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Khamsaw P, Sommano SR, Wongkaew M, Willats WGT, Bakshani CR, Sirilun S, Sunanta P. Banana Peel ( Musa ABB cv. Nam Wa Mali-Ong) as a Source of Value-Adding Components and the Functional Properties of Its Bioactive Ingredients. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:593. [PMID: 38475439 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Banana peel (BP) is the primary by-product generated during banana processing which causes numerous environmental issues. This study examines the physical attributes, proximate analysis, glycoarray profiling, antioxidant abilities, and prebiotic activity of BP. The analysis demonstrated that carbohydrates constituted the primary components of BP and the glycoarray profiling indicated that BP contains multiple pectin and hemicellulose structures. BP also contained phenolic compounds, including (+)-catechin and gallic acid, flavonoid compounds, and antioxidant activities. BP demonstrated prebiotic effects by promoting the proliferation of advantageous gut bacteria while inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria. The prebiotic index scores demonstrated that BP exhibited a greater capacity to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in comparison to regular sugar. The study demonstrated the potential of the BP as a valuable source of dietary fibre, bioactive compounds, and prebiotics. These components have beneficial characteristics and can be utilised in the production of food, feed additives, and functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattarapol Khamsaw
- Plant Bioactive Compound Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sarana Rose Sommano
- Plant Bioactive Compound Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Malaiporn Wongkaew
- Plant Bioactive Compound Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Program in Food Production and Innovation, College of Integrated Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Chiang Mai 50220, Thailand
| | - William G T Willats
- Department of Biology, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Cassie R Bakshani
- Department of Biology, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2SQ, UK
| | - Sasithorn Sirilun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Piyachat Sunanta
- Plant Bioactive Compound Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Research Unit for Innovation in Responsible Food Production for Consumption of the Future (RIFF), Multidisciplinary Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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2
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Domozych DS, LoRicco JG. The extracellular matrix of green algae. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:15-32. [PMID: 37399237 PMCID: PMC10762512 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Green algae display a wide range of extracellular matrix (ECM) components that include various types of cell walls (CW), scales, crystalline glycoprotein coverings, hydrophobic compounds, and complex gels or mucilage. Recently, new information derived from genomic/transcriptomic screening, advanced biochemical analyses, immunocytochemical studies, and ecophysiology has significantly enhanced and refined our understanding of the green algal ECM. In the later diverging charophyte group of green algae, the CW and other ECM components provide insight into the evolution of plants and the ways the ECM modulates during environmental stress. Chlorophytes produce diverse ECM components, many of which have been exploited for various uses in medicine, food, and biofuel production. This review highlights major advances in ECM studies of green algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Domozych
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
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3
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Ma Y, Johnson K. Arabinogalactan proteins - Multifunctional glycoproteins of the plant cell wall. Cell Surf 2023; 9:100102. [PMID: 36873729 PMCID: PMC9974416 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2023.100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are cell wall glycoproteins that make up a relatively small component of the extracellular matrix of plants yet have significant influence on wall mechanics and signalling. Present in walls of algae, bryophytes and angiosperms, AGPs have a wide range of functional roles, from signalling, cell expansion and division, embryogenesis, responses to abiotic and biotic stress, plant growth and development. AGPs interact with and influence wall matrix components and plasma membrane proteins to regulate developmental pathways and growth responses, yet the exact mechanisms remain elusive. Comprising a large gene family that is highly diverse, from minimally to highly glycosylated members, varying in their glycan heterogeneity, can be plasma membrane bound or secreted into the extracellular matrix, have members that are highly tissue specific to those with constitutive expression; all these factors have made it extremely challenging to categorise AGPs many qualities and roles. Here we attempt to define some key features of AGPs and their biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Kim Johnson
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio Building, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
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Pfeifer L, Mueller KK, Utermöhlen J, Erdt F, Zehge JBJ, Schubert H, Classen B. The cell walls of different Chara species are characterized by branched galactans rich in 3-O-methylgalactose and absence of AGPs. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13989. [PMID: 37616003 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Streptophyte algae are the closest relatives to land plants; their latest common ancestor performed the most drastic adaptation in plant evolution around 500 million years ago: the conquest of land. Besides other adaptations, this step required changes in cell wall composition. Current knowledge on the cell walls of streptophyte algae and especially on the presence of arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), important signalling molecules in all land plants, is limited. To get deeper insights into the cell walls of streptophyte algae, especially in Charophyceae, we performed sequential cell wall extractions of four Chara species. The three species Chara globularis, Chara subspinosa and Chara tomentosa revealed comparable cell wall compositions, with pectins, xylans and xyloglucans, whereas Chara aspera stood out with higher amounts of uronic acids in the pectic fractions and lack of reactivity with antibodies binding to xylan- and xyloglucan epitopes. Search for AGPs in the four Chara species and in Nitellopsis obtusa revealed the presence of galactans with pyranosidic galactose in 1,3-, 1,6- and 1,3,6-linkage, which are typical galactan motifs in land plant AGPs. A unique feature of these branched galactans was high portions of 3-O-methylgalactose. Only Nitellopsis contained substantial amounts of arabinose A bioinformatic search for prolyl-4-hydroxylases, involved in the biosynthesis of AGPs, revealed one possible functional sequence in the genome of Chara braunii, but no hydroxyproline could be detected in the four Chara species or in Nitellopsis obtusa. We conclude that AGPs that is typical for land plants are absent, at least in these members of the Charophyceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pfeifer
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kim-Kristine Mueller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jon Utermöhlen
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Felicitas Erdt
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jean Bastian Just Zehge
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hendrik Schubert
- Aquatic Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Birgit Classen
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Dionisi HM, Lozada M, Campos E. Diversity of GH51 α-L-arabinofuranosidase homolog sequences from subantarctic intertidal sediments. Biologia (Bratisl) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-023-01382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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Mazéas L, Yonamine R, Barbeyron T, Henrissat B, Drula E, Terrapon N, Nagasato C, Hervé C. Assembly and synthesis of the extracellular matrix in brown algae. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 134:112-124. [PMID: 35307283 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In brown algae, the extracellular matrix (ECM) and its constitutive polymers play crucial roles in specialized functions, including algal growth and development. In this review we offer an integrative view of ECM construction in brown algae. We briefly report the chemical composition of its main constituents, and how these are interlinked in a structural model. We examine the ECM assembly at the tissue and cell level, with consideration on its structure in vivo and on the putative subcellular sites for the synthesis of its main constituents. We further discuss the biosynthetic pathways of two major polysaccharides, alginates and sulfated fucans, and the progress made beyond the candidate genes with the biochemical validation of encoded proteins. Key enzymes involved in the elongation of the glycan chains are still unknown and predictions have been made at the gene level. Here, we offer a re-examination of some glycosyltransferases and sulfotransferases from published genomes. Overall, our analysis suggests novel investigations to be performed at both the cellular and biochemical levels. First, to depict the location of polysaccharide structures in tissues. Secondly, to identify putative actors in the ECM synthesis to be functionally studied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mazéas
- CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France
| | - Rina Yonamine
- Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran 051-0013, Japan
| | - Tristan Barbeyron
- CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 7257 AFMB, 13288 Marseille, France; INRAE, USC1408 AFMB, 13288 Marseille, France; Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Technical University of Denmark, DTU Bioengineering, DK-2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Elodie Drula
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 7257 AFMB, 13288 Marseille, France; INRAE, USC1408 AFMB, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Terrapon
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 7257 AFMB, 13288 Marseille, France; INRAE, USC1408 AFMB, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Chikako Nagasato
- Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran 051-0013, Japan
| | - Cécile Hervé
- CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France.
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7
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Beuder S, Braybrook SA. Brown algal cell walls and development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 134:103-111. [PMID: 35396168 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Brown algae are complex multicellular eukaryotes whose cells possess a cell wall, which is an important structure that regulates cell size and shape. Alginate and fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides (FCSPs) are two carbohydrate types that have major roles in influencing the mechanical properties of the cell wall (i.e. increasing or decreasing wall stiffness), which in turn regulate cell expansion, division, adhesion, and other processes; however, how brown algal cell wall structure regulates its mechanical properties, and how this relationship influences cellular growth and organismal development, is not well-understood. This chapter is focused on reviewing what we currently know about how the roles of alginates and FCSPs in brown algal developmental processes, as well as how they influence the structural and mechanical properties of cell walls. Additionally, we discuss how brown algal mutants may be leveraged to learn more about the underlying mechanisms that regulate cell wall structure, mechanics, and developmental processes, and finally we propose questions to guide future research with the use of emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Beuder
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, UCLA, 610 Charles E Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, 570 Westwood Plaza Building 114, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Siobhan A Braybrook
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, UCLA, 610 Charles E Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, 570 Westwood Plaza Building 114, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, 611 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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8
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Bogaert KA, Zakka EE, Coelho SM, De Clerck O. Polarization of brown algal zygotes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 134:90-102. [PMID: 35317961 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brown algae are a group of multicellular, heterokont algae that have convergently evolved developmental complexity that rivals that of embryophytes, animals or fungi. Early in development, brown algal zygotes establish a basal and an apical pole, which will become respectively the basal system (holdfast) and the apical system (thallus) of the adult alga. Brown algae are interesting models for understanding the establishment of cell polarity in a broad evolutionary context, because they exhibit a large diversity of life cycles, reproductive strategies and, importantly, their zygotes are produced in large quantities free of parental tissue, with symmetry breaking and asymmetric division taking place in a highly synchronous manner. This review describes the current knowledge about the establishment of the apical-basal axis in the model brown seaweeds Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Fucus and Saccharina, highlighting the advantages and specific interests of each system. Ectocarpus is a genetic model system that allows access to the molecular basis of early development and life-cycle control over apical-basal polarity. The oogamous brown alga Fucus, together with emerging comparative models Dictyota and Saccharina, emphasize the diversity of strategies of symmetry breaking in determining a cell polarity vector in brown algae. A comparison with symmetry-breaking mechanisms in land plants, animals and fungi, reveals that the one-step zygote polarisation of Fucus compares well to Saccharomyces budding and Arabidopsis stomata development, while the two-phased symmetry breaking in the Dictyota zygote compares to Schizosaccharomyces fission, the Caenorhabditis anterior-posterior zygote polarisation and Arabidopsis prolate pollen polarisation. The apical-basal patterning in Saccharina zygotes on the other hand, may be seen as analogous to that of land plants. Overall, brown algae have the potential to bring exciting new information on how a single cell gives rise to an entire complex body plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny A Bogaert
- Phycology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Eliane E Zakka
- Phycology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Susana M Coelho
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olivier De Clerck
- Phycology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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9
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The In Silico Characterization of Monocotyledonous α-l-Arabinofuranosidases on the Example of Maize. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020266. [PMID: 36836625 PMCID: PMC9964162 DOI: 10.3390/life13020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant α-l-arabinofuranosidases remove terminal arabinose from arabinose-containing substrates such as plant cell wall polysaccharides, including arabinoxylans, arabinogalactans, and arabinans. In plants, de-arabinosylation of cell wall polysaccharides accompanies different physiological processes such as fruit ripening and elongation growth. In this report, we address the diversity of plant α-l-arabinofuranosidases of the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 51 through their phylogenetic analysis as well as their structural features. The CBM4-like domain at N-terminus was found to exist only in GH51 family proteins and was detected in almost 90% of plant sequences. This domain is similar to bacterial CBM4, but due to substitutions of key amino acid residues, it does not appear to be able to bind carbohydrates. Despite isoenzymes of GH51 being abundant, in particular in cereals, almost half of the GH51 proteins in Poales have a mutation of the acid/base residue in the catalytic site, making them potentially inactive. Open-source data on the transcription and translation of GH51 isoforms in maize were analyzed to discuss possible functions of individual isoenzymes. The results of homology modeling and molecular docking showed that the substrate binding site can accurately accommodate terminal arabinofuranose and that arabinoxylan is a more favorable ligand for all maize GH51 enzymes than arabinan.
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Awanthi MGG, Umosa M, Yuguchi Y, Oku H, Kitahara K, Ito M, Tanaka A, Konishi T. Fractionation and characterization of cell wall polysaccharides from the brown alga Cladosiphon okamuranus. Carbohydr Res 2023; 523:108722. [PMID: 36459703 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Brown algae contain a polysaccharide-rich cell wall, mainly composed of alginate and fucoidan which have been extensively studied for their individual structure and bioactivities. Particularly, the cell wall of Cladosiphon okamuranus is rich in fucoidan rather than alginate. However, little is known about its arrangement or interlinking with other polysaccharides such as cellulose in the cell wall. To determine its structure in detail, the cell wall was sequentially fractionated into five fractions: hot water (HW), ammonium oxalate, hemicellulose-I (HC-I), HC-II, and cellulose. Almost 80% of the total cell wall recovered from alcohol insoluble residue in C. okamuranus consisted of HW and HC-I, which mainly contained fucoidan composed of fucose, glucuronic acid, and sulfate in molar ratios of 1.0:0.3:0.9 and 1.0:0.2:0.3, respectively. Methylation analysis revealed that fucoidan in HW and HC-I structurally differed in terms of content of sulfate, and sugar residue which was 1,4-linked xylose and 1,4-linked fucose. Small angle X-ray scattering measurements also showed distinct conformational differences between HW and HC-I. These structural heterogeneities of fucoidan may be related to their localization, and fucoidan in HC-I may be involved in reinforcing cell wall structure by cross-linking to cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahanama Geegana Gamage Awanthi
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Manatsu Umosa
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yuguchi
- Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Electro-Communication University, 18-8 Hatsucho, Neyagawa-shi, Osaka, 572-8530, Japan
| | - Hirosuke Oku
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan; Center of Molecular Biosciences, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Kanefumi Kitahara
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan; Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Michihiro Ito
- Center of Molecular Biosciences, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Atsuko Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan
| | - Teruko Konishi
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan; Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan.
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Manna V, Zoccarato L, Banchi E, Arnosti C, Grossart H, Celussi M. Linking lifestyle and foraging strategies of marine bacteria: selfish behaviour of particle-attached bacteria in the northern Adriatic Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 14:549-558. [PMID: 35362215 PMCID: PMC9546125 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microbe-mediated enzymatic hydrolysis of organic matter entails the production of hydrolysate, the recovery of which may be more or less efficient. The selfish uptake mechanism, recently discovered, allows microbes to hydrolyze polysaccharides and take up large oligomers, which are then degraded in the periplasmic space. By minimizing the hydrolysate loss, selfish behaviour may be profitable for free-living cells dwelling in a patchy substrate landscape. However, selfish uptake seems to be tailored to algal-derived polysaccharides, abundant in organic particles, suggesting that particle-attached microbes may use this strategy. We tracked selfish polysaccharides uptake in surface microbial communities of the northeastern Mediterranean Sea, linking the occurrence of this processing mode with microbial lifestyle. Additionally, we set up fluorescently labelled polysaccharides incubations supplying phytodetritus to investigate a 'pioneer' scenario for particle-attached microbes. Under both conditions, selfish behaviour was almost exclusively carried out by particle-attached microbes, suggesting that this mechanism may represent an advantage in the race for particle exploitation. Our findings shed light on the selfish potential of particle-attached microbes, suggesting multifaceted foraging strategies exerted by particle colonizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Manna
- National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics – OGSDepartment of OceanographyTriesteItaly
| | - Luca Zoccarato
- Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB)Department of Experimental LimnologyZur alten Fischerhuette 2, D‐16775 StechlinGermany
| | - Elisa Banchi
- National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics – OGSDepartment of OceanographyTriesteItaly
| | - Carol Arnosti
- University of North Carolina – Chapel HillDepartment of Earth, Marine, and Environmental SciencesChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Hans‐Peter Grossart
- Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB)Department of Experimental LimnologyZur alten Fischerhuette 2, D‐16775 StechlinGermany
- Potsdam UniversityInstitute for Biochemistry and BiologyMaulbeeralle 2, D‐14469 PotsdamGermany
| | - Mauro Celussi
- National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics – OGSDepartment of OceanographyTriesteItaly
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Arabinogalactan Proteins: Focus on the Role in Cellulose Synthesis and Deposition during Plant Cell Wall Biogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126578. [PMID: 35743022 PMCID: PMC9223364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) belong to a family of glycoproteins that are widely present in plants. AGPs are mostly composed of a protein backbone decorated with complex carbohydrate side chains and are usually anchored to the plasma membrane or secreted extracellularly. A trickle of compelling biochemical and genetic evidence has demonstrated that AGPs make exciting candidates for a multitude of vital activities related to plant growth and development. However, because of the diversity of AGPs, functional redundancy of AGP family members, and blunt-force research tools, the precise functions of AGPs and their mechanisms of action remain elusive. In this review, we put together the current knowledge about the characteristics, classification, and identification of AGPs and make a summary of the biological functions of AGPs in multiple phases of plant reproduction and developmental processes. In addition, we especially discuss deeply the potential mechanisms for AGP action in different biological processes via their impacts on cellulose synthesis and deposition based on previous studies. Particularly, five hypothetical models that may explain the AGP involvement in cellulose synthesis and deposition during plant cell wall biogenesis are proposed. AGPs open a new avenue for understanding cellulose synthesis and deposition in plants.
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Přerovská T, Jindřichová B, Henke S, Yvin JC, Ferrieres V, Burketová L, Lipovová P, Nguema-Ona E. Arabinogalactan Protein-Like Proteins From Ulva lactuca Activate Immune Responses and Plant Resistance in an Oilseed Crop. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:893858. [PMID: 35668790 PMCID: PMC9164130 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.893858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural compounds isolated from macroalgae are promising, ecofriendly, and multifunctional bioinoculants, which have been tested and used in agriculture. Ulvans, for instance, one of the major polysaccharides present in Ulva spp. cell walls, have been tested for their plant growth-promoting properties as well as their ability to activate plant immune defense, on a large variety of crops. Recently, we have characterized for the first time an arabinogalactan protein-like (AGP-like) from Ulva lactuca, which exhibits several features associated to land plant AGPs. In land plant, AGPs were shown to play a role in several plant biological functions, including cell morphogenesis, reproduction, and plant-microbe interactions. Thus, isolated AGP-like proteins may be good candidates for either the plant growth-promoting properties or the activation of plant immune defense. Here, we have isolated an AGP-like enriched fraction from Ulva lactuca and we have evaluated its ability to (i) protect oilseed rape (Brassica napus) cotyledons against Leptosphaeria maculans, and (ii) its ability to activate immune responses. Preventive application of the Ulva AGP-like enriched fraction on oilseed rape, followed by cotyledon inoculation with the fungal hemibiotroph L. maculans, resulted in a major reduction of infection propagation. The noticed reduction correlated with an accumulation of H2O2 in treated cotyledons and with the activation of SA and ET signaling pathways in oilseed rape cotyledons. In parallel, an ulvan was also isolated from Ulva lactuca. Preventive application of ulvan also enhanced plant resistance against L. maculans. Surprisingly, reduction of infection severity was only observed at high concentration of ulvan. Here, no such significant changes in gene expression and H2O2 production were observed. Together, this study indicates that U. lactuca AGP-like glycoproteins exhibit promising elicitor activity and that plant eliciting properties of Ulva extract, might result not only from an ulvan-originated eliciting activities, but also AGP-like originated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Přerovská
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Barbora Jindřichová
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Svatopluk Henke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jean-Claude Yvin
- Agro Innovation International TIMAC AGRO, Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, Pôle Stress Biotique, Saint Malo, France
| | - Vincent Ferrieres
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Lenka Burketová
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petra Lipovová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Eric Nguema-Ona
- Agro Innovation International TIMAC AGRO, Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, Pôle Stress Biotique, Saint Malo, France
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Salmeán AA, Willats WGT, Ribeiro S, Andersen TJ, Ellegaard M. Over 100-Year Preservation and Temporal Fluctuations of Cell Wall Polysaccharides in Marine Sediments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:785902. [PMID: 35519816 PMCID: PMC9062592 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.785902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides constitute an important carbon pool in marine systems, but much is still unknown about the fate and degradation of these compounds. They are derived partly from production in situ, and in coastal areas, they are partly terrestrially derived, originating from freshwater runoff from land. The aim of this study was to test the applicability of high-throughput polysaccharide profiling for plant and algal cell-wall compounds in dated sediment cores from a coastal marine environment, to examine the preservation of cell-wall polysaccharides and explore their potential as proxies for temporal environmental changes. Preserved compounds and remains of organisms are routinely used as paleoenvironmental proxies as the amount and composition of different compounds that can provide insight into past environmental conditions, and novel means for reporting environmental changes are highly sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando A. Salmeán
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Technology, University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - William George Tycho Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Ribeiro
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorbjørn Joest Andersen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Ellegaard
- Department of Technology, University College Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Pfeifer L, Utermöhlen J, Happ K, Permann C, Holzinger A, von Schwartzenberg K, Classen B. Search for evolutionary roots of land plant arabinogalactan-proteins in charophytes: presence of a rhamnogalactan-protein in Spirogyra pratensis (Zygnematophyceae). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:568-584. [PMID: 34767672 PMCID: PMC7612518 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Charophyte green algae (CGA) are assigned to be the closest relatives of land plants and therefore enlighten processes in the colonization of terrestrial habitats. For the transition from water to land, plants needed significant physiological and structural changes, as well as with regard to cell wall composition. Sequential extraction of cell walls of Nitellopsis obtusa (Charophyceae) and Spirogyra pratensis (Zygnematophyceae) offered a comparative overview on cell wall composition of late branching CGA. Because arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are considered common for all land plant cell walls, we were interested in whether these special glycoproteins are present in CGA. Therefore, we investigated both species with regard to characteristic features of AGPs. In the cell wall of Nitellopsis, no hydroxyproline was present and no AGP was precipitable with the β-glucosyl Yariv's reagent (βGlcY). By contrast, βGlcY precipitation of the water-soluble cell wall fraction of Spirogyra yielded a glycoprotein fraction rich in hydroxyproline, indicating the presence of AGPs. Putative AGPs in the cell walls of non-conjugating Spirogyra filaments, especially in the area of transverse walls, were detected by staining with βGlcY. Labelling increased strongly in generative growth stages, especially during zygospore development. Investigations of the fine structure of the glycan part of βGlcY-precipitated molecules revealed that the galactan backbone resembled that of AGPs with 1,3- 1,6- and 1,3,6-linked Galp moieties. Araf was present only in small amounts and the terminating sugars consisted predominantly of pyranosidic terminal and 1,3-linked rhamnose residues. We introduce the term 'rhamnogalactan-protein' for this special AGP-modification present in S. pratensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pfeifer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Jon Utermöhlen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Kathrin Happ
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Charlotte Permann
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | | | - Birgit Classen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
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Cheng M, Zhou Q, Wang L, Jiao Y, Liu Y, Tan L, Zhu H, Nagawa S, Wei H, Yang Z, Yang Q, Huang X. A new mechanism by which environmental hazardous substances enhance their toxicities to plants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 421:126802. [PMID: 34396977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The coexistence of hazardous substances enhances their toxicities to plants, but its mechanism is still unclear due to the unknown cytochemical behavior of hazardous substance in plants. In this study, by using interdisciplinary methods, we observed the cytochemical behavior of coexisting hazardous substances {terbium [Tb(III)], benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and cadmium [Cd(II)] in environments} in plants and thus identified a new mechanism by which coexisting hazardous substances in environments enhance their toxicities to plants. First, Tb(III) at environmental exposure level (1.70 × 10-10 g/L) breaks the inert rule of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in leaf cells. Specifically, Tb(III) binds to its receptor [FASCICLIN-like arabinogalactan protein 17 (FLA17)] on the plasma membrane of leaf cells and then docks to an intracellular adaptor protein [adaptor protein 2 (AP2)] to form ternary complex [Tb(III)-FLA17-AP2], which finally initiates CME pathway in leaf cells. Second, coexisting Tb(III), BaP and Cd(II) in environments are simultaneously transported into leaf cells via Tb(III)-initiated CME pathway, leading to the accumulation of them in leaf cells. Finally, these accumulated hazardous substances simultaneously poison plant leaf cells. These results provide theoretical and experimental bases for elucidating the mechanisms of hazardous substances in environments poisoning plants, evaluating their risks, and protecting ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhu Cheng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China 210023
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China 214122
| | - Lihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China 214122
| | - Yunlong Jiao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China 210023
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China 210023
| | - Li Tan
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201602
| | - Hong Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China 201602
| | - Shingo Nagawa
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University-University of California, Riverside Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China 350002
| | - Haiyan Wei
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China 210023
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University-University of California, Riverside Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China 350002; Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Qing Yang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China 210023.
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China 210023.
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17
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Cheng M, Wang X, Ben Y, Zhang S, Wang L, Zhou Q, Huang X. Enrichment process of lanthanum as a nonessential trace element in leaf cells of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). J RARE EARTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Kaur D, Held MA, Smith MR, Showalter AM. Functional characterization of hydroxyproline-O-galactosyltransferases for Arabidopsis arabinogalactan-protein synthesis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:590. [PMID: 34903166 PMCID: PMC8667403 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are structurally complex hydroxyproline-rich cell wall glycoproteins ubiquitous in the plant kingdom. AGPs biosynthesis involves a series of post-translational modifications including the addition of type II arabinogalactans to non-contiguous Hyp residues. To date, eight Hyp-galactosyltransferases (Hyp-GALTs; GALT2-GALT9) belonging to CAZy GT31, are known to catalyze the addition of the first galactose residues to AGP protein backbones and enable subsequent AGP glycosylation. The extent of genetic redundancy, however, remains to be elucidated for the Hyp-GALT gene family. RESULTS To examine their gene redundancy and functions, we generated various multiple gene knock-outs, including a triple mutant (galt5 galt8 galt9), two quadruple mutants (galt2 galt5 galt7 galt8, galt2 galt5 galt7 galt9), and one quintuple mutant (galt2 galt5 galt7 galt8 galt9), and comprehensively examined their biochemical and physiological phenotypes. The key findings include: AGP precipitations with β-Yariv reagent showed that GALT2, GALT5, GALT7, GALT8 and GALT9 act redundantly with respect to AGP glycosylation in cauline and rosette leaves, while the activity of GALT7, GALT8 and GALT9 dominate in the stem, silique and flowers. Monosaccharide composition analysis showed that galactose was decreased in the silique and root AGPs of the Hyp-GALT mutants. TEM analysis of 25789 quintuple mutant stems indicated cell wall defects coincident with the observed developmental and growth impairment in these Hyp-GALT mutants. Correlated with expression patterns, galt2, galt5, galt7, galt8, and galt9 display equal additive effects on insensitivity to β-Yariv-induced growth inhibition, silique length, plant height, and pollen viability. Interestingly, galt7, galt8, and galt9 contributed more to primary root growth and root tip swelling under salt stress, whereas galt2 and galt5 played more important roles in seed morphology, germination defects and seed set. Pollen defects likely contributed to the reduced seed set in these mutants. CONCLUSION Additive and pleiotropic effects of GALT2, GALT5, GALT7, GALT8 and GALT9 on vegetative and reproductive growth phenotypes were teased apart via generation of different combinations of Hyp-GALT knock-out mutants. Taken together, the generation of higher order Hyp-GALT mutants demonstrate the functional importance of AG polysaccharides decorating the AGPs with respect to various aspects of plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasmeet Kaur
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA
- Department of Environmental & Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA
| | - Michael A. Held
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA
| | - Mountain R. Smith
- Department of Environmental & Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA
| | - Allan M. Showalter
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA
- Department of Environmental & Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA
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Ghassemi N, Poulhazan A, Deligey F, Mentink-Vigier F, Marcotte I, Wang T. Solid-State NMR Investigations of Extracellular Matrixes and Cell Walls of Algae, Bacteria, Fungi, and Plants. Chem Rev 2021; 122:10036-10086. [PMID: 34878762 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrixes (ECMs), such as the cell walls and biofilms, are important for supporting cell integrity and function and regulating intercellular communication. These biomaterials are also of significant interest to the production of biofuels and the development of antimicrobial treatment. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) and magic-angle spinning-dynamic nuclear polarization (MAS-DNP) are uniquely powerful for understanding the conformational structure, dynamical characteristics, and supramolecular assemblies of carbohydrates and other biomolecules in ECMs. This review highlights the recent high-resolution investigations of intact ECMs and native cells in many organisms spanning across plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae. We spotlight the structural principles identified in ECMs, discuss the current technical limitation and underexplored biochemical topics, and point out the promising opportunities enabled by the recent advances of the rapidly evolving ssNMR technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Ghassemi
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Alexandre Poulhazan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal H2X 2J6, Canada
| | - Fabien Deligey
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | | | - Isabelle Marcotte
- Department of Chemistry, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal H2X 2J6, Canada
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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20
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Huang H, Miao Y, Zhang Y, Huang L, Cao J, Lin S. Comprehensive Analysis of Arabinogalactan Protein-Encoding Genes Reveals the Involvement of Three BrFLA Genes in Pollen Germination in Brassica rapa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313142. [PMID: 34884948 PMCID: PMC8658186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a superfamily of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins that are massively glycosylated, widely implicated in plant growth and development. No comprehensive analysis of the AGP gene family has been performed in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis). Here, we identified a total of 293 putative AGP-encoding genes in B. rapa, including 25 classical AGPs, three lysine-rich AGPs, 30 AG-peptides, 36 fasciclin-like AGPs (FLAs), 59 phytocyanin-like AGPs, 33 xylogen-like AGPs, 102 other chimeric AGPs, two non-classical AGPs and three AGP/extensin hybrids. Their protein structures, phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal location and gene duplication status were comprehensively analyzed. Based on RNA sequencing data, we found that 73 AGP genes were differentially expressed in the floral buds of the sterile and fertile plants at least at one developmental stage in B. rapa, suggesting a potential role of AGPs in male reproductive development. We further characterized BrFLA2, BrFLA28 and BrFLA32, three FLA members especially expressed in anthers, pollen grains and pollen tubes. BrFLA2, BrFLA28 and BrFLA32 are indispensable for the proper timing of pollen germination under high relative humidity. Our study greatly extends the repertoire of AGPs in B. rapa and reveals a role for three members of the FLA subfamily in pollen germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Huang
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China; (H.H.); (Y.M.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yingjing Miao
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China; (H.H.); (Y.M.); (Y.Z.)
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China; (H.H.); (Y.M.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Li Huang
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Jiashu Cao
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Sue Lin
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China; (H.H.); (Y.M.); (Y.Z.)
- Biomedicine Collaborative Innovation Center of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (S.L.)
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21
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Mahmood Ansari S, Saquib Q, De Matteis V, Awad Alwathnani H, Ali Alharbi S, Ali Al-Khedhairy A. Marine Macroalgae Display Bioreductant Efficacy for Fabricating Metallic Nanoparticles: Intra/Extracellular Mechanism and Potential Biomedical Applications. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2021; 2021:5985377. [PMID: 34873399 PMCID: PMC8643268 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5985377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of hazardous chemicals during nanoparticle (NP) synthesis has raised alarming concerns pertaining to their biocompatibility and equally to the environmental harmlessness. In the recent decade, nanotechnological research has made a gigantic shift in order to include the natural resources to produce biogenic NPs. Within this approach, researchers have utilized marine resources such as macroalgae and microalgae, land plants, bacteria, fungi, yeast, actinomycetes, and viruses to synthesize NPs. Marine macroalgae (brown, red, and green) are rich in polysaccharides including alginates, fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides (FCSPs), galactans, agars or carrageenans, semicrystalline cellulose, ulvans, and hemicelluloses. Phytochemicals are abundant in phenols, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and vitamins. However, microorganisms have an abundance of active compounds ranging from sugar molecules, enzymes, canonical membrane proteins, reductase enzymes (NADH and NADPH), membrane proteins to many more. The prime reason for using the aforesaid entities in the metallic NPs synthesis is based on their intrinsic properties to act as bioreductants, having the capability to reduce and cap the metal ions into stabilized NPs. Several green NPs have been verified for their biocompatibility in human cells. Bioactive constituents from the above resources have been found on the green metallic NPs, which has demonstrated their efficacies as prospective antibiotics and anti-cancer agents against a range of human pathogens and cancer cells. Moreover, these NPs can be characterized for the size, shapes, functional groups, surface properties, porosity, hydrodynamic stability, and surface charge using different characterization techniques. The novelty and originality of this review is that we provide recent research compilations on green synthesis of NPs by marine macroalgae and other biological sources (plant, bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, yeast, and virus). Besides, we elaborated on the detailed intra- and extracellular mechanisms of NPs synthesis by marine macroalgae. The application of green NPs as anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, and popular methods of NPs characterization techniques has also been critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha Mahmood Ansari
- Botany & Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Quaiser Saquib
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Valeria De Matteis
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “E. De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via per Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Hend Awad Alwathnani
- Botany & Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Botany & Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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The Arabinogalactan Protein Family of Centaurium erythraea Rafn. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091870. [PMID: 34579403 PMCID: PMC8471777 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Centaurium erythraea (centaury) is a medicinal plant with exceptional developmental plasticity in vitro and vigorous, often spontaneous, regeneration via shoot organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis, during which arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) play an important role. AGPs are highly glycosylated proteins belonging to the super family of O-glycosylated plant cell surface hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs). HRGPs/AGPs are intrinsically disordered and not well conserved, making their homology-based mining ineffective. We have applied a recently developed pipeline for HRGP/AGP mining, ragp, which is based on machine learning prediction of proline hydroxylation, to identify HRGP sequences in centaury transcriptome and to classify them into motif and amino acid bias (MAAB) classes. AGP sequences with low AG glycomotif representation were also identified. Six members of each of the three AGP subclasses, fasciclin-like AGPs, receptor kinase-like AGPs and AG peptides, were selected for phylogenetic and expression analyses. The expression of these 18 genes was recorded over 48 h following leaf mechanical wounding, as well as in 16 tissue samples representing plants from nature, plants cultivated in vitro, and developmental stages during shoot organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis. None of the selected genes were upregulated during both wounding recovery and regeneration. Possible functions of AGPs with the most interesting expression profiles are discussed.
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Role and Evolution of the Extracellular Matrix in the Acquisition of Complex Multicellularity in Eukaryotes: A Macroalgal Perspective. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071059. [PMID: 34356075 PMCID: PMC8307928 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular eukaryotes are characterized by an expanded extracellular matrix (ECM) with a diversified composition. The ECM is involved in determining tissue texture, screening cells from the outside medium, development, and innate immunity, all of which are essential features in the biology of multicellular eukaryotes. This review addresses the origin and evolution of the ECM, with a focus on multicellular marine algae. We show that in these lineages the expansion of extracellular matrix played a major role in the acquisition of complex multicellularity through its capacity to connect, position, shield, and defend the cells. Multiple innovations were necessary during these evolutionary processes, leading to striking convergences in the structures and functions of the ECMs of algae, animals, and plants.
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Yao H, Scornet D, Jam M, Hervé C, Potin P, Oliveira Correia L, Coelho SM, Cock JM. Biochemical characteristics of a diffusible factor that induces gametophyte to sporophyte switching in the brown alga Ectocarpus. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:742-753. [PMID: 33432598 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The haploid-diploid life cycle of the filamentous brown alga Ectocarpus involves alternation between two independent and morphologically distinct multicellular generations, the sporophyte and the gametophyte. Deployment of the sporophyte developmental program requires two TALE homeodomain transcription factors OUROBOROS and SAMSARA. In addition, the sporophyte generation has been shown to secrete a diffusible factor that can induce uni-spores to switch from the gametophyte to the sporophyte developmental program. Here, we determine optimal conditions for production, storage, and detection of this diffusible factor and show that it is a heat-resistant, high molecular weight molecule. Based on a combined approach involving proteomic analysis of sporophyte-conditioned medium and the use of biochemical tools to characterize arabinogalactan proteins, we present evidence that sporophyte-conditioned medium contains AGP epitopes and suggest that the diffusible factor may belong to this family of glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqin Yao
- Algal Genetics Group, UMR 8227, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff, France
| | - Delphine Scornet
- Algal Genetics Group, UMR 8227, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff, France
| | - Murielle Jam
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff, France
- Marine Glycobiology, UMR 8227, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Hervé
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff, France
- Marine Glycobiology, UMR 8227, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Potin
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff, France
- Algal Biology and Environmental Interactions, UMR 8227, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Lydie Oliveira Correia
- PAPPSO, INRA, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Susana M Coelho
- Algal Genetics Group, UMR 8227, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff, France
| | - J Mark Cock
- Algal Genetics Group, UMR 8227, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, Paris, France
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff, France
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25
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Linardić M, Braybrook SA. Identification and selection of optimal reference genes for qPCR-based gene expression analysis in Fucus distichus under various abiotic stresses. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0233249. [PMID: 33909633 PMCID: PMC8081170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative gene expression analysis is an important tool in the scientist's belt. The identification of evenly expressed reference genes is necessary for accurate quantitative gene expression analysis, whether by traditional RT-PCR (reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction) or by qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time PCR; qPCR). In the Stramenopiles (the major line of eukaryotes that includes brown algae) there is a noted lack of known reference genes for such studies, largely due to the absence of available molecular tools. Here we present a set of nine reference genes (Elongation Factor 1 alpha (EF1A), Elongation Factor 2 alpha (EF2A), Elongation Factor 1 beta (EF1B), 14-3-3 Protein, Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme (UBCE2), Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH), Actin Related Protein Complex (ARP2/3), Ribosomal Protein (40s; S23), and Actin) for the brown alga Fucus distichus. These reference genes were tested on adult sporophytes across six abiotic stress conditions (desiccation, light and temperature modification, hormone addition, pollutant exposure, nutrient addition, and wounding). Suitability of these genes as reference genes was quantitatively evaluated across conditions using standard methods and the majority of the tested genes were evaluated favorably. However, we show that normalization genes should be chosen on a condition-by-condition basis. We provide a recommendation that at least two reference genes be used per experiment, a list of recommended pairs for the conditions tested here, and a procedure for identifying a suitable set for an experimenter's unique design. With the recent expansion of interest in brown algal biology and accompanied molecular tools development, the variety of experimental conditions tested here makes this study a valuable resource for future work in basic biology and understanding stress responses in the brown algal lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Linardić
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Energy Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Siobhan A. Braybrook
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Energy Institute of Genomics and Proteomics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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26
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Přerovská T, Henke S, Bleha R, Spiwok V, Gillarová S, Yvin JC, Ferrières V, Nguema-Ona E, Lipovová P. Arabinogalactan-like Glycoproteins from Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) Show Unique Features Compared to Land Plants AGPs. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2021; 57:619-635. [PMID: 33338254 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) encompass a diverse group of plant cell wall proteoglycans, which play an essential role in plant development, signaling, plant-microbe interactions, and many others. Although they are widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom and extensively studied, they remain largely unexplored in the lower plants, especially in seaweeds. Ulva species have high economic potential since various applications were previously described including bioremediation, biofuel production, and as a source of bioactive compounds. This article presents the first experimental confirmation of AGP-like glycoproteins in Ulva species and provides a simple extraction protocol of Ulva lactuca AGP-like glycoproteins, their partial characterization and unique comparison to scarcely described Solanum lycopersicum AGPs. The reactivity with primary anti-AGP antibodies as well as Yariv reagent showed a great variety between Ulva lactuca and Solanum lycopersicum AGP-like glycoproteins. While the amino acid analysis of the AGP-like glycoproteins purified by the β-d-glucosyl Yariv reagent showed a similarity between algal and land plant AGP-like glycoproteins, neutral saccharide analysis revealed unique glycosylation of the Ulva lactuca AGP-like glycoproteins. Surprisingly, arabinose and galactose were not the most prevalent monosaccharides and the most outstanding was the presence of 3-O-methyl-hexose, which has never been described in the AGPs. The exceptional structure of the Ulva lactuca AGP-like glycoproteins implies a specialized adaptation to the marine environment and might bring new insight into the evolution of the plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Přerovská
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Svatopluk Henke
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cerials, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Bleha
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cerials, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Spiwok
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Gillarová
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cerials, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
| | - Jean-Claude Yvin
- Centre Mondial de l'Innovation Roullier, Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétal, 18 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, Saint-Malo, 35400, France
| | - Vincent Ferrières
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Eric Nguema-Ona
- Centre Mondial de l'Innovation Roullier, Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétal, 18 Avenue Franklin Roosevelt, Saint-Malo, 35400, France
| | - Petra Lipovová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague, 16625, Czech Republic
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27
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Liu J, Zhang W, Long S, Zhao C. Maintenance of Cell Wall Integrity under High Salinity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3260. [PMID: 33806816 PMCID: PMC8004791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell wall biosynthesis is a complex biological process in plants. In the rapidly growing cells or in the plants that encounter a variety of environmental stresses, the compositions and the structure of cell wall can be dynamically changed. To constantly monitor cell wall status, plants have evolved cell wall integrity (CWI) maintenance system, which allows rapid cell growth and improved adaptation of plants to adverse environmental conditions without the perturbation of cell wall organization. Salt stress is one of the abiotic stresses that can severely disrupt CWI, and studies have shown that the ability of plants to sense and maintain CWI is important for salt tolerance. In this review, we highlight the roles of CWI in salt tolerance and the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of CWI under salt stress. The unsolved questions regarding the association between the CWI and salt tolerance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Liu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.L.); (W.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.L.); (W.Z.); (S.L.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shujie Long
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.L.); (W.Z.); (S.L.)
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunzhao Zhao
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; (J.L.); (W.Z.); (S.L.)
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28
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West CM, Malzl D, Hykollari A, Wilson IBH. Glycomics, Glycoproteomics, and Glycogenomics: An Inter-Taxa Evolutionary Perspective. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100024. [PMID: 32994314 PMCID: PMC8724618 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r120.002263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a highly diverse set of co- and posttranslational modifications of proteins. For mammalian glycoproteins, glycosylation is often site-, tissue-, and species-specific and diversified by microheterogeneity. Multitudinous biochemical, cellular, physiological, and organismic effects of their glycans have been revealed, either intrinsic to the carrier proteins or mediated by endogenous reader proteins with carbohydrate recognition domains. Furthermore, glycans frequently form the first line of access by or defense from foreign invaders, and new roles for nucleocytoplasmic glycosylation are blossoming. We now know enough to conclude that the same general principles apply in invertebrate animals and unicellular eukaryotes-different branches of which spawned the plants or fungi and animals. The two major driving forces for exploring the glycomes of invertebrates and protists are (i) to understand the biochemical basis of glycan-driven biology in these organisms, especially of pathogens, and (ii) to uncover the evolutionary relationships between glycans, their biosynthetic enzyme genes, and biological functions for new glycobiological insights. With an emphasis on emerging areas of protist glycobiology, here we offer an overview of glycan diversity and evolution, to promote future access to this treasure trove of glycobiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M West
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
| | - Daniel Malzl
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
| | - Alba Hykollari
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria; VetCore Facility for Research/Proteomics Unit, Veterinärmedizinische Universität, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iain B H Wilson
- Department für Chemie, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, Austria
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29
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Hromadová D, Soukup A, Tylová E. Arabinogalactan Proteins in Plant Roots - An Update on Possible Functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:674010. [PMID: 34079573 PMCID: PMC8165308 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.674010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Responsiveness to environmental conditions and developmental plasticity of root systems are crucial determinants of plant fitness. These processes are interconnected at a cellular level with cell wall properties and cell surface signaling, which involve arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) as essential components. AGPs are cell-wall localized glycoproteins, often GPI-anchored, which participate in root functions at many levels. They are involved in cell expansion and differentiation, regulation of root growth, interactions with other organisms, and environmental response. Due to the complexity of cell wall functional and regulatory networks, and despite the large amount of experimental data, the exact molecular mechanisms of AGP-action are still largely unknown. This dynamically evolving field of root biology is summarized in the present review.
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30
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Arnosti C, Wietz M, Brinkhoff T, Hehemann JH, Probandt D, Zeugner L, Amann R. The Biogeochemistry of Marine Polysaccharides: Sources, Inventories, and Bacterial Drivers of the Carbohydrate Cycle. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2021; 13:81-108. [PMID: 32726567 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-032020-012810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are major components of macroalgal and phytoplankton biomass and constitute a large fraction of the organic matter produced and degraded in the ocean. Until recently, however, our knowledge of marine polysaccharides was limited due to their great structural complexity, the correspondingly complicated enzymatic machinery used by microbial communities to degrade them, and a lack of readily applied means to isolate andcharacterize polysaccharides in detail. Advances in carbohydrate chemistry, bioinformatics, molecular ecology, and microbiology have led to new insights into the structures of polysaccharides, the means by which they are degraded by bacteria, and the ecology of polysaccharide production and decomposition. Here, we survey current knowledge, discuss recent advances, and present a new conceptual model linking polysaccharide structural complexity and abundance to microbially driven mechanisms of polysaccharide processing. We conclude by highlighting specific future research foci that will shed light on this central but poorly characterized component of the marine carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arnosti
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA;
| | - M Wietz
- HGF MPG Joint Research Group for Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany, and Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - T Brinkhoff
- Institute for the Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - J-H Hehemann
- MARUM MPG Bridge Group Marine Glycobiology, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences (MARUM), University of Bremen, and Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - D Probandt
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - L Zeugner
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - R Amann
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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31
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Silva J, Ferraz R, Dupree P, Showalter AM, Coimbra S. Three Decades of Advances in Arabinogalactan-Protein Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:610377. [PMID: 33384708 PMCID: PMC7769824 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.610377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are a large, complex, and highly diverse class of heavily glycosylated proteins that belong to the family of cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins. Approximately 90% of the molecules consist of arabinogalactan polysaccharides, which are composed of arabinose and galactose as major sugars and minor sugars such as glucuronic acid, fucose, and rhamnose. About half of the AGP family members contain a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) lipid anchor, which allows for an association with the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. The mysterious AGP family has captivated the attention of plant biologists for several decades. This diverse family of glycoproteins is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, including many algae, where they play fundamental roles in growth and development processes. The journey of AGP biosynthesis begins with the assembly of amino acids into peptide chains of proteins. An N-terminal signal peptide directs AGPs toward the endoplasmic reticulum, where proline hydroxylation occurs and a GPI anchor may be added. GPI-anchored AGPs, as well as unanchored AGPs, are then transferred to the Golgi apparatus, where extensive glycosylation occurs by the action of a variety glycosyltransferase enzymes. Following glycosylation, AGPs are transported by secretory vesicles to the cell wall or to the extracellular face of the plasma membrane (in the case of GPI-anchored AGPs). GPI-anchored proteins can be released from the plasma membrane into the cell wall by phospholipases. In this review, we present an overview of the accumulated knowledge on AGP biosynthesis over the past three decades. Particular emphasis is placed on the glycosylation of AGPs as the sugar moiety is essential to their function. Recent genetics and genomics approaches have significantly contributed to a broader knowledge of AGP biosynthesis. However, many questions remain to be elucidated in the decades ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy Silva
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Allan M. Showalter
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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32
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Abstract
Model organisms are extensively used in research as accessible and convenient systems for studying a particular area or question in biology. Traditionally, only a limited number of organisms have been studied in detail, but modern genomic tools are enabling researchers to extend beyond the set of classical model organisms to include novel species from less-studied phylogenetic groups. This review focuses on model species for an important group of multicellular organisms, the brown algae. The development of genetic and genomic tools for the filamentous brown alga Ectocarpus has led to it emerging as a general model system for this group, but additional models, such as Fucus or Dictyota dichotoma, remain of interest for specific biological questions. In addition, Saccharina japonica has emerged as a model system to directly address applied questions related to algal aquaculture. We discuss the past, present, and future of brown algal model organisms in relation to the opportunities and challenges in brown algal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana M Coelho
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 29680 Roscoff, France;
- Current affiliation: Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - J Mark Cock
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 29680 Roscoff, France;
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33
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Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins are a diverse group of cell wall-associated proteoglycans. While structural and molecular genetic analyses have contributed to the emerging improved understanding of the wide-range of biological processes in which AGPs are implicated; the ability to detect, localize, and quantify them is fundamentally important. This chapter describes three methods: histological staining, radial gel diffusion, and colorimetric quantification, each of which utilize the ability of Yariv reagent to bind to AGPs.
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34
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Pfeifer L, Shafee T, Johnson KL, Bacic A, Classen B. Arabinogalactan-proteins of Zostera marina L. contain unique glycan structures and provide insight into adaption processes to saline environments. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8232. [PMID: 32427862 PMCID: PMC7237498 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Seagrasses evolved from monocotyledonous land plants that returned to the marine habitat. This transition was accomplished by substantial changes in cell wall composition, revealing habitat-driven adaption to the new environment. Whether arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), important signalling molecules of land plants, are present in seagrass cell walls is of evolutionary and plant development interest. AGPs of Zostera marina L. were isolated and structurally characterised by analytical and bioinformatics methods as well as by ELISA with different anti-AGP antibodies. Calcium-binding capacity of AGPs was studied by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and microscopy. Bioinformatic searches of the Z. marina proteome identified 9 classical AGPs and a large number of chimeric AGPs. The glycan structures exhibit unique features, including a high degree of branching and an unusually high content of terminating 4-O-methyl-glucuronic acid (4-OMe GlcA) residues. Although the common backbone structure of land plant AGPs is conserved in Z. marina, the terminating residues are distinct with high amounts of uronic acids. These differences likely result from the glycan-active enzymes (glycosyltransferases and methyltransferases) and are essential for calcium-binding properties. The role of this polyanionic surface is discussed with regard to adaption to the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pfeifer
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Shafee
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Kim L Johnson
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
- Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Birgit Classen
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
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35
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Siméon A, Kridi S, Kloareg B, Hervé C. Presence of Exogenous Sulfate Is Mandatory for Tip Growth in the Brown Alga Ectocarpus subulatus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1277. [PMID: 33013948 PMCID: PMC7461865 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Brown algae (Phaeophyceae) are multicellular photoautrophic organisms and the largest biomass producers in coastal regions. A variety of observations indicate that their extracellular matrix (ECM) is involved with screening of salts, development, cell fate selection, and defense responses. It is likely that these functionalities are related to its constitutive structures. The major components of the ECM of brown algae are β-glucans, alginates, and fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides. The genus Ectocarpus comprises a wide range of species that have adapted to different environments, including isolates of Ectocarpus subulatus, a species highly resistant to low salinity. Previous studies on a freshwater strain of E. subulatus indicated that the sulfate remodeling of fucans is related to the external salt concentration. Here we show that the sulfate content of the surrounding medium is a key parameter influencing both the patterning of the alga and the occurrence of the BAM4 sulfated fucan epitope in walls of apical cells. These results indicate that sulfate uptake and incorporation in the sulfated fucans from apical cells is an essential parameter to sustain tip growth, and we discuss its influence on the architectural plasticity of Ectocarpus.
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36
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Rabillé H, Torode TA, Tesson B, Le Bail A, Billoud B, Rolland E, Le Panse S, Jam M, Charrier B. Alginates along the filament of the brown alga Ectocarpus help cells cope with stress. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12956. [PMID: 31506545 PMCID: PMC6736953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49427-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectocarpus is a filamentous brown alga, which cell wall is composed mainly of alginates and fucans (80%), two non-crystalline polysaccharide classes. Alginates are linear chains of epimers of 1,4-linked uronic acids, β-D-mannuronic acid (M) and α-L-guluronic acid (G). Previous physico-chemical studies showed that G-rich alginate gels are stiffer than M-rich alginate gels when prepared in vitro with calcium. In order to assess the possible role of alginates in Ectocarpus, we first immunolocalised M-rich or G-rich alginates using specific monoclonal antibodies along the filament. As a second step, we calculated the tensile stress experienced by the cell wall along the filament, and varied it with hypertonic or hypotonic solutions. As a third step, we measured the stiffness of the cell along the filament, using cell deformation measurements and atomic force microscopy. Overlapping of the three sets of data allowed to show that alginates co-localise with the stiffest and most stressed areas of the filament, namely the dome of the apical cell and the shanks of the central round cells. In addition, no major distinction between M-rich and G-rich alginate spatial patterns could be observed. Altogether, these results support that both M-rich and G-rich alginates play similar roles in stiffening the cell wall where the tensile stress is high and exposes cells to bursting, and that these roles are independent from cell growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Rabillé
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative des Modèles Marins LBI2M, Station Biologique, Roscoff, France
| | - Thomas A Torode
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benoit Tesson
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Aude Le Bail
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative des Modèles Marins LBI2M, Station Biologique, Roscoff, France
- Department of Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernard Billoud
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative des Modèles Marins LBI2M, Station Biologique, Roscoff, France
| | - Elodie Rolland
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative des Modèles Marins LBI2M, Station Biologique, Roscoff, France
| | - Sophie Le Panse
- Platform Merimage, FR 2424, CNRS, Station Biologique, Roscoff, France
| | - Murielle Jam
- Marine Glycobiology team, UMR8227, CNRS-UPMC, Station Biologique, Roscoff, France
| | - Bénédicte Charrier
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Laboratoire de Biologie Intégrative des Modèles Marins LBI2M, Station Biologique, Roscoff, France.
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Pilgaard B, Wilkens C, Herbst FA, Vuillemin M, Rhein-Knudsen N, Meyer AS, Lange L. Proteomic enzyme analysis of the marine fungus Paradendryphiella salina reveals alginate lyase as a minimal adaptation strategy for brown algae degradation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12338. [PMID: 31451726 PMCID: PMC6710412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48823-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We set out to investigate the genetic adaptations of the marine fungus Paradendryphiella salina CBS112865 for degradation of brown macroalgae. We performed whole genome and transcriptome sequencing and shotgun proteomic analysis of the secretome of P. salina grown on three species of brown algae and under carbon limitation. Genome comparison with closely related terrestrial fungi revealed that P. salina had a similar but reduced CAZyme profile relative to the terrestrial fungi except for the presence of three putative alginate lyases from Polysaccharide Lyase (PL) family 7 and a putative PL8 with similarity to ascomycete chondroitin AC lyases. Phylogenetic and homology analyses place the PL7 sequences amongst mannuronic acid specific PL7 proteins from marine bacteria. Recombinant expression, purification and characterization of one of the PL7 genes confirmed the specificity. Proteomic analysis of the P. salina secretome when growing on brown algae, revealed the PL7 and PL8 enzymes abundantly secreted together with enzymes necessary for degradation of laminarin, cellulose, lipids and peptides. Our findings indicate that the basic CAZyme repertoire of saprobic and plant pathogenic ascomycetes, with the addition of PL7 alginate lyases, provide P. salina with sufficient enzymatic capabilities to degrade several types of brown algae polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pilgaard
- Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Casper Wilkens
- Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Florian-Alexander Herbst
- Center for Microbial Communities, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Marlene Vuillemin
- Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nanna Rhein-Knudsen
- Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne S Meyer
- Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lene Lange
- BioEconomy, Research & Advisory, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Arabinogalactan protein-rare earth element complexes activate plant endocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14349-14357. [PMID: 31239335 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902532116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis is essential to all eukaryotes, but how cargoes are selected for internalization remains poorly characterized. Extracellular cargoes are thought to be selected by transmembrane receptors that bind intracellular adaptors proteins to initiate endocytosis. Here, we report a mechanism for clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) of extracellular lanthanum [La(III)] cargoes, which requires extracellular arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) that are anchored on the outer face of the plasma membrane. AGPs were colocalized with La(III) on the cell surface and in La(III)-induced endocytic vesicles in Arabidopsis leaf cells. Superresolution imaging showed that La(III) triggered AGP movement across the plasma membrane. AGPs were then colocalized and physically associated with the μ subunit of the intracellular adaptor protein 2 (AP2) complexes. The AGP-AP2 interaction was independent of CME, whereas AGP's internalization required CME and AP2. Moreover, we show that AGP-dependent endocytosis in the presence of La(III) also occurred in human cells. These findings indicate that extracellular AGPs act as conserved CME cargo receptors, thus challenging the current paradigm about endocytosis of extracellular cargoes.
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Wawra S, Fesel P, Widmer H, Neumann U, Lahrmann U, Becker S, Hehemann JH, Langen G, Zuccaro A. FGB1 and WSC3 are in planta-induced β-glucan-binding fungal lectins with different functions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1493-1506. [PMID: 30688363 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the root endophyte Serendipita indica, several lectin-like members of the expanded multigene family of WSC proteins are transcriptionally induced in planta and are potentially involved in β-glucan remodeling at the fungal cell wall. Using biochemical and cytological approaches we show that one of these lectins, SiWSC3 with three WSC domains, is an integral fungal cell wall component that binds to long-chain β1-3-glucan but has no affinity for shorter β1-3- or β1-6-linked glucose oligomers. Comparative analysis with the previously identified β-glucan-binding lectin SiFGB1 demonstrated that whereas SiWSC3 does not require β1-6-linked glucose for efficient binding to branched β1-3-glucan, SiFGB1 does. In contrast to SiFGB1, the multivalent SiWSC3 lectin can efficiently agglutinate fungal cells and is additionally induced during fungus-fungus confrontation, suggesting different functions for these two β-glucan-binding lectins. Our results highlight the importance of the β-glucan cell wall component in plant-fungus interactions and the potential of β-glucan-binding lectins as specific detection tools for fungi in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Wawra
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Philipp Fesel
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Heidi Widmer
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Ulla Neumann
- Central Microscopy (CeMic), Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Urs Lahrmann
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, 28359, Germany
- Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, MARUM, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Hehemann
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, 28359, Germany
- Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, MARUM, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Gregor Langen
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
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Palacio-López K, Tinaz B, Holzinger A, Domozych DS. Arabinogalactan Proteins and the Extracellular Matrix of Charophytes: A Sticky Business. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:447. [PMID: 31031785 PMCID: PMC6474363 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Charophytes represent the group of green algae whose ancestors invaded land and ultimately gave rise to land plants 450 million years ago. While Zygnematophyceae are believed to be the direct sister lineage to embryophytes, different members of this group (Penium, Spirogyra, Zygnema) and the advanced thallus forming Coleochaete as well as the sarcinoid basal streptophyte Chlorokybus were investigated concerning their vegetative extracellular matrix (ECM) properties. Many taxa exhibit adhesion phenomena that are critical for affixing to a substrate or keeping cells together in a thallus, however, there is a great variety in possible reactions to e.g., wounding. In this study an analysis of adhesion mechanisms revealed that arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are most likely key adhesion molecules. Through use of monoclonal antibodies (JIM13) or the Yariv reagent, AGPs were located in cell surface sheaths and cell walls that were parts of the adhesion focal zones on substrates including wound induced rhizoid formation. JIM5, detecting highly methyl-esterfied homoglacturonan and JIM8, an antibody detecting AGP glycan and LM6 detecting arabinans were also tested and a colocalization was found in several examples (e.g., Zygnema) suggesting an interplay between these components. AGPs have been described in this study to perform both, cell to cell adhesion in algae forming thalli and cell to surface adhesion in the filamentous forms. These findings enable a broader evolutionary understanding of the function of AGPs in charophyte green algae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Berke Tinaz
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | | | - David S. Domozych
- Department of Biology, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
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Naretto A, Fanuel M, Ropartz D, Rogniaux H, Larocque R, Czjzek M, Tellier C, Michel G. The agar-specific hydrolase ZgAgaC from the marine bacterium Zobellia galactanivorans defines a new GH16 protein subfamily. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6923-6939. [PMID: 30846563 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Agars are sulfated galactans from red macroalgae and are composed of a d-galactose (G unit) and l-galactose (L unit) alternatively linked by α-1,3 and β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. These polysaccharides display high complexity, with numerous modifications of their backbone (e.g. presence of a 3,6-anhydro-bridge (LA unit) and sulfations and methylation). Currently, bacterial polysaccharidases that hydrolyze agars (β-agarases and β-porphyranases) have been characterized on simple agarose and more rarely on porphyran, a polymer containing both agarobiose (G-LA) and porphyranobiose (GL6S) motifs. How bacteria can degrade complex agars remains therefore an open question. Here, we studied an enzyme from the marine bacterium Zobellia galactanivorans (ZgAgaC) that is distantly related to the glycoside hydrolase 16 (GH16) family β-agarases and β-porphyranases. Using a large red algae collection, we demonstrate that ZgAgaC hydrolyzes not only agarose but also complex agars from Ceramiales species. Using tandem MS analysis, we elucidated the structure of a purified hexasaccharide product, L6S-G-LA2Me-G(2Pentose)-LA2S-G, released by the activity of ZgAgaC on agar extracted from Osmundea pinnatifida By resolving the crystal structure of ZgAgaC at high resolution (1.3 Å) and comparison with the structures of ZgAgaB and ZgPorA in complex with their respective substrates, we determined that ZgAgaC recognizes agarose via a mechanism different from that of classical β-agarases. Moreover, we identified conserved residues involved in the binding of complex oligoagars and demonstrate a probable influence of the acidic polysaccharide's pH microenvironment on hydrolase activity. Finally, a phylogenetic analysis supported the notion that ZgAgaC homologs define a new GH16 subfamily distinct from β-porphyranases and classical β-agarases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Naretto
- From Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29680 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Mathieu Fanuel
- the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité de Recherche Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages (BIA), 44000 Nantes, France, and
| | - David Ropartz
- the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité de Recherche Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages (BIA), 44000 Nantes, France, and
| | - Hélène Rogniaux
- the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité de Recherche Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages (BIA), 44000 Nantes, France, and
| | - Robert Larocque
- From Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29680 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Mirjam Czjzek
- From Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29680 Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Charles Tellier
- the Unité Fonctionnalité et Ingénierie des Protéines (UFIP), UMR 6286 CNRS, Université de Nantes, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Gurvan Michel
- From Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29680 Roscoff, Bretagne, France,
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Schultz-Johansen M, Cueff M, Hardouin K, Jam M, Larocque R, Glaring MA, Hervé C, Czjzek M, Stougaard P. Discovery and screening of novel metagenome-derived GH107 enzymes targeting sulfated fucans from brown algae. FEBS J 2018; 285:4281-4295. [PMID: 30230202 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Sulfated fucans, often denoted as fucoidans, are highly variable cell wall polysaccharides of brown algae, which possess a wide range of bioactive properties with potential pharmaceutical applications. Due to their complex architecture, the structures of algal fucans have until now only been partly determined. Enzymes capable of hydrolyzing sulfated fucans may allow specific release of defined bioactive oligosaccharides and may serve as a tool for structural elucidation of algal walls. Currently, such enzymes include only a few hydrolases belonging to the glycoside hydrolase family 107 (GH107), and little is known about their mechanistics and the substrates they degrade. In this study, we report the identification and recombinant production of three novel GH107 family proteins derived from a marine metagenome. Activity screening against a large substrate collection showed that all three enzymes degraded sulfated fucans from brown algae in the order Fucales. This is in accordance with a hydrolytic activity against α-1,4-fucosidic linkages in sulfated fucans as reported for previous GH107 members. Also, the activity screening gave new indications about the structural differences in brown algal cell walls. Finally, sequence analyses allowed identification of the proposed catalytic residues of the GH107 family. The findings presented here form a new basis for understanding the GH107 family of enzymes and investigating the complex sulfated fucans from brown algae. DATABASE: The assembled metagenome and raw sequence data is available at EMBL-EBI (Study number: PRJEB28480). Sequences of the GH107 fucanases (Fp273, Fp277, and Fp279) have been deposited in GenBank under accessions MH755451-MH755453.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Cueff
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Universités, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Kévin Hardouin
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Universités, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Murielle Jam
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Universités, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Robert Larocque
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Universités, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Mikkel A Glaring
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cécile Hervé
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Universités, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Mirjam Czjzek
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Universités, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Peter Stougaard
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Gruninger RJ, Nguyen TTM, Reid ID, Yanke JL, Wang P, Abbott DW, Tsang A, McAllister T. Application of Transcriptomics to Compare the Carbohydrate Active Enzymes That Are Expressed by Diverse Genera of Anaerobic Fungi to Degrade Plant Cell Wall Carbohydrates. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1581. [PMID: 30061875 PMCID: PMC6054980 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficiency with which the anaerobic fungi (phylum Neocallimastigomycota) degrade plant biomass is well-recognized and in recent years has received renewed interest. To further understand the biological mechanisms that are utilized by the rumen anaerobic fungi to break down lignocellulose, we have used a transcriptomic approach to examine carbohydrate digestion by Neocallimastix frontalis, Piromyces rhizinflata, Orpinomyces joyonii, and Anaeromyces mucronatus cultured on several carbon sources. The number of predicted unique transcripts ranged from 6,633 to 12,751. Pfam domains were identified in 62–70% of the fungal proteins and were linked to gene ontology terms to infer the biological function of the transcripts. Most of the predicted functions are consistent across species suggesting a similar overall strategy evolved for successful colonization of the rumen. However, the presence of differential profiles in enzyme classes suggests that there may be also be niche specialization. All fungal species were found to express an extensive array of transcripts encoding carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) ranging from 8.3 to 11.3% of the transcriptome. CAZyme families involved in hemicellulose digestion were the most abundant across all four fungi. This study provides additional insight into how anaerobic fungi have evolved to become specialists at breaking down the plant cell wall in the complex and, strictly anaerobic rumen ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Gruninger
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Foods Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Thi T M Nguyen
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ian D Reid
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jay L Yanke
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Foods Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Pan Wang
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Foods Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Denis W Abbott
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Foods Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tim McAllister
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Foods Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Salmeán AA, Guillouzo A, Duffieux D, Jam M, Matard-Mann M, Larocque R, Pedersen HL, Michel G, Czjzek M, Willats WGT, Hervé C. Double blind microarray-based polysaccharide profiling enables parallel identification of uncharacterized polysaccharides and carbohydrate-binding proteins with unknown specificities. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2500. [PMID: 29410423 PMCID: PMC5802718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine algae are one of the largest sources of carbon on the planet. The microbial degradation of algal polysaccharides to their constitutive sugars is a cornerstone in the global carbon cycle in oceans. Marine polysaccharides are highly complex and heterogeneous, and poorly understood. This is also true for marine microbial proteins that specifically degrade these substrates and when characterized, they are frequently ascribed to new protein families. Marine (meta)genomic datasets contain large numbers of genes with functions putatively assigned to carbohydrate processing, but for which empirical biochemical activity is lacking. There is a paucity of knowledge on both sides of this protein/carbohydrate relationship. Addressing this 'double blind' problem requires high throughput strategies that allow large scale screening of protein activities, and polysaccharide occurrence. Glycan microarrays, in particular the Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling (CoMPP) method, are powerful in screening large collections of glycans and we described the integration of this technology to a medium throughput protein expression system focused on marine genes. This methodology (Double Blind CoMPP or DB-CoMPP) enables us to characterize novel polysaccharide-binding proteins and to relate their ligands to algal clades. This data further indicate the potential of the DB-CoMPP technique to accommodate samples of all biological sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando A Salmeán
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Alexia Guillouzo
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France
| | - Delphine Duffieux
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France
| | - Murielle Jam
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France
| | - Maria Matard-Mann
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France
| | - Robert Larocque
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France
| | - Henriette L Pedersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Gurvan Michel
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France
| | - Mirjam Czjzek
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France
| | - William G T Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
- William G.T. Willats, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Cécile Hervé
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France.
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Rydahl MG, Hansen AR, Kračun SK, Mravec J. Report on the Current Inventory of the Toolbox for Plant Cell Wall Analysis: Proteinaceous and Small Molecular Probes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:581. [PMID: 29774041 PMCID: PMC5943554 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are highly complex structures composed of diverse classes of polysaccharides, proteoglycans, and polyphenolics, which have numerous roles throughout the life of a plant. Significant research efforts aim to understand the biology of this cellular organelle and to facilitate cell-wall-based industrial applications. To accomplish this, researchers need to be provided with a variety of sensitive and specific detection methods for separate cell wall components, and their various molecular characteristics in vitro as well as in situ. Cell wall component-directed molecular detection probes (in short: cell wall probes, CWPs) are an essential asset to the plant glycobiology toolbox. To date, a relatively large set of CWPs has been produced-mainly consisting of monoclonal antibodies, carbohydrate-binding modules, synthetic antibodies produced by phage display, and small molecular probes. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art knowledge about these CWPs; their classification and their advantages and disadvantages in different applications. In particular, we elaborate on the recent advances in non-conventional approaches to the generation of novel CWPs, and identify the remaining gaps in terms of target recognition. This report also highlights the addition of new "compartments" to the probing toolbox, which is filled with novel chemical biology tools, such as metabolic labeling reagents and oligosaccharide conjugates. In the end, we also forecast future developments in this dynamic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja G. Rydahl
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Aleksander R. Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Stjepan K. Kračun
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- GlycoSpot IVS, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Jozef Mravec
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46
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Yoshimi Y, Yaguchi K, Kaneko S, Tsumuraya Y, Kotake T. Properties of two fungal endo-β-1,3-galactanases and their synergistic action with an exo-β-1,3-galactanase in degrading arabinogalactan-proteins. Carbohydr Res 2017; 453-454:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Deniaud-Bouët E, Hardouin K, Potin P, Kloareg B, Hervé C. A review about brown algal cell walls and fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides: Cell wall context, biomedical properties and key research challenges. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 175:395-408. [PMID: 28917882 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Studies on brown algal cell walls have entered a new phase with the concomitant discovery of novel polysaccharides present in cell walls and the establishment of a comprehensive generic model for cell wall architecture. Brown algal cell walls are composites of structurally complex polysaccharides. In this review we discuss the most recent progress in the structural composition of brown algal cell walls, emphasizing the significance of extraction and screening techniques, and the biological activities of the corresponding polysaccharides, with a specific focus on the fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides. They include valuable marine molecules that exert a broad range of pharmacological properties such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, functions in the regulation of immune responses and of haemostasis, anti-infectious and anticancer actions. We identify the key remaining challenges in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Deniaud-Bouët
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France; CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France.
| | - Kevin Hardouin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France; CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France.
| | - Philippe Potin
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France; CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France.
| | - Bernard Kloareg
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France; CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France.
| | - Cécile Hervé
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France; CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France.
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48
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Bartels D, Classen B. Structural investigations on arabinogalactan-proteins from a lycophyte and different monilophytes (ferns) in the evolutionary context. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 172:342-351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Siméon A, Hervé C. Isolation of Fucus serratus Gametes and Cultivation of the Zygotes. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2408. [PMID: 34541138 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Zygotes of the Fucale species are a powerful model system to study cell polarization and asymmetrical cell division (Bisgrove and Kropf, 2008). The Fucale species of brown algae grow in the intertidal zone where they reproduce by releasing large female eggs and mobile sperm in the surrounding seawater. The gamete release can be induced from sexually mature fronds in the laboratory and thousands of synchronously developing zygotes are easily obtained. In contrast to other eukaryotic models, such as land plants (Brownlee and Berger, 1995), the embryo is free of maternal tissues and therefore readily amenable to pharmacological approaches. The zygotes are relatively large (up to 100 µm in diameter), facilitating manipulations and imaging studies. During the first hours of zygote development, the alignment of the axis to external cues such as light is labile and can be reversed by light gradients from different directions. A few hours before rhizoid emergence, the alignment of the axis and the polarity are fixed and the cells germinate accordingly. At this stage the zygotes are naturally attached to the substratum through the secretion of cell wall adhesive materials ( Kropf et al., 1988 ; Hervé et al., 2016 ). The first cell division occurs about 24 h after fertilisation and the early embryo is composed of only two cell types that differ in size, shape and developmental fates (i.e., thallus cells and rhizoid cells) ( Bouget et al., 1998 ). The embryo can be successfully cultivated in the laboratory for a few more days (4 weeks maximum) and has an invariant division pattern during the early stages, which allows cell lineages to be traced histologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Siméon
- CNRS-UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France
| | - Cécile Hervé
- CNRS-UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France
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50
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Salmeán AA, Duffieux D, Harholt J, Qin F, Michel G, Czjzek M, Willats WGT, Hervé C. Insoluble (1 → 3), (1 → 4)-β-D-glucan is a component of cell walls in brown algae (Phaeophyceae) and is masked by alginates in tissues. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2880. [PMID: 28588313 PMCID: PMC5460208 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown algae are photosynthetic multicellular marine organisms. They belong to the phylum of Stramenopiles, which are not closely related to land plants and green algae. Brown algae share common evolutionary features with other photosynthetic and multicellular organisms, including a carbohydrate-rich cell-wall. Brown algal cell walls are composed predominantly of the polyanionic polysaccharides alginates and fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides. These polymers are prevalent over neutral and crystalline components, which are believed to be mostly, if not exclusively, cellulose. In an attempt to better understand brown algal cell walls, we performed an extensive glycan array analysis of a wide range of brown algal species. Here we provide the first demonstration that mixed-linkage (1 → 3), (1 → 4)-β-D-glucan (MLG) is common in brown algal cell walls. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography analyses indicate that MLG in brown algae solely consists of trisaccharide units of contiguous (1 → 4)-β-linked glucose residues joined by (1 → 3)-β-linkages. This regular conformation may allow long stretches of the molecule to align and to form well-structured microfibrils. At the tissue level, immunofluorescence studies indicate that MLG epitopes in brown algae are unmasked by a pre-treatment with alginate lyases to remove alginates. These findings are further discussed in terms of the origin and evolution of MLG in the Stramenopile lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando A Salmeán
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Delphine Duffieux
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France
- CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France
| | - Jesper Harholt
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799, København V, Denmark
| | - Fen Qin
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799, København V, Denmark
| | - Gurvan Michel
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France
- CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France
| | - Mirjam Czjzek
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France
- CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France
| | - William G T Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
- William G.T. Willats, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Cécile Hervé
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France.
- CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, Roscoff, France.
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