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Qiu H, Sun M, Wang N, Zhang S, Deng Z, Xu H, Yang H, Gu H, Fang W, He F. Efficacy comparison in cap VLPs of PCV2 and PCV3 as swine vaccine vehicle. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134955. [PMID: 39173309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
As one genotype of porcine circovirus (PCV) identified in 2016, PCV3 has brought huge hidden dangers to the global swine industry together with PCV2. Virus-like particles (VLPs) of capsid protein (Cap) of PCV2 serve as an alternative nano-antigen delivery strategy to efficiently induce antiviral immune response against PCV2 and/or other covalently displayed swine pathogens. However, the current understanding is limited on the capability of PCV3 as a nano-vaccine vehicle. Here we systematically compared the characteristics and the immunogenic efficacy of PCV3 Cap (Cap3) and PCV2 Cap (Cap2) in a VLP form. Cap3 VLPs presented higher internalization efficiency into cells and cytokines production compared to those of Cap2. Meanwhile, cross-reactive immunity between Cap3 VLPs and Cap2 VLPs was detected. Furthermore, to evaluate the function of Cap3 VLPs and Cap2 VLPs as vaccine vehicles carrying foreign proteins, the non-structural protein 6 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was fused to C-terminus of Cap. Cap3-based chimeric particles induced a higher level of nsp6-specific immune response and PRRSV inhibition. Collectively, these self-assembling, Cap-based VLPs offer a compelling platform for enhancing the effectiveness of subunit vaccinations against newly emerging diseases and hold great promise for the development of Cap3-based chimeric subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Qiu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Meiqi Sun
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Nan Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shengkun Zhang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhuofan Deng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huiling Xu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; ZJU-Xinchang Joint Innovation Centre (TianMu Laboratory), Gaochuang Hi-Tech Park, Xinchang, Zhejiang, China
| | - HaoTian Yang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Han Gu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weihuan Fang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; ZJU-Xinchang Joint Innovation Centre (TianMu Laboratory), Gaochuang Hi-Tech Park, Xinchang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang He
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University Center for Veterinary Sciences, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; ZJU-Xinchang Joint Innovation Centre (TianMu Laboratory), Gaochuang Hi-Tech Park, Xinchang, Zhejiang, China.
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2
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Wang D, Zhao J, Yang X, Ji Y, Yu J, Li Z, Shi Y, Guo J, Zhou J, Hou L, Liu J. E3 ligase RNF2 inhibits porcine circovirus type 3 replication by targeting its capsid protein for ubiquitination-dependent degradation. J Virol 2024; 98:e0022324. [PMID: 39046246 PMCID: PMC11334428 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00223-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is closely associated with various diseases, such as the porcine dermatitis, nephropathy syndrome, and multisystemic clinicopathological diseases. PCV3-associated diseases are increasingly recognized as severe diseases in the global swine industry. Ring finger protein 2 (RNF2), an E3 ubiquitin ligase exclusively located in the nucleus, contributes to various biological processes. This ligase interacts with the PCV3 Cap. However, its role in PCV3 replication remains unclear. This study confirmed that the nuclear localization signal domain of the Cap and the RNF2 N-terminal RING domain facilitate the interaction between the Cap and RNF2. Furthermore, RNF2 promoted the binding of K48-linked polyubiquitination chains to lysine at positions 139 and 140 (K139 and K140) of the PCV3 Cap, thereby degrading the Cap. RNF2 knockdown and overexpression increased or decreased PCV3 replication, respectively. Moreover, the RING domain-deleted RNF2 mutant eliminated the RNF2-induced degradation of the PCV3 Cap and RNF2-mediated inhibition of viral replication. This indicates that both processes were associated with its E3 ligase activity. Our findings demonstrate that RNF2 can interact with and degrade the PCV3 Cap via its N-terminal RING domain in a ubiquitination-dependent manner, thereby inhibiting PCV3 replication.IMPORTANCEPorcine circovirus type 3 is a recently described pathogen that is prevalent worldwide, causing substantial economic losses to the swine industry. However, the mechanisms through which host proteins regulate its replication remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that ring finger protein 2 inhibits porcine circovirus type 3 replication by interacting with and degrading the Cap of this pathogen in a ubiquitination-dependent manner, requiring its N-terminal RING domain. Ring finger protein 2-mediated degradation of the Cap relies on its E3 ligase activity and the simultaneous existence of K139 and K140 within the Cap. These findings reveal the mechanism by which this protein interacts with and degrades the Cap to inhibit porcine circovirus type 3 replication. This consequently provides novel insights into porcine circovirus type 3 pathogenesis and facilitates the development of preventative measures against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dedong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ying Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ju Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yongyan Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jinshuo Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lei Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jue Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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3
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Kroeger M, Temeeyasen G, Dilberger-Lawson S, Nelson E, Magtoto R, Gimenez-Lirola L, Piñeyro P. The porcine circovirus 3 humoral response: characterization of maternally derived antibodies and dynamic following experimental infection. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0087024. [PMID: 38916319 PMCID: PMC11302138 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00870-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Since Porcine Circovirus 3 (PCV3) was first identified in 2016, our understanding of the humoral response is still relatively scarce. Current knowledge of the PCV3 humoral response is primarily based on field studies identifying the seroprevalence of PCV3 Cap-induced antibodies. Studies on the humoral response following experimental PCV3 infection have conflicting results where one study reports the development of the Cap IgG response 7 days postinfection with no concurrent Cap IgM response, while a second study shows a Cap IgM response at the same time point with no detection of Cap IgG. The dynamics of the PCV3 Cap and Rep IgG following maternal antibody transfer and experimental infection have not been well characterized. Additionally, the cross-reactivity of convalescent serum from PCV2 and PCV3 experimentally infected animals to serologic methods of the alternate PCV has limited evaluation. Here, we show that maternally derived antibodies were detectable in piglet serum 7-9 weeks postfarrowing for the Cap IgG and 5-weeks-post farrowing for the Rep IgG using Cap- and Rep-specific enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and immunofluorescent assays (IFA) methods. Following experimental inoculation, Cap IgG was detected at 2-weeks-post inoculation and Rep IgG detection was delayed until 4-weeks-post inoculation. Furthermore, convalescent serum from either PCV2 or PCV3 methods displayed no cross-reactivity by serological methods against the other PCV. The information gained in this study highlights the development of both the Cap- and Rep-specific antibodies following experimental infection and through the transfer of maternal antibodies. The increased understanding of the dynamics of maternal antibody transfer and development of the humoral response following infection gained in the present study may aid in the establishment of husbandry practices and potential application of prophylactics to control PCV3 clinical disease. IMPORTANCE Research on Porcine Circovirus 3 (PCV3) immunology is vital for understanding and controlling this virus. Previous studies primarily relied on field observations, but they have shown conflicting results about the immunological response against PCV3. This study helps fill those gaps by looking at how antibodies develop in pigs, especially those maternal-derived, and their impact in neonatal pigs preventing PCV3-associated disease in piglets. In addition, we look at the dynamics of antibodies in experimental infections mimicking infection in pigs in the grower-phase condition. Understanding this process can help to develop better strategies to prevent PCV3 infection. Also, this research found that PCV2 and PCV3 do not cross-react, which is crucial for serological test development and results interpretation. Overall, this work is essential for improving swine health and farming practices in the face of PCV3 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Kroeger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Gun Temeeyasen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Steven Dilberger-Lawson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Ronaldo Magtoto
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Luis Gimenez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Pablo Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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4
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Fang Z, Sun M, Cai X, An T, Tu Y, Wang H. Identification of a conserved B-cell epitope on the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 4. mSphere 2024; 9:e0022524. [PMID: 38926905 PMCID: PMC11288031 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00225-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4), a recently identified circovirus, is prevalent in numerous provinces in China, as well as in South Korea, Thailand, and Europe. PCV4 virus rescued from an infectious clone showed pathogenicity, suggesting the economic impact of PCV4. However, there remains a lack of understanding regarding the immunogenicity and epitopes of PCV4. This study generated a monoclonal antibody (MAb) 1D8 by immunizing mice with PCV4 virus-like particles (VLPs). Subsequently, the epitope recognized by the MAb 1D8 was identified by truncated protein expression and alanine scanning mutagenesis analysis. Results showed that the 225PKQG228 located at the C-terminus of the PCV4 Cap protein is the minimal motif binding to the MAb. Homology modeling analysis and immunoelectron microscopy revealed that the epitope extends beyond the outer surface of the PCV4 VLP. Moreover, the epitope is highly conserved among PCV4 strains and does not react with other PCVs. Together, the MAb 1D8 recognized epitope shows potential for detecting PCV4. These findings significantly contribute to the design of antigens for PCV4 detection and control strategies. IMPORTANCE Porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4) is a novel circovirus. Although PCV4 has been identified in several countries, including China, Korea, Thailand, and Spain, no vaccine is available. Given the potential pathogenic effects of PCV4 on pigs, PCV4 could threaten the global pig farming industry, highlighting the urgency for further investigation. Thus, epitopes of PCV4 remain to be determined. Our finding of a conserved epitope significantly advances vaccine development and pathogen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Mingxia Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Engineering Technology Research Center, Harbin, China
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Yabin Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Haiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
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5
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Chang CC, Wu CY, Wu CM, Wu CW, Wang YC, Lin GJ, Chien MS, Huang C. Cytotoxicity effect and transcriptome analysis of PCV3-infected cells revealed potential viral pathogenic mechanisms. Microb Pathog 2024; 192:106715. [PMID: 38810767 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) has become an important pathogen in the global swine industry and poses a threat to pig health, but its pathogenic mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we constructed an innovative, linear infectious clone of PCV3 for rescuing the virus, and explored the transcriptome of infected cells to gain insights into its pathogenic mechanisms. Subsequently, an in vivo experiment was conducted to evaluate the pathogenicity of the rescued virus in pig. PCV3 nucleic acid was distributed across various organs, indicating systemic circulation via the bloodstream and viremia. Immunohistochemical staining also revealed a significant presence of PCV3 antigens in the spleen, lungs, and lymph nodes, indicating that PCV3 had tropism for these organs. Transcriptome analysis of infected ST cells revealed differential expression of genes associated with apoptosis, immune responses, and cellular metabolism. Notably, upregulation of genes related to the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 pathway, glycolysis, and the AGE/RAGE pathway suggests activation of inflammatory responses, ultimately leading to onset of disease. These findings have expanded our understanding of PCV3 pathogenesis, and the interplay between PCV3 and host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chun Chang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ying Wu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ming Wu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wei Wu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan; Research Center for Animal Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Wang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Jan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Maw-Sheng Chien
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan; Research Center for Animal Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Chienjin Huang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
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Dundon WG, Molini U, Franzo G. Six underreported viral diseases of domesticated and wild swine in Africa: Implications and perspectives. Vet Microbiol 2024; 294:110120. [PMID: 38749211 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Pig production is increasing annually in Africa as it is recognized as a significant source of income, livelihood and food security, particularly in rural communities. Understanding the circulating swine pathogens is crucial for the success of this emerging industry. Although there is extensive data available on the African swine fever virus due to its devastating impact on pig production, knowledge about the presence of other viral swine pathogens on the continent is still extremely limited. This review discusses what is currently known about six swine pathogens in Africa: classical swine fever virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine circovirus-2, porcine circovirus-3, porcine parvovirus-1, and pseudorabies virus. Gaps in our knowledge are identified and topics of future focus discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Dundon
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Center, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, Vienna 1400, Austria.
| | - Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Neudamm Campus, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia; Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Private Bag 18137, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Italy
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Krasnikov N, Rykova V, Kucheruk O, Komina A, Pchelnikov A, Gulyukin A, Yuzhakov A. Genetic diversity of porcine circoviruses 2 and 3 circulating among wild boars in the Moscow Region of Russia. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1372203. [PMID: 38988985 PMCID: PMC11233533 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1372203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine circoviruses (PCVs) are widely distributed in swine herds. PCV2, the significant swine pathogen, causes infections characterized by growth and development disorders, skin lesions, and respiratory distress. PCV3 has been circulating worldwide and can be associated with various clinical signs and disease developments. Wild boars are the main reservoir of these pathogens in wildlife and can create an alarming threat to pig farming. In Russia, three PCV2 genotypes (PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d) were identified in pig farms. Additionally, PCV3 was observed in pig herds during the monitoring studies in the country. However, data considering the circulation of PCVs in herds of wild boars in Russia is scant. For this purpose, we performed PCR assays of the samples from 30 wild boars hunted in the Moscow Region of Russia in 2021-2023. The ratios of wild boars positive for PCV2, PCV3, or coinfected were 50, 10, and 13.3%, respectively. Additionally, we sequenced 15 PCV2 and four PCV3 complete genomes and conducted phylogenetic analysis, which divided PCV2 isolates into two groups: PCV2d and PCV2b. The study showed a high infection rate of PCV2 among wild boars, with PCV2d dominance. Simultaneously, PCV3 also circulates among wild boars. The obtained results can provide a basis for the development of preventive measures to support infection transmission risks between farm and wild animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Krasnikov
- *Correspondence: Nikita Krasnikov, ; Valentina Rykova, ; Anton Yuzhakov,
| | - Valentina Rykova
- *Correspondence: Nikita Krasnikov, ; Valentina Rykova, ; Anton Yuzhakov,
| | | | | | | | | | - Anton Yuzhakov
- *Correspondence: Nikita Krasnikov, ; Valentina Rykova, ; Anton Yuzhakov,
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8
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Gao YY, Wang Q, Zhang S, Zhao J, Bao D, Zhao H, Wang K, Hu GX, Gao FS. Establishment and preliminary application of duplex fluorescence quantitative PCR for porcine circoviruses type 2 and type 3. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31779. [PMID: 38868040 PMCID: PMC11167290 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus types 2 (PCV2) and 3 (PCV3) are the two most prevalent porcine circoviruses in China, all of which can infect swine herds and cause serious diseases. To detect coinfection with PCV2 and PCV3, primers and probes for duplex PCV2 and PCV3 real-time PCR were designed to target their cap genes based on the constructed plasmids pUC57-PCV2 and pUC57-PCV3. The established duplex PCV2 and PCV3 real-time PCRs were specific to PCV2 and PCV3 and showed no cross-reactions with other porcine viral pathogens. The limit of detection was 5 and 50 copies for the PCV2 and PCV3 plasmids, respectively. The intra- and interassay repeatability had coefficients of variation below 3 %. The established methods were used to analyze clinical samples from Liaoning and Jilin provinces of China. The coinfection rates of PCV2 and PCV3 in pigs extensively fed in Liaoning and Jilin, large-scale farmed pigs in Liaoning and large-scale farmed pigs in Jilin were 15.0 % (6/40), 36.7 % (11/30) and 35.4 % (62/175), respectively. This study established a useful duplex PCV2 and PCV3 real-time PCR method that can be used for the detection of PCV2 and PCV3 in local clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Yu Gao
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Qian Wang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- ChangChun Sino Biotechnology CO., LTD., Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Di Bao
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Han Zhao
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Gui-Xue Hu
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Feng-Shan Gao
- College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian, 116622, China
- The Dalian Animal Virus Antigen Epitope Screening and Protein Engineering Drug Developing Key Laboratory, Dalian, 116622, China
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9
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Kim SJ, Moon J. Narrative Review of the Safety of Using Pigs for Xenotransplantation: Characteristics and Diagnostic Methods of Vertical Transmissible Viruses. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1181. [PMID: 38927388 PMCID: PMC11200752 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Amid the deepening imbalance in the supply and demand of allogeneic organs, xenotransplantation can be a practical alternative because it makes an unlimited supply of organs possible. However, to perform xenotransplantation on patients, the source animals to be used must be free from infectious agents. This requires the breeding of animals using assisted reproductive techniques, such as somatic cell nuclear transfer, embryo transfer, and cesarean section, without colostrum derived in designated pathogen-free (DPF) facilities. Most infectious agents can be removed from animals produced via these methods, but several viruses known to pass through the placenta are not easy to remove, even with these methods. Therefore, in this narrative review, we examine the characteristics of several viruses that are important to consider in xenotransplantation due to their ability to cross the placenta, and investigate how these viruses can be detected. This review is intended to help maintain DPF facilities by preventing animals infected with the virus from entering DPF facilities and to help select pigs suitable for xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Kim
- Apures Co., Ltd., 44, Hansan-gil, Cheongbuk-eup, Pyeongtaek-si 17792, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Joonho Moon
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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10
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Wang Y, Su M, Huang Y, Ren J, Niu S, Zhao Y, Yan F, Yan Y, Tian WX. Development of a novel PCV2 and PCV3 vaccine using virus-like vesicles incorporating Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus-containing vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1359421. [PMID: 38840631 PMCID: PMC11150706 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1359421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus disease (PCV) causes substantial economic losses in the pig industry, primarily from porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3). Novel vaccines are necessary to prevent and control PCV infections. PCV coat proteins are crucial for eliciting immunogenic proteins that induce the production of antibodies and immune responses. A vaccine platform utilizing Semliki Forest virus RNA replicons expressing vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G), was recently developed. This platform generates virus-like vesicles (VLVs) containing VSV-G exclusively, excluding other viral structural proteins. In our study, we developed a novel virus-like vesicle vaccine by constructing recombinant virus-like vesicles (rVLVs) that also express EGFP. These rVLVs were created using the RNA replicon of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEEV) and New Jersey serotype VSV-G. The rVLVs underwent characterization and safety evaluation in vitro. Subsequently, rVLVs expressing PCV2d-Cap and PCV3-Cap proteins were constructed. Immunization of C57 mice with these rVLVs led to a significant increase in anti-porcine circovirus type 2 and type 3 capsid protein antibodies in mouse serum. Additionally, a cellular immune response was induced, as evidenced by high production of IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokines. Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of developing a novel porcine circovirus disease vaccine based on rVLVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yi Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Wen-xia Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
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11
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Shuai J, Chen K, Wang Z, Zeng R, Ma B, Zhang M, Song H, Zhang X. A multiplex digital PCR assay for detection and quantitation of porcine circovirus type 2 and type 3. Arch Virol 2024; 169:119. [PMID: 38753197 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06044-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus (PCV) has become a major pathogen, causing major economic losses in the global pig industry, and PCV type 2 (PCV2) and 3 (PCV3) are distributed worldwide. We designed specific primer and probe sequences targeting PCV2 Cap and PCV3 Rap and developed a multiplex crystal digital PCR (cdPCR) method after optimizing the primer concentration, probe concentration, and annealing temperature. The multiplex cdPCR assay permits precise and differential detection of PCV2 and PCV3, with a limit of detection of 1.39 × 101 and 1.27 × 101 copies/reaction, respectively, and no cross-reaction with other porcine viruses was observed. The intra-assay and interassay coefficients of variation (CVs) were less than 8.75%, indicating good repeatability and reproducibility. To evaluate the practical value of this assay, 40 tissue samples and 70 feed samples were tested for both PCV2 and PCV3 by cdPCR and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Using multiplex cdPCR, the rates of PCV2 infection, PCV3 infection, and coinfection were 28.45%, 1.72%, and 12.93%, respectively, and using multiplex qPCR, they were 25.00%, 0.86%, and 4.31%, respectively This highly specific and sensitive multiplex cdPCR thus allows accurate simultaneous detection of PCV2 and PCV3, and it is particularly well suited for applications that require the detection of small amounts of input nucleic acid or samples with intensive processing and complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbing Shuai
- Zhejiang Academy of Science and Technology for Inspection and Quarantine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Kexin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Zhongcai Wang
- Zhejiang Academy of Science and Technology for Inspection and Quarantine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Ruoxue Zeng
- Zhejiang Academy of Science and Technology for Inspection and Quarantine, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Biao Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Mingzhou Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Houhui Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Zhejiang Academy of Science and Technology for Inspection and Quarantine, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
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12
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Frant MP, Mazur-Panasiuk N, Gal-Cisoń A, Bocian Ł, Łyjak M, Szczotka-Bochniarz A. Porcine Circovirus Type 3 (PCV3) in Poland: Prevalence in Wild Boar Population in Connection with African Swine Fever (ASF). Viruses 2024; 16:754. [PMID: 38793635 PMCID: PMC11125846 DOI: 10.3390/v16050754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Human health is dependent on food safety and, therefore, on the health of farm animals. One of the most significant threats in regard to swine diseases is African swine fever (ASF). Infections caused by porcine circoviruses (PCVs) represent another important swine disease. Due to the ubiquitous nature of PCV2, it is not surprising that this virus has been detected in ASFV-affected pigs. However, recent data indicate that coinfection of PCV3 and ASFV also occurs. It is still unclear whether PCV infection plays a role in ASFV infection, and that subject requires further analysis. The aim of this study was to assess whether PCV3 and PCV4 are present in the wild boar population in Poland (real-time PCR). The analysis was performed on wild boar samples collected for routine ASF surveillance in Poland, between 2018 and 2021. By extension, the obtained data were compared in regard to ASFV presence in these samples, thus investigating the odds of ASFV infection on the grounds of the PCV carrier state in free-ranging Suidae in Poland. In addition, sequencing of PCV3 and phylogenetic analysis were performed, based on a full genome and a capsid gene. In the current study, we demonstrated the high prevalence of PCV3 in the wild boar population in Poland; meanwhile, PCV4 was not detected. The odds of ASFV infection on the grounds of the PCV3 carrier state in free-ranging Suidae in Poland was more than twice as high. Ten full genome sequences of PCV3 were obtained, all of them belonging to clade 3a. The similarity between them was in the range of 98.78-99.80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Piotr Frant
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.G.-C.); (M.Ł.); (A.S.-B.)
| | - Natalia Mazur-Panasiuk
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Anna Gal-Cisoń
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.G.-C.); (M.Ł.); (A.S.-B.)
| | - Łukasz Bocian
- Department of Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Łyjak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.G.-C.); (M.Ł.); (A.S.-B.)
| | - Anna Szczotka-Bochniarz
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.G.-C.); (M.Ł.); (A.S.-B.)
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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13
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Wang LQ, Li JX, Chen XM, Cao XY, Zhang HL, Zheng LL, Ma SJ. Molecular detection and genetic characteristics of porcine circovirus 3 and porcine circovirus 4 in central China. Arch Virol 2024; 169:115. [PMID: 38709425 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Porcine circoviruses (PCVs) are a significant cause of concern for swine health, with four genotypes currently recognized. Two of these, PCV3 and PCV4, have been detected in pigs across all age groups, in both healthy and diseased animals. These viruses have been associated with various clinical manifestations, including porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) and respiratory and enteric signs. In this study, we detected PCV3 and PCV4 in central China between January 2022 and February 2023. We tested fecal swabs and tissue samples from growing-finishing and suckling pigs with or without respiratory and systemic manifestations and found the prevalence of PCV3 to be 15.15% (15/99) and that of PCV3/PCV4 coinfection to be 4.04% (4/99). This relatively low prevalence might be attributed to the fact that most of the clinical samples were collected from pigs exhibiting respiratory signs, with only a few samples having been obtained from pigs with diarrhea. In some cases, PCV2 was also detected, and the coinfection rates of PCV2/3, PCV2/4, and PCV2/3/4 were 6.06% (6/99), 5.05% (5/99), and 3.03% (3/99), respectively. The complete genomic sequences of four PCV3 and two PCV4 isolates were determined. All four of the PCV3 isolates were of subtype PCV3b, and the two PCV4 isolates were of subtype PCV4b. Two mutations (A24V and R27K) were found in antibody recognition domains of PCV3, suggesting that they might be associated with immune escape. This study provides valuable insights into the molecular epidemiology and evolution of PCV3 and PCV4 that will be useful in future investigations of genotyping, immunogenicity, and immune evasion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Qing Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Life Science, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou, 450044, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xin Li
- Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Xi-Meng Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yue Cao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Lei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan-Lan Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shi-Jie Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Zhang P, Ren Z, Gao X, Zhao M, Wang Y, Chen J, Wang G, Xiang H, Cai R, Luo S, Wang X. Development and application of a TaqMan-probe-based multiplex real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection of porcine circovirus 2, 3, and 4 in Guangdong province of China. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1353439. [PMID: 38737459 PMCID: PMC11085253 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1353439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine circoviruses disease (PCVD), caused by porcine circovirus (PCVs), is an important swine disease characterized by porcine dermatitis, nephrotic syndrome and reproductive disorders in sows. However, diseases caused by PCV2, PCV3, or PCV4 are difficult to distinguish, so a simple, rapid, accurate and high-throughput diagnostic and identification method is urgently needed to differentiate these three types. In this study, specific primers and probes were designed based on the conserved region sequences of the Rep gene of PCV2, and the Cap gene of PCV3 and PCV4. A multiplex qPCR assay was developed and optimized that the limit of detection concentration could reach as low as 3.8 copies/μL, with all correlation coefficients (R2) exceeding 0.999. Furthermore, the method showed no cross-reaction with other crucial porcine viral pathogens, and both intra-repeatability and inter-reproducibility coefficients of variation were below 2%. The assay was applied to the detection of 738 pig samples collected from 2020 to 2021 in Guangdong Province, China. This revealed positive infection rates of 65.18% for PCV2, 29.27% for PCV3, and 0% for PCV4, with a PCV2/PCV3 co-infection rate of 23.17%. Subsequently, complete genome sequences of 17 PCV2 and 4 PCV3 strains were obtained from the above positive samples and pre-preserved positive circovirus samples. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the 17 PCV2 strains shared 96.7-100% complete nucleotide identity, with 6 strains being PCV2b and 11 strains being PCV2d; the 4 PCV3 strains shared 98.9-99.4% complete nucleotide identity, with 2 strains being PCV3a-1 and 2 strains being PCV3b. This research provides a reliable tool for rapid PCVs identification and detection. Molecular epidemiological investigation of PCVs in pigs in Guangdong Province will help us to understand PCV2 and PCV3 epidemiological characteristics and evolutionary trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Animal Disease, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaowen Ren
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Animal Disease, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaopeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Animal Disease, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengpo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Animal Disease, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Animal Disease, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Animal Disease, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Animal Disease, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Animal Disease, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rujian Cai
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Animal Disease, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengjun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Animal Disease, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Animal Disease, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Yang Y, Xu Z, Tao Q, Xu L, Gu S, Huang Y, Liu Z, Zhang Y, Wen J, Lai S, Zhu L. Construction of recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing PCV2 Cap, PCV3 Cap, and IL-4: investigation of their biological characteristics and immunogenicity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1339387. [PMID: 38571947 PMCID: PMC10987767 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1339387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a globally prevalent and recurrent pathogen that primarily causes slow growth and immunosuppression in pigs. Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3), a recently discovered virus, commonly leads to reproductive disorders in pigs and has been extensively disseminated worldwide. Infection with a single PCV subtype alone does not induce severe porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVD), whereas concurrent co-infection with PCV2 and PCV3 exacerbates the clinical manifestations. Pseudorabies (PR), a highly contagious disease in pigs, pose a significant threat to the swine industry in China. Methods In this study, recombinant strains named rPRV-2Cap/3Cap and rPRV-2Cap/3Cap/IL4 was constructed by using a variant strain XJ of pseudorabies virus (PRV) as the parental strain, with the TK/gE/gI genes deleted and simultaneous expression of PCV2 Cap, PCV3 Cap, and IL-4. The two recombinant strains obtained by CRISPR/Cas gE gene editing technology and homologous recombination technology has genetic stability in baby hamster Syrian kidney-21 (BHK-21) cells and is safe to mice. Results rPRV-2Cap/3Cap and rPRV-2Cap/3Cap/IL4 exhibited good safety and immunogenicity in mice, inducing high levels of antibodies, demonstrated 100% protection against the PRV challenge in mice, reduced viral loads and mitigated pathological changes in the heart, lungs, spleen, and lymph nodes during PCV2 challenge. Moreover, the recombinant viruses with the addition of IL-4 as a molecular adjuvant outperformed the non-addition group in most indicators. Conclusion rPRV-2Cap/3Cap and rPRV-2Cap/3Cap/IL4 hold promise as recombinant vaccines for the simultaneous prevention of PCV2, PCV3, and PRV, while IL-4, as a vaccine molecular adjuvant, effectively enhances the immune response of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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16
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Opriessnig T, Xiao CT, Mueller NJ, Denner J. Emergence of novel circoviruses in humans and pigs and their possible importance for xenotransplantation and blood transfusions. Xenotransplantation 2024; 31:e12842. [PMID: 38501706 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As sequencing is becoming more broadly available, virus discovery continues. Small DNA viruses contribute to up to 60% of the overall virus load in pigs. Porcine circoviruses (PCVs) are small DNA viruses with a single-stranded circular genome. They are common in pig breeds and have not been properly addressed for their potential risk in xenotransplantation. Whereas PCV1 is non-pathogenic in pigs, PCV2 has been associated with various disease manifestations. Recently two new circoviruses have been described, PCV3 and PCV4. While PCV4 is currently present mainly in Asia, PCV3 is widely distributed, and has been identified in commercial pigs, wild boars, and pigs generated for xenotransplantation. In one case PCV3 was transmitted by pigs to baboons via heart transplantation. PCV3 pathogenicity in pigs was controversial initially, however, the virus was found to be associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), reproductive failure, and multisystemic inflammation. Inoculation studies with PCV3 infectious clones confirmed that PCV3 is pathogenic. Most importantly, recently discovered human circoviruses (CV) are closely related to PCV3. METHODS Literature was evaluated and summarized. A dendrogram of existing circoviruses in pigs, humans, and other animal species was created and assessed at the species level. RESULTS We found that human circoviruses can be divided into three species, human CV1, CV2, and CV3. Human CV2 and CV3 are closest to PCV3. CONCLUSIONS Circoviruses are ubiquitous. This communication should create awareness of PCV3 and the newly discovered human circoviruses, which may be a problem for blood transfusions and xenotransplantation in immune suppressed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Opriessnig
- Vaccines and Diagnostics Department, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, UK
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Chao-Ting Xiao
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Nicolas J Mueller
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Denner
- Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Zheng J, Li N, Li X, Han Y, Lv X, Zhang H, Ren L. The Nuclear Localization Signal of Porcine Circovirus Type 4 Affects the Subcellular Localization of the Virus Capsid and the Production of Virus-like Particles. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2459. [PMID: 38473709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4) is a newly identified virus belonging to PCV of the Circoviridae family, the Circovirus genus. We previously found that PCV4 is pathogenic in vitro, while the virus's replication in cells is still unknown. In this study, we evaluated the N-terminal of the PCV4 capsid (Cap) and identified an NLS at amino acid residues 4-37 of the N-terminus of the PCV4 Cap, 4RSRYSRRRRNRRNQRRRGLWPRASRRRYRWRRKN37. The NLS was further divided into two fragments (NLS-A and NLS-B) based on the predicted structure, including two α-helixes, which were located at 4RSRYSRRRRNRRNQRR19 and 24PRASRRRYRWRRK36, respectively. Further studies showed that the NLS, especially the first α-helixes formed by the NLS-A fragment, determined the nuclear localization of the Cap protein, and the amino acid 4RSRY7 in the NLS of the PCV4 Cap was the critical motif affecting the VLP packaging. These results will provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the infection mechanism of PCV4 and developing subunit vaccines based on VLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zheng
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Nan Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Xue Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yaqi Han
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xinru Lv
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Linzhu Ren
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
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18
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Cao L, Lv W, Feng X, Chen L, Yang L, Guo J. Complete genome sequence of a porcine circovirus type 2 strain, PCV2/CN/GD/2018/10, obtained in Guangdong, China, in 2018. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0100323. [PMID: 38289049 PMCID: PMC10868190 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01003-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) poses significant issue for the global swine industry. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the complete genome sequence of a Chinese PCV2 strain belonging to genotype PCV2a, which was designated as PCV2/CN/GD/2018/10. Our findings provide insights into the prevalence of PCV2 in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Cao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenke Lv
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xingyao Feng
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Lisha Chen
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Lulu Yang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinyue Guo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
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19
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Fu PF, Wang YH, Liu G, Wang DM, Huang WW, Guo DQ, Li XY, Liu P, Wei MX, Lu M, Hong J. First molecular detection and genetic characterization of porcine circovirus 4 in the Gansu Province of China. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293135. [PMID: 38315677 PMCID: PMC10843115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Since its initial discovery in the Hunan province of China, genomic DNA of porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4) has been detected in pigs across multiple provinces in China, as well as in South Korea. However, the prevalence of porcine circovirus type 4 in Gansu Province, China, remains unknown. To address this gap, we undertook an extensive study where we gathered 121 clinical samples displaying diverse clinical manifestations from pig farms in Gansu Province between 2022 and 2023. Employing a real-time fluorescence quantification method, we identified the presence of PCV4 genome. Out of the 121 clinical samples analyzed, 13 samples tested positive for PCV4, resulting in a positive rate of 10.74% (13/121). This finding confirms the presence of PCV4 in pig farms within Gansu Province, China. Furthermore, we successfully sequenced and analyzed the complete genomes of two distinct PCV4 strains, comparing them with 60 reference sequences archived in the GenBank database. The results revealed a high nucleotide homology (98.2-98.8%) between the strains obtained in this study and the PCV4 reference strains, indicating a relatively low evolutionary rate of the PCV4 genome. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that two strains in this study belong to PCV4a and PCV4c. As far as we know, this study marks the inaugural report on the molecular identification and genomic attributes of PCV4 in Gansu Province, China, offering valuable insights for devising preventive and control strategies against this emerging virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Fu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan Province, China
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan Province, China
| | - Guo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Dong-Mei Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan Province, China
| | - Wei-Wei Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan Province, China
| | - Duan-Qiang Guo
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan Province, China
| | - Xin-Yang Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan Province, China
| | - Ping Liu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan Province, China
| | - Meng-Xiang Wei
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan Province, China
| | - Min Lu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan Province, China
| | - Jun Hong
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan Province, China
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20
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Wang J, Lei B, Zhang W, Li L, Ji J, Liu M, Zhao K, Yuan W. Preparation of Monoclonal Antibodies against the Capsid Protein and Development of an Epitope-Blocking Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of the Antibody against Porcine Circovirus 3. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:235. [PMID: 38254404 PMCID: PMC10812811 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is endemic in swine worldwide and causes reproductive disorders, dermatitis and nephrotic syndrome, and multi-organ inflammation. Currently, there is a growing need for rapid and accurate diagnostic methods in disease monitoring. In this study, four monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against PCV3 capsid proteins were prepared (mAbs 2F6, 2G8, 6E2, and 7E3). MAb 7E3, which had the highest binding affinity for the Cap protein, was chosen for further investigation. A novel B cell epitope 110DLDGAW115 was identified using mAb 7E3. An epitope-blocking (EB) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was successfully developed using horseradish-peroxidase-labeled mAb 7E3 to detect PCV3 antibodies in porcine sera. Moreover, the EB-ELISA showed no specific reaction with other porcine disease sera, and the cut-off value was defined as 35%. Compared with the commercial ELISA, the percentage agreement was 95.59%. Overall, we have developed a novel EB-ELISA method that accurately and conveniently detects PCV3 in serum, making it a valuable tool for the clinical detection of PCV3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Baishi Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Wuchao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Lijie Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Jiashuang Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Mandi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Kuan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Wanzhe Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- North China Research Center of Animal Epidemic Pathogen Biology, China Agriculture Ministry, Baoding 071000, China
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21
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Molini U, Coetzee LM, Christians V, Hemberger MY, Chiwome B, Amukwaya M, Khaiseb S, Cattoli G, Dundon WG, Franzo G. High detection frequency and genetic diversity of porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) in Namibian backyard farms and warthogs. Acta Trop 2024; 249:107085. [PMID: 38016512 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Since its first identification in 2015, porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) has been reported worldwide with a high frequency and in the presence of several clinical conditions, although its impact on pig health and productivity is still debated. Data on the presence of PCV-3 in Africa are, however, limited. A previous study performed on commercial pigs in Namibia failed to identify the pathogen. In the present study, the viral circulation in backyard farms, characterised by lower biosecurity measures and frequent animal exchange between farms, was assessed. The susceptibility of warthogs to PCV-3 infection and their potential epidemiological role were also evaluated. Tonsils from 77 pigs from backyard piggeries and 55 warthogs were collected in different regions of Namibia and tested by PCR. Positive samples were sequenced and compared to PCV-3 strains circulating globally. Forty-two out of 77 pigs (54.54 %) and 12 out of 55 warthogs (21.82 %) tested positive, demonstrating the presence of PCV-3 in the country and suggesting that the high biosecurity measures implemented in the commercial farms that previously tested negative for PCV-3 probably prevented viral introduction. The partial ORF2 gene was successfully sequenced in samples from 27 pigs and 6 warthogs. Genetically, the identified strains were part of 3 distinct groups which included both backyard pigs and warthogs from different regions of Namibia. There is also evidence for the occurrence of multiple introduction events most likely from Asian countries, either directly into Namibia or through other African countries. Considering the strict Namibian regulations on live animal importation, understanding the source of viral introduction is challenging, although semen importation or the habit of feeding backyard pigs with human food waste might have played a role. Pig exchanges between farms for breeding purposes or wildlife movements could also have been involved in PCV-3 dispersal within Namibia. Despite the significant advances in the field, further studies should be undertaken to properly understand PCV-3 epidemiology in Namibia and its impact on pig productivity and wildlife health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Molini
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Neudamm Campus, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
| | - Lauren M Coetzee
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Private Bag 18137, Windhoek 9000, Namibia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo 64100, Italy
| | - Vernon Christians
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Neudamm Campus, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
| | - Maria Y Hemberger
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Neudamm Campus, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
| | - Bernard Chiwome
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Neudamm Campus, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
| | - Maria Amukwaya
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Neudamm Campus, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
| | - Siegfried Khaiseb
- Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), 24 Goethe Street, Private Bag 18137, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, Vienna 1400, Austria
| | - William G Dundon
- Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Animal Production and Health Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, Vienna 1400, Austria
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department. of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Italy.
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22
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Wang D, Hou L, Ji Y, Xie J, Zhao J, Zhu N, Yang X, Zhou J, Cui Y, Guo J, Feng X, Liu J. Ubiquitination-dependent degradation of nucleolin mediated by porcine circovirus type 3 capsid protein. J Virol 2023; 97:e0089423. [PMID: 38032196 PMCID: PMC10734473 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00894-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is an emerging pathogen that causes multisystem disease in pigs and poses a severe threat to the swine industry. However, the mechanisms of how PCV3 uses host proteins to regulate its own life cycle are not well understood. In this study, we found that PCV3 capsid protein interacts with nucleolin and degrades it. Degradation of nucleolin by the PCV3 capsid protein requires recruitment of the enzyme RNF34, which is transported to the nucleolus from the cytoplasm in the presence of the PCV3 capsid protein. Nucleolin also decreases PCV3 replication by promoting the release of interferon β. These findings clarify the mechanism by which nucleolin modulates PCV3 replication in cells, thereby facilitating to provide an important strategy for preventing and controlling PCV3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dedong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lei Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ying Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianwei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yongqiu Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jinshuo Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xufei Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jue Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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23
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Wang Y, Yang DA, Zhao K, Laven R, Jiang P, Yang Z. Comparison of four clinical sample types for detection and investigation of PCV3 prevalence in the pig farrowing room. Prev Vet Med 2023; 221:106076. [PMID: 37976967 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is a newly described circovirus that has been identified in pig populations across the globe. The virus is associated with multiple diseases including reproductive and systemic diseases. As effective vaccines are lacking, surveillance is crucial for PCV3 control, but there are currently, few side-by-side comparisons of the efficacy of different samples for the detection of PCV3. This study collected four sample types, including colostrum, udder skin wipes, placental umbilical cord blood, and processing fluid from 134 litters in a sow farm from July to September 2021 for PCV3 detection based on quantitative PCR tests. Udder skin wipes showed the highest detection rates (76.9%), while 71.6% of the processing fluid, 49.3% of the placental umbilical cord, and 29.1% of the colostrum samples were positive. Logistic regression analysis suggested that the detection rates of udder skin wipes and processing fluid were similar (odds ratio for processing fluid vs udder skin wipes was 0.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.43-1.32), but the two tests were probably not identifying the same population as infected, as the agreement between the samples was only moderate (Gwet's AC1: 0.65). In this study, we were able to demonstrate that PCV3 was present in the farrowing room throughout the period from birth to weaning using udder skin wipes, although viral load decreased over time. The odds of PCV3 detection in colostrum from 2-parity sows was three times higher (95% CI 1.4-6.8) than that of primiparous sows, while the odds of PCV3 detection in sows with mummified fetuses was 2.7 times higher (95% CI 1.1-6.6) than sows with no mummified fetuses. In conclusion, these results indicate that udder skin wipes have high detection rates in infected animals over the whole period from birth to weaning and would thus be suitable samples for PCV3 surveillance in the farrowing rooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, the Belt and Road International Sci-Tech Innovation Institute of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Immunization, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Danchen Aaron Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, the Belt and Road International Sci-Tech Innovation Institute of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Immunization, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | | | - Richard Laven
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, the Belt and Road International Sci-Tech Innovation Institute of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Immunization, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food Safety, the Belt and Road International Sci-Tech Innovation Institute of Transboundary Animal Disease Diagnosis and Immunization, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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24
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Peng Q, Shi J, Lang Y, Zhu Y, Huang X, Cao S, Yan Q, Zhao S. Phylogenetic Analysis and Serological Investigation of Porcine Circovirus Indicates Frequent Infection with Various Subtypes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15850. [PMID: 37958833 PMCID: PMC10649267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circoviruses (PCVs) are notorious for triggering severe diseases in pigs and causing serious economic losses to the swine industry. In the present study, we undertook a comprehensive approach for the investigation of PCV prevalence, including the phylogenetic analysis of obtained PCV sequences, the determination of major circulating genotypes and serological screening based on different recombinant Cap proteins with specific immunoreactivity. Epidemiological surveillance data indicate that PCV2d and PCV3a are widely distributed in Southwest China, while PCV4 has only sporadic circulation. Meanwhile, serological investigations showed high PCV2 antibody positivity in collected serum samples (>50%), followed by PCV4 (nearly 50%) and PCV3 (30-35%). The analysis supports different circulation patterns of PCV2, PCV3 and PCV4 and illustrates the PCV2/PCV3 genetic evolution characteristics on a nationwide basis. Taken together, our findings add up to the current understanding of PCV epidemiology and provide new tools and insight for PCV antiviral intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianling Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiqiang Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yifei Lang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yulan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Sanjie Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qigui Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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25
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Dei Giudici S, Mura L, Bonelli P, Hawko S, Angioi PP, Sechi AM, Denti S, Sulas A, Burrai GP, Madrau MP, Antuofermo E, Oggiano A. Evidence of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Genetic Shift from PCV2b to PCV2d Genotype in Sardinia, Italy. Viruses 2023; 15:2157. [PMID: 38005836 PMCID: PMC10674684 DOI: 10.3390/v15112157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the etiological agent of a disease syndrome named Porcine Circovirus disease (PCVD), representing an important threat for the pig industry. The increasing international trade of live animals and the development of intensive pig farming seem to have sustained the spreading of PCVD on a global scale. Recent classification criteria allowed the identification of nine different PCV2 genotypes (PCV2a-i). PCV2a was the first genotype detected with the highest frequency from the late 1990s to 2000, which was then superseded by PCV2b (first genotype shift). An ongoing genotype shift is now determining increasing prevalence rates of PCV2d, in replacement of PCV2b. In Italy, a complete genotype replacement was not evidenced yet. The present study was carried out on 369 samples originating from domestic pigs, free-ranging pigs, and wild boars collected in Sardinia between 2020 and 2022, with the aim to update the last survey performed on samples collected during 2009-2013. Fifty-seven complete ORF2 sequences were obtained, and the phylogenetic and network analyses evidenced that 56 out of 57 strains belong to the PCV2d genotype and only one strain to PCV2b, thus showing the occurrence of a genotype shift from PCV2b to PCV2d in Sardinia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Dei Giudici
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.M.); (P.B.); (P.P.A.); (A.M.S.); (S.D.); (A.S.); (M.P.M.); (A.O.)
| | - Lorena Mura
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.M.); (P.B.); (P.P.A.); (A.M.S.); (S.D.); (A.S.); (M.P.M.); (A.O.)
| | - Piero Bonelli
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.M.); (P.B.); (P.P.A.); (A.M.S.); (S.D.); (A.S.); (M.P.M.); (A.O.)
| | - Salwa Hawko
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (S.H.); (G.P.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Pier Paolo Angioi
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.M.); (P.B.); (P.P.A.); (A.M.S.); (S.D.); (A.S.); (M.P.M.); (A.O.)
| | - Anna Maria Sechi
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.M.); (P.B.); (P.P.A.); (A.M.S.); (S.D.); (A.S.); (M.P.M.); (A.O.)
| | - Stefano Denti
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.M.); (P.B.); (P.P.A.); (A.M.S.); (S.D.); (A.S.); (M.P.M.); (A.O.)
| | - Antonella Sulas
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.M.); (P.B.); (P.P.A.); (A.M.S.); (S.D.); (A.S.); (M.P.M.); (A.O.)
| | - Giovanni Pietro Burrai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (S.H.); (G.P.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Maria Paola Madrau
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.M.); (P.B.); (P.P.A.); (A.M.S.); (S.D.); (A.S.); (M.P.M.); (A.O.)
| | - Elisabetta Antuofermo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (S.H.); (G.P.B.); (E.A.)
| | - Annalisa Oggiano
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (L.M.); (P.B.); (P.P.A.); (A.M.S.); (S.D.); (A.S.); (M.P.M.); (A.O.)
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26
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Gong W, Du H, Wang T, Sun H, Peng P, Qin S, Geng H, Zeng Z, Liang W, Ling H, Tu C, Tu Z. Epizootiological surveillance of porcine circoviruses in free-ranging wild boars in China. Virol Sin 2023; 38:663-670. [PMID: 37660950 PMCID: PMC10590700 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Four species of porcine circoviruses (PCV1-4) have been reported to circulate in Chinese domestic pigs, while the epizootiology of these viruses in free-ranging wild boars in China remains unknown. In this study, tissue and serum samples collected from diseased or apparently healthy wild boars between 2018 and 2020 in 19 regions of China were tested for the prevalence of PCV1-4 infections. Positive rates of PCV1, PCV2, and PCV3 DNA in the tissue samples of Chinese wild boars were 1.6% (4/247), 58.3% (144/247), and 10.9% (27/247) respectively, with none positive for PCV4. Sequence analysis of viral genome showed that the four PCV1 strains distributed in Hunan and Inner Mongolia shared 97.5%-99.6% sequence identity with global distributed reference strains. Comparison of the ORF2 gene sequences showed that 80 PCV2 strains widely distributed in 18 regions shared 79.5%-100% sequence identity with reference strains from domestic pigs and wild boars, and were grouped into PCV2a (7), PCV2b (31) and PCV2d (42). For PCV3, 17 sequenced strains shared 97.2%-100% nucleotide identity at the genomic level and could be divided into PCV3a (3), PCV3b (2) and PCV3c (12) based on the phylogeny of ORF2 gene sequences. Serological data revealed antibody positive rates against PCV1 and PCV2 of 11.4% (19/167) and 53.9% (90/167) respectively. The data obtained in this study improved our understanding about the epidemiological situations of PCVs infection in free-ranging wild boars in China and will be valuable for the prevention and control of diseases caused by PCVs infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Haiying Du
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Heting Sun
- Biological Disaster Control and Prevention Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Peng Peng
- Biological Disaster Control and Prevention Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Siyuan Qin
- Biological Disaster Control and Prevention Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Haidong Geng
- Biological Disaster Control and Prevention Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Zheng Zeng
- Chongqing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Wangwang Liang
- Chongqing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Hongquan Ling
- Chongqing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Changchun Tu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Zhongzhong Tu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, 130122, China.
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Xu T, Deng LS, Jian ZJ, Xu L, Li FQ, Lai SY, Ai YR, Zhu L, Xu ZW. First report on identification and genomic analysis of a novel porcine circovirus (porcine circovirus 4) in cats. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1258484. [PMID: 37808320 PMCID: PMC10556453 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1258484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4) is an emerging circovirus, which has been detected in domestic pigs across various provinces in China and Korea. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether cats are susceptible to PCV4. For this purpose, we collected 116 cat samples from animal hospitals in Sichuan Province, China, between 2021 and 2022. Using a SYBR Green-based real-time PCR assay, we detected PCV4 in 5 out of the 116 clinical samples, indicating a positive rate of 4.31% (5/116) and confirming the presence of PCV4 in cats from Sichuan Province, China. Moreover, we successfully sequenced and analyzed the complete genome of one PCV4 strain (SCGA-Cat) along with 60 reference sequences deposited in the GenBank database. SCGA-Cat exhibited high nucleotide homology (98.2-99.0%) with PCV4 strains from other species, including dogs, pigs, dairy cows, and fur animals. Notably, the SCGA-Cat strain from cats clustered closely with a PCV4 strain derived from a pig collected in Fujian Province, China. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first report on the molecular detection of PCV4 in cats worldwide, which prompted us to understand the genetic diversity and cross-species transmission of the ongoing PCV4 cases. However, further investigations are needed to explore the association between PCV4 infection and clinical syndromes in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Shuang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng-Qin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Si-Yuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Ru Ai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine Sichuan Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease and Human Health, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine Sichuan Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease and Human Health, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Jiang M, Wang A, Sun Y, Li Y, Chen Y, Zhou J, Liu H, Ding P, Qi Y, Li N, Zhang G. Development of a Gold Nanoparticle-Based Immunochromatographic Strip for Rapid Detection of Porcine Circovirus Type 2. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0195322. [PMID: 37466437 PMCID: PMC10434270 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01953-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an important swine infectious pathogen that seriously threatens the global swine industry. PCV2 Cap protein is the only structural and the main immunogenic protein constituting the viral capsid. In this study, a gold nanoparticle-based immunochromatographic strip with high sensitivity and specificity was developed which could be used for rapid detection of PCV2 virions or Cap protein in research. The visual detection limit of the strip was 103.18 50% tissue culture infective does (TCID50)/mL for PCV2, and 2.03 μg/mL for PCV2 Cap protein. No cross-reactivity was observed with the PCV1 and PCV3 Cap proteins and other common swine pathogens such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, classical swine fever virus, pseudorabies virus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, porcine parvovirus, and swine influenza virus. The repeatability of the strip was good. The stability of the strip was perfect for 12 months in a dry state at room temperature. Visual results could be obtained within 5 min by simply inserting the strip into the diluted sample. The strip is a time-saving, labor-saving, and reliable tool for testing of PCV2 virions or Cap protein in research. The idea of this study might open a new perspective for the application of the strip. IMPORTANCE Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) Cap protein is the only structural and the main immunogenic protein constituting the viral capsid. Although many methods can be used to identify PCV2 or PCV2 Cap protein in vaccine research, they usually require high workload and time. The developed strip can specifically detect PCV2 virions or Cap protein, and visual qualitative results can be obtained within 5 min by simply diluting the sample and inserting the strip into the sample. The final value of the strip is providing a simple and time-saving method for real-time monitoring of PCV2 antigen in vaccine research with reliable results, such as the different stages of PCV2 Cap protein expression and purification, as well as the different stages of PCV2 reproduction and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiang
- Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaning Sun
- Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingming Zhou
- Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peiyang Ding
- Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Qi
- Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ning Li
- Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou, China
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Wang M, Yu Y, Wu J, Wang S, Giménez-Lirola LG, Piñeyro P, Wang Y, Cui H, He X, Zimmerman JJ, Tu Y, Cai X, Wang G. Genetic and In Vitro Characteristics of a Porcine Circovirus Type 3 Isolate from Northeast China. Vet Sci 2023; 10:517. [PMID: 37624304 PMCID: PMC10459391 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is an emerging virus first discovered in the United States in 2015, and since then, PCV3 has been found in many regions of the world, including America, Asia, and Europe. Although several PCV3 investigations have been carried out, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the pathogenicity of PCV3, mostly due to the limited number of PCV3 isolates that are readily available. In this study, PCV3-DB-1 was isolated in PK-15 cells and characterized in vitro. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of PCV-like particles, and in situ hybridization RNA analysis demonstrated the replication of PCV3 in PK-15 cell culture. Based on phylogenetic analysis of PCV3 isolates from the Heilongjiang province of China, PCV3-DB-1 with 24 alanine and 27 lysine in the Cap protein was originally isolated and determined to belong to the clade PCV3a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghang Wang
- Heilongjiang Research Center for Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Technology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (M.W.)
| | - Ying Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jianan Wu
- Heilongjiang Research Center for Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Technology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (M.W.)
| | - Shujie Wang
- Heilongjiang Research Center for Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Technology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (M.W.)
| | - Luis G Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Pablo Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Heilongjiang Research Center for Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Technology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (M.W.)
| | - Hongliang Cui
- Heilongjiang Research Center for Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Technology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (M.W.)
| | - Xijun He
- Heilongjiang Research Center for Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Technology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (M.W.)
| | - Jeffrey J. Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Yabin Tu
- Heilongjiang Research Center for Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Technology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (M.W.)
| | - Xuehui Cai
- Heilongjiang Research Center for Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Technology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (M.W.)
| | - Gang Wang
- Heilongjiang Research Center for Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Technology, State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (M.W.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271002, China
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Maity HK, Samanta K, Deb R, Gupta VK. Revisiting Porcine Circovirus Infection: Recent Insights and Its Significance in the Piggery Sector. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1308. [PMID: 37631876 PMCID: PMC10457769 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus (PCV), a member of the Circoviridae family within the genus Circovirus, poses a significant economic risk to the global swine industry. PCV2, which has nine identified genotypes (a-i), has emerged as the predominant genotype worldwide, particularly PCV2d. PCV2 has been commonly found in both domestic pigs and wild boars, and sporadically in non-porcine animals. The virus spreads among swine populations through horizontal and vertical transmission routes. Despite the availability of commercial vaccines for controlling porcine circovirus infections and associated diseases, the continuous genotypic shifts from a to b, and subsequently from b to d, have maintained PCV2 as a significant pathogen with substantial economic implications. This review aims to provide an updated understanding of the biology, genetic variation, distribution, and preventive strategies concerning porcine circoviruses and their associated diseases in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanta Kumar Maity
- Department of Avian Science, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Science, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Kartik Samanta
- Department of Avian Science, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Science, West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajib Deb
- ICAR-National Research Center on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, Assam, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- ICAR-National Research Center on Pig, Rani, Guwahati 781131, Assam, India
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Franzo G, Faustini G, Legnardi M, Berto G, Dal Maso M, Genna V, Menandro ML, Poletto F, Cecchinato M, Drigo M, Tucciarone CM. Wilder than intense: higher frequency, variability, and viral flows of porcine circovirus 3 in wild boars and rural farms compared to intensive ones in northern Italy. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1234393. [PMID: 37583516 PMCID: PMC10425237 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1234393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) was firstly reported in 2017. Although evidence of its pathogenic role has been provided, its clinical relevance seems lower than Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2), as well as its evolutionary rate. Different studies have reported a high PCV-3 prevalence in wild boars, sometimes higher than the one observed in commercial pigs. Nevertheless, to date, few studies have objectively investigated the relationships between these populations when inhabiting the same area. Moreover, the role of small-scale, backyard pig production in PCV-3 epidemiology is still obscure. Methods The present study investigated PCV-3 occurrence in 216 samples collected from the same area of Northern Italy from commercial and rural pigs, and wild boars. PCV-3 presence was tested by qPCR and complete genome or ORF2 sequences were obtained when possible and analysed using a combination of statistical, phylogenetic and phylodynamic approaches. Results A higher infection risk in wild boars and rural pigs compared to the commercial ones was demonstrated. The phylodynamic analysis confirmed a larger viral population size in wild and rural populations and estimated a preferential viral flow from these populations to commercial pigs. A significant flow from wild to rural animals was also proven. The analysis of the Italian sequences and the comparison with a broader international reference dataset highlighted the circulation of a highly divergent clade in Italian rural pigs and wild boars only. Discussion Overall, the present study results demonstrate the role of non-commercial pig populations in PCV-3 maintenance, epidemiology and evolution, which could represent a threat to intensive farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Faustini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Giacomo Berto
- AULSS 8 Berica, Dip di Prevenzione, Servizi Veterinari, Vicenza, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Luisa Menandro
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Poletto
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Michele Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
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Li Y, Yu P, Bao Y, Ren Y, Zhao S, Zhang X. Production of virus-like particles of porcine circovirus 2 in baculovirus expression system and its application for antibody detection. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:87. [PMID: 37468893 PMCID: PMC10355036 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03648-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is one of the pathogens that leads to a growing and persistent threat in pigs. Thus, the development of serological detection methods for PCV-2 is of great necessity for clinical diagnosis as well as epidemiological investigations. This study aimed to establish an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to examine antibodies against PCV-2 based on virus-like particles (VLPs). RESULTS Recombinant PCV-2 Cap protein was expressed in the baculovirus-insect cells system and PCV-2 VLPs were observed over transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The PCV-2 VLPs were shown to have good immunogenicity in mice and stimulated a high level of PCV-2 antibody titers. Using PCV-2 VLPs as coating antigen, the indirect ELISA can detect PCV-2 antibodies in animals with diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 98.33% and 93.33% compared to immunofluorescence assay (IFA), respectively. The intra- and inter-assay coefficient variations (CVs) were < 10% in a batch, and < 15% in different batches, indicating good repeatability. There was no cross-reaction of this ELISA with antibodies against other porcine viruses. A total of 170 serum samples collected from different pig farms in China were tested for PCV-2 antibodies, and 151 (88.8%) samples were PCV-2 antibody positive. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that this ELISA was rapid, specific, and reproducible and can be used for large-scale serological investigations of PCV-2 antibodies in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Li
- Beijing Kemufeng Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, No.25 Xiangrui Street Daxing District, Beijing, 102600, China
| | - Pingping Yu
- Beijing Kemufeng Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, No.25 Xiangrui Street Daxing District, Beijing, 102600, China
| | - Yaxuan Bao
- Beijing Kemufeng Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, No.25 Xiangrui Street Daxing District, Beijing, 102600, China
| | - Yuwen Ren
- Beijing Kemufeng Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, No.25 Xiangrui Street Daxing District, Beijing, 102600, China
| | - Shaowei Zhao
- Beijing Kemufeng Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, No.25 Xiangrui Street Daxing District, Beijing, 102600, China
| | - Xuexian Zhang
- Beijing Kemufeng Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd, No.25 Xiangrui Street Daxing District, Beijing, 102600, China.
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Tan CY, Lee KC, Chiou MT, Lin CN, Ooi PT. Chromogenic in situ hybridization technique for detecting porcine circovirus 3 in lung and lymphoid tissues. Vet World 2023; 16:1444-1450. [PMID: 37621535 PMCID: PMC10446708 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1444-1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) was recently reported in Malaysian commercial pig population in 2020 by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), revealing a molecular prevalence of 17.02% in the sampled domestic pig population. This study aims to describe a chromogenic in situ hybridization (ISH) technique using digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled cloned PCV3 open reading frame 1 (ORF1) fragment DNA to detect and localize the PCV3 antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung, and lymphoid tissue specimens. Materials and Methods Since PCV3 was mainly detected in lung and lymphoid tissues, we obtained tissue specimens from these organs from the previous Malaysian PCV3 study. Digoxigenin-labeled ISH probes were designed to target a 69 bp region of PCV3 ORF1 spanning from the nucleotide positions (282-350). Results Light microscopy analysis revealed that chromogenic staining of PCV3 antigens was visualized within the cytoplasm of pneumocytes and lymphocytes, indicating positive ISH results. The results of molecular detection of PCV3 using PCR and ISH showed a high agreement of 90.91%, including for the negative PCV3 status for all samples. Conclusion This study reports a chromogenic ISH technique using DIG-labeled probes targeting PCV3 ORF1 to detect PCV3 antigens in lung and lymphoid tissues. Despite the limited availability of PCV3 antibodies, ISH remains relevant for investigating PCV3 replication and pathogenesis and can be used complementarily with PCR for evaluating the localization of antigens in infected tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chew Yee Tan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kah Chun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ming-Tang Chiou
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Nan Lin
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Peck Toung Ooi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Park SW, Park IB, Kang SJ, Bae J, Chun T. Interaction between host cell proteins and open reading frames of porcine circovirus type 2. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 65:698-719. [PMID: 37970506 PMCID: PMC10640953 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2023.e67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is caused by a systemic inflammation after porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection. It was one of the most economically important pathogens affecting pig production worldwide before PCV2 vaccine was first introduced in 2006. After the development of a vaccine against PCV2a type, pig farms gradually restored enormous economic losses from PMWS. However, vaccine against PCV2a type could not be fully effective against several different PCV2 genotypes (PCV2b - PCV2h). In addition, PCV2a vaccine itself could generate antigenic drift of PCV2 capsid. Therefore, PCV2 infection still threats pig industry worldwide. PCV2 infection was initially found in local tissues including reproductive, respiratory, and digestive tracks. However, PCV2 infection often leads to a systemic inflammation which can cause severe immunosuppression by depleting peripheral lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissues. Subsequently, a secondary infection with other microorganisms can cause PMWS. Eleven putative open reading frames (ORFs) have been predicted to encode PCV2 genome. Among them, gene products of six ORFs from ORF1 to ORF6 have been identified and characterized to estimate its functional role during PCV2 infection. Acquiring knowledge about the specific interaction between each PCV2 ORF protein and host protein might be a key to develop preventive or therapeutic tools to control PCV2 infection. In this article, we reviewed current understanding of how each ORF of PCV2 manipulates host cell signaling related to immune suppression caused by PCV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Won Park
- Department of Biotechnology, School of
Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
| | - In-Byung Park
- Department of Biotechnology, School of
Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
| | - Seok-Jin Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of
Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
| | - Joonbeom Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, School of
Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
| | - Taehoon Chun
- Department of Biotechnology, School of
Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
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Li HX, Chen XM, Zhao YY, Zhang HL, Zheng LL, Wang LQ, Ma SJ, Chen HY. Simultaneous detection and phylogenetic analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine circovirus 4 in Henan province, China. Arch Virol 2023; 168:161. [PMID: 37179263 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05791-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4) is a recently discovered circovirus that was first reported in 2019 in several pigs in Hunan province of China and has also been identified in pigs infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). To further investigate the coinfection and genetic diversity of these two viruses, 65 clinical samples (including feces and intestinal tissues) were collected from diseased piglets on 19 large-scale pig farms in Henan province of China, and a duplex SYBR Green I-based quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay was developed for detecting PEDV and PCV4 simultaneously. The results showed that the limit of detection was 55.2 copies/μL and 44.1 copies/μL for PEDV and PCV4, respectively. The detection rate for PEDV and PCV4 was 40% (26/65) and 38% (25/65), respectively, and the coinfection rate for the two viruses was 34% (22/65). Subsequently, the full-length spike (S) gene of eight PEDV strains and a portion of the genome containing the capsid (Cap) gene of three PCV4 strains were sequenced and analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all of the PEDV strains from the present study clustered in the G2a subgroup and were closely related to most of the PEDV reference strains from China from 2011 to 2021, but they differed genetically from a vaccine strain (CV777), a Korean strain (virulent DR1), and two Chinese strains (SD-M and LZC). It is noteworthy that two PEDV strains (HEXX-24 and HNXX-24XIA) were identified in one sample, and the HNXX-24XIA strain had a large deletion at amino acids 31-229 of the S protein. Moreover, a recombination event was observed in strain HEXX-24. Phylogenetic analysis based on the amino acid sequence of the PCV4 Cap protein revealed that PCV4 strains were divided into three genotypes: PCV4a1, PCV4a2, and PCV4b. Three strains in the present study belonged to PCV4a1, and they had a high degree of sequence similarity (>98% identity) to other PCV4 reference strains. This study not only provides technical support for field investigation of PEDV and PCV4 coinfection but also provides data for their prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xuan Li
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Meng Chen
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Yi Zhao
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Lei Zhang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan-Lan Zheng
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Qing Wang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Life Science, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou, 450044, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Jie Ma
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Ying Chen
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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Molossi FA, Albuquerque de Almeida B, Santana de Cecco B, Pissetti C, Ventura L, Brandalise L, Simão G, Vanucci F, Negrao Watababe TT, Vaz Jr. IDS, Driemeier D. Porcine circovirus type 3: immunohistochemical detection in lesions of naturally affected piglets. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1174718. [PMID: 37215483 PMCID: PMC10192697 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1174718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) viral load and histopathological findings in perinatal piglet tissues and to develop an immunohistochemical method for detecting the virus in lesions. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) cycle threshold (Ct) when amplifying PCV3 DNA and the area of perivascular inflammatory infiltrates in different organs [central nervous system (CNS), lung, heart, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes] were compared. To develop an immunohistochemistry technique, rabbit sera were produced against PCV3-capsid protein peptides selected using bioinformatic analyses. The assay was initially implemented using a tissue sample previously tested using qPCR and in situ hybridization to optimize the procedure and reagent dilutions. To evaluate immunohistochemistry performance, tissue samples from another 17 cases were analyzed using standardized parameters. The most common microscopic lesion was multisystemic periarteritis, with associated vasculitis, as the mesenteric vascular plexus is one of the most affected organs. Other tissues, such as the heart, lung, CNS, and skeletal muscle, were also affected. Comparison of the Ct values for different tissues showed no significant difference, except in lymphoid organs (spleen and lymph nodes), which had significantly higher viral loads than the CNS tissues. There was no correlation between Ct values and perivascular inflammatory infiltrates. PCV3 immunohistochemistry revealed granular immunolabeling, mainly in the cytoplasm of cells in the vascular mesenteric plexus, heart, lung, kidney, and spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bianca Santana de Cecco
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Caroline Pissetti
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Sanidade Animal (CEDISA), Concórdia, Brazil
| | - Lauren Ventura
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Sanidade Animal (CEDISA), Concórdia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fabio Vanucci
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Tatiane Terumi Negrao Watababe
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz Jr.
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Detection and Complete Genomic Analysis of Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) in Diarrheic Pigs from the Dominican Republic: First Report on PCV3 from the Caribbean Region. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020250. [PMID: 36839522 PMCID: PMC9959359 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing detection of Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3, family Circoviridae) in clinically ill pigs worldwide has raised concerns on the implications of the virus on porcine health and the pork industry. Although pork production constitutes an important component of the livestock economy and is a major source of animal protein in the Caribbean Islands, there are no reports on PCV3 in pigs from the region so far. In the present study, PCV3 was detected in 21% (21/100) of diarrheic pigs (sampled at three farms) from the Caribbean nation of the Dominican Republic (DR). Although the sample size varied between porcine age groups, the highest PCV3 detection rates (35.3% each, respectively) were observed in piglets and growers. Co-infections with PCV2 and porcine adenovirus were observed in 38.09% and 9.52% of the PCV3 positive samples, respectively. The complete genomes of 11 DR PCV3 strains were analyzed in the present study, revealing a unique deletion (corresponding to nucleotide residue at position 1165 of reference PCV3 sequences) in one of the DR PCV3 sequences. Based on sequence identities and phylogenetic analysis (open reading frame 2 and complete genome sequences), the DR PCV3 strains were assigned to genotype PCV3a, and shared high sequence homologies (>98% identities) between themselves and with those of other PCV3a (Clade-1) strains, corroborating previous observations on the genetic stability of PCV3 worldwide. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the detection and molecular characterization of PCV3 in pigs from the Caribbean region, providing important insights into the expanding global distribution of the virus, even in isolated geographical regions (the Island of Hispaniola). Our findings warrant further investigations on the molecular epidemiology and economic implications of PCV3 in pigs with diarrhea and other clinical conditions across the Caribbean region.
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Zhang LH, Wang TX, Fu PF, Zhao YY, Li HX, Wang DM, Ma SJ, Chen HY, Zheng LL. First Molecular Detection and Genetic Analysis of a Novel Porcine Circovirus (Porcine Circovirus 4) in Dogs in the World. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0433322. [PMID: 36728419 PMCID: PMC10100769 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04333-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel circovirus species was identified in farmed pigs and designated porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4); it has recently been proved to be pathogenic to piglets. However, little is known about its cross-species transmission, and there is no evidence of PCV4 in dogs. A total of 217 fecal samples were collected from diarrheal dogs in Henan Province, China, and tested for the presence of PCV4 using a real-time PCR assay. Among the 217 samples, the total positivity rate for PCV4 was 5.99% (13/217 samples), with rates of 7.44% and 4.17% in 2020 and 2021, respectively. PCV4 was detected in dogs in 6 of 10 cities, demonstrating that PCV4 could be detected in dogs in Henan Province, China. One PCV4 strain (HN-Dog) was sequenced in this study and shared high levels of identity (97.9% to 99.6%) with reference strains at the genome level. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome sequences of HN-Dog and 42 reference strains showed that the HN-Dog strain was closely related to 3 PCV4 reference strains (from pig, raccoon dog, and fox) but differed genetically from other viruses in the genus Circovirus. Three genotypes, i.e., PCV4a, PCV4b, and PCV4c, were confirmed by phylogenetic analysis of complete genome sequences of 42 PCV4 strains, and one amino acid variation in Rep protein (V239L) and three amino acid variations in Cap protein (N27S, R28G, and M212L) were considered conserved genotype-specific molecular markers. In conclusion, the present study is the first to report the discovery of the PCV4 genome in dogs, and the association between PCV4 infection and diarrhea warrants further study. IMPORTANCE This study is the first to report the presence of PCV4 in dogs worldwide, and the first complete genome sequence was obtained from a dog affected with diarrhea. Three genotypes of PCV4 strains (PCV4a, PCV4b, and PCV4c) were determined, as supported by specific amino acid markers (V239L for open reading frame 1 [ORF1] and N27S R28G and M212L for ORF2). These findings help us understand the current status of intestinal infections in pet dogs in Henan Province, China, and also prompted us to accelerate research on the pathogenesis, epidemiology, and cross-species transmission of PCV4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Hui Zhang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong-Xuan Wang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Fu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - You-Yi Zhao
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xuan Li
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong-Mei Wang
- Lushan Dabei Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Food Co., Ltd., Lushan, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-Jie Ma
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Ying Chen
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan-Lan Zheng
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, People’s Republic of China
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Histopathological Changes and Inflammatory Response in Specific Pathogen-Free (SPF) with Porcine Circovirus Type 3 Infection. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030530. [PMID: 36766419 PMCID: PMC9913417 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first report of PCV3 virus infection in 2016, it has been linked to multisystemic inflammation, reproductive failure, cardiac pathology, and clinical indications resembling porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS). However, the pathogenesis and clinical significance of PCV3 is still unclear. In this study, a PCV3 infection model was created using SPF pigs, and histopathology and fluorescence quantitative PCR were utilized to examine PCV3's pathogenicity. Reductions in body weight gain and fever were observed during this study. However, other clinical signs such as Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome were not observed through the study. Viremia was detected in the PCV3-inoculated group from 17 days post-inoculation (p.i.) until the end of the study. Nasal shedding was detected from 21 to 35 dpi and fecal shedding was detected during 25-33 days and 39 days, respectively. Gross lesions and histological evaluation were detected in various tissues and organs, including the lung, heart, kidney, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, small intestine, and testis. The heart, lung, liver, kidney, lymph nodes, and spleen showed pathological changes. The pathological features include swelling, inflammation, cell degeneration, necrosis, and hemorrhage. The lesions are consistent with multisystemic inflammation. Tissue viral load results showed only heart, lung, liver, kidney, lymph nodes, and spleen was positive by qRT-PCR. Moreover, the pro-inflammation cytokines in serum increased a lot in the PCV3-inoculated group compared to the control group, demonstrating that the induced inflammation response may be the cause of tissue damage in PCV3-infection. This study demonstrated that PCV3 can produce mild pathological damage to multiple organs, especially multisystemic inflammatory cell infiltration and prolonged viremia, viral shedding in nasal secretions. This is the first in vivo characterization of PCV3 infection in the SPF piglets model using isolated PCV3 strain, and this is also the first time to show the gross and pathological lesion with all tissue and organs in the PCV3-inoculated group. Our findings might serve as a starting point for more investigation into PCV3's pathogenic mechanism.
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Fishman JA. Next-Generation Sequencing for Identifying Unknown Pathogens in Sentinel Immunocompromised Hosts. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:431-432. [PMID: 36596567 PMCID: PMC9881763 DOI: 10.3201/eid2902.221829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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Vaccination Failures in Pigs-The Impact of Chosen Factors on the Immunisation Efficacy. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020230. [PMID: 36851108 PMCID: PMC9964700 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases that often lead to economic losses still pose a severe problem in the pig production sector. Because of increasing restrictions on antibiotic usage, vaccines may become one of the major approaches to controlling infectious diseases; much research has proved that they could be very efficient. Nevertheless, during their life, pigs are exposed to various factors that can interfere with vaccination efficacy. Therefore, in the present paper, we reviewed the influence of chosen factors on the pig immunisation process, such as stress, faecal microbiota, host genetics, the presence of MDAs, infections with immunosuppressive pathogens, and treatment with antibiotics and mycotoxins. Many of them turned out to have an adverse impact on vaccine efficacy.
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42
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Dinh PX, Nguyen HN, Lai DC, Nguyen TT, Nguyen NM, Do DT. Genetic diversity in the capsid protein gene of porcine circovirus type 3 in Vietnam from 2018 to 2019. Arch Virol 2023; 168:30. [PMID: 36598656 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) was first detected in 2016 and has been reported in many pig-producing countries around the world, including Vietnam. PCV3 has been found in complex cases with multiple clinical syndromes in swine. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity of PCV3 strains circulating in Vietnam. A total of 249 samples were collected from swine farms located in eight provinces of Vietnam, and 11.65% (29/249) of these samples were found to contain PCV3. The ORF2 genes from the 29 PCV3-positive samples were amplified, purified, and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 23 of these strains belonged to the PCV3b subtype, while the remaining six strains belonged to subtype c and subtype a (a-1 and a-2). Analysis of the ORF2 genes indicated that the 29 PCV3 strains had high sequence identity (96.90-100% at the genomic level and 96.19-100% at the amino acid level). Fifteen amino acid substitutions were found in predicted B-cell epitopes in the capsid proteins of the Vietnamese PCV3 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phat Xuan Dinh
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Nong Lam University-HCMC, Thu Duc City, Vietnam
| | - Hai Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Infectious Disease and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University-HCMC, Quarter 6, Linh Trung ward, Thu Duc City, Vietnam
| | - Danh Cong Lai
- Department of Infectious Disease and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University-HCMC, Quarter 6, Linh Trung ward, Thu Duc City, Vietnam
| | - Toan Tat Nguyen
- Department of Infectious Disease and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University-HCMC, Quarter 6, Linh Trung ward, Thu Duc City, Vietnam
| | - Nam Minh Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung ward, Thu Duc district, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam. .,Research Center for Genetics and Reproductive Health (CGRH), School of Medicine, National University HCMC, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. .,Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam.
| | - Duy Tien Do
- Department of Infectious Disease and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University-HCMC, Quarter 6, Linh Trung ward, Thu Duc City, Vietnam.
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Xu T, Chen L, Huang BZ, Zhu L, Sun XG, Lai SY, Ai YR, Zhou YC, Xu ZW. The first dog-origin porcine circovirus type 4 complete genomic sequence have high homology with that of pig-derived strains. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1121177. [PMID: 36910182 PMCID: PMC10002969 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1121177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4) was discovered in 2019 and then proved to be pathogenic to piglets. Nevertheless, few studies were currently available about PCV4 infection in species other than pigs and there is no information about the prevalence of PCV4 in dogs. Methods: To fill this gap, 264 dog samples were collected from animal hospitals in the Southwest of China from 2021 to 2022 and screened for PCV4. Moreover, the complete genome of one PCV4 strain (SCABTC-Dog2022) were obtained successfully and shared a high identity (97.9-99.0%) with other PCV4 strains derived from pigs, dairy cows, raccoon dogs and foxes. The SCABTC-Dog2022 were analyzed together with 51 reference sequences. Results and Discussion: The detected results showed a low percentage of PCV-4 DNA (1.14%, 3/264), indicating that PCV4 could be identified in dogs in southwest China. Phylogenetic tree showed that SCABTC-Dog2022 strain derived from dog were clustered in a closed relative and geographically coherent branch with other PCV4 strains collected from four provinces (Sichuan, Fujian, Hunan and Inner Mongolia) of China. To our knowledge, it is the first detection of PCV4 in dogs globally. The association between PCV4 status and clinical syndromes in dogs deserves additional investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing-Zhou Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian-Gang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Si-Yuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Ru Ai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan-Cheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China.,Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Sichuan Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Development of a TaqMan-Probe-Based Multiplex Real-Time PCR for the Simultaneous Detection of Porcine Circovirus 2, 3, and 4 in East China from 2020 to 2022. Vet Sci 2022; 10:vetsci10010029. [PMID: 36669030 PMCID: PMC9860698 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus disease (PCVD) caused by porcine circovirus (PCV) is an important swine disease that is characterized by porcine dermatitis, nephropathy syndrome, and reproductive disorders in sows. However, disease caused by PCV2, PCV3, or PCV4 is hard to distinguish, so a rapid and sensitive detection method is urgently needed to differentiate these three types. In this study, four pairs of specific primers and the corresponding probes for PCV 2, -3, and -4, and porcine endogenous gene β-Actin as the positive internal reference index, were designed to establish a TaqMan multiplex real-time PCR (qPCR) assay for the simultaneous differential diagnosis of different types of viruses. The results showed that this assay has good specificity and no cross-reactivity with other important porcine viral pathogens. Furthermore, it has high sensitivity, with a detection limit of 101 copies/μL, and good reproducibility, with intra- and inter-group coefficients of variation below 2%. Subsequently, 535 clinical samples of suspected sow reproductive disorders collected from Shandong, Zhejiang, Anhui, and Jiangsu provinces from 2020 to 2022 were analyzed using the established assay. The results showed that the individual positive rates of PCV2, PCV3, and PCV4 were 31.03%, 30.09%, and 30.84%, respectively; the mixed infection rates of PCV2 and PCV3, PCV2 and PCV4, and PCV3 and PCV4 were 31.03%, 30.09%, and 30.84%, respectively; the mixed infection rate of PCV2, PCV3, and PCV4 was 28.22%. This indicated that this assay provides a convenient tool for the rapid detection and differentiation of PCV2, PCV3, and PCV4 in pig farms in East China. Our findings highlight that there are different types of porcine circovirus infection in pig farms in East China, which makes pig disease prevention and control difficult.
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Cobos À, Sibila M, Alomar J, Pérez M, Huerta E, Segalés J. Retrospective assessment of porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from pigs affected by different clinical-pathological conditions. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:51. [PMID: 36471405 PMCID: PMC9720923 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00293-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) is a recently discovered pathogen of swine that has been associated with several conditions. However, many questions remain unanswered regarding its infection, especially in terms of pathogenesis and disease impact. The aim of the present study was to retrospectively investigate the presence of PCV-3 genome by real time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH) on selected formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of pigs affected by different clinical conditions and histological lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Conditions investigated included porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), periweaning failure-to-thrive syndrome (PFTS), congenital tremors type AII, reproductive disorders, and pigs affected by systemic periarteritis/arteritis, myocarditis, or encephalitis. Studied cases (n = 587) were investigated from a diagnostic database (n = 4162) that comprised samples collected within the period 1998-2021. From each condition/lesion, 10 to 12 cases were subsequently selected and tested by qPCR and ISH (72 cases total). RESULTS A total of 587 cases fulfilled inclusion criteria of the different studied conditions and were distributed among the seven groups. For the further selected cases, PCV-3 genome was found by qPCR in 12/12 periarteritis, 5/10 reproductive disease, 5/10 PFTS, 3/10 myocarditis, 1/10 encephalitis and 1/10 congenital tremor cases. PCV-3 was not found in any of the PDNS cases assessed. In periarteritis cases, tissues more commonly affected were mesenteric arteries and kidney. Reproductive disease cases associated to PCV-3 genome consistently displayed myocarditis. The lesions and labelling distribution of PFTS cases with presence of PCV-3 genome were comparable to those of the periarteritis group. qPCR and ISH yielded similar results within each studied case and were statistically comparable. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that periarteritis is the hallmark lesion of PCV-3-SD, and that mesenteric lymph node and kidney appeared to be the most reliable organs to confirm the presence of PCV-3 genome in cases with periarteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Àlex Cobos
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Marina Sibila
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Jaume Alomar
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Mónica Pérez
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Eva Huerta
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625IRTA Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain ,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
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Wang Y, Yan S, Ji Y, Yang Y, Rui P, Ma Z, Qiu HJ, Song T. First Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Porcine Circovirus Type 4 in Fur Animals in Hebei, China. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233325. [PMID: 36496846 PMCID: PMC9737481 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel circovirus called porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4) was recently detected in pigs suffering from severe clinical diseases in Hunan province, China. There are few reports on the origin and evolution of PCV4, although some researchers have conducted epidemiological investigations of PCV4 and found that PCV4 is widespread in pigs. Based on the previous study, we detected PCV2 in farmed foxes and raccoon dogs with reproductive failure. To explore whether the PCV4 genome also exists in fur animals, we detected 137 cases admitted from fur animal farms in Hebei China between 2015 and 2020, which were characterized by inappetence, lethargy, depression, abortion, and sterility. The overall infection rate of PCV4 was 23.36% (32/137), including 20.37% (22/108) for raccoon dogs, 18.75% (3/16) for foxes, and 53.85% (7/13) for minks. Finally, five raccoon dog-origin PCV4 strains and one fox-origin PCV4 strain were sequenced in our study, whose nucleotide identities with other representative PCV4 strains varied from 96.5% to 100%. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete genomes of PCV4 strains indicated a close relationship with those of PCV4 strains identified from pigs. To our knowledge, this is the first study to detect PCV4 in fur animals. Interestingly, we also identified PCV4 in a mixed farm (feeding pigs and raccoon dogs at the same time). In summary, our findings extend the understanding of the molecular epidemiology of PCV4 and provide new evidence for its cross-species transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hebei, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Shijie Yan
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hebei, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yuting Ji
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hebei, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yujie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hebei, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Ping Rui
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hebei, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zengjun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hebei, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
- Correspondence: (H.-J.Q.); (T.S.)
| | - Tao Song
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hebei, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
- Correspondence: (H.-J.Q.); (T.S.)
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47
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Yang Y, Xu T, Wen J, Yang L, Lai S, Sun X, Xu Z, Zhu L. Prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and type 3 (PCV3) in the Southwest of China during 2020-2022. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1042792. [PMID: 36504840 PMCID: PMC9731358 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1042792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is considered one of the viruses with substantial economic impact on swine industry in the word. Recently, porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) has been found to be associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)-like disease. And the two viruses were prone to co-infect clinically. Methods To further investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of the two viruses, 257 pig samples from 23 different pig farms in southwest China with suspected PCVAD at different growth stages were analyzed by real-time PCR between 2020 and 2022 to determine the presence of PCV2 and PCV3. Results Results showed high prevalence of PCV2 and PCV3: 26.46% samples were PCV2 positive and 33.46% samples were PCV3 positive. The coinfection rate was doubled from 2020 (5.75%) to 2022 (10.45%). Subsequently, the whole genome sequences of 13 PCV2 and 18 PCV3 strains were obtained in this study. Of these, 1 strain was PCV2a, 5 strains were PCV2b and 7 strains were PCV2d, indicating that PCV2d was the predominant PCV2 genotype prevalent in the Southwest of China. Discussion In addition, the phylogenetic analysis of PCV3 showed high nucleotide homology (>98%) between the sequences obtained in this study and reference sequences. And 3 mutations (A24V, R27K and E128D) were found in PCV3 antibody recognition domains, which might be related to the mechanism of viral immune escape. Thus, this study will enhance our understanding of the molecular epidemiology and evolution of PCV2 and PCV3, which are conducive to the further study of the genotyping, immunogenicity and immune evasion of PCVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianhua Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luyu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,College of Veterinary Medicine Sichuan Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease and Human Health, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,College of Veterinary Medicine Sichuan Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease and Human Health, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Ling Zhu
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48
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Ku X, Zhang C, Li P, Yu X, Sun Q, Xu F, Qian P, He Q. Epidemiological and genetic characteristics of porcine circovirus 3 in 15 provinces and municipalities of China between 2016 and 2020. Virol J 2022; 19:187. [PMID: 36376944 PMCID: PMC9661739 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01893-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is a newly emerging virus and has been found associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome in pigs. Compared with PCV2, research into PCV3 cap gene sequencing is deficient. To investigate the prevalence and genotype distribution of PCV3, we collected 1291 samples from 211 pig farms throughout 15 provinces and municipalities. 312 out of 1291 samples were tested positive by PCR. We further sequenced and analyzed 164 PCR-positive samples. The majority (61.8%) of isolates we sequenced belong to genotype PCV3c. PCV3c is also the dominant genotype in Hubei, Hunan, Hebei province and Chongqing city. We found 3 sites under positive selection and located in predicted epitope peptide, revealing that the pig’s immunity may be a reason those sites are undergoing highly positive selection.
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49
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Xu T, You D, Wu F, Zhu L, Sun XG, Lai SY, Ai YR, Zhou YC, Xu ZW. First molecular detection and genetic analysis of porcine circovirus 4 in the Southwest of China during 2021–2022. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1052533. [PMID: 36406418 PMCID: PMC9668871 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1052533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4) was identified in 2019 as a novel circovirus species and then proved to be pathogenic to piglets. However, there is a lack of its prevalence in the Southwest of China. To investigate whether PCV4 DNA existed in the Southwest of China, 374 samples were collected from diseased pigs during 2021–2022 and detected by a real-time PCR assay. The results showed that the positive rate of PCV4 was 1.34% (5/374) at sample level, and PCV4 was detected in two of 12 cities, demonstrating that PCV4 could be detected in pig farms in the Southwest of China, but its prevalence was low. Furthermore, one PCV4 strain (SC-GA2022ABTC) was sequenced in this study and shared a high identity (98.1–99.7%) with reference strains at the genome level. Combining genetic evolution analysis with amino acid sequence analysis, three genotypes PCV4a, PCV4b, and PCV4c were temporarily identified, and the SC-GA2022ABTC strain belonged to PCV4c with a specific amino acid pattern (239V for Rep protein, 27N, 28R, and 212M for Cap protein). Phylogenetic tree and amino acid alignment showed that PCV4 had an ancient ancestor with mink circovirus. In conclusion, the present study was the first to report the discovery and the evolutionary analysis of the PCV4 genome in pig herds of the Southwest of China and provide insight into the molecular epidemiology of PCV4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong You
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine Sichuan Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease and Human Health, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian-Gang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Si-Yuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Ru Ai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan-Cheng Zhou
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
- Livestock and Poultry Biological Products Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine Sichuan Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemic Disease and Human Health, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi-Wen Xu,
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50
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Zhu J, Xiao Q, Wen L, Yin L, Zhang F, Li T, Banma Z, He K, Suolang S. First detection and complete genome analysis of porcine circovirus-like virus P1 and porcine circovirus-2 in yak in China. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:2553-2561. [PMID: 36049138 PMCID: PMC9677406 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus-like virus P1, like porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), is a potential pathogen of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in swine. Yaks are a valuable species and an iconic symbol of the Tibet Plateau which is the highest and largest plateau in the world. In this study, a total of 105 yak diarrheal samples, collected from 13 farms in Linzhi in the Tibet Plateau from January 2019 to December 2021, that were screened for P1 and PCV2 by polymerase chain reaction, 10.48% (n = 11) were positive for P1, 4.76% (n = 5) for PCV2, and 5.71% (n = 6) were positive for coinfection of P1 and PCV2. In addition, the whole genomes of eight P1 strains and eight PCV2 strains were sequenced. Alignment of deduced amino acid sequences of P1 ORF1 and PCV2 ORF2 gene revealed that ON012566 had one unique amino acid mutation at residues 137 (T to P). This mutation has important implication for the study of virus virulence, tissue tropism, and immune response. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the yak-origin P1 strains in this study with cattle-origin P1 reference strains were grouped into one cluster. The yak-origin PCV2 (ON012566) and a buffalo-origin PCV2 (KM116514) reference strain clustered in the same branch in the PCV2b regions. Meanwhile, the remaining PCV2 strains and buffalo-origin PCV2 reference strain (ON012565) clustered in the PCV2d regions. To summarize, to our knowledge, this is the first report on the molecular prevalence and genome characteristics of P1 and PCV2 in yaks in the world and will contribute to further study of the molecular epidemiology, source, and evolution of P1 and PCV2 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaping Zhu
- Institute of Veterinary MedicineJiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and TechnologyMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsNanjingChina
- College of Animal ScienceTibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibet Plateau Animal Epidemic Disease ResearchLinZhiChina
| | - Qi Xiao
- Institute of Veterinary MedicineJiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and TechnologyMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety—State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and TechnologyNanjingChina
| | - Libin Wen
- Institute of Veterinary MedicineJiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and TechnologyMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety—State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and TechnologyNanjingChina
| | - Lihong Yin
- Institute of Veterinary MedicineJiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and TechnologyMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsNanjingChina
- College of Animal ScienceTibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibet Plateau Animal Epidemic Disease ResearchLinZhiChina
| | - Fengxi Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary MedicineJiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and TechnologyMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsNanjingChina
- College of Animal ScienceTibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibet Plateau Animal Epidemic Disease ResearchLinZhiChina
| | - Tianjiao Li
- College of Animal ScienceTibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibet Plateau Animal Epidemic Disease ResearchLinZhiChina
| | - Zelang Banma
- College of Animal ScienceTibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibet Plateau Animal Epidemic Disease ResearchLinZhiChina
| | - Kongwang He
- Institute of Veterinary MedicineJiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and TechnologyMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsNanjingChina
- Jiangsu Co‐innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety—State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and TechnologyNanjingChina
| | - Sizhu Suolang
- College of Animal ScienceTibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibet Plateau Animal Epidemic Disease ResearchLinZhiChina
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