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Mao R, Zhu Z, Yang F, Sun D, Zhou X, Cao W, Qin X, Dang W, Liu H, Tian H, Zhang K, Wu Q, Liu X, Zheng H. Picornavirus VP3 protein induces autophagy through the TP53-BAD-BAX axis to promote viral replication. Autophagy 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38752369 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2350270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy and apoptosis are pivotal interconnected host cell responses to viral infection, including picornaviruses. Here, the VP3 proteins of picornaviruses were determined to trigger autophagy, with the autophagic flux being triggered by the TP53-BAD-BAX axis. Using foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) as a model system, we unraveled a novel mechanism of how picornavirus hijacks autophagy to bolster viral replication and enhance pathogenesis. FMDV infection induced both autophagy and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. FMDV VP3 protein facilitated the phosphorylation and translocation of TP53 from the nucleus into the mitochondria, resulting in BAD-mediated apoptosis and BECN1-mediated autophagy. The amino acid Gly129 in VP3 is essential for its interaction with TP53, and crucial for induction of autophagy and apoptosis. VP3-induced autophagy and apoptosis are both essential for FMDV replication, while, autophagy plays a more important role in VP3-mediated pathogenesis. Mutation of Gly129 to Ala129 in VP3 abrogated the autophagic regulatory function of VP3, which significantly decreased the viral replication and pathogenesis of FMDV. This suggested that VP3-induced autophagy benefits viral replication and pathogenesis. Importantly, this Gly is conserved and showed a common function in various picornaviruses. This study provides insight for developing broad-spectrum antivirals and genetic engineering attenuated vaccines against picornaviruses.Abbreviations: 3-MA, 3-methyladenine; ATG, autophagy related; BAD, BCL2 associated agonist of cell death; BAK1, BCL2 antagonist/killer 1; BAX, BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator; BBC3/PUMA, BCL2 binding component 3; BCL2, BCL2 apoptosis regulator; BID, BH3 interacting domain death agonist; BIP-V5, BAX inhibitor peptide V5; CFLAR/FLIP, CASP8 and FADD like apoptosis regulator; CPE, cytopathic effects; CQ, chloroquine; CV, coxsackievirus; DAPK, death associated protein kinase; DRAM, DNA damage regulated autophagy modulator; EV71, enterovirus 71; FMDV, foot-and-mouth disease virus; HAV, hepatitis A virus; KD, knockdown; MAP1LC3/LC3, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MOI, multiplicity of infection; MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; PML, promyelocytic leukemia; PV, poliovirus; SVA, Seneca Valley virus; TCID50, 50% tissue culture infectious doses; TOR, target of rapamycin. TP53/p53, tumor protein p53; WCL, whole-cell lysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoqing Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dehui Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wen Dang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huanan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qingfeng Wu
- Analysis and Test Group, Center for Technical Development and Analysis Service, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Li Q, Ma X, Shen Y, Dai J, Nian X, Shang X, Chen J, Wubshet AK, Zhang J, Zheng H. Chimeric Porcine Parvovirus VP2 Virus-like Particles with Epitopes of South African Serotype 2 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Elicits Specific Humoral and Cellular Responses in Mice. Viruses 2024; 16:621. [PMID: 38675963 PMCID: PMC11054767 DOI: 10.3390/v16040621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Southern Africa Territories 2 (SAT2) foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has crossed long-standing regional boundaries in recent years and entered the Middle East. However, the existing vaccines offer poor cross-protection against the circulating strains in the field. Therefore, there is an urgent need for an alternative design approach for vaccines in anticipation of a pandemic of SAT2 Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). The porcine parvovirus (PPV) VP2 protein can embed exogenous epitopes into the four loops on its surface, assemble into virus-like particles (VLPs), and induce antibodies and cytokines to PPV and the exogenous epitope. In this study, chimeric porcine parvovirus VP2 VLPs (chimeric PPV-SAT2-VLPs) expressing the T-and/or B-cell epitopes of the structural protein VP1 of FMDV SAT2 were produced using the recombinant pFastBac™ Dual vector of baculoviruses in Sf9 and HF cells We used the Bac-to-Bac system to construct the recombinant baculoviruses. The VP2-VLP--SAT2 chimeras displayed chimeric T-cell epitope (amino acids 21-40 of VP1) and/or the B-cell epitope (amino acids 135-174) of SAT FMDV VP1 by substitution of the corresponding regions at the N terminus (amino acids 2-23) and/or loop 2 and/or loop 4 of the PPV VP2 protein, respectively. In mice, the chimeric PPV-SAT2-VLPs induced specific antibodies against PPV and the VP1 protein of SAT2 FMDV. The VP2-VLP-SAT2 chimeras induced specific antibodies to PPV and the VP1 protein specific epitopes of FMDV SAT2. In this study, as a proof-of-concept, successfully generated chimeric PPV-VP2 VLPs expressing epitopes of the structural protein VP1 of FMDV SAT2 that has a potential to prevent FMDV SAT2 and PPV infection in pigs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/immunology
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/genetics
- Mice
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease/immunology
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease/prevention & control
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease/virology
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Parvovirus, Porcine/immunology
- Parvovirus, Porcine/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/genetics
- Swine
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunity, Cellular
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Serogroup
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Female
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/genetics
- Sf9 Cells
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antigens, Viral
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Q.L.); (X.M.); (J.D.); (X.S.); (J.C.); (A.K.W.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xusheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Q.L.); (X.M.); (J.D.); (X.S.); (J.C.); (A.K.W.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Yaner Shen
- China Agricultural Vet Biologyand Technology Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730046, China;
| | - Junfei Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Q.L.); (X.M.); (J.D.); (X.S.); (J.C.); (A.K.W.)
| | - Xiaofeng Nian
- China-Malaysia National Joint Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Life Science and Engineering College, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China;
| | - Xiaofen Shang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Q.L.); (X.M.); (J.D.); (X.S.); (J.C.); (A.K.W.)
| | - Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Q.L.); (X.M.); (J.D.); (X.S.); (J.C.); (A.K.W.)
| | - Ashenafi Kiros Wubshet
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Q.L.); (X.M.); (J.D.); (X.S.); (J.C.); (A.K.W.)
| | - Jie Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; (Q.L.); (X.M.); (J.D.); (X.S.); (J.C.); (A.K.W.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730046, China
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3
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Mushtaq H, Shah SS, Zarlashat Y, Iqbal M, Abbas W. Cell Culture Adaptive Amino Acid Substitutions in FMDV Structural Proteins: A Key Mechanism for Altered Receptor Tropism. Viruses 2024; 16:512. [PMID: 38675855 PMCID: PMC11054764 DOI: 10.3390/v16040512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The foot-and-mouth disease virus is a highly contagious and economically devastating virus of cloven-hooved animals, including cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats, causing reduced animal productivity and posing international trade restrictions. For decades, chemically inactivated vaccines have been serving as the most effective strategy for the management of foot-and-mouth disease. Inactivated vaccines are commercially produced in cell culture systems, which require successful propagation and adaptation of field isolates, demanding a high cost and laborious time. Cell culture adaptation is chiefly indebted to amino acid substitutions in surface-exposed capsid proteins, altering the necessity of RGD-dependent receptors to heparan sulfate macromolecules for virus binding. Several amino acid substations in VP1, VP2, and VP3 capsid proteins of FMDV, both at structural and functional levels, have been characterized previously. This literature review combines frequently reported amino acid substitutions in virus capsid proteins, their critical roles in virus adaptation, and functional characterization of the substitutions. Furthermore, this data can facilitate molecular virologists to develop new vaccine strains against the foot-and-mouth disease virus, revolutionizing vaccinology via reverse genetic engineering and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Mushtaq
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering-C (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (H.M.); (M.I.)
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Syed Salman Shah
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Pakistan
| | - Yusra Zarlashat
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Iqbal
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering-C (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (H.M.); (M.I.)
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Wasim Abbas
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering-C (NIBGE), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (H.M.); (M.I.)
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
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4
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Gong Q, Ren S, Dou Y, Tadele BA, Hu T, Zhou L, Wang T, Yao K, Xu J, Yin X, Sun Y. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Capsid Protein VP1 Antagonizes Type I Interferon Signaling via Degradation of Histone Deacetylase 5. Cells 2024; 13:539. [PMID: 38534383 PMCID: PMC10969541 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals that hampers trade and production. To ensure effective infection, the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) evades host antiviral pathways in different ways. Although the effect of histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) on the innate immune response has previously been documented, the precise molecular mechanism underlying HDAC5-mediated FMDV infection is not yet clearly understood. In this study, we found that silencing or knockout of HDAC5 promoted FMDV replication, whereas HDAC5 overexpression significantly inhibited FMDV propagation. IFN-β and IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) activity was strongly activated through the overexpression of HDAC5. The silencing and knockout of HDAC5 led to an increase in viral replication, which was evident by decreased IFN-β, ISG15, and ISG56 production, as well as a noticeable reduction in IRF3 phosphorylation. Moreover, the results showed that the FMDV capsid protein VP1 targets HDAC5 and facilitates its degradation via the proteasomal pathway. In conclusion, this study highlights that HDAC5 acts as a positive modulator of IFN-β production during viral infection, while FMDV capsid protein VP1 antagonizes the HDAC5-mediated antiviral immune response by degrading HDAC5 to facilitate viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China (S.R.)
| | - Shanhui Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China (S.R.)
| | - Yongxi Dou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China (S.R.)
| | - Berihun Afera Tadele
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China (S.R.)
| | - Tao Hu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Luoyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China (S.R.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao 066600, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China (S.R.)
- School of Dentistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Kaishen Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China (S.R.)
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China (S.R.)
| | - Xiangping Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China (S.R.)
| | - Yuefeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China (S.R.)
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5
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Taffarel AI, Barrios Benito MY, Hung VV, Cardillo S, Phuong NT, Caldevilla C, Galdo Novo S. Foot-and-mouth disease virus strains isolated in Vietnam during 2010-2019: genetic characterization and antigenic relatedness to the Euro SA vaccine. Arch Virol 2024; 169:44. [PMID: 38341400 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-05960-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals. It has an important socio-economic impact on the livestock industry because it produces a drastic decrease of productivity. The disease has been successfully eradicated from some regions, including North America and Western Europe, but it is still endemic in developing countries. Agriculture plays an important role in the national economy of Vietnam, to which animal production contributes a great proportion. The concurrent circulation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotypes O, A, and Asia 1 has been detected in recent years, but serotype O remains the most prevalent and is responsible for the highest numbers of outbreaks. Appropriate vaccine strain selection is an important element in the control of FMD and is necessary for the application of vaccination programs in FMD-affected regions. Here, we present updated information about the genetic and antigenic characteristics of circulating strains, collected from endemic outbreaks involving types O and A, between 2010 and 2019. Neutralizing assays showed a good in vitro match between type O strains and the monovalent O1 Campos vaccine strain. High r1 values were obtained (above 0.7) when testing a swine serum pool collected 21 days after vaccination, but the O/VTN/2/2019 strain was an exception. An EPP estimation resulted in a median neutralizing titre of about 1.65 log10, indicating that good protection could be achieved. For type A Asia SEA 97 lineage strains, acceptable individual neutralizing titres were obtained with estimated EPP values over 80% for different combinations of vaccine strains. Taking into account that the r1 value is one tool of a battery of tests that should be considered for estimating the cross-protection of a field strain against a vaccine strain, an in vivo challenge experiment was also performed, yielding a PD50 value of 8.0. The results indicate that South American strains could be potentially used for controlling outbreaks involving these lineages. This study demonstrates the importance of considering strain characteristics when choosing vaccine strains and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Taffarel
- Laboratorio de Referencia OMSA Para Fiebre Aftosa, Dirección de Laboratorio Animal, SENASA, CP1640, Martínez Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melanie Y Barrios Benito
- Laboratorio de Referencia OMSA Para Fiebre Aftosa, Dirección de Laboratorio Animal, SENASA, CP1640, Martínez Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vo V Hung
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Animal Health Office (RAHO) No 6, Ho Chi Min, QMW4, Vietnam
| | | | - Nguyen T Phuong
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Animal Health Office (RAHO) No 6, Ho Chi Min, QMW4, Vietnam
| | | | - Sabrina Galdo Novo
- Laboratorio de Referencia OMSA Para Fiebre Aftosa, Dirección de Laboratorio Animal, SENASA, CP1640, Martínez Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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6
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Al-Rawahi WA, Elshafie EI, Baqir S, Al-Ansari A, Wadsworth J, Hicks HM, Knowles NJ, Di Nardo A, King DP, Zientara S, Al Salloom F, Sangula A, Bernelin-Cottet C, Bakkali-Kassimi L, Al Riyami B. Detection of foot-and-mouth disease viruses from the A/AFRICA/G-I genotype in the Sultanate of Oman. Prev Vet Med 2024; 223:106113. [PMID: 38194859 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Rapid identification and characterization of circulating foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strains is crucial for effective disease control. In Oman, a few serological and molecular studies have been conducted to identify the strains of FMDV responsible for the outbreaks that have been occurring within the country. In this study, 13 oral epithelial tissue samples from cattle were collected from suspected cases of FMD in Ash Sharqiyah North, Al Batinah North, Dhofar and Ad Dhakhyilia governorates of Oman between 2018 and 2021. FMDV RNA was detected in all samples by real-time RT-PCR and viruses were isolated after one- or two-blind passages in the porcine Instituto Biologico-Rim Suino-2 cell line. Antigen capture ELISA characterized all isolates as serotype A and VP1 phylogenetic analysis placed all sequences within a single clade of the G-I genotype within the A/AFRICA topotype. These sequences shared the closest nucleotide identities to viruses circulating in Bahrain in 2021 (93.5% to 99.5%) and Kenya in 2017 (93.4% to 99.1%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that A/AFRICA/G-I viruses have been detected in Oman. Together with the closely related viruses detected recently in Bahrain, these findings reinforce the importance of deploying effective quarantine control measures to minimize the risks of transboundary transmission of FMD associated with the importation of cattle from East Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Ahmed Al-Rawahi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Elshafie Ibrahim Elshafie
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Senan Baqir
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Aliya Al-Ansari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley M Hicks
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Nick J Knowles
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Antonello Di Nardo
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Zientara
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, UMR1161 (ANSES, INRAe, Enva), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Fajer Al Salloom
- National Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Municipalities Affairs & Agriculture, Animal Wealth Directorate, Block 553, Building 2219, Road 55, Budaiya, Bahrain
| | - Abraham Sangula
- National Foot and Mouth Disease Laboratory, Embakasi, Road A, off Enterprise Road, P.O. Box 18021-00500, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cindy Bernelin-Cottet
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, UMR1161 (ANSES, INRAe, Enva), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Labib Bakkali-Kassimi
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, UMR1161 (ANSES, INRAe, Enva), 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Bahja Al Riyami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Sultanate of Oman.
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Theerawatanasirikul S, Lueangaramkul V, Semkum P, Lekcharoensuk P. Antiviral mechanisms of sorafenib against foot-and-mouth disease virus via c-RAF and AKT/PI3K pathways. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:329-343. [PMID: 37697209 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious pathogen that poses a significant threat to the global livestock industry. However, specific antiviral treatments against FMDV are currently unavailable. This study aimed to evaluate the antiviral activity of anticancer drugs, including kinase and non-kinase inhibitors against FMDV replication in BHK-21 cells. Sorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor, demonstrated a significant dose-dependent reduction in FMDV replication. It exhibited a half maximal effective concentration (EC50) value of 2.46 µM at the pre-viral entry stage and 2.03 µM at the post-viral entry stage. Further intracellular assays revealed that sorafenib effectively decreased 3Dpol activity with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 155 nM, while not affecting 3Cpro function. The study indicates that sorafenib influences host protein pathways during FMDV infection, primarily by potentiating the c-RAF canonical pathway and AKT/PI3K pathway. Molecular docking analysis demonstrated specific binding of sorafenib to the active site of FMDV 3Dpol, interacting with crucial catalytic residues, including D245, D338, S298, and N307. Additionally, sorafenib exhibited significant binding affinity to the active site motifs of cellular kinases, namely c-RAF, AKT, and PI3K, which play critical roles in the viral life cycle. The findings suggest that sorafenib holds promise as a therapeutic agent against FMDV infection. Its mechanism of action may involve inhibiting FMDV replication by reducing 3Dpol activity and regulating cellular kinases. This study provides insights for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to combat FMDV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirin Theerawatanasirikul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Varanya Lueangaramkul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Ploypailin Semkum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Center of Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Porntippa Lekcharoensuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
- Center of Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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8
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Zewdie G, Akalu M, Tolossa W, Belay H, Deresse G, Zekarias M, Tesfaye Y. A review of foot-and-mouth disease in Ethiopia: epidemiological aspects, economic implications, and control strategies. Virol J 2023; 20:299. [PMID: 38102688 PMCID: PMC10724896 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a contagious viral disease that affects the livelihoods and productivity of livestock farmers in endemic regions. It can infect various domestic and wild animals with cloven hooves and is caused by a virus belonging to the genus Aphthovirus and family Picornaviridae, which has seven different serotypes: A, O, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, and Asia-1. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular epidemiology, economic impact, diagnosis, and control measures of FMD in Ethiopia in comparison with the global situation. The genetic and antigenic diversity of FMD viruses requires a thorough understanding for developing and applying effective control strategies in endemic areas. FMD has direct and indirect economic consequences on animal production. In Ethiopia, FMD outbreaks have led to millions of USD losses due to the restriction or rejection of livestock products in the international market. Therefore, in endemic areas, disease control depends on vaccinations to prevent animals from developing clinical disease. However, in Ethiopia, due to the presence of diverse antigenic serotypes of FMD viruses, regular and extensive molecular investigation of new field isolates is necessary to perform vaccine-matching studies to evaluate the protective potential of the vaccine strain in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girma Zewdie
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Mirtneh Akalu
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
- Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Department of Biotechnology, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Ap, 522502, India
| | | | - Hassen Belay
- Africa Union Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Center (AU-PANVAC), P. O. Box: 1746, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Getaw Deresse
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | | | - Yeneneh Tesfaye
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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9
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Abd-Ellatieff HA, Hegazy AA, AbouRawash ARA, Tohamy HG, Al-Shehri M, Bazh EK, Hassan H, Essa BH. Pathological and genetic characterization of foot and mouth disease viruses collected from cattle and water buffalo in Egypt. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291970. [PMID: 37819946 PMCID: PMC10566709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a highly contagious viral disease caused by FMD virus (FMDV) that threatens Egypt's livestock industry. FMDV causes severe economic losses in the livestock, with restriction of international trade from endemic regions. Surveillance for FMDV serotypes circulating in Egypt is urgently needed to assess the epidemiological situation in the country. FMD outbreaks reported in Egypt in between December 2016 and January-March 2017. A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the FMDV serotypes responsible for the outbreaks and to collect information on the virus's morphopathological effects. Postmortem tissue and clinical samples (oral swabs, vesicular fluids from ruptured vesicles, and blood) were collected from recently deceased and infected animals. Pathological examination revealed classical FMD lesions as vesicular and erosive lesions on epithelial tissues with non-suppurative lymphoplasmacytic myocarditis. Phylogenetic and sequencing analyses demonstrated that FMDV serotype O, EA-3 topotype, VP1 is the prevalent serotype responsible for the pathological alterations and the high mortality in young calves, adult cattle, and water buffalo. The outcomes indicate continuous mutations in the circulating FMDV, which result in the occasional failure of vaccination. Based on these findings, extensive continuous monitoring and serotyping of the existing circulating FMDV isolates and regular vaccination with reevaluation of the currently used vaccine in Egypt are recommended to prevent the recurrence of such outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda A. Abd-Ellatieff
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Abadiyyat Damanhur, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A. Hegazy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Abadiyyat Damanhur, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Rahman A. AbouRawash
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Abadiyyat Damanhur, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Hossam G. Tohamy
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Al-Shehri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman K. Bazh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Al-Kom, Egypt
| | - Hesham Hassan
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bothaina H. Essa
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Abadiyyat Damanhur, El-Beheira, Egypt
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10
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Fariba G, Rasool M, Mahsa H. Study the Profile of Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus Protein by Electrophoresis and Identification of the Immunodominant Proteins. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2023; 78:1563-1571. [PMID: 38590683 PMCID: PMC10998945 DOI: 10.32592/ari.2023.78.5.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease is an extremely infectious and occasionally fatal viral disease with a rapid onset and a short course that affects cloven-hoofed animals and results in considerable financial losses. Today, Foot-and-mouth disease is controlled by traditional inactivated vaccines. Due to the short duration of immunity, a study was conducted for proteins of the virus as well as obtaining immunodominant proteins to design more efficient vaccines against Foot-and-mouth disease virus. This research aims to study the profile of Foot-and-mouth disease virus protein by electrophoresis and identification of the immunodominant proteins. The purified Foot-and-mouth disease virus was purchased then the protein concentration of that solution was measured by Lowry method. SDS-PAGE was done to achieve the protein profiles of the virus and immunization of 5 guinea pigs was done, then blood samples were taken for obtaining serum. Finally, serology tests; double immunodiffusion, ELISA, and western blotting were used to evaluate antigen response to antibodies (antigenic immunization). The protein concentration was 3.5 mg/ml. In SDS-PAGE with 10% gel, the protein profile of the virus was observed. After immunization, by conducting double immunodiffusion tests, the sediment lines between the serum antibody and the antigen of the virus were formed. Also, The ELISA test showed that the antibodies were formed against the antigens. In the western blot test, two immunodominant proteins of the FMD virus were obtained. According to the results, the immunodominant proteins of the FMD virus were determined. These proteins can be used in immunological diagnostic methods and also novel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golchinfar Fariba
- Department of Proteomics and Biochemistry, Razi vaccine and serum research institute, Agricultural research education and extension organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Madani Rasool
- Department of Proteomics and Biochemistry, Razi vaccine and serum research institute, Agricultural research education and extension organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Hezarosi Mahsa
- Department of Proteomics and Biochemistry, Razi vaccine and serum research institute, Agricultural research education and extension organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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11
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Metwally S, Bkear N, Badr Y, Elshafey B, Alhag SK, Al-Shuraym LA, Batiha G, Fakhry B, Hamada R. A Newly Emerging Serotype A Strain in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus with Higher Severity and Mortality in Buffalo than in Cattle Calves in North Egypt. Vet Sci 2023; 10:488. [PMID: 37624275 PMCID: PMC10457878 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A severe foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemic struck several Egyptian provinces recently, causing significant losses among animals even in vaccinated farms. This study indicated the existence of the newly emerging foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and first investigated its effect on the Egyptian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and cattle calves in the Beheira province, north Egypt. Twenty tongue epithelial samples from diseased calves in five infected farms were randomly collected, prepared, and propagated using baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21) cells. Whole genomic RNA was extracted from the cells of the third passage. A FMDV genome was detected and serotyped using one-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCRs). Nucleotide sequencing of the purified serotype-specific PCR bands was performed, and a maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on 600 base pairs of VP1 was constructed. The results identified FMDV, serotype A in all infected samples, whereas the serotypes O and SAT2 were negative. The obtained 20 sequences were identical to each other and similar to the newly reported strain in Egypt that belongs to the Europe-South America (Euro-SA) topotype. The epidemiological and clinical parameters associated with such a strain were fully recorded by veterinarians and analyzed in a single infected farm including 70 cattle and buffalo calves. It caused higher peracute mortalities in buffalo (25.7%; 95% CI: 13-43) than in cattle (8.6%; 95% CI: 2-24) calves. Severe clinical signs such as dullness, hypothermia, bradycardia, and cardiac arrhythmia were common to both except in fatal cases, whereas hyperthermia and respiratory signs were prevalent in cattle calves. In conclusion, we first characterized the newly emerging FMDV in the calves of Beheira as more fatal and severe in buffalo than in cattle calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy Metwally
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt; (N.B.); (Y.B.); (B.F.)
- Laboratory of Global Infectious Diseases Control Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Nabil Bkear
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt; (N.B.); (Y.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Yassien Badr
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt; (N.B.); (Y.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Besheer Elshafey
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt;
| | - Sadeq K. Alhag
- Biology Department, College of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Muhayl Asser 61913, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Laila A. Al-Shuraym
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Gaber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt;
| | - Bassant Fakhry
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt; (N.B.); (Y.B.); (B.F.)
| | - Rania Hamada
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
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12
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Dobson SJ, Ward JC, Herod MR, Rowlands DJ, Stonehouse NJ. A highly discriminatory RNA strand-specific assay to facilitate analysis of the role of cis-acting elements in foot-and-mouth disease virus replication. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37436428 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth-disease virus (FMDV), the aetiological agent responsible for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), is a member of the genus Aphthovirus within the family Picornavirus. In common with all picornaviruses, replication of the single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome involves synthesis of a negative-sense complementary strand that serves as a template for the synthesis of multiple positive-sense progeny strands. We have previously employed FMDV replicons to examine viral RNA and protein elements essential to replication, but the factors affecting differential strand production remain unknown. Replicon-based systems require transfection of high levels of RNA, which can overload sensitive techniques such as quantitative PCR, preventing discrimination of specific strands. Here, we describe a method in which replicating RNA is labelled in vivo with 5-ethynyl uridine. The modified base is then linked to a biotin tag using click chemistry, facilitating purification of newly synthesised viral genomes or anti-genomes from input RNA. This selected RNA can then be amplified by strand-specific quantitative PCR, thus enabling investigation of the consequences of defined mutations on the relative synthesis of negative-sense intermediate and positive-strand progeny RNAs. We apply this new approach to investigate the consequence of mutation of viral cis-acting replication elements and provide direct evidence for their roles in negative-strand synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Dobson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Joseph C Ward
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Morgan R Herod
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - David J Rowlands
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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13
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Biswal JK, Ranjan R, Mohapatra JK, Rout M, Joshi HR, Singh RP. Development of TaqMan Probe-Based One-Step RT-qPCR Assay Targeting 2B-NSP Coding Region for Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in India. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:245. [PMID: 37328626 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03369-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A one-step TaqMan probe-based RT-qPCR assay in the duplex format simultaneously targeting FMD Virus (FMDV) 2B NSP-coding region and 18S rRNA housekeeping gene was developed and evaluated. The duplex RT-qPCR assay specifically detected FMDV genome in both infected cell culture suspensions and a variety of clinical samples such as FMD-affected tongue/feet epithelium, oral/nasal swabs, milk and oro-pharyngeal fluids. The RT-qPCR assay was found to be highly sensitive, since the assay was 105-fold more sensitive than the traditional FMDV detecting antigen-ELISA (Ag-ELISA) and 102-fold better sensitive than both virus isolation and agarose gel-based RT-multiplex PCR. In addition, the assay could detect up to 100 copies of FMDV genome per reaction. In the epithelial samples (n = 582) collected from the FMD-affected animals, the diagnostic sensitivity was 100% (95% CI 99-100%). Similarly, all the FMDV-negative samples (n = 65) tested were confirmed negative by the new RT-qPCR assay, corresponding to 100% diagnostic specificity (95% CI = 94-100%). Further, the duplex RT-qPCR assay proved to be robust, showing an inter-assay co-efficient of variations ranging from 1.4 to 3.56% for FMDV-2B gene target, and from 2 to 4.12% for 18S rRNA gene target. While analyzing FMDV-infected cell culture suspension, a fairly strong positive correlation (correlation coefficient = 0.85) was observed between 2B-based RT-qPCR and WOAH-approved 5'UTR RT-qPCR assays. Therefore, the one-step RT-qPCR assay developed here with an internal control could be used for rapid, effective, and reliable detection of FMDV in pan-serotypic manner, and has the potential for routine diagnosis of FMDV in high throughput manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra K Biswal
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, ICFMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
| | - Rajeev Ranjan
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, ICFMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jajati K Mohapatra
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, ICFMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Manoranjan Rout
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, ICFMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Rabindra Prasad Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, ICFMD, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Medina GN, Spinard E, Azzinaro PA, Rodriguez-Calzada M, Gutkoska J, Kloc A, Rieder EA, Taillon BE, Mueller S, de Los Santos T, Segundo FDS. Deoptimization of FMDV P1 Region Results in Robust Serotype-Independent Viral Attenuation. Viruses 2023; 15:1332. [PMID: 37376631 DOI: 10.3390/v15061332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), caused by the FMD virus (FMDV), is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed livestock that can have severe economic impacts. Control and prevention strategies, including the development of improved vaccines, are urgently needed to effectively control FMD outbreaks in endemic settings. Previously, we employed two distinct strategies (codon pair bias deoptimization (CPD) and codon bias deoptimization (CD)) to deoptimize various regions of the FMDV serotype A subtype A12 genome, which resulted in the development of an attenuated virus in vitro and in vivo, inducing varying levels of humoral responses. In the current study, we examined the versatility of the system by using CPD applied to the P1 capsid coding region of FMDV serotype A subtype, A24, and another serotype, Asia1. Viruses carrying recoded P1 (A24-P1Deopt or Asia1-P1Deopt) exhibited different degrees of attenuation (i.e., delayed viral growth kinetics and replication) in cultured cells. Studies in vivo using a mouse model of FMD demonstrated that inoculation with the A24-P1Deopt and Asia1-P1Deopt strains elicited a strong humoral immune response capable of offering protection against challenge with homologous wildtype (WT) viruses. However, different results were obtained in pigs. While clear attenuation was detected for both the A24-P1Deopt and Asia1-P1Deopt strains, only a limited induction of adaptive immunity and protection against challenge was detected, depending on the inoculated dose and serotype deoptimized. Our work demonstrates that while CPD of the P1 coding region attenuates viral strains of multiple FMDV serotypes/subtypes, a thorough assessment of virulence and induction of adaptive immunity in the natural host is required in each case in order to finely adjust the degree of deoptimization required for attenuation without affecting the induction of protective adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisselle N Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), ARS, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Edward Spinard
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Paul A Azzinaro
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Monica Rodriguez-Calzada
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- ORISE-PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Joseph Gutkoska
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Anna Kloc
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Rieder
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | | | | | | | - Fayna Diaz-San Segundo
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), ARS, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- National Institute of Health, NIAID, DMID, OBRRTR, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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15
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Ullah M, Li Y, Munib K, Rahman HU, Zhang Z. Sero-Epidemiology and Associated Risk Factors of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) in the Northern Border Regions of Pakistan. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050356. [PMID: 37235439 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The present cross-sectional survey was carried out to investigate the distribution and risk factors of FMD in Pakistan's northern border regions. About 385 serum samples were compiled from small ruminants (239) and large ruminants (146) and tested using 3ABC-Mab-bELISA. An overall apparent seroprevalence of 67.0% was documented. The highest seroprevalence of 81.1% was reported in the Swat, followed by 76.6% in Mohmand, 72.7% in Gilgit, 65.6% in Shangla, 63.4% in Bajaur, 46.6% in Chitral and lowest 46.5% in Khyber region. Statistically significant variations in seroprevalence of 51.5%, 71.8%, 58.3%, and 74.4% were recorded in sheep, goats, cattle, and buffaloes, respectively. From the different risk factors investigated, age, sex, species of animal, seasons, flock/herd size, farming methods, outbreak location, and nomadic animal movement were found to be significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the seroprevalence of FMD. It was concluded that proper epidemiological study, risk-based FMD surveillance in small ruminants, vaccination strategy, control measures for transboundary animal movement, collaborations, and awareness programs need to be practiced in the study regions to investigate the newly circulating virus strains in large and small ruminants and associated factors for the wide seroprevalence to plan proper control policies to bound the consequence of FMD in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munib Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 10370, Pakistan
| | - Yanmin Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kainat Munib
- Department of Sociology, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Islamabad 44310, Pakistan
| | - Hanif Ur Rahman
- Virology Section, Centre of Microbiology and Biotechnology (CMB), Veterinary Research Institute Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
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16
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Pierce DM, Hayward C, Rowlands DJ, Stonehouse NJ, Herod MR. Insights into Polyprotein Processing and RNA-Protein Interactions in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Genome Replication. J Virol 2023; 97:e0017123. [PMID: 37154761 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00171-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a picornavirus, which infects cloven-hoofed animals to cause foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). The positive-sense RNA genome contains a single open reading frame, which is translated as a polyprotein that is cleaved by viral proteases to produce the viral structural and nonstructural proteins. Initial processing occurs at three main junctions to generate four primary precursors; Lpro and P1, P2, and P3 (also termed 1ABCD, 2BC, and 3AB1,2,3CD). The 2BC and 3AB1,2,3CD precursors undergo subsequent proteolysis to generate the proteins required for viral replication, including the enzymes 2C, 3Cpro, and 3Dpol. These precursors can be processed through both cis and trans (i.e., intra- and intermolecular proteolysis) pathways, which are thought to be important for controlling virus replication. Our previous studies suggested that a single residue in the 3B3-3C junction has an important role in controlling 3AB1,2,3CD processing. Here, we use in vitro based assays to show that a single amino acid substitution at the 3B3-3C boundary increases the rate of proteolysis to generate a novel 2C-containing precursor. Complementation assays showed that while this amino acid substitution enhanced production of some nonenzymatic nonstructural proteins, those with enzymatic functions were inhibited. Interestingly, replication could only be supported by complementation with mutations in cis acting RNA elements, providing genetic evidence for a functional interaction between replication enzymes and RNA elements. IMPORTANCE Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is responsible for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), an important disease of farmed animals, which is endemic in many parts of the world and can results in major economic losses. Replication of the virus occurs within membrane-associated compartments in infected cells and requires highly coordinated processing events to produce an array of nonstructural proteins. These are initially produced as a polyprotein that undergoes proteolysis likely through both cis and trans alternative pathways (i.e., intra- and intermolecular proteolysis). The role of alternative processing pathways may help coordination of viral replication by providing temporal control of protein production and here we analyze the consequences of amino acid substitutions that change these pathways in FMDV. Our data suggest that correct processing is required to produce key enzymes for replication in an environment in which they can interact with essential viral RNA elements. These data further the understanding of RNA genome replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Pierce
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Connor Hayward
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - David J Rowlands
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Stonehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Morgan R Herod
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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17
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Li Q, Wubshet AK, Wang Y, Heath L, Zhang J. B and T Cell Epitopes of the Incursionary Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype SAT2 for Vaccine Development. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030797. [PMID: 36992505 PMCID: PMC10059872 DOI: 10.3390/v15030797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Failure of cross-protection among interserotypes and intratypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a big threat to endemic countries and their prevention and control strategies. However, insights into practices relating to the development of a multi-epitope vaccine appear as a best alternative approach to alleviate the cross-protection-associated problems. In order to facilitate the development of such a vaccine design approach, identification and prediction of the antigenic B and T cell epitopes along with determining the level of immunogenicity are essential bioinformatics steps. These steps are well applied in Eurasian serotypes, but very rare in South African Territories (SAT) Types, particularly in serotype SAT2. For this reason, the available scattered immunogenic information on SAT2 epitopes needs to be organized and clearly understood. Therefore, in this review, we compiled relevant bioinformatic reports about B and T cell epitopes of the incursionary SAT2 FMDV and the promising experimental demonstrations of such designed and developed vaccines against this serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National/WOAH Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Ashenafi Kiros Wubshet
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National/WOAH Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
- Department of Veterinary Basics and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle 2084, Tigray, Ethiopia
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National/WOAH Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Livio Heath
- Transboundary Animal Diseases: Vaccine Production Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Jie Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
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18
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Bayantassova S, Kushaliyev K, Zhubantayev I, Zhanabayev A, Kenzhegaliyev Z, Ussenbayev A, Paritova A, Baikadamova G, Bakishev T, Zukhra A, Terlikbayev A, Akhmetbekov N, Tokayeva M, Burambayeva N, Bauzhanova L, Temirzhanova A, Rustem A, Aisin M, Tursunkulov S, Rametov N, Issimov A. Knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of smallholder farmers on foot-and-mouth disease in Cattle in West Kazakhstan. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:1417-1425. [PMID: 36867633 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was performed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAPs) of farmers and veterinary professionals towards foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the area studied. METHODS The study was based on a comprehensive questionnaire administered through face-to-face interviews. Between January and May 2022, 543 households and 27 animal health practitioners (AHP) were visited in 4 provinces of the West Kazakhstan region to assess their KAPs towards FMD. RESULTS A large proportion of herd owners (84%) had known the name of the disease, and nearly a half (48) of respondents had heard of FMD cases on farms in the neighbourhood. Oral mucosa lesions were the most consistent with clinical sign characteristic of FMD among farmers (31.4%), followed by hoof blisters (27.6%) and excessive salivation (18.6%). Farmers reported that new animal introduction was potentially the main factor associated with FMD occurrence in their herds. Over half of farmers (54%) interviewed prefer not to purchase livestock from unknown or potentially epidemiologically disadvantaged areas. CONCLUSION All AHPs (27) reported that in their zone of veterinary responsibilities, vaccination against FMD is not practised because the area investigated possesses FMD-free status. However, in the past few years, numerous FMD outbreaks have been detected throughout the region. For this reason, immediate actions need to be taken to prevent further FMD occurrences by giving the region a status of an FMD-free zone with vaccination. The current study demonstrated that inadequate quarantine controls of imported animals, absence of regular vaccination and unrestricted animal movement within the country were the primary obstacles in controlling and preventing FMD in the investigated area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Bayantassova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhangir Khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian-Technical University, Oral, Kazakhstan
| | - Kaissar Kushaliyev
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhangir Khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian-Technical University, Oral, Kazakhstan
| | - Izimgali Zhubantayev
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhangir Khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian-Technical University, Oral, Kazakhstan
| | - Assylbek Zhanabayev
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhauynbay Kenzhegaliyev
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhangir Khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian-Technical University, Oral, Kazakhstan
| | - Altay Ussenbayev
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Assel Paritova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulnara Baikadamova
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Temirlan Bakishev
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Aitpayeva Zukhra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhangir Khan West Kazakhstan Agrarian-Technical University, Oral, Kazakhstan
| | - Askar Terlikbayev
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurbolat Akhmetbekov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Mereke Tokayeva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Nadezhda Burambayeva
- Department of Zootechnology, Genetics and Breeding, Toraighyrov University, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
| | - Lyailya Bauzhanova
- Department of Zootechnology, Genetics and Breeding, Toraighyrov University, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
| | - Alma Temirzhanova
- Department of Zootechnology, Genetics and Breeding, Toraighyrov University, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
| | - Abeldinov Rustem
- Department of Zootechnology, Genetics and Breeding, Toraighyrov University, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
| | - Marat Aisin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Spandiyar Tursunkulov
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurkuisa Rametov
- Department of Geospatial Engineering, Satpayev Kazakh National Research Technical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Department of Plague Microbiology and Epidemiology, Masgut Aikimbayev's National Scientific Center for Especially Dangerous Infections, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Arman Issimov
- Department of Biology, K. Zhubanov Aktobe Regional University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
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19
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Evaluation of Potential In Vitro Recombination Events in Codon Deoptimized FMDV Strains. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030670. [PMID: 36992379 PMCID: PMC10052203 DOI: 10.3390/v15030670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Codon deoptimization (CD) has been recently used as a possible strategy to derive foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) live-attenuated vaccine (LAV) candidates containing DIVA markers. However, reversion to virulence, or loss of DIVA, from possible recombination with wild-type (WT) strains has yet to be analyzed. An in vitro assay was developed to quantitate the levels of recombination between WT and a prospective A24-P2P3 partially deoptimized LAV candidate. By using two genetically engineered non-infectious RNA templates, we demonstrate that recombination can occur within non-deoptimized viral genomic regions (i.e., 3′end of P3 region). The sequencing of single plaque recombinants revealed a variety of genome compositions, including full-length WT sequences at the consensus level and deoptimized sequences at the sub-consensus/consensus level within the 3′end of the P3 region. Notably, after further passage, two recombinants that contained deoptimized sequences evolved to WT. Overall, recombinants featuring large stretches of CD or DIVA markers were less fit than WT viruses. Our results indicate that the developed assay is a powerful tool to evaluate the recombination of FMDV genomes in vitro and should contribute to the improved design of FMDV codon deoptimized LAV candidates.
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20
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Nikiforov V, Shcherbakov A, Chvala I, Kremenchugskaya S, Korennoy F, Mayorova T, Timina A, Tyulegenov S, Abdrakhmanov S, Berdikulov M, Sainnokhoi T, Gombo-Ochir D, Tserenchimed T, Prokhvatilova L, Sprygin A. Insights into the Molecular Epidemiology of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Russia, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia in Terms of O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e Sublineage Expansion. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030598. [PMID: 36992307 PMCID: PMC10056362 DOI: 10.3390/v15030598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has long been recognized as a highly contagious, transboundary disease of livestock incurring substantial losses and burdens to animal production and trade across Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Due to the recent emergence of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage globally contributing to the expansion of FMD, molecular epidemiological investigations help in tracing the evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) across endemic and newly affected regions. In this work, our phylogenetic analysis reveals that the recent FMDV incursions in Russia, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan in 2021–2022 were due to the virus belonging to the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineage, belonging to the cluster from Cambodian FMDV isolates. The studied isolates varied by 1.0–4.0% at the VP1 nucleotide level. Vaccine matching tests indicated that the vaccination policy in the subregion should be tailored according to the peculiarities of the ongoing epidemiologic situation. The current vaccination should change from such vaccine strains as O1 Manisa (ME–SA), O no 2102/Zabaikalsky/2010 (O/ME-SA/Mya-98) (r1 = 0.05–0.28) to strains that most closely antigenically match the dominant lineage O No. 2212/Primorsky/2014 (O O/ME-SA//Mya-98) and O No. 2311/Zabaikalsky/2016 (O ME-SA/Ind-2001) (r1 = 0.66–1.0).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ilya Chvala
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir 600901, Russia
| | | | - Fedor Korennoy
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir 600901, Russia
| | | | - Anna Timina
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir 600901, Russia
| | - Samat Tyulegenov
- S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexander Sprygin
- Federal Center for Animal Health, Vladimir 600901, Russia
- Correspondence:
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21
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Hagag NM, Hassan AM, Zaher MR, Elnomrosy SM, Shemies OA, Hussein HA, Ahmed ES, Ali MH, Ateay M, Abdel-Hakim MA, Habashi AR, Eid S, El Zowalaty ME, Shahein MA. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of newly emerging foot-and-mouth disease virus type A, Lineage EURO-SA in Egypt in 2022. Virus Res 2023; 323:198960. [PMID: 36209919 PMCID: PMC10194312 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A newly emerging and exotic foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) caused a recent outbreak of serotype A in Egypt in 2022, which affected cattle and water buffalo. Previous phylogenetic studies on FMDV circulating in Egypt have mainly focused on genomic regions encoding the structural proteins which determine FMDV serotype. No study has yet determined structural proteins sequences of the newly emerging Europe-South America (EURO-SA) lineage which was recently isolated from Egypt during a routine surveillance in 2022. The objective of the current study was to analyze the structural proteins of the Venezuelan type which belongs to EURO-SA. The new isolate was related to serotype A lineage Euro-South America. Phylogentic analyses have reveled that the newly isolated lineage samples were closely related to reported sequences that have been identified in Venzuela and Colombia. Analysis of structural protein sequences revealed the recent isolates belong to prototype strain A24 Cruzeiro. Notably, nucleotide sequences of the Egyptian isolate was related to Venezuelan, Brazilian, and Colombian strains with identity not exceeding 90%. The divergence which appears in the genetic identity of the Egyptian A/EURO-SA lineage from other related strains may be attributed to the absence of Euro-SA lineage sequence from Egypt. The present study is the first report on the detection of EURO-SA lineage in Egypt. The recent detection of the EURO-SA lineage samples may be explained due to imported animals from Colombia or Brazil which share geographical borders with Venezuela. The findings of the present study highlight the significance of continuous monitoring of FMDV in Egypt for newly emerging FMDVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa M Hagag
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt.
| | - Ayah M Hassan
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mostafa R Zaher
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Sara M Elnomrosy
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Omayma A Shemies
- Virology Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center,Giza 12618 , Egypt
| | - Heba A Hussein
- Virology Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center,Giza 12618 , Egypt
| | - Eman S Ahmed
- Virology Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center,Giza 12618 , Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Ali
- Virology Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center,Giza 12618 , Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ateay
- General Organization For Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed R Habashi
- Virus Strain Bank, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center,Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Samah Eid
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Veterinary Medicine and Food Security Research Group, Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women's Campus, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, UAE.
| | - Momtaz A Shahein
- Virology Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center,Giza 12618 , Egypt
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22
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Gadir M, Azimi SM, Harzandi N, Hemati B, Eskandarzade N. Molecular detection, genetic diversity, and phylogenetic analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) type O in Iran during 2015-2016. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2023; 24:30-36. [PMID: 37378387 PMCID: PMC10291526 DOI: 10.22099/ijvr.2022.43156.6284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Background The major challenge of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) control is attributed to the rapid mutations in the FMDV RNA genome, resulting in continuous antigenic changes of circulating strains. Despite widespread vaccination of livestock populations, the incidence of the FMDV serotype O outbreaks in Iran during 2015-2016 raised concerns about the emergence of new strains. Aims The aim of this study is the genetic and antigenic evaluation of FMDV type O isolates from different outbreak areas including Alborz, Tehran, Isfahan, Markazi, Zahedan, and Qom provinces. Methods For this purpose, 71 FMD-infected samples were collected from six provinces of Iran, of which 12 serotype O positive were selected for genetic analysis. Results All samples were in ME-SA topotypes/OPanAsia2 lineage, and the overall mean of genetic diversities at the 1D gene level was about 5% between the sequences. Blasting 1D gene sequences of isolated viruses showed more than 90% genetic identity with sequences registered from neighboring countries; therefore, it could be concluded that they had a common origin. Six isolates showed the highest genetic diversity (6% to 11%) with the OPanAsia2 vaccine strain (JN676146), which three of them (Qom, Alborz, and Zahedan isolates), had less than 30% antigenic homology with the OPanAsia2 virus (JN676146). Conclusion Results of this study suggested OPanAsia2 vaccine had no enough coverage with some circulating strains in outbreak areas in Qom, Alborz, and Zahedan provinces, and the necessity of OPanAsia2 replacement with a new vaccine strain in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gadir
- Ph.D. Student in Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - S. M Azimi
- Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - N Harzandi
- Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - B Hemati
- Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - N Eskandarzade
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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23
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Azzinaro PA, Medina GN, Rai D, Ramirez-Medina E, Spinard E, Rodriguez-Calzada M, Zhu J, Rieder E, de los Santos T, Díaz-San Segundo F. Mutation of FMDV Lpro H138 residue drives viral attenuation in cell culture and in vivo in swine. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1028077. [PMID: 36387381 PMCID: PMC9661595 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1028077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) leader proteinase (Lpro) is a papain like protease that cleaves the viral polyprotein and several host factors affecting host cell translation and induction of innate immunity. Introduction of Lpro mutations ablating catalytic activity is not tolerated by the virus, however, complete coding sequence deletion or introduction of targeted amino acid substitutions can render viable progeny. In proof-of-concept studies, we have previously identified and characterized FMDV Lpro mutants that are attenuated in cell culture and in animals, while retaining their capacity for inducing a strong adaptive immunity. By using molecular modeling, we have now identified a His residue (H138), that resides outside the substrate binding and catalytic domain, and is highly conserved across serotypes. Mutation of H138 renders possible FMDV variants of reduced virulence in vitro and in vivo. Kinetics studies showed that FMDV A12-LH138L mutant replicates similarly to FMDV A12-wild type (WT) virus in cells that do not offer immune selective pressure, but attenuation is observed upon infection of primary or low passage porcine epithelial cells. Western blot analysis on protein extracts from these cells, revealed that while processing of translation initiation factor eIF-4G was slightly delayed, no degradation of innate sensors or effector molecules such as NF-κB or G3BP2 was observed, and higher levels of interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) were induced after infection with A12-LH138L as compared to WT FMDV. Consistent with the results in porcine cells, inoculation of swine with this mutant resulted in a mild, or in some cases, no clinical disease but induction of a strong serological adaptive immune response. These results further support previous evidence that Lpro is a reliable target to derive numerous viable FMDV strains that alone or in combination could be exploited for the development of novel FMD vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Azzinaro
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Gisselle N. Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility (NBAF), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Devendra Rai
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pearl River, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Edward Spinard
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Monica Rodriguez-Calzada
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - James Zhu
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
| | - Teresa de los Santos
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Teresa de los Santos
| | - Fayna Díaz-San Segundo
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, NY, United States
- Fayna Díaz-San Segundo
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24
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Lu Z, Yu S, Wang W, Chen W, Wang X, Wu K, Li X, Fan S, Ding H, Yi L, Chen J. Development of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccines in Recent Years. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1817. [PMID: 36366327 PMCID: PMC9693445 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a serious disease affecting the global graziery industry. Once an epidemic occurs, it can lead to economic and trade stagnation. In recent decades, FMD has been effectively controlled and even successfully eradicated in some countries or regions through mandatory vaccination with inactivated foot-and-mouth disease vaccines. Nevertheless, FMD still occurs in some parts of Africa and Asia. The transmission efficiency of foot-and-mouth disease is high. Both disease countries and disease-free countries should always be prepared to deal with outbreaks of FMD. The development of vaccines has played a key role in this regard. This paper summarizes the development of several promising vaccines including progress and design ideas. It also provides ways to develop a new generation of vaccines for FMDV and other major diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shu Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jingding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
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25
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Chen W, Wang W, Wang X, Li Z, Wu K, Li X, Li Y, Yi L, Zhao M, Ding H, Fan S, Chen J. Advances in the differential molecular diagnosis of vesicular disease pathogens in swine. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1019876. [PMID: 36386633 PMCID: PMC9641196 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1019876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), Senecavirus A (SVA) and swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) are members of the family Picornaviridae, which can cause similar symptoms - vesicular lesions in the tissues of the mouth, nose, feet, skin and mucous membrane of animals. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of these viruses allows for control measures to prevent the spread of these diseases. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR are traditional and reliable methods for pathogen detection, while their amplification reaction requires a thermocycler. Isothermal amplification methods including loop-mediated isothermal amplification and recombinase polymerase amplification developed in recent years are simple, rapid and do not require specialized equipment, allowing for point of care diagnostics. Luminex technology allows for simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens. CRISPR-Cas diagnostic systems also emerging nucleic acid detection technologies which are very sensitivity and specificity. In this paper, various nucleic acid detection methods aimed at vesicular disease pathogens in swine (including FMDV, SVA and SVDV) are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keke Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shuangqi Fan, ; Jinding Chen,
| | - Jinding Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shuangqi Fan, ; Jinding Chen,
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Sarry M, Vitour D, Zientara S, Bakkali Kassimi L, Blaise-Boisseau S. Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus: Molecular Interplays with IFN Response and the Importance of the Model. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102129. [PMID: 36298684 PMCID: PMC9610432 DOI: 10.3390/v14102129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals with a significant socioeconomic impact. One of the issues related to this disease is the ability of its etiological agent, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), to persist in the organism of its hosts via underlying mechanisms that remain to be elucidated. The establishment of a virus–host equilibrium via protein–protein interactions could contribute to explaining these phenomena. FMDV has indeed developed numerous strategies to evade the immune response, especially the type I interferon response. Viral proteins target this innate antiviral response at different levels, ranging from blocking the detection of viral RNAs to inhibiting the expression of ISGs. The large diversity of impacts of these interactions must be considered in the light of the in vitro models that have been used to demonstrate them, some being sometimes far from biological systems. In this review, we have therefore listed the interactions between FMDV and the interferon response as exhaustively as possible, focusing on both their biological effect and the study models used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Sarry
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- AgroParisTech, 75005 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.B.-B.)
| | - Damien Vitour
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stephan Zientara
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Labib Bakkali Kassimi
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sandra Blaise-Boisseau
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.B.-B.)
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Analysis of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Polyprotein for Multi Peptides Vaccine Design: An In silico Strategy. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.3.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is small RNA virus from Picornaviridae family; genus Aphthovirus. FMDV causes maximum levels of infectivity in cattle and harmful socioeconomic effects. The present report attempted to design vaccine candidate from the polyprotein of FMDV to stimulate protective immune response. The IEDB server was used to predict B and T cells epitopes that were linked via GPGPG and YAA linkers, respectively. Mycobacterium tuberculosis 50S ribosomal protein was exploited as an adjuvant and a six histidine-tag sequence was linked to the carboxyl end of the vaccine for purification and identification. The predicted vaccine comprised 313aa and was antigenic and not allergic. Moreover, the vaccine was acidic and showed stability and hydrophilicity. Vaccine secondary and tertiary structures were predicted. The tertiary structure was refined to ameliorate the quality of the global and local structures of the vaccine. Vaccine model validation was performed and the final quality score of the structural model was computed. The validated model was used for molecular docking with bovine (N*01801-BoLA-A11) allele. Docking process in terms of binding free energy score was significant. Vaccine solubility was investigated based on the protein of E. coli and the stability was based on the disulfide bonding to lessen the entropic and mobile points in vaccine. Lastly, the in silico cloning ensured the proper cloning and best translation of the DNA of vaccine in molecular vectors.
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Pezzoni G, Calzolari M, Foglia EA, Bregoli A, Nardo AD, Sghaier S, Madani H, Chiapponi C, Grazioli S, Relmy A, Bakkali Kassimi L, Brocchi E. Characterization of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d foot-and-mouth disease virus epidemic recorded in the Maghreb during 2014-2015. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2641-e2652. [PMID: 35686649 PMCID: PMC9796625 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d has been the main foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) lineage responsible for FMD epidemics outside the Indian subcontinent from 2013 to 2017. In 2014, outbreaks caused by this FMDV lineage were reported in Maghreb, where it was initially detected in Algeria and Tunisia and later in Morocco. This was the first incursion of an FMDV type O of exotic origin in the Maghreb region after 14 years of absence. In this study, we report analyses of both VP1 and whole-genome sequences (WGSs) generated from 22 isolates collected in Algeria and Tunisia between 2014 and 2015. All the WGSs analysed showed a minimum pairwise identity of 98.9% at the nucleotide level and 99% at the amino acid level (FMDV coding region). All Tunisian sequences shared a single putative common ancestor closely related to FMDV strains circulating in Libya during 2013. Whereas sequences from Algeria suggest the country experienced two virus introductions. The first introduction is represented by strains circulating in 2014 which are closely related to those from Tunisia, the second one, of which the origin is more uncertain, includes strains collected in Algeria in 2015 that gave origin to the 2015 outbreak reported in Morocco. Overall, our results demonstrated that a unique introduction of O/Ind-2001d FMDV occurred in Maghreb through Tunisia presumably in 2014, and from then the virus spread into Algeria and later into Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Pezzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - M. Calzolari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - E. A. Foglia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - A. Bregoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - A. Di Nardo
- The Pirbright Institute, PirbrightWokingSurreyUK
| | - S. Sghaier
- Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de TunisieRue Djebel Lakhdhar – TunisTunisia
| | - H. Madani
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire, El HarrachAlgerAlgeria
| | - C. Chiapponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - S. Grazioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
| | - A. Relmy
- Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire (ANSES)Laboratoire de Santé Animale, UMR1161 (INRA, ANSES, ENVA)Maisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - L. Bakkali Kassimi
- Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire (ANSES)Laboratoire de Santé Animale, UMR1161 (INRA, ANSES, ENVA)Maisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - E. Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER)BresciaItaly
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Mason J, Primavera V, Martignette L, Clark B, Barrera J, Simmons J, Hurtle W, Neilan JG, Puckette M. Comparative Evaluation of the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Permissive LF-BK αVβ6 Cell Line for Senecavirus A Research. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091875. [PMID: 36146682 PMCID: PMC9503874 DOI: 10.3390/v14091875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is a member of the family Picornaviridae and enzootic in domestic swine. SVA can induce vesicular lesions that are clinically indistinguishable from Foot-and-mouth disease, a major cause of global trade barriers and agricultural productivity losses worldwide. The LF-BK αVβ6 cell line is a porcine-derived cell line transformed to stably express an αVβ6 bovine integrin and primarily used for enhanced propagation of Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Due to the high biosecurity requirements for working with FMDV, SVA has been considered as a surrogate virus to test and evaluate new technologies and countermeasures. Herein we conducted a series of comparative evaluation in vitro studies between SVA and FMDV using the LF-BK αVβ6 cell line. These include utilization of LF-BK αVβ6 cells for field virus isolation, production of high virus titers, and evaluating serological reactivity and virus susceptibility to porcine type I interferons. These four methodologies utilizing LF-BK αVβ6 cells were applicable to research with SVA and results support the current use of SVA as a surrogate for FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mason
- SAIC, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | | | | | - Benjamin Clark
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Jose Barrera
- SAIC, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Janine Simmons
- SAIC, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - William Hurtle
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science & Technology Directorate, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - John G. Neilan
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science & Technology Directorate, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
| | - Michael Puckette
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science & Technology Directorate, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- Correspondence:
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Theerawatanasirikul S, Lueangaramkul V, Thangthamniyom N, Chankeeree P, Semkum P, Lekcharoensuk P. Andrographolide and Deoxyandrographolide Inhibit Protease and IFN-Antagonist Activities of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus 3Cpro. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151995. [PMID: 35953984 PMCID: PMC9367459 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Foot-and-Mouth disease (FMD) is a re-emerging infectious disease that poses a negative impact on livestock production and economics worldwide. It is also endemic in underdeveloped and developing countries, mostly in tropical areas. The control of this highly contagious disease requires a combination of different strategies, including the culling of infected animals, reducing animal movement, and vaccination. Although vaccination is effective, there remains a non-protective interval after immunization. Antiviral agents that can inhibit FMD virus (FMDV) could reduce the shedding of viruses in terms of quantity and duration, which could assist other control measures to contain FMD spreading. Antiviral activities of plant-based products, including andrographolides, have been demonstrated in several studies. Andrographolides are a group of phytochemical compounds derived from medicinal plants in the genus Andrographis, which are abundant in Asia, a hot spot of FMDV outbreaks. We found that andrographolides could inhibit FMDV replication by targeting a viral protease, namely 3Cpro. FMDV 3Cpro is the main protease essential for the virus life cycle. The 3Cpro also counteracts type I interferon, which is the frontline antiviral cytokine. We also revealed the intracellular mechanisms by which the andrographolides inhibited both protease and IFN antagonist activities of the 3Cpro. Abstract Foot-and mouth-disease (FMD) caused by the FMD virus (FMDV) is highly contagious and negatively affects livestock worldwide. The control of the disease requires a combination of measures, including vaccination; however, there is no specific treatment available. Several studies have shown that plant-derived products with antiviral properties were effective on viral diseases. Herein, antiviral activities of andrographolide (AGL), deoxyandrographolide (DAG), and neoandrographolide (NEO) against FMDV serotype A were investigated using an in vitro cell-based assay. The results showed that AGL and DAG inhibited FMDV in BHK-21 cells. The inhibitory effects of AGL and DAG were evaluated by RT-qPCR and exhibited EC50 values of 52.18 ± 0.01 µM (SI = 2.23) and 36.47 ± 0.07 µM (SI = 9.22), respectively. The intracellular protease assay revealed that AGL and DAG inhibited FMDV 3Cpro with IC50 of 67.43 ± 0.81 and 25.58 ± 1.41 µM, respectively. Additionally, AGL and DAG significantly interfered with interferon (IFN) antagonist activity of the 3Cpro by derepressing interferon-stimulating gene (ISGs) expression. The molecular docking confirmed that the andrographolides preferentially interacted with the 3Cpro active site. However, NEO had no antiviral effect in any of the assays. Conclusively, AGL and DAG inhibited FMDV serotype A by interacting with the 3Cpro and hindered its protease and IFN antagonist activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirin Theerawatanasirikul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Varanya Lueangaramkul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nattarat Thangthamniyom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Penpitcha Chankeeree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Ploypailin Semkum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Porntippa Lekcharoensuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2942-8436
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Characterization of a Novel RNA Virus Causing Massive Mortality in Yellow Catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, as an Emerging Genus in Caliciviridae ( Picornavirales). Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0062422. [PMID: 35924844 PMCID: PMC9431444 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00624-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging disease in farmed yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) causing massive mortality broke out in 2020 in Hubei, China. Histopathological examination indicated significant changes in kidneys and spleens of diseased fish. Electron microscopy revealed large numbers of viral particles in the kidneys and spleens. These particles were spherical with a diameter of approximately 35 nm. By using RNA sequencing and rapid identification of cDNA ends, the full nucleotide sequence of the virus was identified. The viral genome comprises 7,432 bp and contains three open reading frames sharing no nucleotide sequence similarity with other viruses; however, the amino acid sequence partially matched that of the nonstructural (NS) proteins from viruses in the order Picornavirales. Combined with the phylogenetic analysis, the conserved amino acid motifs and the domains of the viral genome predict a genome order typical of a calicivirus. Therefore, this virus was tentatively named yellow catfish calicivirus (YcCV). Cell culture showed that YcCV could cause a cytopathic effect in the channel catfish kidney cell line (CCK) at early passages. In artificial infection, this virus could infect healthy yellow catfish and led to clinical symptoms similar to those that occurred naturally. In situ hybridization analysis detected positive signals of the virus in kidney, spleen, liver, heart, and gill tissues of diseased fish. This study represents the first report of calicivirus infection in yellow catfish and provides a solid basis for future studies on the control of this viral disease. IMPORTANCE Caliciviruses are rapidly evolving viruses that cause pandemic outbreaks associated with significant morbidity and mortality globally. A novel calicivirus identified from yellow catfish also causes substantial mortality. Using an RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method, the full nucleotide sequence was identified and characterized, and this virus was tentatively named yellow catfish calicivirus (YcCV). A nucleotide sequence similarity search found no match with other viruses, and an amino acid sequence comparison indicated approximately 23.3% amino acid homology with the viruses in the order Picornavirales. These findings may represent a new avenue to explain virus evolution and suggest a need to further study the pathogenesis of calicivirus and characterize possible interactions among interspecific viruses in the aquaculture environment.
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Evolutionary Dynamics of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus Serotype A and Its Endemic Sub-Lineage A/ASIA/Iran-05/SIS-13 in Pakistan. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081634. [PMID: 35893699 PMCID: PMC9331208 DOI: 10.3390/v14081634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) causes severe economic losses to the livestock industry of endemic countries, including Pakistan. Pakistan is part of the endemic pool 3 for foot and mouth disease viruses (FMDV), characterized by co-circulating O, A, and Asia 1 serotypes, as designated by the world reference laboratory for FMD (WRL-FMD). FMDV serotype A lineage ASIA/Iran-05 is widespread in buffalos and cattle populations and was first reported in Pakistan in 2006. This lineage has a high turnover, with as many as 10 sub-lineages reported from Pakistan over the years. In this study, we reconstructed the evolutionary, demographic, and spatial history of serotype A and one of its sub-lineages, A/ASIA/Iran-05/SIS-13, prevalent in Pakistan. We sequenced nearly complete genomes of three isolates belonging to sub-lineage A/ASIA/Iran-05/SIS-13. We estimated recombination patterns and natural selection acting on the serotype A genomes. Source and transmission routes in Pakistan were inferred, and the clustering pattern of isolates of the SIS-13 sub-lineage were mapped on a tree. We hereby report nearly complete genome sequences of isolates belonging to sub-lineage A/ASIA/Iran-05/SIS-13, along with purported recombinant genomes, and highlight that complete coding sequences can better elucidate the endemic history and evolutionary pressures acting on long-term co-circulating FMDV strains.
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Temporal and Spatial Patterns and a Space-Time Cluster Analysis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Ethiopia from 2010 to 2019. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071558. [PMID: 35891538 PMCID: PMC9322932 DOI: 10.3390/v14071558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an endemic disease in Ethiopia, although space-time cluster and monthly variation studies have never been assessed at national level. The current study aimed to identify the spatial and temporal distribution of FMD outbreaks in Ethiopia from national outbreak reports over a period of ten years from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2019. To this end, a total of 376,762 cases and 1302 outbreaks from 704 districts were obtained from the Minister of Agriculture for analyses. In general, the dry periods, i.e., October to March, of the year were recorded as the peak outbreak periods, with the highest prevalence in March 2012. The monthly average and the outbreak trends over ten years show a decrease of outbreaks from 2010 to 2019. Decomposing the FMD outbreak data time series showed that once an outbreak erupted, it continued for up to five years. Only 12% of the reported outbreaks were assigned to a specific serotype. Within these outbreaks, the serotypes O, A, SAT-2, and SAT-1 were identified in decreasing order of prevalence, respectively. When a window of 50% for the maximum temporal/space cluster size was set, a total of seven FMD clusters were identified in space and time. The primary cluster with a radius of 380.95 km was identified in the southern part of Ethiopia, with a likelihood ratio of 7.67 (observed/expected cases). The third cluster, with a radius of 144.14 km, was identified in the northeastern part of the country, and had a likelihood ratio of 5.66. Clusters 1 and 3 occurred from January 2017 to December 2019. The second cluster that occurred had a radius of 294.82 km, a likelihood ratio of 6.20, and was located in the central and western parts of Ethiopia. The sixth cluster, with a radius of 36.04 km and a likelihood ratio of 20.60, was set in southern Tigray, bordering Afar. Clusters 2 and 6 occurred in the same period, from January 2014 to December 2016. The fourth cluster in northern Tigray had a calculated radius of 95.50 km and a likelihood ratio of 1.17. The seventh cluster occurred in the north-central Amhara region, with a radius of 97 km and a likelihood ratio of 1.16. Clusters 4 and 7 occurred between January 2010 and December 2013. The spatiotemporal and cluster analysis of the FMD outbreaks identified in the context of the current study are crucial in implementing control, prevention, and a prophylactic vaccination schedule. This study pointed out October to March as well as the main time of the year during which FMD outbreaks occur. The area that extends from the south to north, following the central highlands, is the main FMD outbreak area in Ethiopia.
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Li P, Huang S, Zha J, Sun P, Li D, Bao H, Cao Y, Bai X, Fu Y, Ma X, Li K, Yuan H, Zhang J, Zhao Z, Wang J, Zhang K, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Qi S, Liu Z, Lu Z. Evaluation of immunogenicity and cross-reactive responses of vaccines prepared from two chimeric serotype O foot-and-mouth disease viruses in pigs and cattle. Vet Res 2022; 53:56. [PMID: 35804412 PMCID: PMC9270804 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) remains a very serious barrier to agricultural development and the international trade of animals and animal products. Recently, serotype O has been the most prevalent FMDV serotype in China, and it has evolved into four different lineages: O/SEA/Mya-98, O/ME-SA/PanAsia, O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 and O/Cathay. PanAsia-2, belonging to the O/ME-SA topotype, is prevalent in neighbouring countries and poses the risk of cross-border spread in China. This study aimed to develop a promising vaccine candidate strain that can not only provide the best protection against all serotype O FMDVs circulating in China but also be used as an emergency vaccine for the prevention and control of transboundary incursion of PanAsia-2. Here, two chimeric FMDVs (rHN/TURVP1 and rHN/NXVP1) featuring substitution of VP1 genes of the O/TUR/5/2009 vaccine strain (PanAsia-2) and O/NXYCh/CHA/2018 epidemic strain (Mya98) were constructed and evaluated. The biological properties of the two chimeric FMDVs were similar to those of the wild-type (wt) virus despite slight differences in plaque sizes observed in BHK-21 cells. The structural protein-specific antibody titres induced by the rHN/TURVP1 and wt virus vaccines in pigs and cows were higher than those induced by the rHN/NXVP1 vaccine at 28–56 dpv. The vaccines prepared from the two chimeric viruses and wt virus all induced the production of protective cross-neutralizing antibodies against the viruses of the Mya-98, PanAsia and Ind-2001 lineages in pigs and cattle at 28 dpv; however, only the animals vaccinated with the rHN/TURVP1 vaccine produced a protective immune response to the field isolate of the Cathay lineage at 28 dpv, whereas the animals receiving the wt virus and the rHN/NXVP1 vaccines did not, although the wt virus and O/GXCX/CHA/2018 both belong to the Cathay topotype. This study will provide very useful information to help develop a potential vaccine candidate for the prevention and control of serotype O FMD in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shulun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huifang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yimei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xingwen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuanfang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xueqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhixun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Keqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yingli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuyun Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Zengjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory of China, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
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Factors Involved in Removing the Non-Structural Protein of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus by Chloroform and Scale-Up Production of High-Purity Vaccine Antigens. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071018. [PMID: 35891182 PMCID: PMC9319003 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically important and highly infectious viral disease, predominantly controlled by vaccination. The removal of non-structural proteins (NSPs) is very important in the process of FMD vaccine production, because vaccinated and naturally infected animals can be distinguished by the presence of NSP antibodies in the FMD serological surveillance. A previous study reported that 3AB protein, a representative of NSPs, was removed by chloroform treatment. Therefore, in this study, the causes of 3AB removal and factors affecting the effect of chloroform were investigated. As a result, the effectiveness of chloroform differed depending on the virus production medium and was eliminated by detergents. In addition, it was found that 3AB protein removal by chloroform is due to the transmembrane domain of the N-terminal region (59–76 amino acid domain). Further, industrial applicability was verified by applying the chloroform treatment process to scale-up FMD vaccine antigen production. A novel downstream process using ultrafiltration instead of polyethylene glycol precipitation for high-purity FMD vaccine antigen production was established. This result will contribute toward simplifying the conventional process of manufacturing FMD vaccine antigens and ultimately reducing the time and cost of vaccine production.
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Ward JC, Lasecka-Dykes L, Neil C, Adeyemi OO, Gold S, McLean-Pell N, Wright C, Herod MR, Kealy D, Warner E, Jackson T, King DP, Tuthill TJ, Rowlands DJ, Stonehouse NJ. The RNA pseudoknots in foot-and-mouth disease virus are dispensable for genome replication, but essential for the production of infectious virus. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010589. [PMID: 35666744 PMCID: PMC9203018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding regions of viral RNA (vRNA) genomes are critically important in the regulation of gene expression. In particular, pseudoknot (PK) structures, which are present in a wide range of RNA molecules, have a variety of roles. The 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vRNA is considerably longer than in other viruses from the picornavirus family and consists of a number of distinctive structural motifs that includes multiple (2, 3 or 4 depending on the virus strain) putative PKs linked in tandem. The role(s) of the PKs in the FMDV infection are not fully understood. Here, using bioinformatics, sub-genomic replicons and recombinant viruses we have investigated the structural conservation and importance of the PKs in the FMDV lifecycle. Our results show that despite the conservation of two or more PKs across all FMDVs, a replicon lacking PKs was replication competent, albeit at reduced levels. Furthermore, in competition experiments, GFP FMDV replicons with less than two (0 or 1) PK structures were outcompeted by a mCherry FMDV wt replicon that had 4 PKs, whereas GFP replicons with 2 or 4 PKs were not. This apparent replicative advantage offered by the additional PKs correlates with the maintenance of at least two PKs in the genomes of FMDV field isolates. Despite a replicon lacking any PKs retaining the ability to replicate, viruses completely lacking PK were not viable and at least one PK was essential for recovery of infections virus, suggesting a role for the PKs in virion assembly. Thus, our study points to roles for the PKs in both vRNA replication and virion assembly, thereby improving understanding the molecular biology of FMDV replication and the wider roles of PK in RNA functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C. Ward
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chris Neil
- Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Oluwapelumi O. Adeyemi
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Gold
- Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Niall McLean-Pell
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Wright
- Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Morgan R. Herod
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - David Kealy
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Warner
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Terry Jackson
- Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P. King
- Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - David J. Rowlands
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DJR); (NJS)
| | - Nicola J. Stonehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DJR); (NJS)
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Kang HR, Seong MS, Yim HS, Lee JH, Cha SH, Cheong J. Fibroblast growth factor 11 inhibits foot-and-mouth disease virus gene expression and replication in vitro. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:726-733. [PMID: 35387954 PMCID: PMC9177392 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle, swine, and sheep. Although FMD vaccine is the traditional way to protect against the disease, the use of FMD vaccines to protect early infection is limited. The alternative strategy of applying antiviral agents is required to control the spread of FMDV in outbreak situations. Fibroblast growth factor 11 (FGF11) is a member of the intracellular FGF. Here, we identified the inhibitory effect of FGF11 on FMDV gene expression through the transcriptional and translational regulation. For the quantitative analysis of FMDV transcription/translation level, we firstly constructed a plasmid reporter system (FMDV five prime untranslated region (5′ UTR) -luci) conjugating luciferase encoding gene with FMDV 5′ UTR region, which is a non-coding region to control FMDV transcription/translation and includes cis-acting replication element (CRE) and internal ribosome entry site (IRES). FGF11 decreased the gene expression of FMDV 5′ UTR-luci reporter in a dose-dependent manner. We further confirmed the inhibitory function of FGF11 on FMDV gene expression a replication in the FMDV-infected pig cells. FGF11 expression inhibited RNA production of FMDV RNA polymerase 3D gene in the FMDV-infected cells. In addition, while FMDV cell infection induced cytopathic effect (CPE) within 24 hr, FGF11 expression dramatically repressed CPE at the basal level. These results indicate that FGF11 inhibits FMDV gene expression and replication in vitro, implicating to provide intervention strategy for FMDV pathogenesis and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Rin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University
| | - Mi So Seong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University
| | - Hyung-Soon Yim
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology
| | - Jung-Hyun Lee
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology
| | - Sang Ho Cha
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency
| | - Jaehun Cheong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University
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Hassan AM, Zaher MR, Hassanien RT, Abd-El-Moniem MI, Habashi AR, Ibraheem EM, Shahein MA, El Zowalaty ME, Hagag NM. Molecular detection, phylogenetic analysis and genetic diversity of recently isolated foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A African topotype, Genotype IV. Virol J 2022; 19:1. [PMID: 34980196 PMCID: PMC8722054 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Surveillance for circulating emerging diseases of economic importance has a major role in the rapid response to major pathogen outbreaks. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is one of the significant endemic viruses in Egypt. FMDV is periodically investigated for monitoring evolution and emergence of new variants. The genetic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus serotype A responsible for recent outbreaks of FMD in Egypt was determined. Methods Samples were collected from different locations and virus isolation was performed using BHK-21 cells. Viral RNA was extracted and samples were screened for FMDV using real-time RT-PCR. DNA sequence analysis was performed and computational and bioinformatics analyses were used to determine the substitution rates and phylogenetic relationship. Results Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of full-length 1D region of FMDV samples collected from different governorates in 2020 showed close similarity to Egyptian FMDV strains from serotype A-African topotype-G-IV with genetic variation of 6.5%. Recently isolated FMDV strains showed high genetic variations from locally used vaccine strains in the major antigenic sites of VP1 region. Conclusions Although, efforts made by the veterinary authorities to implement an effective mass vaccination plan, the recently detected FMDV strains in this study could not be subtyped using the FMDV primers routinely used for molecular serotyping. These dissimilarities raise the alarm for reconsideration of the FMDV isolates used in vaccine manufacture. Clearly close monitoring of FMD in Egypt is urgently required to define the risks of future outbreaks and to ensure appropriate control measures against FMD major outbreaks. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-021-01693-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayah M Hassan
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Mostafa R Zaher
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Rabab T Hassanien
- Virology Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Mervat I Abd-El-Moniem
- Virology Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R Habashi
- Virology Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Essam M Ibraheem
- Pathology Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Momtaz A Shahein
- Virology Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, SE-75 123, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Naglaa M Hagag
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt.
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Roh JH, Bui NA, Lee HS, Bui VN, Dao DT, Vu TT, Hoang TT, So KM, Yi SW, Kim E, Hur TY, Oh SI. Age-dependent immune response in pigs against foot-and-mouth disease virus in vitro. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:1376-1385. [PMID: 34957451 PMCID: PMC8672249 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease, one of the most contagious diseases in cloven-hoofed
animals, causes significant economic losses. The pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth
disease virus (FMDV) infection is known to differ with age of the animals. In
this study, we aimed to reveal the difference in immunological response in the
initial stage of FMDV infection between piglets and adult pigs. Peripheral blood
mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from 3 piglets (8 weeks old) and 3 pigs
(35 weeks old) that were not vaccinated against FMDV. O-type FMDV (2 ×
102 median tissue culture infectious dose) was inoculated into
porcine PBMCs and the cells were incubated at 37.0°C under 5%
CO2 for various time periods (0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h). The
total RNA was obtained from the FMDV-inoculated PBMCs after each time point, and
the virus titer was investigated in these RNA samples. Furthermore, dynamics of
mRNA expression of the six tested cytokines (interferon [IFN]-α,
IFN-γ, interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor
[TNF]-α) in FMDV-inoculated porcine PBMCs were evaluated by time-series
analysis to determine the differences, if any, based on the age of the pigs. The
PBMCs of piglets contained the highest quantity of FMDV mRNA at 6 hours
post-inoculation (hpi), and the PBMCs of pigs had the highest quantity of FMDV
mRNA at 3 hpi. The mean cycle threshold-value in the PBMCs steadily decreased
after the peak time point in the piglets and pigs (6 and 3 hpi, respectively).
The dynamics of mRNA expression of all cytokines except TNF-α showed
age-dependent differences in FMDV-inoculated PBMCs. The mRNA expression of most
cytokines was more pronounced in the piglets than in the pigs, implying that the
immune response against FMDV showed an age-dependent difference in pigs. In
conclusion, within 48 hpi, the 8-week-old piglets responded more rapidly and
were more sensitive to FMDV infection than the 35-week-old pigs, which could be
associated with the difference in the pathogenesis of FMDV infection among the
pigs. These results provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the
age-dependent differences in immune response in pigs against FMDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hee Roh
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea.,Department of Pet Health, Kwangju Women's University, Gwangju 62396, Korea
| | - Ngoc Anh Bui
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi 111111, Vietnam
| | - Vuong Nghia Bui
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Duy Tung Dao
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Thi Vu
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thuy Thi Hoang
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Kyoung-Min So
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Seung-Won Yi
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Eunju Kim
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Tai-Young Hur
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Sang-Ik Oh
- Division of Animal Diseases & Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
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40
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FMDV Leader Protein Interacts with the NACHT and LRR Domains of NLRP3 to Promote IL-1β Production. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010022. [PMID: 35062226 PMCID: PMC8778935 DOI: 10.3390/v14010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection causes inflammatory clinical symptoms, such as high fever and vesicular lesions, even death of animals. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is an inflammatory cytokine that plays an essential role in inflammatory responses against viral infection. The viruses have developed multiple strategies to induce the inflammatory responses, including regulation of IL-1β production. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the induction of IL-1β by FMDV remains not fully understood. Here, we found that FMDV robustly induced IL-1β production in macrophages and pigs. Infection of Casp-1 inhibitor-treated cells and NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3)-knockdown cells indicated that NLRP3 is essential for FMDV-induced IL-1β secretion. More importantly, we found that FMDV Lpro associates with the NACHT and LRR domains of NLRP3 to promote NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and IL-1β secretion. Moreover, FMDV Lpro induces calcium influx and potassium efflux, which trigger NLRP3 activation. Our data revealed the mechanism underlying the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome after FMDV Lpro expression, thus providing insights for the control of FMDV infection-induced inflammation.
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Hassan AM, El-Mayet FS, El-Habbaa AS, Shahein MA, Zowalaty MEE, Hagag NM, Sharawi SSA. Molecular Characterization of newly emerging Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype SAT2 of Lib-12 Lineage Isolated from Egypt. Virus Res 2021; 311:198651. [PMID: 34879242 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype SAT2 occurred in Egypt in 2018, which affected cattle and water buffalo. Previous phylogenetic studies on FMDV circulating in Egypt have mainly focused on genomic regions encoding structural proteins that determine the FMDV serotype. Still, none of them have analyzed the open reading frame (ORF) sequence of the Egyptian SAT2/Lib-12 lineage. The present study aimed to analyze and identify the ORF genome sequence of Lib-12 lineage that belongs to FMDV SAT2 topotype VII in Egypt. The protocol workflow was optimized and tested using a representative field isolate of FMDV/SAT2/Lib-12 from a bovine tongue sample collected in 2018 from Ismailia governorate (SAT2/EGY/Ismailia/2018). The protocol was based on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with multiple overlapping primers, amplicons sequencing, and assembly to complete the ORF consensus sequence. Alignments of the sequence fragments formed consensus genome sequence of 7219 nucleotides in length. The complete nucleotide sequence of the Egyptian isolate was related to Ethiopian, Nigerian, and Ghanaian strains, with identity not exceeding 95%. The divergence in the genetic identity of the Egyptian SAT2/Lib-12 lineage from other Egyptian strains and the neighboring Libyan isolates reached 7%, and this may be attributed to the absence of the Lib-12 lineage ORF sequence from Egypt and Libya in the database. The present study significantly advances the knowledge of the molecular analysis of FMDV SAT2 and the design of vaccine selection for FMDV SAT2 in Egypt. The study protocol could be applied to other FMDV serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayah M Hassan
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), 12618 Giza, Egypt
| | - Fouad S El-Mayet
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736, Kaliobyia, Egypt
| | - Ayman S El-Habbaa
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736, Kaliobyia, Egypt
| | - Momtaz A Shahein
- Virology Research Department, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), 12618 Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, SE-75 123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Naglaa M Hagag
- Genome Research Unit, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), 12618 Giza, Egypt
| | - Saad S A Sharawi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736, Kaliobyia, Egypt
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Childs K, Juleff N, Moffat K, Seago J. Demonstration of Co-Infection and Trans-Encapsidation of Viral RNA In Vitro Using Epitope-Tagged Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122433. [PMID: 34960702 PMCID: PMC8708420 DOI: 10.3390/v13122433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease, caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), is an economically devastating disease affecting several important livestock species. FMDV is antigenically diverse and exists as seven serotypes comprised of many strains which are poorly cross-neutralised by antibodies induced by infection or vaccination. Co-infection and recombination are important drivers of antigenic diversity, especially in regions where several serotypes co-circulate at high prevalence, and therefore experimental systems to study these events in vitro would be beneficial. Here we have utilised recombinant FMDVs containing an HA or a FLAG epitope tag within the VP1 capsid protein to investigate the products of co-infection in vitro. Co-infection with viruses from the same and from different serotypes was demonstrated by immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry using anti-tag antibodies. FLAG-tagged VP1 and HA-tagged VP1 could be co-immunoprecipitated from co-infected cells, suggesting that newly synthesised capsids may contain VP1 proteins from both co-infecting viruses. Furthermore, we provide the first demonstration of trans-encapsidation of an FMDV genome into capsids comprised of proteins encoded by a co-infecting heterologous virus. This system provides a useful tool for investigating co-infection dynamics in vitro, particularly between closely related strains, and has the advantage that it does not depend upon the availability of strain-specific FMDV antibodies.
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43
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Isolation and Identification of Inter-Species Enterovirus Recombinant Genomes. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122390. [PMID: 34960659 PMCID: PMC8703282 DOI: 10.3390/v13122390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA virus evolution is partly attributed to the process of recombination. Although common between closely genetically related viruses, such as within species of the Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family, inter-species recombination is rarely observed in nature. Recent studies have shown recombination is a ubiquitous process, resulting in a wide range of recombinant genomes and progeny viruses. While not all recombinant genomes yield infectious progeny virus, their existence and continued evolution during replication have critical implications for the evolution of the virus population. In this study, we utilised an in vitro recombination assay to demonstrate inter-species recombination events between viruses from four enterovirus species, A-D. We show that inter-species recombinant genomes are generated in vitro with polymerase template-switching events occurring within the virus polyprotein coding region. However, these genomes did not yield infectious progeny virus. Analysis and attempted recovery of a constructed recombinant cDNA revealed a restriction in positive-strand but not negative-strand RNA synthesis, indicating a significant block in replication. This study demonstrates the propensity for inter-species recombination at the genome level but suggests that significant sequence plasticity would be required in order to overcome blocks in the virus life cycle and allow for the production of infectious viruses.
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44
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Jamal SM, Khan S, Knowles NJ, Wadsworth J, Hicks HM, Mioulet V, Bin-Tarif A, Ludi AB, Shah SAA, Abubakar M, Manzoor S, Afzal M, Eschbaumer M, King DP, Belsham GJ. Foot-and-mouth disease viruses of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineage in Pakistan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:3126-3135. [PMID: 33915027 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The presence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineage within Pakistan was initially detected in two samples collected during 2019. Analysis of further serotype O FMDVs responsible for disease outbreaks in 2019-2020 in the country has now identified the spread of this sublineage to 10 districts within two separate provinces in North-Eastern and North-Western Pakistan. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that these viruses are closely related to those circulating in Bhutan, Nepal and India. The VP1 coding sequences of these viruses from Pakistan belong to three distinct clusters, which may indicate multiple introductions of this virus sublineage, although the routes of introduction are unknown. Vaccine matching studies against O1 Manisa, O 3039 and O TUR/5/2009 support the suitability of existing vaccine strains to control current field outbreaks, but further studies are warranted to monitor the spread and evolution of the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e sublineage in the region. (145 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Jamal
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
| | - Salman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
| | - Nick J Knowles
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Jemma Wadsworth
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Hayley M Hicks
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Valérie Mioulet
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Abdelghani Bin-Tarif
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Anna B Ludi
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | | | | | - Shumaila Manzoor
- The Project for Enhancement of Foot and Mouth Disease Control in Pakistan (OSRO/PAK/801/JPN), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- The Project for Enhancement of Foot and Mouth Disease Control in Pakistan (OSRO/PAK/801/JPN), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Michael Eschbaumer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Donald P King
- FAO World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD), The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Graham J Belsham
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Abdullah SW, Wu J, Zhang Y, Bai M, Guan J, Liu X, Sun S, Guo H. DDX21, a Host Restriction Factor of FMDV IRES-Dependent Translation and Replication. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091765. [PMID: 34578346 PMCID: PMC8473184 DOI: 10.3390/v13091765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In cells, the contributions of DEAD-box helicases (DDXs), without which cellular life is impossible, are of utmost importance. The extremely diverse roles of the nucleolar helicase DDX21, ranging from fundamental cellular processes such as cell growth, ribosome biogenesis, protein translation, protein–protein interaction, mediating and sensing transcription, and gene regulation to viral manipulation, drew our attention. We designed this project to study virus–host interactions and viral pathogenesis. A pulldown assay was used to investigate the association between foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and DDX21. Further insight into the DDX21–FMDV interaction was obtained through dual-luciferase, knockdown, overexpression, qPCR, and confocal microscopy assays. Our results highlight the antagonistic feature of DDX21 against FMDV, as it progressively inhibited FMDV internal ribosome entry site (IRES) -dependent translation through association with FMDV IRES domains 2, 3, and 4. To subvert this host helicase antagonism, FMDV degraded DDX21 through its non-structural proteins 2B, 2C, and 3C protease (3Cpro). Our results suggest that DDX21 is degraded during 2B and 2C overexpression and FMDV infection through the caspase pathway; however, DDX21 is degraded through the lysosomal pathway during 3Cpro overexpression. Further investigation showed that DDX21 enhanced interferon-beta and interleukin-8 production to restrict viral replication. Together, our results demonstrate that DDX21 is a novel FMDV IRES trans-acting factor, which negatively regulates FMDV IRES-dependent translation and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shiqi Sun
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (H.G.); Tel.: +86-0931-8312213 (S.S. & H.G.)
| | - Huichen Guo
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (H.G.); Tel.: +86-0931-8312213 (S.S. & H.G.)
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46
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Wang J, Chen J, Zhang S, Ding Y, Wang M, Zhang H, Liang R, Chen Q, Niu B. Risk assessment and integrated surveillance of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Russia based on Monte Carlo simulation. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:268. [PMID: 34376207 PMCID: PMC8353819 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02967-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of livestock worldwide. Russia is a big agricultural country with a wide geographical area where FMD outbreaks have become an obstacle for the development of the animal and animal products trade. In this study, we aimed to assess the export risk of FMD from Russia. Results After simulation by Monte Carlo, the results showed that the probability of cattle infected with FMD in the surveillance zone (Surrounding the areas where no epidemic disease has occurred within the prescribed time limit, the construction of buffer areas is called surveillance zone.) of Russia was 1.29 × 10− 6. The probability that at least one FMD positive case was exported from Russia per year in the surveillance zone was 6 %. The predicted number of positive cattle of the 39,530 - 50,576 exported from Russia per year was 0.06. A key node in the impact model was the probability of occurrence of FMD outbreaks in the Russian surveillance zone. By semi-quantitative model calculation, the risk probability of FMD defense system defects was 1.84 × 10− 5, indicating that there was a potential risk in the prevention and control measures of FMD in Russia. The spatial time scan model found that the most likely FMD cluster (P < 0.01) was in the Eastern and Siberian Central regions. Conclusions There was a risk of FMDV among cattle exported from Russia, and the infection rate of cattle in the monitored area was the key factor. Understanding the export risk of FMD in Russia and relevant epidemic prevention measures will help policymakers to develop targeted surveillance plans. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-02967-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanting Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Minjia Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruirui Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bing Niu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 200444, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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47
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Penza V, Russell SJ, Schulze AJ. The long-lasting enigma of polycytidine (polyC) tract. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009739. [PMID: 34347852 PMCID: PMC8336851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long polycytidine (polyC) tracts varying in length from 50 to 400 nucleotides were first described in the 5'-noncoding region (NCR) of genomes of picornaviruses belonging to the Cardio- and Aphthovirus genera over 50 years ago, but the molecular basis of their function is still unknown. Truncation or complete deletion of the polyC tracts in picornaviruses compromises virulence and pathogenicity but do not affect replicative fitness in vitro, suggesting a role as "viral security" RNA element. The evidence available suggests that the presence of a long polyC tract is required for replication in immune cells, which impacts viral distribution and targeting, and, consequently, pathogenic progression. Viral attenuation achieved by reduction of the polyC tract length has been successfully used for vaccine strategies. Further elucidation of the role of the polyC tract in viral replication cycle and its connection with replication in immune cells has the potential to expand the arsenal of tools in the fight against cancer in oncolytic virotherapy (OV). Here, we review the published data on the biological significance and mechanisms of action of the polyC tract in viral pathogenesis in Cardio- and Aphthoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velia Penza
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Russell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Autumn J. Schulze
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
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48
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Bae S, Li V, Hong J, Kim JN, Kim H. Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus A/ASIA/Sea-97 lineage. Virus Genes 2021; 57:443-447. [PMID: 34260046 PMCID: PMC8445868 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01848-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) A/ASIA/Sea-97 is a predominant lineage in Southeast Asia and East Asia. However, Sea-97 lineage has not been well studied since its first outbreak in Thailand in 1997. Thus, we conducted phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of Sea-97 using 224 VP1 sequences of FMDV A/ASIA during 1960 and 2018. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Sea-97 lineage can be classified into five groups (G1–G5). After the emergence of G2 from G1, the genetic diversity of Sea-97 increased sharply, causing divergence into G3, G4 and G5. During this evolutionary process, Sea-97 lineage, which was initially found only in some countries in Southeast Asia, gradually spread to East Asia. The evolution rate of this lineage was estimated to be 1.2 × 10–2 substitutions/site/year and there were many differences in amino acid residues compared to vaccine strain. Substitutions at antigenically important sites may affect the efficacy of the vaccine, suggesting the need for appropriate vaccine strains. Our results could provide meaningful information to understand comprehensive characteristic of Sea-97 lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Bae
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Vladimir Li
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyong Hong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Heebal Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,eGnome, Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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49
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Tesfaye Y, Khan F, Gelaye E. Vaccine matching and antigenic variability of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes O and A from 2018 Ethiopian isolates. Int Microbiol 2021; 25:47-59. [PMID: 34224048 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-021-00178-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is highly infectious, limits live animal trade, and affects ranchers owing to the loss of animal yield. The present study was designed to perform vaccine matching for field FMD virus isolates from clinically diseased cattle and assess the antigenic properties of the field isolates against the current vaccine strains used for vaccine production at the National Veterinary Institute, Ethiopia. Both sequencing and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions were used for distinguishing between the viral strains. To evaluate the serological relationship of the vaccine strain with these field isolates (r1 value), in vitro cross-neutralization was performed using ETH/6/2000 and ETH/38/2005 antisera. Infectious field FMD viral samples represented serotypes A and O. Sequence analysis showed that serotype A VP1/1D possessed amino acid variability at positions 28 and 42 to 48, 138, 141, 142, 148, 156, 173, and 197 compared with the ETH/6/2000 vaccine strain, whereas serotype O possessed amino acid variability at positions 45, 48, 138, 139, 140, 141, and 197 compared with the ETH/38/2005 vaccine strain. Based on the one-dimensional virus neutralization test, serotypes A and O demonstrated antigenic matching of up to 13/17 (76.47%) with the vaccine strain, except for the isolates ETH/40/2018, ETH/48/2018, ETH/55/2018, and ETH/61/2018, which had r-values less than 0.3. Therefore, the currently used vaccine strains ETH/38/2005 for serotype O and ETH/6/2000 for serotype A protected against all and most field viruses characterized as serotypes O and A, respectively, and amino acid residue variation was observed in different FMD virus B-C loops, G-H loops, and C-termini of VP1 at sites 1 and 3 in both serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeneneh Tesfaye
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201306, UP, India.,National Veterinary Institute, POBox: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Fazlurrahman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201306, UP, India. .,Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea.
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- National Veterinary Institute, POBox: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
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50
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Khan S, Ali Shah SA, Jamal SM. Evaluation of Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Diagnosis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Intervirology 2021; 64:209-214. [PMID: 34139693 DOI: 10.1159/000517003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious and highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed domestic and wild animals, causing heavy economic losses to the livestock industry. Rapid and reliable diagnosis of the disease is essential for the implementation of effective control measures. This study compared sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (S-ELISA) and conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the diagnosis of FMD. METHODS A total of 60 epithelial samples from suspected cases of FMD were tested using both S-ELISA and RT-PCR assays. The level of agreement between the assays was assessed by calculating the Kappa value. RESULTS S-ELISA detected 38 (63%) samples positive for FMD virus (FMDV). Being predominant, serotype O was detected in 22 (57.9%) of the total samples tested positive, whereas 9 (23.7%) and 7 (18.4%) samples were found positive for serotypes A and Asia-1, respectively. RT-PCR detected viral genome in 51 (85%) of the samples using pan-FMDV primers set, 1F/1R. Thirty-six samples were found positive and 7 negative by both the tests. The level of agreement between the tests was assessed by calculating the Kappa value, which was found to be fair (Kappa value = 0.303 and 95% CI = 0.089; 0.517) and significant (p = 0.009). However, 2 samples, which were found positive on S-ELISA tested negative on RT-PCR. This may be attributed to the presence of nucleotide mismatch(es) in the primer-binding sites that may have resulted in failure of amplification of the viral genome. The serotype-specific RT-PCR assays not only confirmed serotyping results of S-ELISA but were also able to establish serotype in 9 S-ELISA-negative but pan-FMDV RT-PCR-positive samples. CONCLUSIONS The RT-PCR assay contributes significantly to establishing a quick, sensitive, and definitive diagnosis of FMD in resource-constrained countries. Samples giving negative results in S-ELISA should be tested in RT-PCR for the disease detection and virus typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Dir Lower, Pakistan
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