Fascioliasis: An Ongoing Zoonotic Trematode Infection

Prevalence of Bovine Fasciolosis, Financial Losses and Risk Factors Associated with the Disease in Lira and Gulu Districts, Northern Uganda

Bovine fasciolosis (BF) is a parasitic disease of cattle that causes significant economic impacts to cattle farmers. The physical loses include weight loss, drop in productivity, liver condemnation and mortalities. This study assessed the prevalence, financial losses and risk factors associated with the disease in Lira and Gulu Districts, northern Uganda. A cross-sectional study of 720 slaughter cattle from the abattoirs was conducted by macroscopic examination of the animals and carcasses during routine slaughter. In the farms, 120 rectal faecal samples were taken to a laboratory for Fasciola egg detection by simple microscopy, while risk factors were assessed by administering a questionnaire to farm owners. Prevalence of BF was highest (38%) within cattle in the age group of 1-3 years and lowest (18%) in those over 5 years. The overall BF prevalence was 48% and 26% by postmortem examination and coprology, respectively. The cattle body condition had a significant association (p < 0.01) with prevalence of BF, in which emaciated cattle were most affected (59%), while fat ones had the least prevalence (15%). The annual financial loss due to BF infection was USD 89,099. The major risk factors associated with the disease at the farm level were communal grazing in swampy areas (82%) and watering cattle in swamps (71%). Farms where the source of drinking water was swamp water had higher chances (p < 0.05) of their cattle having BF. An integrated approach using routine deworming programs, improvement of cattle management practices and control of snail intermediate hosts is recommended to effectively control the spread of BF.

Distinct gut microbiome features characterize Fasciola hepatica infection and predict triclabendazole treatment outcomes in Peruvian patients

Background

Fasciola hepatica, a globally distributed helminth, causes fasciolosis, a disease with significant health and economic impacts. Variability in triclabendazole (TCBZ) efficacy and emerging resistance are remaining challenges. Evidence suggests that the gut microbiome influences host-helminth interactions and is associated with anthelmintic effects, but its association with human F. hepatica infection and TCBZ efficacy is not well understood.

Methods

In this study, we investigated the relationship between Fasciola hepatica infection and the gut microbiome through metagenomic shotgun sequencing of 30 infected and 60 age- and sex-matched uninfected individuals from Peru. Additionally, we performed a longitudinal analysis to evaluate microbiome dynamics in relation to TCBZ treatment response.

Results and discussion

Infection was associated with specific microbial taxonomic and functional features, including higher abundance of Negativibacillus sp900547015, Blautia A sp000285855, and Prevotella sp002299635 species, and enrichment of microbial pathways linked to survival under stress and depletion of pathways for microbial growth. Unexpectedly, we identified that responders to TCBZ treatment (who cleared infection) harbored many microbiome features significantly different relative to non-responders, both before and after treatment. Specifically, the microbiomes of responders had a higher abundance Firmicutes A and Bacteroides species as well as phospholipid synthesis and glucuronidation pathways, while non-responders had higher abundance of Actinobacteria species including several from the Parolsenella and Bifidobacterium genera, and Bifidobacterium shunt and amino acid biosynthesis pathways.

Conclusions

Our findings underscore the impact of helminth infection on gut microbiome and suggest a potential role of gut microbiota in modulating TCBZ efficacy, offering novel insights into F. hepatica-microbiome interactions and paving the way for microbiome-informed treatment approaches.

Schistosome infections and other gastrointestinal parasites in cattle of the Magba sub-division in the West region of Cameroon

Although gastrointestinal parasites affect livestock production and economic development, investigations targeting these infectious diseases have been overlooked in most African countries. This study was designed to determine and map schistosomes and other gastrointestinal parasites in cattle of Magba Sub-division in the West region of Cameroon and to comparatively assess the kato-katz and sedimentation technique for diagnosing livestock schistosomiasis. During a cross-sectional study, fecal material was collected in apparently 264 healthy cattle of one to above 9 years from 4 sub-districts of the Magba sub-division. Kato-katz was used to search schistosomes and other gastrointestinal eggs while the sedimentation technique was only used to search schistosome eggs. Eight gastrointestinal parasites including schistosomes (79.9 %), Eimeria spp. (16.7 %), Fasciola spp. (12.5 %), Dicrocoelium spp. (9.1 %), Strongyloides spp. (7.2 %), Toxocara spp. (2.7 %), Trichuris spp. (2.3 %) and Monieza spp. (1.1 %) were detected in cattle fecal material. The overall prevalence of schistosome infections was 43.9 % with the Kato-katz and 79.9 % with the sedimentation technique. The Kappa coefficient index between the two techniques for detecting schistosome eggs was 0.32 (95 % CI: 0.24-0.40). Among the infected animals, 53.7 % had one gastrointestinal parasite while 21.0 %, 9.1 % and 1.9 % had respectively 2, 3 and 4 different gastrointestinal parasites. The prevalence of schistosomes and that of Fasciola spp. and Eimeria spp. vary significantly between sub-districts. This study revealed a high prevalence of schistosomes and several other gastrointestinal parasites in cattle. It showed a wide distribution of these parasitic infections in all sub-districts; indicating the need to control these infections for improving cattle health and breeders' economy.

The impact of climate change on vulnerable populations in pediatrics: opportunities for AI, digital health, and beyond-a scoping review and selected case studies

Climate change critically impacts global pediatric health, presenting unique and escalating challenges due to children's inherent vulnerabilities and ongoing physiological development. This scoping review intricately intertwines the spheres of climate change, pediatric health, and Artificial Intelligence (AI), with a goal to elucidate the potential of AI and digital health in mitigating the adverse child health outcomes induced by environmental alterations, especially in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). A notable gap is uncovered: literature directly correlating AI interventions with climate change-impacted pediatric health is scant, even though substantial research exists at the confluence of AI and health, and health and climate change respectively. We present three case studies about AI's promise in addressing pediatric health issues exacerbated by climate change. The review spotlights substantial obstacles, including technical, ethical, equitable, privacy, and data security challenges in AI applications for pediatric health, necessitating in-depth, future-focused research. Engaging with the intricate nexus of climate change, pediatric health, and AI, this work underpins future explorations into leveraging AI to navigate and neutralize the burgeoning impact of climate change on pediatric health outcomes. IMPACT: Our scoping review highlights the scarcity of literature directly correlating AI interventions with climate change-impacted pediatric health that disproportionately affects vulnerable populations, even though substantial research exists at the confluence of AI and health, and health and climate change respectively. We present three case studies about AI's promise in addressing pediatric health issues exacerbated by climate change. The review spotlights substantial obstacles, including technical, ethical, equitable, privacy, and data security challenges in AI applications for pediatric health, necessitating in-depth, future-focused research.

Inverted Patterns of Schistosomiasis and Fascioliasis and Risk Factors Among Humans and Livestock in Northern Tanzania

Fascioliasis and schistosomiasis are parasitic trematodiases of public health and economic concern in humans and livestock. However, data on the distribution and risk factors for fascioliasis remain limited, while epidemiological gaps hinder schistosomiasis control in Tanzania. This One Health, cross-sectional study examined the prevalence and risk factors of schistomiasis and fascioliasis in northern Tanzania, involving 310 livestock and 317 human participants from Arusha, Kilimanjaro, and Manyara regions. Using standard parasitological methods, livestock fascioliasis prevalence was 21.3%, while schistosomiasis prevalence was 1.0%. Human fascioliasis prevalence was 1.9%, while schistosomiasis prevalence was 12.6%. Female animals, particularly cattle in Kilimanjaro and Manyara, had higher odds of fascioliasis. Human-animal contact through husbandry increased schistosomiasis risk (aOR = 4.21; 95% CI: 1.81-9.80), while the use of borehole-water was protective (aOR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.11-0.97). Fascioliasis risk was higher among individuals aged 36-55 years (aOR = 7.66; 95% CI: 1.36-43.23), with cabbage consumption offering protection (aOR = 0.08; 95% CI: 0.01-0.89). The study revealed inverted prevalence patterns of fascioliasis and schistosomiasis in humans and livestock, driven by vector-dependent transmission dynamics. These findings emphasize the need for an integrated One Health approach to manage shared human and animal health risks in Tanzania.

Unraveling the microRNAs Involved in Fasciolosis: Master Regulators of the Host-Parasite Crosstalk

Fasciolosis is a neglected tropical disease caused by helminth parasites of the genus Fasciola spp., including Fasciola hepatica (F. hepatica) and Fasciola gigantica (F. gigantica), being a major zoonotic problem of human and animal health. Its control with antihelminthics is becoming ineffective due to the increase in parasite resistance. Developing new therapeutic protocols is crucial to a deeper knowledge of the molecular bases in the host-parasite interactions. The high-throughput omics technologies have dramatically provided unprecedented insights into the complexity of the molecular host-parasite crosstalk. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key players as critical regulators in numerous biological processes, modifying the gene expression of cells by degradation of messenger RNA (mRNA), regulating transcription and translation functions, protein positioning, cell cycle integrity, differentiation and apoptosis. The large-scale exploration of miRNAs, including the miRNome, has offered great scientific knowledge of steps in fasciolosis, further scrutinizing the pathogenesis, the growth and development of their strains and their interaction with the host for the survival of the different parasite stages. This review compiles the updated knowledge related to miRNAs involved in fasciolosis and the generated miRNome, highlighting the importance of these key molecules in the host-parasite interactions and the pathogenesis of Fasciola spp. directing towards the development of new biotherapeutic protocols for the control of fasciolosis.

A QbD Approach for the Formulation and Control of Triclabendazole in Uncoated Tablets: From Polymorphs to Drug Formulation

Triclabendazole (TCB) is a well-established anthelmintic effective in treating fascioliasis, a neglected tropical disease. This study employs quality by design (QbD) to investigate the impact of TCB polymorphism and pharmacotechnical variables, from the development of immediate-release tablets to process optimization and green analysis. Critical process parameters (CPPs) and critical material attributes (CMAs), characterized by type of polymorph, composition of excipients (talc, lactose, cornstarch, and magnesium stearate), and compression force, were screened using a Plackett-Burman design (n = 24), identifying polymorphic purity and cornstarch as a CPP. To establish a mathematical model linking CPP to dissolution behaviour, a multiple linear regression (MLR) was applied to the training design (central composite design, n = 18). Simultaneously, a near-infrared spectroscopy coupled to partial least squares (NIR-PLSs) method was developed to analyze CPPs. An independent set of samples was prepared and analyzed using the NIR-PLSs model, and their dissolution profiles were also obtained. The PLSs model successfully predicted the CPPs in the new samples, yielding almost quantitative results (100 ± 3%), and MLR dissolution predictions mirrored the actual dissolution profiles (f2 = 85). In conclusion, the developed model could serve as a comprehensive tool for the development and control of pharmaceutical formulations, starting from the polymorphic composition and extending to achieve targeted dissolution outcomes.

Characteristics of Hepatobiliary Fascioliasis and the Role of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Management: A Single Center Experience

BACKGROUND

Hepatobiliary fascioliasis has two phases, each requiring specific management approaches. Triclabendazole has been widely effective in treating the two phases of clinical fascioliasis and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the biliary phase. We aimed to characterize presentations of hepatobiliary fascioliasis and highlight the role of ERCP in management.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

This retrospective cohort includes patients diagnosed with clinical hepatobiliary fascioliasis between January 2013 and December 2022. Demographic data, clinical presentation, laboratory and radiological investigations, treatment, and endoscopy reports were collected from the records of 62 participants. Patients were divided into two groups: acute hepatic and chronic biliary phases.

RESULTS

Thirty-six patients were in the biliary phase, and 26 were in the hepatic phase. All patients were from rural areas, and females were predominant (76%). Hypereosinophilia was detected in 92% of acute cases and 58% of chronic biliary cases. In chronic biliary cases, the levels of liver biochemicals, including alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), and bilirubin, were higher at levels of 189 ± 76, 127 ± 47, 268 ± 77, and 2.4 ± 0.7 respectively, compared to acute hepatic cases, 35.6 ± 8.2, 32.7 ± 4.3, 69.2 ± 45.45, and 0.58 ± 0.01. The corresponding P-values were 0.003, 0.001, <0.001, and <0.001, respectively. Triclabendazole effectively cured 93.5% of patients and was used in combination with ERCP in biliary-phase cases where the fluke was extracted from the biliary system in 34 patients (94.4%). Three patients (8.8%) were diagnosed with post-ERCP pancreatitis. None of the patients experienced bleeding, perforation, or required biliary stenting.

CONCLUSION

Clinical fascioliasis could manifest in acute hepatic or chronic biliary phases. Hypereosinophilia was more evident in the hepatic phases, while ALT, AST, GGT, and bilirubin were higher in the biliary phase. Triclabendazole is effective in the hepatic phase and when combined with ERCP in the biliary phase. ERCP is highly effective for relieving obstruction and treating biliary fascioliasis.

Freshwater snail-borne parasitic diseases in Africa

BACKGROUND

Freshwater snails are the first obligatory intermediate hosts in the trematode life cycle. Several parasitic diseases transmitted by these snails are endemic in Africa, and their distribution closely follows that of the intermediate hosts. These diseases represent a major public health problem and cause significant socio-economic losses in Africa, particularly schistosomiasis and fascioliasis. In this review, we will describe the main roles of freshwater snails in the life cycle of trematode parasites, and the geographical distribution of these diseases in Africa. We will also discuss the different techniques for detecting parasitic infections in snails, as well as the various methods of controlling snails and the larval stages of parasites.

METHODS

We carried out a literature search for articles dealing with parasitic diseases transmitted by freshwater snail hosts in Africa. The search was conducted in databases such as PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar using various search terms combined by Boolean operators. Our search was limited to peer-reviewed articles less than 10 years old. Articles published to date in the fields of control of parasitic diseases transmitted by freshwater snails were included. Results were presented in narrative and in table format.

RESULTS

The results of the database search identified 1007 records. We included 84 studies in this review. These studies generally focused on freshwater snails and the diseases they transmit. We described the geographical distribution of 43 freshwater species belonging to nine snail families, as well as the parasites that infect them. Several methods for diagnosing parasites in their snail hosts have been described, including microscopic and molecular methods, as well as antibody and protein barcode-based techniques. Molluscicides have been described as the main strategy for snail control.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights several elements of knowledge about diseases transmitted by freshwater snails and their distribution. A good understanding of snail infection detection techniques and existing control methods is an essential component in adapting control strategies for these diseases.

Prevalence of Fasciola hepatica infection in slaughtered sheep from Northwest Tunisia and its risk factors: Association with gastrointestinal helminths infection and anaemia

We investigated herein the prevalence of Fasciola hepatica infection in sheep at Sejnane slaughterhouse, governorate of Bizerte, Northwest of Tunisia, using three different diagnostic techniques (liver dissection, bile examination, and coprology). Faeces, liver, gall bladder as well as blood samples were collected from 603 slaughtered sheep in two seasons: winter and summer. Faecal egg counts of F. hepatica were estimated using sedimentation technique. Livers were examined for the presence of flukes, and bile collected from gall bladder was examined by sedimentation technique for the presence of F. hepatica eggs. Faecal egg counts of gastrointestinal helminths were estimated using flotation followed by the McMaster technique. Blood samples were used to estimate blood cell count (RBC) (×106/mL), haemoglobin (Hb) (g/dL), and haematocrit (Ht) (%) levels. A total of 1714 F. hepatica flukes were collected from 68 infected livers, the number of flukes per sheep ranged between naught and 195. Bile examination (16.78% ± 1.83; 51/310) showed the higher infection prevalence, followed by liver dissection (11.28% ± 1.17; 68/603) and coprology (9.12% ± 1.08; 55/603) (p = 0.015). Infection prevalences were significantly higher in young sheep aged of less than 1 year (8.13% ± 1.22; 49/498), in cross-bred sheep (10.61% ± 1.39%; 64/478), and in summer (7.13% ± 1.82; 43/293) (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in infection prevalence by gastrointestinal helminths in F. hepatica-infected and F. hepatica-non-infected animals (p > 0.05). The overall prevalence of F. hepatica-infected anaemic sheep was higher (22.73% ± 4.47; 20/88) than F. hepatica-non-infected anaemic sheep (p < 0.05). Fasciola hepatica infection is frequent in sheep from Sejnane representing hence an important constraint for the development of the sheep industry in this region. Therefore, it is necessary to establish and implement a specific control programme to reduce fasciolosis infection risks including animal owners' education.

Climatic variations and Fasciola: a review of impacts across the parasite life cycle

Fasciolosis, caused by the liver fluke Fasciola spp., is a significant parasitic disease of livestock and humans worldwide. Fasciola transmission and life cycle are highly dependent on climatic conditions, especially temperature and humidity. This dependency has gained significance in the context of ongoing climate change. This literature review examined evidence on the effects of temperature variability on the developmental stages of Fasciola spp. and the snail intermediate hosts. We reviewed free larval stages of Fasciola spp. development, as well as snail intermediate hosts, while investigating the climate-related factors influencing each stage. We found that Fasciola spp. egg hatching and development were inhibited below 10 °C and optimal between 20 and 30 °C, miracidia hatching time decreased with higher temperatures and cercarial shedding by snail hosts accelerated around 27 °C. Further, metacercarial viability declined at higher temperatures but was prolonged by higher humidity. Snail intermediate host growth rates peaked at 25 °C, and their susceptibility to Fasciola infection depends on temperature, underscoring its importance in transmission dynamics. Overall, the Fasciola life cycle and snail host development exhibit stage-specific temperature thresholds, indicating a complex relationship between temperature fluctuations and parasite transmission potential. This research highlights the key role of temperature and humidity on Fasciola spp. and snail development, shedding light on the potential consequences of climate change on their survival, development, and disease transmission. Data limitations, primarily from the scarcity of high-resolution climate-related experiments, should drive future research to enhance predictive models and deepen our understanding of the impact of climate change on this parasitic disease.

Unanticipated discovery: incidental encounter with fasciola hepatica during ERCP - a case report

Introduction and Importance

Fasciola hepatica (FH) is a rare parasitic infection in humans. Its incidental detection during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is exceptionally uncommon. This case underscores the importance of considering parasitic infections, even in low-endemicity regions, and the potential implications of dietary and environmental factors in disease transmission.

Case Presentation

The authors present a case of a 31-year-old female from Dhading, Nepal, who underwent ERCP for suspected biliary stone. The patient had been experiencing recurring, nonradiating, burning epigastric pain for 5 to 7 years, which had recently intensified. Previous evaluations, including abdominal ultrasonography, CT, and MRI, revealed a dilation within the common bile duct and an obstruction in the biliary system.

Clinical Discussion

During ERCP, cholangiography revealed mildly dilated extra and intrahepatic bile ducts with irregular filling defects in the common hepatic duct. Sphincterotomy was performed, followed by the extraction of multiple FH worms. A 7 Fr 7 cm double pigtail plastic stent was placed with a good flow of bile. However, the patient experienced anaphylaxis during the procedure, necessitating swift and tailored administration of appropriate medications to ensure effective management and stabilization. The patient was closely monitored in the ICU postprocedure.

Conclusion

After careful monitoring and treatment, the patient fully recovered. The unexpected discovery of FH during ERCP is extremely rare. Early recognition and appropriate management of such incidental findings are crucial to ensuring optimal patient outcomes.

Comparative evaluation of real-time PCR and ELISA for the detection of human fascioliasis

Fascioliasis is a zoonotic parasitic infection caused by Fasciola species in humans and animals. Despite significant advances in vaccination and new therapeutic agents, little attention has been paid to validating methods for the diagnosis of fascioliasis in humans. Serological techniques are convenient assays that significantly improves the diagnosis of Fasciola infection. However, a more sensitive method is required. The aim of this study was to compare the Real-Time PCR technique with the indirect-ELISA for the detection of Fasciola hepatica in human. Using a panel of sera from patients infected with Fasciola hepatica (n = 51), other parasitic infections (n = 7), and uninfected controls (n = 12), we optimized an ELISA which employs an excretory-secretory antigens from F. hepatica for the detection of human fascioliasis. After DNA extraction from the samples, molecular analysis was done using Real-Time PCR technique based on the Fasciola ribosomal ITS1 sequence. Of 70 patient serum samples, 44 (62.86%) samples were identified as positive F. hepatica infection using ELISA and Real-Time PCR assays. There was no cross-reaction with other parasitic diseases such as toxoplasmosis, leishmaniasis, taeniasis, hydatidosis, trichinosis, toxocariasis, and strongyloidiasis. The significant difference between the agreement and similarity of the results of patients with indirect ELISA and Real-Time PCR was 94.4% and 99.2%, respectively (Cohen's kappa ≥ 0.7; P = 0.02). Based on the Kappa agreement findings, the significant agreement between the results of ELISA and Real-Time PCR indicates the accuracy and reliability of these tests in the diagnosis of F. hepatica in humans.

Environmental influence on abundance and infection patterns of snail intermediate hosts of liver and intestinal flukes in North and Central Vietnam

Liver and intestinal flukes (LIF) are important groups of foodborne zoonotic trematodes (FZTs) in Southeast Asia, including Vietnam. Their complex life cycles require specific freshwater snail species as the obligatory first intermediate hosts. In 2019, we conducted a longitudinal study in Yen Bai and Thanh Hoa provinces in North and Central Vietnam, respectively, to investigate the diversity of LIF and their infection prevalence in relation to snail host abundance and environmental factors. Using a combination of morphological and molecular identification techniques, we identified 10 LIF species infecting 11 snail host species. We observed significant seasonal variation in the mean abundance of several snail host species, with the majority of snails collected during the spring. We also detected seasonal changes in LIF species composition, with the highest species richness reported in the spring. Clonorchis sinensis and Fasciola gigantica, two medically important human liver flukes in Asia, were found only in the spring in Yen Bai. Our study revealed that not all snail host species have the same probability of becoming infected, and we recorded seasonal variations in the prevalence of LIF infection in different snail species in relation to water parameters.

Parasitosis by Fasciola hepatica and Variations in Gut Microbiota in School-Aged Children from Peru

(1) Background: Human fascioliasis is considered an endemic and hyper-endemic disease in the Peruvian Andean valleys. Our objective was to determine variations in the composition of the gut microbiota among children with Fasciola hepatica and children who do not have this parasitosis. (2) Method: A secondary analysis was performed using fecal samples stored in our biobank. The samples were collected as part of an epidemiological Fasciola hepatica cross-sectional study in children from 4 through 14 years old from a community in Cajamarca, Peru. (3) Results: In a comparison of the bacterial genera that make up the intestinal microbiota between the F. hepatica positive and negative groups, it was found that there are significant differences in the determination of Lactobacillus (p = 0.010, CI: 8.5-61.4), Bacteroides (p = 0.020, CI: 18.5-61.4), Clostridium (p < 0.001, CI: 3.5-36.0), and Bifidobacterium (p = 0.018, CI: 1.1-28.3), with each of these genera being less frequent in children parasitized with F. hepatica. (4) Conclusions: These results show that F. hepatica may be associated with direct or indirect changes in the bacterial population of the intestinal microbiota, particularly affecting three bacterial genera.

Prevalence of Zoonotic Intestinal Parasites in Meat Goats in Southern Thailand

Background: Intestinal parasites not only lead to poor goat health and productivity but can also affect human health. We investigated the distribution of zoonotic intestinal parasites among goats in southern Thailand to assess the human health risks. Materials and Methods: Overall, 561 fecal samples were collected randomly from goats in farms (55) in Songkhla, Satun, Pattalung, Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat provinces between January 2020 to January 2022. Parasite eggs were detected via the standard protocol formalin ether concentration technique (FECT). Results: Samples containing one or more intestinal parasites accounted for 97.33% (543/561) of the total samples, and the percentage of zoonotic parasite was 80.04% (449/561). Among the positive samples, two types of zoonotic helminths were identified, Strongylid egg type (79.32%) and Fasciola spp. (2.14%). Strongylid egg type was highly abundant in samples from Satun (84.62%), Songkhla (82.74%), Pattalung (79.31%), and Yala (77.27%). Fasciola spp. was mostly found in samples form Pattalung (13.79%) and Songkhla (1.12%). Eimeria spp. was the mostly identified protozoa 25.67%. It was mostly identified in samples from Narathiwat (75%), Pattani (41.9%), and Songkhla (31.41%). Mixed infections accounted for 40.82% of the total with 33 patterns. It was found that Strongylid egg types occurred in 28 patterns (84.85%). Strongylid egg types-Eimeria spp.-pattern was the most commonly found. Conclusion: Based on the results, zoonotic helminth infection was found together with widespread and high diversity of intestinal parasites infection in meat goats, which affect animal health and may pose a risk to human health. Mass deworming programs with a proper anthelmintic drugs and good agricultural practices need to be encouraged by the government so that people who contact with goats should practice good hygiene behavior. Farm management should be applied by intensive goat raising with pasture circulating to reduce parasite egg contamination. Moreover, fresh fertilizers from goat faces should be avoided.

Assessing the microbiota of the snail intermediate host of trematodes, Galba truncatula

BACKGROUND

The microbiome is known to play key roles in health and disease, including host susceptibility to parasite infections. The freshwater snail Galba truncatula is the intermediate host for many trematode species, including the liver and rumen flukes Fasciola hepatica and Calicophoron daubneyi, respectively. The snail-parasite system has previously been investigated. However, the specific interaction between the snail-associated microbiota and intra-snail developmental stages of trematodes has yet to be explored.

METHODS

Galba truncatula snails were collected from farms in Northern Ireland and trematode infection was diagnosed using PCR. High-throughput sequencing analysis of the bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA V3-V4 hypervariable regions was subsequently applied to characterise the microbiota of both uninfected and infected snails.

RESULTS

We first showed that the snail harboured microbiota that was distinct for its environment. The microbiota of infected snails was found to differ significantly from that of uninfected snails. In particular, the bacterial genera Mycoplasma and Methylotenera were significantly more abundant in infected snails, while genera Sphingomonas and Nocardioides were predominantly associated with uninfected snails.

CONCLUSION

These findings pave the way to future studies on the functional roles of bacteria in host-parasite relationships.

Fasciolosis: pathogenesis, host-parasite interactions, and implication in vaccine development

Fasciola hepatica is distributed worldwide, causing substantial economic losses in the animal husbandry industry. Human fasciolosis is an emerging zoonosis in Andean America, Asia, and Africa. The control of the disease, both in humans and animals, is based on using anthelmintic drugs, which has resulted in increased resistance to the most effective anthelmintics, such as triclabendazole, in many countries. This, together with the concerns about drug residues in food and the environment, has increased the interest in preventive measures such as a vaccine to help control the disease in endemic areas. Despite important efforts over the past two decades and the work carried out with numerous vaccine candidates, none of them has demonstrated consistent and reproducible protection in target species. This is at least in part due to the high immunomodulation capacity of the parasite, making ineffective the host response in susceptible species such as ruminants. It is widely accepted that a deeper knowledge of the host-parasite interactions is needed for a more rational design of vaccine candidates. In recent years, the use of emerging technologies has notably increased the amount of data about these interactions. In the present study, current knowledge of host-parasite interactions and their implication in Fasciola hepatica vaccine development is reviewed.

Molecular Characterization of Fasciola hepatica in Sheep Based on DNA Sequences of Ribosomal ITS-1

Introduction

World Health Organization (WHO) considers Fascioliasis as a neglected tropical disease that requires global efforts for disease control. Data from the genetic characterization of Fasciola population shed light on the spread of infections among animals which could help in the development of effective parasite control. The aim of the present work was to genetically characterize Fasciola adult worms isolated from sheep in Saudi Arabia by sequence analysis of ITS-1 region.

Methods

A total of 12,653 slaughtered sheep in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia were examined for the presence of Fasciola spp. adult worms. The ITS-1 region of all parasites was amplified and sequenced.

Results

Overall, 12 variants DNA sequences were obtained. The variance of isolates ranged from 0.00771 to 0.34405. BLAST search showed that all obtained sequences were Fasciola hepatica and had >99.3% similarity with F. hepatica isolates from Spain and USA (from different hosts other than sheep). Phylogenetic analysis showed that Fasciola isolates were closely related to isolates from different countries.

Discussion

The current study showed that F. hepatica was the only spp. isolated from sheep in Jeddah. Further studies from different localities in Saudi Arabia are needed to help in the development of disease control.

Infection Rates of Fasciola Intermediate Host Snail Species and Their Distribution in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to collate the infection rates of Fasciola spp. in intermediate host snails and their distribution in Africa. The overall infectivity prevalences of Galba truncatula, Radix natalensis, and Pseudosuccinea columella are 52%, 8%, and 3%, respectively. The intermediate host snails native to Africa (R. natalensis and G. truncatula) have been examined more than the invasive P. columella. The studies included in the review ranged from 1999 to 2022. North Africa has the highest prevalence of G. truncatula, with an infection rate of 52%. The review reveals that naturally infected intermediate host snails (G. truncatula, R. natalensis, and P. columella) are found in various regions of Africa. G. truncatula accounts for 22% (from three countries) of the studies included in the review and it was only found in the North African region with the highest overall infection rate of 52%. More studies on infection rate and distribution are needed to effectively control and prevent future transmissions.

Liver fluke in a young Nepalese girl: A rare diagnostic puzzle

Key Clinical message

Fascioliasis poses diagnostic challenges to clinicians for its broad spectrum of hepatobiliary symptoms and lower detection rates. Timely and precise identification avoids long-standing hepatic complications.

Abstract

Fasciola hepatica, a trematode parasite, inhabits snails and sheep. Human hepatic fascioliasis is a neglected tropical disease with no specific tests. In this instance, the significance of clinical awareness, appropriate imaging, and serological investigations is demonstrated. A young Nepalese girl was diagnosed and managed successfully.

Molecular Characterization of the Interplay between Fasciola hepatica Juveniles and Laminin as a Mechanism to Adhere to and Break through the Host Intestinal Wall

Fasciola hepatica is the main causative agent of fasciolosis, a zoonotic parasitic disease of growing public health concern. F. hepatica metacercariae are ingested by the host and excyst in the intestine, thereby releasing the newly excysted juveniles (FhNEJ), which traverse the gut wall and migrate towards the biliary ducts. Since blocking F. hepatica development is challenging after crossing of the intestinal wall, targeting this first step of migration might result in increased therapeutic success. The intestinal extracellular matrix (ECM) is constituted by a network of structural proteins, including laminin (LM) and fibronectin (FN), that provide mechanical support while acting as physical barrier against intestinal pathogens. Here, we employed ELISA and immunofluorescent assays to test for the presence of LM- and FN-binding proteins on a tegument-enriched antigenic fraction of FhNEJ, and further determined their identity by two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry. Additionally, we performed enzymatic assays that revealed for the first time the capability of the juvenile-specific cathepsin L3 to degrade LM, and that LM degradation by FhNEJ proteins is further potentiated in the presence of host plasminogen. Finally, a proteomic analysis showed that the interaction with LM triggers protein changes in FhNEJ that may be relevant for parasite growth and adaptation inside the mammalian host. Altogether, our study provides valuable insights into the molecular interplay between FhNEJ and the intestinal ECM, which may lead to the identification of targetable candidates for the development of more effective control strategies against fasciolosis.

Serological surveillance of parasitic zoonoses in 13 highlands regions of Peru: Period 2016-2019

OBJECTIVES.

Motivation for the study. To understand the characteristics and distribution of the main parasitic zoonoses in Peru and to generate data for decision making in surveillance, prevention and control. Main findings. These parasitic zoonoses are distributed in areas of extreme poverty in the central and southern highlands of Peru. Fascioliasis seropositivity was found to be higher than for echinococcosis and cysticercosis. In addition, sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle habits influence the transmission of these zoonoses. Implications. An active search for these zoonoses should be carried out in other risk areas with similar epidemiological characteristics to determine the prevalence of each of these zoonoses and implement multisectoral prevention and control programs. . To determine seropositivity to anti-IgG antibodies against Echinococcus granulosus, Fasciola hepatica and Taenia solium cysticercus infection and to describe the characteristics of the infected patients in 13 regions of the Peruvian highlands between 2016 and 2019.

MATERIALS AND METHODS.

Cross-sectional, observational study, in which we analyzed 7811 epidemiological records of laboratory-based surveillance of parasitic zoonoses from 2016 to 2019. Diagnosis was established by detecting IgG type anti-E. granulosus, F. hepatica and T. solium cysticercus antibodies using native antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Immunoblot. We evaluated the difference in the frequency of the cases according to identified characteristics using Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's exact test.

RESULTS.

Seropositivity was 7.9% for fascioliasis, 4.9% for cystic echinococcosis, and 2.3% for T. solium cysticercus. These rates were higher in Cerro de Pasco for cystic echinococcosis (24.5%), in Ayacucho for T. solium cysticercus (4.5%) and in Puno for fascioliasis (40.6%). Regarding the sociodemographic characteristics, we found a statistically significant difference in the frequency of cases for all zoonoses according to age group, occupation, and region of residence. We also found a difference with the consumption of vegetables in emollients, and between clinical-epidemiological characteristics and having a family history of parasitic zoonoses.

CONCLUSIONS.

From the 7811 samples, we found that these parasitic zoonoses are distributed in 13 regions of the Peruvian highlands, and represent a major health problem, with frequencies that change according to different characteristics.

Prevalence of Human and Animal Fasciolosis in Butajira and Gilgel Gibe Health Demographic Surveillance System Sites in Ethiopia

Fasciolosis is regarded as a major challenge to livestock productivity worldwide, but the burden of disease in humans has only started to receive some attention in the past three decades. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of human and animal fasciolosis and its determinant factors in the Gilgel Gibe and Butajira Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) sites in Ethiopia. A study was undertaken among 389 households across the two sites. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practices of households with regard to fasciolosis. Stools from 377 children aged 7–15 years, and 775 animals (cattle, goats and sheep) were analyzed using a proprietary Fasciola hepatica (F. hepatica) coproantigen ELISA kit. The prevalence of fasciolosis in children was 0.5% and 1% in Butajira and Gilgel Gibe HDSS sites, respectively. The overall prevalence of animal fasciolosis was 29%, 29.2%, and 6% among cattle, sheep, and goats, respectively. More than half of the respondents from Gilgel Gibe (59%, n = 115) did not know that humans can be infected with F. hepatica. The majority of respondents in Gilgel Gibe (n = 124, 64%) and Butajira (n = 95, 50%) did not know the transmission route for fasciolosis. Grazing animals were 7 times more likely to be infected with fasciolosis than animals in cut-and-carry production systems (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 7.2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.91–13.17). The findings indicated a lack of knowledge amongst local populations about fasciolosis. Thus, there is a need for public health awareness campaigns about fasciolosis in the study areas.

Fasciolosis in the Mediterranean island of Corsica (France): Insights from epidemiological and malacological investigations

Fasciolosis is a re-emergent parasitic disease of worldwide significance with a major global impact on livestock health and production. In the French Mediterranean island of Corsica, fasciolosis has been recognized for a long time but little is known about its dynamic as the main investigations are outdated. Three compartments - definitive domestic hosts, intermediate hosts and environment - involved in fasciolosis transmission were studied by applying an integrative and extensive approach: (1) farm and abattoir surveys, (2) snail sampling, identification and infection prospection, and (3) snail habitat analysis; and (4) a questionnaire-based survey to inquire about husbandry practices and environmental risks. Our results indicate a significant circulation of the liver flukes in Corsican livestock, with 90% (252/279) of the sampled farms testing positive for anti-F. hepatica antibodies. At the abattoir, 46% (67/149) of cattle were positive for F. hepatica antibodies and eggs were present in the bile of 19% (26/139) bovines. In addition, high prevalence of Dicrocoelium dendriticum (69%) was observed in slaughtered cattle. Malacological surveys registered the occurrence of several lymnaeid species in a variety of habitats throughout the island. In particular, we report for the first time the presence of the invasive lymnaeid snail Pseudosuccinea columella in Corsica, a potential intermediate host for F. hepatica. We also found that the presence of Galba truncatula and, to a lesser extent, that of Peregriana peregra, is associated with altitude. Fasciola hepatica DNA was detected in the latter species occurring at two different sites. Finally, a questionnaire-based study revealed risky management practices among Corsican farmers, low perception of transmission and a suboptimal use of flukicide treatments as main control strategy. Our results show that animal fasciolosis in Corsica is characterised by a significant circulation and a favourable epidemiological scenario for transmission to occur.

The global prevalence of human fascioliasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Fascioliasis is a parasitic zoonosis that can infect humans and be a source of significant morbidity. The World Health Organization lists human fascioliasis as a neglected tropical disease, but the worldwide prevalence of fascioliasis data is unknown.

Objective

We aimed to estimate the global prevalence of human fascioliasis.

Data sources and methods

We performed a systematic review and prevalence meta-analysis. We used the following inclusion criteria: articles published in the English, Portuguese, or Spanish languages from December 1985 to October 2022 and studies assessing the prevalence of Fasciola in the general population with an appropriate diagnostic methodology, including longitudinal studies, prospective and retrospective cohorts, case series, and randomized clinical trials (RCTs). We excluded animal studies. Two reviewers independently reviewed the selected studies for methodological quality, performing critical standard measures from JBI SUMARI. A random-effects model was conducted of the summary extracted data on the prevalence proportions. We reported the estimates according to the GATHER statement.

Results

In all, 5617 studies were screened for eligibility. Fifty-five studies from 15 countries were selected, including 154,697 patients and 3987 cases. The meta-analysis revealed a pooled prevalence of 4.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.1-6.1; I² = 99.4%; T² = 0.07]. The prevalence in South America, Africa, and Asia was 9.0%, 4.8%, and 2.0%, respectively. The highest prevalence was found in Bolivia (21%), Peru (11%), and Egypt (6%). Subgroup analysis showed higher prevalence estimates in children, in studies from South America, and when Fas2-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used as a diagnostic method. A larger study sample size (p = 0.027) and an increase in female percentage (p = 0.043) correlated with a decrease in prevalence. Multiple meta-regression showed a higher prevalence for hyperendemic than hypoendemic (p = 0.002) or mesoendemic (p = 0.013) regions.

Conclusion

The estimated prevalence and projected disease burden of human fascioliasis are high. Study findings support that fascioliasis continues to be a globally neglected tropical disease. Strengthening epidemiological surveillance and implementing measures to control and treat fascioliasis is imperative in the most affected areas.

The knowledge, attitudes, and practices of smallholder cattle farmers concerning the epidemiology of bovine fasciolosis in the North West Province, South Africa

Bovine fasciolosis has negative impacts on cattle production worldwide, more so on the African continent and especially in smallholder farming areas with limited level of awareness. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices concerning bovine fasciolosis among smallholder cattle farmers in the North West Province of South Africa. A total of 153 farmers were interviewed from three villages of the Moretele Local Municipality in Bojanala District. The majority of respondents were male (84%) farm owners (81%) that had low education levels (56% primary school or less) and employed extensive cattle management systems (84%). A large number of farms lacked infrastructure including calving pens (88%), restraining equipment (85%), and weight determination equipment (92%) while sourcing drinking water for cattle from rivers or dams (58%). No evaluated factors were significantly associated with a positive fasciolosis epidemiological knowledge score. However, education level (P = 0.046), some cattle breeds (P = 0.022), and management system (P < 0.001) of the smallholder farmers were associated with a positive practice score concerning bovine fasciolosis prevention. We therefore recommend that education programs be introduced that focus on the mode of transmission, risk factors, zoonotic importance, and practices associated with the prevention and control of bovine fasciolosis.

microRNAs: Critical Players during Helminth Infections

microRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally through their interaction with the 3' untranslated regions (3' UTR) of target mRNAs, affecting their stability and/or translation. Therefore, miRNAs regulate biological processes such as signal transduction, cell death, autophagy, metabolism, development, cellular proliferation, and differentiation. Dysregulated expression of microRNAs is associated with infectious diseases, where miRNAs modulate important aspects of the parasite-host interaction. Helminths are parasitic worms that cause various neglected tropical diseases affecting millions worldwide. These parasites have sophisticated mechanisms that give them a surprising immunomodulatory capacity favoring parasite persistence and establishment of infection. In this review, we analyze miRNAs in infections caused by helminths, emphasizing their role in immune regulation and its implication in diagnosis, prognosis, and the development of therapeutic strategies.

Wild Boars (Sus scrofa, L. 1758) from Castile and Leon Region (Spain): A Histopathology Survey

Wild boars are wild ungulates with a wide distribution in Europe, with a relevant role in wildlife and public health. In Spain, high (and sometimes artificial) densities of wild boars are responsible for several health problems. Regular surveys, with hunters' collaboration, are crucial to monitor these diseases. Histological analyses were performed for lung, liver, and kidneys from 72 wild boars (58 from Zamora, 16 from Palencia). Lungs were the most affected organs, mainly revealing parasitic pneumonia (34.7%). Hydropic, vacuolar, and other cellular changes (33.3%) and congestion (16.7%) were found in the liver, and only 30.6% of the wild boars presented no alterations in this organ. Regarding the kidney, non-purulent nephritis (22.2%) was the most common lesion. This study gives an overview of the health status of wild boar populations in Castile and León. Other laboratory analyses are needed to obtain definitive diagnoses of these lesions, reach other conclusions, or apply any mitigation strategies to protect animals' or consumers' health.

Seasonal dynamics of Fasciola gigantica transmission in Prafi district, Manokwari Regency, West Papua, Indonesia

Background and Aim

Indonesia's farming practices are a perfect setting for establishing an infection with Fasciola gigantica which can result in economically detrimental. The objectives of the current study were to describe and analyze the transmission dynamics of fasciolosis (F. gigantica) in Prafi District, to provide information on effective control strategies and to identify risk factors associated with fasciolosis in cattle.

Materials and Methods

Fecal samples were purposively collected from the rectum of 60 beef cattle in Prafi District, Manokwari Regency, West Papua Province, Indonesia. The samples were collected once a month for 8 months from April 2019 to November 2019. Furthermore, the samples were taken from two rearing system groups: 30 stall cattle and 30 cattle in a palm oil garden. The presence of F. gigantica eggs in the fecal samples was examined using a modified Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory technique-sedimentation. Meanwhile, the antigenic diagnosis of Fasciola in the fecal samples was analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit to perform an indirect sandwich assay on feces. Snails were collected from an irrigation canal, rice field, and palm oil garden canal around Prafi District. These snails were examined for infection with cercariae larvae of F. gigantica by cercarial shedding and crushing techniques.

Results

The peak occurrence of F. gigantica infection was identified in August (65.00%) and the lowest in June (35.00%). The highest prevalence of fasciolosis in cattle was recorded in August and November (90.00%) and the lowest was in May (40.00%). Moreover, the highest prevalence of fasciolosis in cattle exposed to the palm oil garden was recorded in April (53.33%) and the lowest prevalence of F. gigantica infection was recorded in June (23.33%). In total, 2046 snails were screened by the cercarial shedding and crushing method; of these, 426 (20.82%) were found to be positive for trematode cercariae. The prevalence of F. gigantica infection in Lymnaea spp. snails was highest in November (47.46%) and lowest in April (9.28%).

Conclusion

The current study shows that beef cattle grown in two types of rearing systems in Prafi District were infected with F. gigantica during the dry and rainy season. It was revealed that Lymnaea spp. are common snails found in and around Prafi District, and can act as intermediate hosts with an infective stage of trematode. The transmission to cattle was highly effective, despite the short activity period, the low infection rate of snails, and the incidental anthelminthic treatment.

Current Status of Fasciolosis of Goat in Sylhet, Bangladesh: An Integrated Morphomolecular Study

Epidemiological information and proper identification of Fasciola species present in Bangladesh are important for control. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of liver fluke infection of goats in Sylhet, Bangladesh, and identifying those using integrated morphometric and molecular techniques. A total of 260 slaughtered goats (Capra hircus) were examined, and flukes were collected from infected liver using sterilized forceps. Fasciolosis prevalence in goats was 35.38% (92/260) across all age and sex categories. Female goats were found more infected (37.14%, 65/175) than male goats (31.76%, 27/85), while infection rate was found higher in young animals (37.91%, 69/182) compared to adults (29.48% 23/78). Infection rate was observed higher in rainy season (52.96%, 45/85), followed by winter (27.38%, 26/95) and summer (26.25%, 21/80). Collected flukes were examined by light microscopy after being stained with Semichon's acetocarmine, and sequences of mtDNA Cox1 genes were obtained. Ten adult flukes were measured, 38.72 ± 3.37 mm in length and 11.8 ± 1.9 mm in width. Based on morphometric features especially branching of the testis and body length/body width ratios (3.28 ± 0.42), the flukes were primarily identified as Fasciola gigantica. Amplicon sequences were compared by BLAST and the cox1 sequences showed 97.1-99.3% similarity with the reference sequences (F. gigantica and Fasciola sp.) from GenBank. In this study, we found a considerable prevalence of fascioliasis in goats, and F. gigantica was solely identified with variation. To control these parasites and prevent potential public health risks, appropriate control techniques must be developed.

Identification and Genetic Characterization of Fasciola hepatica Isolated from Cattle in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Based on Sequence Analysis of Mitochondrial (COI) Gene

Background

In Saudi Arabia, more than US$ 0.2 million annual losses are caused by liver condemnations due to fascioliasis. Data obtained from the genetic characterization of Fasciola population sheds light on parasite transmission which could eventually help in development of effective parasite control measures. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity of Fasciola spp. isolated from cattle in Saudi Arabia by sequence analyses of COI gene.

Materials and Methods

A total of 325 cows slaughtered at the central municipal abattoir in Jeddah city, Jeddah Province, Saudi Arabia were examined for fascioliasis in the period from 1^st of June to 1^st of July 2020. DNA was extracted from adult Fasciola worms and used for PCR and DNA sequence using a primer pair targeting COI gene. Analysis of the obtained sequences was done using BLAST search and phylogenetic analysis.

Results

Bovine fascioliasis was diagnosed in 18 out of 325 cattle (5.5%). Forty-eight flukes were extracted from infected animals and DNA was successfully amplified from all flukes. Overall 12 different DNA sequences were obtained. BLAST search showed that all obtained sequences were F. hepatica and had >97% similarity with F. hepatica isolates from Tanzania, Europe and Iran. Phylogenetic analysis of the obtained sequences showed that Fasciola isolates from the current study were clustered in one subclade closely related to isolates from North and South Africa and Italy.

Conclusion

Reports on the molecular characterization of Fasciola spp. in Saudi Arabia are limited. In the current study, our findings showed that F. hepatica was the only Fasciola species parasitizing cattle in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. Further studies using a large number of samples from different localities in Saudi Arabia are needed to provide data that will help the development of control measures against fascioliasis.

Occurrence of Fasciola (Digenea: Fasciolidae) Species in Livestock, Wildlife and Humans, and the Geographical Distribution of Their Intermediate Hosts in South Africa-A Scoping Review

This review was conducted to provide an update on the status of the occurrence of Fasciola species in livestock, wildlife and humans, and the geographical distribution of snail intermediate host (IH) species in South Africa. The literature search was conducted on four electronic databases using the Boolean operators in combination with predetermined search terms for thematic analysis. Results showed that Fasciola species have been reported in six out of nine provinces of South Africa in the last six decades (1960-2021), with both F. hepatica and F. gigantica infecting vertebrate hosts and F. hepatica and Fasciola spp infecting humans. Results also showed that most studies relied on morphological identification of eggs and flukes without molecular confirmation, which might have led to the misidentification of specimens, especially when immature. Fasciola hepatica has been documented in Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and KwaZulu-Natal provinces. The occurrences of Galba truncatula as the probable snail IH for F. hepatica in the three provinces has been documented while Pseudosuccinea columella has only been documented in Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal provinces. The occurrence of F. gigantica to date has been reported in Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal provinces, with overlapping distribution with F. hepatica. Radix natalensis, the main IH of F. gigantica has been documented in all the three provinces, while the two alien Radix species (R. auricularia and R. rubiginosa) were documented in KwaZulu-Natal province and have been implicated elsewhere with the transmission of F. gigantica. The presence of Fasciola spp eggs and antibodies in humans were documented in the Eastern Cape and the Western Cape provinces, where both P. columella and G. truncatula are known to be present. The prevalence of Fasciola spp infection in livestock ranged from 9.1 to 37.67 %, with an estimated annual financial loss ranging from R44930.26-129901 in cattle production in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. This review reaffirms the scarcity of information on the occurrence and burden of fasciolosis in South Africa, and further highlights the importance of future research covering all provinces of the country and assessing the public health significance of the disease in resource-poor livestock communities in the areas where the parasite is endemic.

Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of peptidase expression in Fasciola hepatica eggs developing at host's body temperature

Fasciola hepatica is a global parasite of livestock which also causes a neglected zoonosis in humans. The parasite’s communication with the host during its complicated lifecycle is based on an ingenious enzymatic apparatus which includes a variety of peptidases. These enzymes are implicated in parasite migration, pathogenesis of the disease, and modification of host immune response. Although the dynamics of proteolytic machinery produced by intra-mammalian F. hepatica life stages has been previously investigated in great detail, peptidases of the eggs so far received little scientific attention. In this study, we performed a comparative RNA-seq analysis aimed at identification of peptidases expressed in F. hepatica eggs, cultured at 37 °C to represent gall bladder retained eggs, for different time periods and employed mass spectrometry in order to identify and quantify peptidases translated in F. hepatica egg lysates. We demonstrated that F. hepatica eggs undergo significant molecular changes when cultured at the physiological temperature of the definitive host. Egg transcriptome is subject to numerous subtle changes while their proteome is even more variable. The peptidase profile is considerably modified on both transcriptome and proteome level. Finally, we measured and classified proteolytic activities in extracts from F. hepatica eggs using a library of fluorogenic substrates and peptidase class-selective inhibitors. Activities of threonine peptidases were detected constantly, while the cysteine peptidases prevailing in freshly laid eggs are substituted by aspartic peptidase and metallopeptidase activities in the later stages of egg development.

Geospatial analysis of the associations between environmental contamination with livestock feces and children with chronic fascioliasis in the Anta province of Cusco, Peru

Fasciola hepatica is a neglected parasitic infection with significant human health and livestock industry impact. The Andean Altiplano harbors an estimated 50% of the Fasciola’s world infection burden. There is scarce data regarding the spatial associations between different Fasciola hosts. In this project, we aimed to determine the geospatial relationships between Fasciola eggs passed in feces of different livestock species and the risk of infection among each household as a unit. We used data from a cross-sectional study evaluating children and livestock feces for Fasciola infection around households in three districts of Anta province, in the Cusco region of Peru. Each sample was geographically tagged and evaluated for fascioliasis using microscopy methods. A total of 2070 households were included, the median age was 9.1 years (6.7–11.8), 49.5% were female, and 7.2% of the households had at least one infected child. A total of 2420 livestock feces samples were evaluated. The infection rate in livestock samples was 30.9%. The highest infection rate was found in sheep with 40.8%, followed by cattle (33.8%), and swine (26.4%). The median distance between a household with an infected child to a positive animal sample was 44.6 meters (IQR 14.7–112.8) and the distance between a household with no infected children to a positive animal sample was 62.2 meters (IQR 18.3–158.6) (p = 0.025). The multivariable logistic regression adjusted by presence of poor sanitation, unsafe water consumption, altitude, and presence of multiple infected children per household demonstrated an association between household infection and any cattle feces at a 50 meters radius (Uninfected: OR 1.42 (95%CI 1.07–1.89), p = 0.017. Infected: OR 1.89 (95%CI 1.31–2.73), p = 0.001), positive cattle feces at a 100 meters radius (OR 1.35 (95% CI 1.08–1.69), p = 0.008), and negative cattle feces at a 200 meters radius (OR 1.08 (95% CI 1.01–1.15), p = 0.022). We identified potential hot and cold spots for fascioliasis in the Anta province. An association between environmental contamination with feces from different livestock species and infected children in rural households was found in our study. Local health authorities may apply this strategy to estimate the risk of infection in human populations and apply targeted interventions.

Fasciola hepatica is the parasite that causes fascioliasis in the Andes region. The factors associated with transmission of the disease among humans have not been well described in the area studied. In this study, we evaluate the spatial relationships between infected households and the environmental burden of Fasciola eggs passed by different livestock in the Cusco region of Peru. We geographically marked and tested for fascioliasis feces provided by children and livestock. Infected and uninfected cattle as well as sheep feces were more likely to be in proximity to human households with infected children than to households without infected children. We were able to identify and map the areas of higher and lower infections rates. This information and strategy may be used in the control of the disease.

Fascioliasis complicated by acute necrotizing pancreatitis in an Ethiopian child - a case report on a rare complication of a rarely reported emerging disease

BACKGROUND

Fascioliasis is a zoonotic infection caused by Fasciola spp. (liver fluke). Although infrequently diagnosed, it is emerging as a helminth infection of public health importance in many parts of the world. There are few reports on human fascioliasis from Africa.

CASE REPORT

This article reports a case of a 12-year-old Ethiopian boy who presented with left-sided abdominal pain and a history of frequent consumption of leafy vegetables. His work-up showed leukocytosis with marked eosinophilia, and increased serum amylase and lipase, and imaging confirmed multiple subcapsular hepatic masses as well as acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Upon serological testing for helminths, he tested positive on Fasciola hepatica enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

CONCLUSIONS

Fascioliasis may present with acute pancreatitis, and should be considered as a possible diagnosis in people with acute biliary disease in endemic settings.

Genetic Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Fasciola Species Isolated From Yaks on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China

The present study determined the complete mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) sequence of Fasciola intermediate (isolated from yaks) based on gene content and genome organization. According to our findings, the genome of Fasciola intermediate was 13,960 bp in length, containing 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs), and 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes. The A+T content of genomes was 63.19%, with A (15.17%), C (9.31%), G (27.51%), and T as the nucleotide composition (48.02%). Meanwhile, the results showed negative AT-skew (-0.52) and positive GC-skew (0.494). The AT bias significantly affected both the codon usage pattern and amino acid composition of proteins. There were 2715 codons in all 12 protein-coding genes, excluding termination codons. Leu (16.72%) was the most often used amino acid, followed by Val (12.74%), Phe (10.90%), Ser (10.09%), and Gly (8.39%). A phylogenetic tree was built using Maximum-Likelihood (ML) through MEGA 11.0 software. The entire mt DNA sequence of Fasciola intermediate gave more genetic markers for investigating Trematoda population genetics, systematics, and phylogeography. Hence, for the first time, our study confirmed that yaks on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau have the infestation of Fasciola intermediate parasite.

Molecular identification of cercaria Fasciola gigantica in lymnaeid snails in Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta

Lymnaeid snails play an essential role in transmitting fasciolosis as intermediate hosts. Therefore, this study aims to use the molecular method to identify liver fluke in lymnaeid snails. A total of 320 lymnaeid snails were collected from a rice field. The samples were dissected to collect cercaria and identified using polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) was used as the target gene to identify the species of cercaria. The result showed that 3.75% (12/320) of the snails were infected by Fasciola gigantica, while the phylogenetic tree based on ITS2 showed that the cercaria in this study was monophyletic and similar to species from several countries in Southeast Asia, including China. Furthermore, the haplotype network showed that all four cercaria samples were similar with sequences from several countries. This study suggests that the F. gigantica cercaria isolated from lymnaeid snails in Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, has a sequence similar to that of other species in Southeast Asian countries, although no hybrid type was detected in these sequences. This is the first report on the molecular identification of cercaria F. gigantica isolated from lymnaeid snails in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

A large-scale epidemiological investigation on trematode infections in small ruminants in Bangladesh

BACKGROUND

The important trematode species in small ruminants: Paramphistomum sp., Fasciola spp. and Schistosoma spp. seriously affect the productivity of domestic ruminants in endemic areas.

METHODS

In the present study, we identified the potential risk factors associated with trematodes infections in small ruminants in seven topographic zones of Bangladesh using simple sedimentation and modified Stoll' ova counting technique.

RESULTS

A total of 2440 samples were examined, where 965 were found positive with one or more trematode species with an overall prevalence of 39.5% (95% CI, 37.6%-41.5%) and intensity of infection was 264.77 ± 9.86 egg per gram of faeces. Three trematode species were identified namely Paramphistomum sp. (34.1%, 32.2%-36.0%), Fasciola spp. (7.5%, 6.5%-8.6%) and Schistosoma spp. (2.7%, 2.1%-3.5%). Prevalence of co-infection was 4.8%. The spatial distribution of trematode infections varied from 29.5% to 53.6%. Univariate analysis revealed that physiological condition of females, body condition, farming system, deworming and season were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with trematodes infections in small ruminants. By multiple logistic regression model, three factors such as physiological condition of females (pregnant and lactating), poor body condition and animals without deworming were identified as potential risk factors for trematodes infection in small ruminants.

CONCLUSION

Trematode infections are prevalent in the study areas and Paramphistomum sp. is most common in different areas among the identified trematodes species. Government should take necessary action to appraise an effective control strategy of trematode infections in small ruminants.

A Comparative Study of Fasciola Parasite Infection Rates in Local and Imported Sheep in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica are two trematodes (liver flukes) that cause water- and food-borne disease Fasciolosis. Many animals are involved in the life cycle of the Fasciola spp., such as sheep, cattle, and camels, and humans are the definitive host. This work investigated the prevalence of Fasciola among imported and local slaughtered sheep and the relation between infection rate and seasons of the year. A total of 720,290 local and imported sheep (251,701 and 468,489, respectively) were slaughtered in a Jeddah slaughterhouse (Western region of Saudi Arabia) over the periods of 2017-2018, 2018-2019, and 2019-2020. In the three years of inspection, the infection rate at slaughter was higher among imported than local sheep. In 2017-2018, both local and imported sheep had the highest level of infection in the spring and the lowest in the winter. However, in 2018-2019, the highest rate of infection for both was documented in the summer and the lowest in the winter. Lastly, in 2019-2020, the highest rate of infection for local sheep was observed in the summer of 2020 and the lowest rate of infection was observed in the spring of 2020. Among imported sheep, the highest rate of infection was in the summer and the lowest was in winter for both 2019 and 2020. To control this disease, there is the need to apply for successful integrated programs and practice adaptive management techniques.

Natural-Product-Based Solutions for Tropical Infectious Diseases

About half of the world's population and 80% of the world's biodiversity can be found in the tropics. Many diseases are specific to the tropics, with at least 41 diseases caused by endemic bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Such diseases are of increasing concern, as the geographic range of tropical diseases is expanding due to climate change, urbanization, change in agricultural practices, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity. While traditional medicines have been used for centuries in the treatment of tropical diseases, the active natural compounds within these medicines remain largely unknown. In this review, we describe infectious diseases specific to the tropics, including their causative pathogens, modes of transmission, recent major outbreaks, and geographic locations. We further review current treatments for these tropical diseases, carefully consider the biodiscovery potential of the tropical biome, and discuss a range of technologies being used for drug development from natural resources. We provide a list of natural products with antimicrobial activity, detailing the source organisms and their effectiveness as treatment. We discuss how technological advancements, such as next-generation sequencing, are driving high-throughput natural product screening pipelines to identify compounds with therapeutic properties. This review demonstrates the impact natural products from the vast tropical biome have in the treatment of tropical infectious diseases and how high-throughput technical capacity will accelerate this discovery process.

A systematic review and meta-analysis on prevalence and epidemiological risk factors of zoonotic Fascioliasis infection among the ruminants in Bangladesh

The parasitic Fascioliasis is a zoonotic and economically significant disease for livestock and humans, creating public health concerns around the world, including in Bangladesh. Populations of Bangladesh are more vulnerable to this parasitic infestation for their intimate interactions. To tackles the adverse effects on humans from food animals, it is exigency to know the exact prevalence and associated risk factors of zoonotic Fascioliasis among ruminants. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the authentic knowledge of potential risk factors and prevalence among livestock populations. Four globally recognized databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar, along with local databases, were used to search the related studies since 2000. A total of 38 studies were selected for the meta-analysis, and the pooled prevalence of Fascioliasis was found at 20% (95 % CI: 15-25). A subgroup analysis was also performed for: species, age, sex, study duration, and sample size. The prevalence rate was found highest in cattle and sheep at 21% (95 % CI: 15-27), female individuals at 26% (95 % CI: 16-35), aged animals at 26% (95 % CI: 15-36), and rainy season at 25% (95 % CI: 16-34). This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis in Bangladesh that offers a comprehensive picture of the prevalence of Fascioliasis in ruminants and possible risk factors. Thus, this study will assist the government, policymakers, and veterinarians in implementing effective control measures by providing more detailed information about outbreak patterns.

Occurrence and Distribution of Fasciolosis in a Cohort of Ovine Livestock Restricted to a Mountain Plateau in Central Portugal

Fasciola hepatica is a parasite that is widespread in Europe, having been reported in ruminants of several European countries and causing an important economic impact. This study ascertained the occurrence and distribution of fasciolosis in Portuguese ovine livestock by assessing F. hepatica IgG antibodies in a cohort of confined sheep from a high-altitude region of central Portugal in a 2-year period. Positive animals were found in most locations and in both years, with 18 of the 92 animals (19.6% [95% confidence interval CI: 12.03-19.15]) and 17 of the same 92 animals (18.5% [95% CI: 11.15-27.93]) showing to be seropositive in the first year and second year, respectively (p = 0.85). Pasture contamination by F. hepatica eggs could be reduced by thorough anthelmintic treatments.

Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in cattle in Kalasin Province, Thailand

Background and Aim

Parasitic infections are one of the major problems to the production of cattle in Thailand. The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites of cattle in Kalasin Province, Thailand.

Materials and Methods

A total of 333 fecal samples of cattle were collected directly from the rectum. The fecal samples were subjected to formalin-ethyl acetate concentration methods for examination. The eggs or oocysts were identified based on the morphology and size of the eggs or oocysts.

Results

Out of 333 fecal samples examined, 320 were found positive for GI parasitic infections with a prevalence of 96.09%. Overall, among the prevalence of nematodes, trematodes, and protozoa, the most prevalent parasites were Strongyle-type 278 (84.24%), followed by Strongyloides spp. 54 (16.36%) and Trichuris spp. 75 (22.73%), while Protozoan oocyst recorded Eimeria spp. amounted to 131 (39.7%). Fasciola spp. and Paramphistomum spp. were 67 (20.30%) and 81 (24.55%), respectively. Most of the positive fecal samples were infected with the double infection which has the highest prevalence rate of about 40.24%, followed by single, three, and 4-5 types of parasites 30.63, 16.82, and 7.21%, respectively.

Conclusion

This study suggests that Kalasin Province is highly endemic for GI parasites and this area may be an important source for an outbreak. Therefore, every household should deworm its cattle and eliminate and control snails as intermediate hosts. Findings from this study provide information that will assist in improving the cattle in Kalasin Province for better production and higher profitability.

High prevalence and risk factors of fascioliasis in cattle in Amazonas, Peru

Fascioliasis is a zoonotic disease caused by parasites of the genus Fasciola spp. which cause an important loss to the livestock industry. The objectives of this study were: to estimate the prevalence of fascioliasis in three provinces of Amazonas, to evaluate possible risk factors of infection in cattle and to genetically characterize the Fasciola haplotypes circulating in this area. According to the results the prevalence of fascioliasis in cattle was 90.13% (712/790). Odds ratio results showed a significant association between fascioliasis and the Brown Swiss breed (OR = 2.62; 95% CI: 1.57-4.35; p < 0.001), and with female cattle older than 30 months (OR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.05-2.79; p < 0.031). According to the molecular genetic studies using the gene marker NAD1, six haplotypes of Fasciola hepatica were found in the 35 infected livers collected. The results obtained in this study are concerning due to the high prevalence presented and it reveals the necessity of a continuing monitoring because of the high risk of transmission to humans.

A risk scoring system for seafood supply chain breaches and examination of freshwater fish imported to Australia

Legislative changes have altered the way imported edible seafood is inspected in Australia. Greater onus of responsibility has been placed on exporting countries to provide documentary evidence of adherence to internally recognized food safety standards. According to global trade agreements, any additional safety tests applied to freshwater fish imported into Australia must be justified. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a risk scoring method to provide justification for identifying countries as ‘Freshwater fish high risk’ and to examine the seafood they export to Australia for seafood supply chain breaches. Scoring was conducted using six predictor variables, identified in the literature as important contributors to seafood supply chain breaches, to achieve the outcome variable, Country considered ‘Freshwater fish high risk’. Sixty-seven fish fillets (9.55 kg) of the same species were examined from the third highest scoring country (Country 20) and 562 (5.6 kg) whole fish from the sixth highest scoring country (Country 22). Country 20 had supply chain breaches of 28 macroscopic yellow cysts in one fillet. Two hundred and thirteen parasites and other supply chain breaches were identified in fish from Country 22, including retained liver (91 per cent), visible mud (11 per cent), a variety of debris (16 per cent) and, depending on the commodity code, these fish were imported to Australia under full intestine (90 per cent), retained gills (89 per cent), and partial intestine (9 per cent). Three serious physical hazards were recovered from the edible portion of three ‘consumer-ready’ fish and snails of Genus Lymnaea and Indoplanorbis were recovered from gill mud also from ‘consumer-ready’ fish. The study showed variable results from the scoring system and vast differences in seafood supply chain breaches between the third and sixth highest scoring countries.

Milk As a New Diagnostic Tool for Rapid Detection of Fascioliasis in Dairy Goats Using Excretory/Secretory Antigen

PURPOSE

Fascioliasis is a serious livestock illness of particular importance for dairy goats; the objectives of this study were to describe effects of F. gigantica on milk composition and to use this information to estimate economic damages linked with Fasciola spp. infections. Furthermore, the study sought to standardize the use of milk instead of serum for early diagnosis of fascioliasis in dairy goats.

METHODS

One-hundred samples of goat milk along with corresponding blood samples were obtained at random from flocks in Cairo and Giza Governorates. The ELISA and DOT-ELISA were performed in both serum and milk of dairy goats.

RESULTS

Total mesophilic count (mean value) was 2.12 × 10⁶ ± 1.63 × 10⁵ CFU/ml in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) positive samples and 1.46 × 10⁴ ± 8.58 × 10² CFU/ml in ELISA-negative samples. The mean values were significantly different (P < 0.05). The mean values of percentages of fat, SNF, protein, salts, lactose, pH, and MSCC/ml in ELISA-positive samples were 2.3 ± 0.17, 8.21 ± 0.63, 3.08 ± 0.18, 0.90 ± 0.06, 3.64 ± 0.28, 6.93 + 0.53, and 1.18 × 10⁶ ± 9.07 × 10⁴ cells/ml, respectively. A significant difference (P < 0.05) between the mean values of two composition parameters, i.e., percent of fat and MSCC/ml in ELISA-positive and -negative samples, for Fasciola gigantica was observed. The antigen used for the diagnosis of F. gigantica was excretory/secretory (E/S) antigen. The dilutions of (E/S) concentrations after checkerboard titration for indirect ELISA were 20 μg/ml protein and for dot-ELISA, 300 ng/μl. Sera dilution was 1:100 in the two tests, and milk dilution was 1:50 for indirect ELISA, and 1:25 for dot-ELISA. The two tests were performed using known F. gigantica positive and negative goat sera and known rat hyper immunized negative and positive sera against E/S antigen of F. gigantica as well as known sera for paramphistomes without F. gigantica infection. The cutoff values in indirect ELISA were 0.45 for sera and 0.35 for milk.

CONCLUSION

The application of different serological technique in goat farms reveals a good test in rapid diagnosis of fascioliasis especially the uses of dot ELISA when using the milk instead of the serum.

Fasciola hepatica association with gallbladder malignancy: A rare case report

Fasciolopsis is one of the rarest parasitic infestations in our locality. The usual definitive host is the sheep; humans are accidental hosts in the life cycle of a liver fluke - Fasciola. In the chronic phage of Fasciolopsis, the patient presents with cholestasis and cholangitis. Yet, there is no proof of association of this parasite with carcinoma of the gallbladder. We here present such a case of Fasciolopsis in association with Stage IV gallbladder malignancy. Fasciola worms were extracted on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography done as a palliative measure for associated obstructive jaundice. The chronic phase of this zoonotic infection can be easily misdiagnosed as any other cause of obstructive jaundice if not properly investigated. The importance of repeated stool examination for parasitic ova and cysts should never be understated as it may help in early diagnosis of such treatable conditions as well as preventing the complications.

Fasciola hepatica Infection Risk for Adult Household Members with Children with Fascioliasis in Cusco, Peru

Fasciola hepatica is highly prevalent in the highlands of Peru. School-age children have the greatest risk of infection. Mass treatment of at-risk populations has been proposed to control the infection and prevent complications. However, the decreasing effectiveness of triclabendazole raises concerns regarding this strategy. Previous studies reported aggregation of Fasciola infection among family members. This study aimed to determine the risk of fascioliasis among household members living with Fasciola-infected children identified through school-based testing. We conducted a cross-sectional study including adult members of households where children with and without fascioliasis were identified. Demographic, epidemiological, and socioeconomic information was collected. One blood sample was drawn to test for Fasciola antibodies, and three stool samples were collected for microscopy for Fasciola ova. We tested 326 adults from 213 households. Of these adult subjects, chronic fascioliasis (24 of 326, 7.4%) was the most common helminth infection. Thirty-nine subjects (12.7%) tested positive for Fasciola antibodies. Combining microscopy and serum antibody tests, 13.2% (43 of 326) had evidence of Fasciola infection. One third (104 of 326, 31.9%) of the participants lived with at least one child infected with Fasciola hepatica. Adults with fascioliasis were four times more likely to live with an infected child. Poverty and diet were associated with increased risk of Fasciola infection. Adults with fascioliasis were significantly more likely to live with Fasciola-infected children.

Meat-borne parasites in the Arab world: a review in a One Health perspective

Meat-borne parasitic zoonoses are generally not well-monitored, and so understanding extent and overall prevalence is problematic. Without sufficient attention, their prevalence can become unexpectedly and unacceptably high. This review sheds light on meat-borne parasites in the Arab world, which includes all the Arab countries situated in the continents of Asia and Africa, with more than 400 million inhabitants distributed in 22 countries. Meat-borne parasites can be divided into two main categories-helminths and protozoa. The main helminths included in this review are Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, Taenia asiatica, Echinococcus spp., Fasciola spp., and Trichinella spiralis, while the meat-borne protozoan parasites are Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium spp., and Sarcocystis spp. In addition, Linguatula serrata, which belongs to the class Pentastomida, was included. Among those, the genus Taenia is the most frequently reported in the Arab world, particularly T. saginata. Many parasitic infections that are mainly transmitted through pork, although widespread in many parts of the world, are rare in the Arab countries, primarily due to religious proscriptions. The majority of the publications concerning meat-borne parasites were from Egypt, which contains the largest population in the Arab world and the highest population density, in addition to various economic, social, and environmental reasons.