion Centre, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; and
| | - David Selden
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Department of Virology, Weybridge, UK
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Group, Department of Virology, Weybridge, UK
| | - Julian K.-C. Ma
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Division of Clinical Sciences, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pal P, Dowd KA, Brien JD, Edeling MA, Gorlatov S, Johnson S, Lee I, Akahata W, Nabel GJ, Richter MKS, Smit JM, Fremont DH, Pierson TC, Heise MT, Diamond MS. Development of a highly protective combination monoclonal antibody therapy against Chikungunya virus. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003312. [PMID: 23637602 PMCID: PMC3630103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes global epidemics of a debilitating polyarthritis in humans. As there is a pressing need for the development of therapeutic agents, we screened 230 new mouse anti-CHIKV monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for their ability to inhibit infection of all three CHIKV genotypes. Four of 36 neutralizing MAbs (CHK-102, CHK-152, CHK-166, and CHK-263) provided complete protection against lethality as prophylaxis in highly susceptible immunocompromised mice lacking the type I IFN receptor (Ifnar−/−) and mapped to distinct epitopes on the E1 and E2 structural proteins. CHK-152, the most protective MAb, was humanized, shown to block viral fusion, and require Fc effector function for optimal activity in vivo. In post-exposure therapeutic trials, administration of a single dose of a combination of two neutralizing MAbs (CHK-102+CHK-152 or CHK-166+CHK-152) limited the development of resistance and protected immunocompromised mice against disease when given 24 to 36 hours before CHIKV-induced death. Selected pairs of highly neutralizing MAbs may be a promising treatment option for CHIKV in humans. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes outbreaks of polyarthritis in humans, and is currently a threat to spread to the United States due to the presence of its mosquito vector, Aedes albopictus. At present, there is no licensed human vaccine or therapeutic available to protect against CHIKV infection. The primary goal of this study was to develop an antibody-based therapeutic agent against CHIKV. To do this, we developed a panel of 230 new mouse anti-CHIKV MAbs and tested them for their ability to neutralize infection of different CHIKV strains in cell culture. We identified 36 MAbs with broad neutralizing activity, and then tested several of these for their ability to protect immunocompromised Ifnar−/− mice against lethal CHIKV infection. In post-exposure therapeutic trials, administration of a single dose of a combination of two neutralizing MAbs limited the development of resistance and protected Ifnar−/− mice against disease even when given just 24 to 36 hours before CHIKV-induced death. Analogous protection against CHIKV-induced arthritis was seen in a disease model in wild type mice. Our data suggest that pairs of highly neutralizing MAbs may be a therapeutic option against CHIKV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Pal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Meslin FX, Briggs DJ. Eliminating canine rabies, the principal source of human infection: what will it take? Antiviral Res 2013; 98:291-6. [PMID: 23523768 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
More than 50,000 people die of rabies each year; most are children in developing countries, and almost all have been bitten by dogs. Eliminating canine rabies throughout the world would save thousands of lives and would reduce the economic impact of the disease by dramatically reducing the requirement for postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). Lengthy experience in the industrialized countries and ongoing programs in Latin America, Africa, and Asia have shown that the elimination of rabies in dogs is an achievable goal. The presence of canine rabies in developing countries is associated with poverty, and most deaths occur in the lowest socioeconomic sectors. To be successful, national rabies control programs should share responsibility with local communities for prevention and control activities and maintaining disease-free status. Legislation should be adapted to local conditions and the realities of dog ownership. While the provision of PEP to all bite victims is affordable in many countries, it is usually beyond the capacity of impoverished nations, which deal with many other health priorities. Ministries of health should provide PEP, either free or with a charge preferably at a subsidized price, replacing the current system in many countries, in which biologics are sold by government-owned and private clinics at a cost beyond the means of bite victims. The public health sector should assume responsibility when animal control strategies are not effectively implemented or when PEP is not administered correctly or is not available. A global strategy is needed to identify gaps in surveillance and diagnosis, improve access to PEP and enhance canine immunization and population management. Such approaches based on a "One Health" model should be coordinated across regions, and should extend control efforts to other dog-related zoonoses. This article introduces a symposium in Antiviral Research on the elimination of canine rabies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F-X Meslin
- Neglected Zoonotic Diseases, Department of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Both L, Banyard AC, van Dolleweerd C, Wright E, Ma JKC, Fooks AR. Monoclonal antibodies for prophylactic and therapeutic use against viral infections. Vaccine 2013; 31:1553-9. [PMID: 23370150 PMCID: PMC7115371 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies play an essential part in antiviral immunity and are instrumental in preventing or modulating viral diseases. Polyclonal antibody preparations are increasingly being replaced by highly potent monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Cocktails of mAbs and bispecific constructs can be used to simultaneously target multiple viral epitopes and to overcome issues of neutralization escape. Advances in antibody engineering have led to a large array of novel mAb formats, while deeper insight into the biology of several viruses and increasing knowledge of their neutralizing epitopes has extended the list of potential targets. In addition, progress in developing inexpensive production platforms will make antiviral mAbs more widely available and affordable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Both
- The Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, London, UK
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Department of Virology, Weybridge, Surrey, UK
| | - Ashley C. Banyard
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Department of Virology, Weybridge, Surrey, UK
| | - Craig van Dolleweerd
- The Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Edward Wright
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Julian K.-C. Ma
- The Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Department of Virology, Weybridge, Surrey, UK
- National Consortium for Zoonosis Research, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, South Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
- Corresponding author at: Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Department of Virology, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK. Tel.: +44 01932 357840; fax: +44 01932 357239.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Stiehm ER, Keller MA. Passive immunization. Vaccines (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
|
43
|
|
44
|
Ellison JA, Johnson SR, Kuzmina N, Gilbert A, Carson WC, VerCauteren KC, Rupprecht CE. Multidisciplinary Approach to Epizootiology and Pathogenesis of Bat Rabies Viruses in the United States. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 60:46-57. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
45
|
Gogtay N, Thatte U, Kshirsagar N, Leav B, Molrine D, Cheslock P, Kapre SV, Kulkarni PS. Safety and pharmacokinetics of a human monoclonal antibody to rabies virus: a randomized, dose-escalation phase 1 study in adults. Vaccine 2012; 30:7315-20. [PMID: 23010601 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rabies is an essentially fatal disease that is preventable with the timely administration of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). The high cost of PEP, which includes vaccine and hyperimmune globulin, is an impediment to the goal of preventing rabies in the developing world. Recently a recombinant human IgG(1) anti-rabies monoclonal antibody (SII RMab) has been developed in India to replace serum-derived rabies immunoglobulin. The present study was conducted to demonstrate the safety of SII RMab and to determine the dose resulting in neutralizing serum antibody titers comparable to human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG) when administered in conjunction with rabies vaccine in a simulated PEP regimen. METHODS This randomized, open label, dose-escalation phase 1 study was conducted in healthy adults at a large tertiary care, referral, public hospital in India. Safety was assessed by active surveillance for adverse events along with standard laboratory evaluations and measurement of anti-drug antibodies (ADA). Anti-rabies antibody levels were measured by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) and ELISA. The study duration was 365 days. FINDINGS SII RMab was well tolerated with similar frequency of local injection site reactions to HRIG. The geometric mean concentrations of rabies neutralizing antibody in the vaccine plus SII RMab 10 IU/kg cohort were comparable to the vaccine plus HRIG 20 IU/kg cohort throughout the 365-day study period; day 14 geometric mean concentrations 23.4 IU/ml (95% CI 14.3, 38.2) vs. 15.3 IU/ml (95% CI 7.72, 30.3; p=NS), respectively. Future post-exposure prophylaxis studies of SII RMab at a dose of 10 IU/kg in conjunction with vaccine are planned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Gogtay
- KEM Hospital and Seth GS Medical College, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Both L, Banyard AC, van Dolleweerd C, Horton DL, Ma JKC, Fooks AR. Passive immunity in the prevention of rabies. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2012; 12:397-407. [PMID: 22541629 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70340-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of clinical disease in those exposed to viral infection is an important goal of human medicine. Using rabies virus infection as an example, we discuss the advances in passive immunoprophylaxis, most notably the shift from the recommended polyclonal human or equine immunoglobulins to monoclonal antibody therapies. The first rabies-specific monoclonal antibodies are undergoing clinical trials, so passive immunisation might finally become an accessible, affordable, and routinely used part of global health practices for rabies. Coupled with an adequate supply of modern tissue-culture vaccines, replacing the less efficient and unsafe nerve-tissue-derived rabies vaccines, the burden of this disease could be substantially reduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Both
- Hotung Molecular Immunology Unit, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sun L, Chen Z, Yu L, Wei J, Li C, Jin J, Shen X, Lv X, Tang Q, Li D, Liang M. Generation and characterization of neutralizing human recombinant antibodies against antigenic site II of rabies virus glycoprotein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:357-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
48
|
Abstract
Antibodies capable of targeting more than one antigen are envisioned to expand therapeutic efficacy in complex disease settings. Several strategies have been developed to achieve multiple targeting, including antibody mixtures and bispecific formats. In recent years, several dual- and pan-specific antibodies have been described and represent an alternative approach. These antibodies bind to different targets using a single antigen-combining site while maintaining high affinity and specificity, thus challenging the 'one antibody, one antigen' dogma. Despite certain drawbacks, the simple IgG format of this drug class enables rapid progression into the clinic.
Collapse
|
49
|
Validation of the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test for rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies in clinical samples. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:3524-30. [PMID: 22547629 DOI: 10.1128/aac.06179-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are successful biologics in treating a variety of diseases, including the prevention or treatment of viral infections. CL184 is a 1:1 combination of two human monoclonal IgG1 antibodies (CR57 and CR4098) against rabies virus, produced in the PER.C6 human cell line. The two antibodies are developed as replacements of human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) and equine rabies immune globulin (ERIG) in postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). The rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) is a cell-based virus neutralization assay which is usually performed to determine the biological potency of a vaccine and to measure the levels of protection against rabies in humans and animals. In order to confirm the suitability of this assay as a pharmacodynamic assay, we conducted a validation using both HRIG- and CL184-spiked serum samples and sera from vaccinated donors. The validation results met all analytical acceptance criteria and showed that HRIG and CL184 serum concentrations can be compared. Stability experiments showed that serum samples were stable in various suboptimal conditions but that rabies virus should be handled swiftly once thawed. We concluded that the assay is suitable for the measurement of polyclonal and monoclonal rabies neutralizing antibodies in clinical serum samples.
Collapse
|
50
|
Duan Y, Gu TJ, Jiang CL, Yuan RS, Zhang HF, Hou HJ, Yu XH, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Wu YG, Kong W. A novel disulfide-stabilized single-chain variable antibody fragment against rabies virus G protein with enhanced in vivo neutralizing potency. Mol Immunol 2012; 51:188-96. [PMID: 22484084 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal infectious disease requiring efficient protection provided by post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) with rabies immunoglobulin (RIG). The single-chain Fv fragment (scFv) is a small engineered antigen binding protein derived from antibody variable heavy (V(H)) and light (V(L)) chains. This novel antibody format may potentially replace the current application of RIG to detect and neutralize rabies virus (RV). However, the broad use of scFvs is confined by their generally low stability. In this study, a scFv (FV57) was constructed based on the monoclonal antibody, MAB57, against RV. To enhance its stability and neutralizing potency, a disulfide-stabilized scFv, ds-FV57, was also derived by introduction of cysteines at V(H)44 and V(L)100. Furthermore, the cysteine at V(L)85 of ds-FV57 was mutated to serine to construct ds-FV57(VL85Ser) in order to avoid potential mis-formed disulfide bonds which would alter the affinity of the scFv. The stability and activity of all three proteins expressed in Escherichia coli were evaluated. All of the constructed scFvs could provide efficient protection against RV infection both in vivo and in vitro. However, the stability of ds-FV57(VL85Ser) was notably improved, and its in vitro neutralizing potency against RV infection was enhanced. Our findings from these stabilization modifications support the feasibility of developing scFvs for PEP treatment of rabies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Duan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|