1
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Shin OS, Monticelli SR, Hjorth CK, Hornet V, Doyle M, Abelson D, Kuehne AI, Wang A, Bakken RR, Mishra AK, Middlecamp M, Champney E, Stuart L, Maurer DP, Li J, Berrigan J, Barajas J, Balinandi S, Lutwama JJ, Lobel L, Zeitlin L, Walker LM, Dye JM, Chandran K, Herbert AS, Pauli NT, McLellan JS. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever survivors elicit protective non-neutralizing antibodies that target 11 overlapping regions on glycoprotein GP38. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114502. [PMID: 39002130 PMCID: PMC11346345 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus can cause lethal disease in humans yet there are no approved medical countermeasures. Viral glycoprotein GP38, exclusive to Nairoviridae, is a target of protective antibodies and is a key antigen in preclinical vaccine candidates. Here, we isolate 188 GP38-specific antibodies from human survivors of infection. Competition experiments show that these antibodies bind across 5 distinct antigenic sites, encompassing 11 overlapping regions. Additionally, we show structures of GP38 bound with 9 of these antibodies targeting different antigenic sites. Although these GP38-specific antibodies are non-neutralizing, several display protective efficacy equal to or better than murine antibody 13G8 in two highly stringent rodent models of infection. Together, these data expand our understanding regarding this important viral protein and may inform the development of broadly effective CCHFV antibody therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie R Monticelli
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98042, USA
| | - Christy K Hjorth
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | | | - Dafna Abelson
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ana I Kuehne
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Albert Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Russell R Bakken
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Akaash K Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | | | - Lauran Stuart
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | - Jacob Berrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | | | | | - Leslie Lobel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - John M Dye
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | | | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Wang J, Shah T, Zhou J, Long X, Wang Y, Chen J, Shi M, Shah Z, Wang B, Xia X. Identification, Characterization, and Homology Analysis of a Novel Strain of the Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus from Yunnan, China. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1466. [PMID: 39065234 PMCID: PMC11278756 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Wildlife serve as potential microbial reservoirs, accounting for approximately 70% of emerging infectious diseases. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), which causes Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in humans, is a highly pathogenic tick-borne virus prevalent in several parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe with high case fatality rates. Several CCHFV cases have been reported in Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Southern and Eastern Europe. The disease is endemic in several parts of western China, particularly Xinjiang. Ticks of the genus Hyalomma have been identified as a principal vector and reservoir for CCHFV, although other tick species may also have a crucial role in maintaining CCHFV in endemic regions. On infection, CCHF begins as a nonspecific febrile illness that can progress to severe hemorrhagic manifestations with a higher case fatality due to the unavailability of vaccines or other therapeutic agents. In this study, we collected tissue samples from a wild dead Chinese serow (Capricornis milneedwardsii) and three Naemorhedus griseuses from Deqin County, Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan, China, to investigate for contagious viruses that could be transmitted to humans. We identified a novel CCHFV strain, YNDQL-415G, in the liver tissue of a dead C. milneedwardsii. We performed nucleotide and amino acid sequence homology on the full-length viral genome. The results revealed significant homology between the viral S segment to that of the Africa1 strain, while the M and L segments showed similarity with the Asia CCHFV strain, indicating potential gene reassortment in the YNDQL-415G strain. The genetic characterization of a novel CCHFV strain from a dead C. milneedwardsii raises concerns about the possibility of a new zoonotic infection. A regular survey program is recommended to track the distribution of wild animals as well as the viruses they may transmit to humans and other domestic mammals in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China (T.S.)
| | - Taif Shah
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China (T.S.)
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Chenggong, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jiuxuan Zhou
- Research Institute of Forest Protection, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xinhua Long
- Research Institute of Forest Protection, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Research Institute of Forest Protection, Yunnan Academy of Forestry and Grassland, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Yunnan Province Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve Management Bureau, Shangri-La 674400, China
| | - Mingfei Shi
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China (T.S.)
| | - Zahir Shah
- College of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan;
| | - Binghui Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China (T.S.)
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China (T.S.)
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
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3
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Shin OS, Monticelli SR, Hjorth CK, Hornet V, Doyle M, Abelson D, Kuehne AI, Wang A, Bakken RR, Mishra A, Middlecamp M, Champney E, Stuart L, Maurer DP, Li J, Berrigan J, Barajas J, Balinandi S, Lutwama JJ, Lobel L, Zeitlin L, Walker LM, Dye JM, Chandran K, Herbert AS, Pauli NT, McLellan JS. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Survivors Elicit Protective Non-Neutralizing Antibodies that Target 11 Overlapping Regions on Viral Glycoprotein GP38. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.02.583110. [PMID: 38496658 PMCID: PMC10942344 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.02.583110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus can cause lethal disease in humans yet there are no approved medical countermeasures. Viral glycoprotein GP38, unique to Nairoviridae, is a target of protective antibodies, but extensive mapping of the human antibody response to GP38 has not been previously performed. Here, we isolated 188 GP38-specific antibodies from human survivors of infection. Competition experiments showed that these antibodies bind across five distinct antigenic sites, encompassing eleven overlapping regions. Additionally, we reveal structures of GP38 bound with nine of these antibodies targeting different antigenic sites. Although GP38-specific antibodies were non-neutralizing, several antibodies were found to have protection equal to or better than murine antibody 13G8 in two highly stringent rodent models of infection. Together, these data expand our understanding regarding this important viral protein and inform the development of broadly effective CCHFV antibody therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie R. Monticelli
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
- Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98042, USA
| | - Christy K. Hjorth
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | | | - Dafna Abelson
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Ana I. Kuehne
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Albert Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Russell R. Bakken
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Akaash Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | | | | | - Lauran Stuart
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | - Jacob Berrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | | | | | - Leslie Lobel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - John M. Dye
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Andrew S. Herbert
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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D'Addiego J, Wand N, Afrough B, Fletcher T, Kurosaki Y, Leblebicioglu H, Hewson R. Recovery of complete genome sequences of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) directly from clinical samples: A comparative study between targeted enrichment and metagenomic approaches. J Virol Methods 2024; 323:114833. [PMID: 37879367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most prevalent human tick-borne viral disease, endemic to the Balkans, Africa, Middle East and Asia. There are currently no licensed vaccines or effective antivirals against CCHF. CCHF virus (CCHFV) has a negative sense segmented tripartite RNA genome consisting of the small (S), medium (M) and large (L) segments. Depending on the segment utilised for genetic affiliation, there are up to 7 circulating lineages of CCHFV. The current lack of geographical representation of CCHFV sequences in various repositories highlights a requirement for increased CCHFV sequencing capabilities in endemic regions. We have optimised and established a multiplex PCR tiling methodology for the targeted enrichment of complete genomes of Europe 1 CCHFV lineage directly from clinical samples and compared its performance to a non-targeted enrichment approach on both short-read and long-read sequencing platforms. We have found a statistically significant increase in mapped viral sequencing reads produced with our targeted enrichment approach. This has allowed us to recover near complete S segment sequences and above 90% of the M and L segment sequences for samples with Ct values as high as 31.3. This study demonstrates the superiority of a targeted enrichment approach for recovery of CCHFV genomic sequences from samples with low virus titre. CCHFV is an important vector-borne human pathogen with wide geographical distribution. The validated methodology reported here adds value to front-line public health laboratories employing genomic sequencing for CCHFV Europe 1 lineage surveillance, particularly in the Balkan and Middle Eastern territories currently monitoring the spread of the pathogen. Tracking the genomic evolution of the virus across regions improves risk assessment and directly informs the development of diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake D'Addiego
- UK Health Security Agency, Science Group, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Nadina Wand
- UK Health Security Agency, Science Group, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Babak Afrough
- UK Health Security Agency, Science Group, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Fletcher
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Yohei Kurosaki
- National Research Centre for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University, Japan
| | | | - Roger Hewson
- UK Health Security Agency, Science Group, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; National Research Centre for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University, Japan
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5
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Omoga DCA, Tchouassi DP, Venter M, Ogola EO, Osalla J, Kopp A, Slothouwer I, Torto B, Junglen S, Sang R. Transmission Dynamics of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV): Evidence of Circulation in Humans, Livestock, and Rodents in Diverse Ecologies in Kenya. Viruses 2023; 15:1891. [PMID: 37766297 PMCID: PMC10535211 DOI: 10.3390/v15091891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is the causative agent of CCHF, a fatal viral haemorrhagic fever disease in humans. The maintenance of CCHFV in the ecosystem remains poorly understood. Certain tick species are considered as vectors and reservoirs of the virus. Diverse animals are suspected as amplifiers, with only scarce knowledge regarding rodents in virus epidemiology. In this study, serum samples from febrile patients, asymptomatic livestock (cattle, donkeys, sheep, and goats), and peridomestic rodents from Baringo (Marigat) and Kajiado (Nguruman) counties within the Kenyan Rift Valley were screened for acute CCHFV infection by RT-PCR and for CCHFV exposure by ELISA. RT-PCR was performed on all livestock samples in pools (5-7/pool by species and site) and in humans and rodents individually. CCHFV seropositivity was significantly higher in livestock (11.9%, 113/951) compared to rodents (6.5%, 6/93) and humans (5.9%, 29/493) (p = 0.001). Among the livestock, seropositivity was the highest in donkeys (31.4%, 16/51), followed by cattle (14.1%, 44/310), sheep (9.8%, 29/295) and goats (8.1%, 24/295). The presence of IgM antibodies against CCHFV was found in febrile patients suggesting acute or recent infection. CCHFV RNA was detected in four pooled sera samples from sheep (1.4%, 4/280) and four rodent tissues (0.83%, 4/480) showing up to 99% pairwise nucleotide identities among each other. Phylogenetic analyses of partial S segment sequences generated from these samples revealed a close relationship of 96-98% nucleotide identity to strains in the CCHFV Africa 3 lineage. The findings of this study suggest active unnoticed circulation of CCHFV in the study area and the involvement of livestock, rodents, and humans in the circulation of CCHFV in Kenya. The detection of CCHF viral RNA and antibodies against CCHFV in rodents suggests that they may participate in the viral transmission cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorcus C. A. Omoga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (D.C.A.O.); (D.P.T.); (E.O.O.); (J.O.); (B.T.)
- Zoonotic Arbo and Respiratory Virus Research Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X 323, Gezina 0031, South Africa;
| | - David P. Tchouassi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (D.C.A.O.); (D.P.T.); (E.O.O.); (J.O.); (B.T.)
| | - Marietjie Venter
- Zoonotic Arbo and Respiratory Virus Research Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X 323, Gezina 0031, South Africa;
| | - Edwin O. Ogola
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (D.C.A.O.); (D.P.T.); (E.O.O.); (J.O.); (B.T.)
| | - Josephine Osalla
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (D.C.A.O.); (D.P.T.); (E.O.O.); (J.O.); (B.T.)
| | - Anne Kopp
- Institute of Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.K.); (I.S.)
| | - Inga Slothouwer
- Institute of Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.K.); (I.S.)
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (D.C.A.O.); (D.P.T.); (E.O.O.); (J.O.); (B.T.)
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.K.); (I.S.)
| | - Rosemary Sang
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (D.C.A.O.); (D.P.T.); (E.O.O.); (J.O.); (B.T.)
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Ergunay K, Dincer E, Justi SA, Bourke BP, Nelson SP, Liao HM, Timurkan MO, Oguz B, Sahindokuyucu I, Gokcecik OF, Reinbold-Wasson DD, Jiang L, Achee NL, Grieco JP, Linton YM. Impact of nanopore-based metagenome sequencing on tick-borne virus detection. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1177651. [PMID: 37323891 PMCID: PMC10267750 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1177651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We evaluated metagenomic nanopore sequencing (NS) in field-collected ticks and compared findings from amplification-based assays. Methods Forty tick pools collected in Anatolia, Turkey and screened by broad-range or nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) and Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) were subjected to NS using a standard, cDNA-based metagenome approach. Results Eleven viruses from seven genera/species were identified. Miviruses Bole tick virus 3 and Xinjiang mivirus 1 were detected in 82.5 and 2.5% of the pools, respectively. Tick phleboviruses were present in 60% of the pools, with four distinct viral variants. JMTV was identified in 60% of the pools, where only 22.5% were PCR-positive. CCHFV sequences characterized as Aigai virus were detected in 50%, where only 15% were detected by PCR. NS produced a statistically significant increase in detection of these viruses. No correlation of total virus, specific virus, or targeted segment read counts was observed between PCR-positive and PCR-negative samples. NS further enabled the initial description of Quaranjavirus sequences in ticks, where human and avian pathogenicity of particular isolates had been previously documented. Discussion NS was observed to surpass broad-range and nested amplification in detection and to generate sufficient genome-wide data for investigating virus diversity. It can be employed for monitoring pathogens in tick vectors or human/animal clinical samples in hot-spot regions for examining zoonotic spillover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koray Ergunay
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, United States
- One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution–National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Ender Dincer
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Silvia A. Justi
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, United States
- One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution–National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington, DC, United States
| | - Brian P. Bourke
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, United States
- One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution–National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington, DC, United States
| | - Suppaluck P. Nelson
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, United States
- One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution–National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington, DC, United States
| | - Hsiao-Mei Liao
- Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC), Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mehmet Ozkan Timurkan
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Yakutiye, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Bekir Oguz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Türkiye
| | - Ismail Sahindokuyucu
- Bornova Veterinary Control Institute, Veterinary Control Institute Directorates, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Omer Faruk Gokcecik
- Bornova Veterinary Control Institute, Veterinary Control Institute Directorates, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Izmir, Türkiye
| | | | - Le Jiang
- Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC), Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nicole L. Achee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - John P. Grieco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Yvonne-Marie Linton
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, United States
- One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution–National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington, DC, United States
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7
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Mutational analysis of catalytic site domain of CCHFV L RNA segment. J Mol Model 2023; 29:88. [PMID: 36877258 PMCID: PMC9987378 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) has tripartite RNA genome and is endemic in various countries of Asia, Africa and Europe. METHOD The present study is focused on mutation profiling of CCHFV L segment and phylogenetic clustering of protein dataset into six CCHFV genotypes. RESULTS Phylogenetic tree rooted with NCBI reference sequence (YP_325663.1) indicated less divergence from genotype III and the sequences belonging to same genotypes have shown less divergence among each other. Mutation frequency at 729 mutated positions was calculated and 563, 49, 33, 46 and 38 amino acid positions were found to be mutated at mutation frequency intervals of 0-0.2, 0.21-0.4, 0.41-0.6, 0.61-0.8 and 0.81-1.0 respectively. Thirty-eight highly frequent mutations (0.81-1.0 interval) were found in all genotypes and mapping in L segment (encoded for RdRp) revealed four mutations (V2074I, I2134T/A, V2148A and Q2695H/R) in catalytic site domain and no mutation in OTU domain. Molecular dynamic simulation and in silico analysis showed that catalytic site domain displayed large deviation and fluctuation upon introduction of these point mutations. CONCLUSION Overall study provides strong evidence that OTU domain is highly conserved and less prone to mutation whereas point mutations recorded in catalytic domain have affected the stability of protein and were found to be persistent in the large population.
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Mhamadi M, Badji A, Dieng I, Gaye A, Ndiaye EH, Ndiaye M, Mhamadi M, Toure CT, Barry A, Ndiaye O, Faye B, Ba FA, Diop B, Ndiaye M, Sagne SN, Fall G, Loucoubar C, Bovendo HF, Sall AA, Kobinger G, Faye O, Diallo M, Faye O. Multiple genotypes of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus detected in ticks during a one health survey in Agnam, Northeastern Senegal. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:2711-2714. [PMID: 36268900 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2136537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) survey in Agnam (North Senegal) permits the detection of 3 isolates in ticks. These isolates belong genetically to multiple genotypes (I, II, III) and clustered with strains from Uganda, Sudan, Mauritania and Senegal. The role of ticks in CCHF emergence and widespread is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moufid Mhamadi
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, virology department, Senegal.,Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, parasitology department, Senegal
| | - Aminata Badji
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, medical zoology department, Senegal
| | - Idrissa Dieng
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, virology department, Senegal
| | - Alioune Gaye
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, medical zoology department, Senegal
| | - El Hadji Ndiaye
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, medical zoology department, Senegal
| | | | | | | | - Aliou Barry
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science department, Senegal
| | - Oumar Ndiaye
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, virology department, Senegal.,Institut Pasteur de Dakar, DIATROPIX, Senegal
| | - Babacar Faye
- Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, parasitology department, Senegal
| | - Fatimata Amadou Ba
- Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Pathology Service, Department of Public Health and Environment, EISMV of Dakar, Senegal
| | - Boly Diop
- Ministry of Health and Social Action
| | | | - Samba Niang Sagne
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science department, Senegal
| | - Gamou Fall
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, virology department, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Loucoubar
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science department, Senegal
| | | | | | - Gary Kobinger
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, virology department, Senegal
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, medical zoology department, Senegal
| | - Oumar Faye
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, virology department, Senegal
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9
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Papa (Άννα Παπά) A, Marklewitz M, Paraskevopoulou (Σοφία Παρασκευοπούλου) S, Garrison AR, Alkhovsky (Альховский Сергей Владимирович) SV, Avšič-Županc T, Bente DA, Bergeron É, Burt F, Di Paola N, Ergünay K, Hewson R, Mirazimi A, Sall AA, Spengler JR, Postler TS, Palacios G, Kuhn JH. History and classification of Aigai virus (formerly Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus genotype VI). J Gen Virol 2022; 103:001734. [PMID: 35412967 PMCID: PMC10026732 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is the medically most important member of the rapidly expanding bunyaviral family Nairoviridae. Traditionally, CCHFV isolates have been assigned to six distinct genotypes. Here, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Nairoviridae Study Group outlines the reasons for the recent decision to re-classify genogroup VI (aka Europe-2 or AP-92-like) as a distinct virus, Aigai virus (AIGV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Papa (Άννα Παπά)
- National Reference Centre for Arboviruses and Haemorrhagic Fever Viruses (Εθνικό Κέντρο Αναφοράς Αρμποϊών και Αιμορραγικών πυρετών, 1st Laboratory of Microbiology (Α' Εργαστήριο Μικροβιολογίας), School of Medicine (Τμήμα Ιατρικής), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης), Thessaloniki, Greece
- The members of the 2017–2020 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Nairoviridae Study Group
| | - Marco Marklewitz
- Institute of Virology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sofia Paraskevopoulou (Σοφία Παρασκευοπούλου)
- Institute of Virology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aura R. Garrison
- The members of the 2017–2020 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Nairoviridae Study Group
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- The members of the 2020–2023 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Nairoviridae Study Groups
| | - Sergey V. Alkhovsky (Альховский Сергей Владимирович)
- The members of the 2017–2020 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Nairoviridae Study Group
- D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of the N. F. Gamaleya National Center on Epidemiology and Microbiology of Ministry of Health of Russian Federation (Институт вирусологии им. Д. И. Ивановского, входящий в состав ФГБУ «НИЦЭМ им. Н. Ф. Гамалеи» Минздрава России), Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatjana Avšič-Županc
- The members of the 2017–2020 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Nairoviridae Study Group
- The members of the 2020–2023 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Nairoviridae Study Groups
- University of Ljubljana (Univerza v Ljubljani), Faculty of Medicine (Medicinska fakulteta), Slovenia
| | - Dennis A. Bente
- The members of the 2017–2020 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Nairoviridae Study Group
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Éric Bergeron
- The members of the 2017–2020 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Nairoviridae Study Group
- The members of the 2020–2023 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Nairoviridae Study Groups
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Felicity Burt
- The members of the 2017–2020 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Nairoviridae Study Group
- The members of the 2020–2023 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Nairoviridae Study Groups
- Division of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service and Division of Virology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Nicholas Di Paola
- The members of the 2017–2020 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Nairoviridae Study Group
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- The members of the 2020–2023 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Nairoviridae Study Groups
| | - Koray Ergünay
- The members of the 2017–2020 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Nairoviridae Study Group
- The members of the 2020–2023 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Nairoviridae Study Groups
- Virology Unit (Viroloji Birimi), Department of Medical Microbiology (Tıbbi Mikrobiyoloji Anabilim Dalı), Faulty of Medicine (Tıp Fakültesi), Hacettepe University (Hacettepe Üniversitesi), Ankara, Turkey
| | - Roger Hewson
- The members of the 2017–2020 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Nairoviridae Study Group
- The members of the 2020–2023 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Nairoviridae Study Groups
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, Salisbury, UK
| | - Ali Mirazimi
- The members of the 2017–2020 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Nairoviridae Study Group
- The members of the 2020–2023 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Nairoviridae Study Groups
- Folkhalsomyndigheten, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amadou Alpha Sall
- The members of the 2017–2020 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Nairoviridae Study Group
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Jessica R. Spengler
- The members of the 2017–2020 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Nairoviridae Study Group
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Thomas S. Postler
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- The members of the 2017–2020 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Nairoviridae Study Group
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- The members of the 2020–2023 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Nairoviridae Study Groups
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- The members of the 2017–2020 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Nairoviridae Study Group
- The members of the 2020–2023 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Nairoviridae Study Groups
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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10
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Dinçer E, Timurkan MÖ, Oğuz B, Şahindokuyucu İ, Şahan A, Ekinci M, Polat C, Ergünay K. Several Tick-Borne Pathogenic Viruses in Circulation in Anatolia, Turkey. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2022; 22:148-158. [PMID: 35133905 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: We screened host-collected ticks for tick-borne viruses, including those recently documented as human pathogens. Methods: During 2020-2021, ticks removed form cattle, sheep, dogs, and cats in 11 provinces in 5 geographically distinct regions of Anatolia were identified, pooled, and screened using pan-nairovirus, pan-flavivirus and individual assays for Jingmen tick virus (JMTV), and Tacheng tick virus 1 and 2 (TcTV-1 and TcTV-2). Results: A total of 901 tick specimens, comprising 6 species were included. Rhipicephalus sanguineus complex was the most abundant species (44.1%), followed by Rhipicephalus bursa (38.3%), Haemaphysalis parva (7.2%), and others. The specimens were screened in 158 pools with 12 pools (7.6%) being positive. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) lineage Europe 2 (genotype VI) sequences were detected in R. bursa in five (3.2%) of the pools, with similar prevalences in central and Mediterranean Anatolian provinces. JMTV was identified in four R. bursa and one Rhipicephalus turanicus pools, collected from Mediterranean and southeastern Anatolia, with a CCHFV and JMTV coinfected R. bursa pool. The JMTV segment 1 sequences formed a separate cluster with those from Turkey and the Balkan peninsula in the maximum likelihood analysis. TcTV-2 was detected in two Dermacentor marginatus specimens (1.3%) collected in central Anatolia, with nucleocapsid sequences forming a phylogenetically segregated group among viruses from humans and ticks from China and Kazakhstan. Discussion: CCHFV Europe 2 was initially documented in ticks from central Anatolian locations, where related orthonairoviruses had been previously recorded. Ongoing activity and a wider distribution of JMTV and TcTV-2 were observed. These viruses should be screened as potential etiological agents in human infections associated with tick bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ender Dinçer
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Özkan Timurkan
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Bekir Oğuz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - İsmail Şahindokuyucu
- Bornova Veterinary Control Institute, Veterinary Control Institute Directorates, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Adem Şahan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ekinci
- Department of Animal Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ceylan Polat
- Virology Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Koray Ergünay
- Virology Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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11
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Obanda V, Agwanda B, Blanco-Penedo I, Mwangi IA, King'ori E, Omondi GP, Ahlm C, Evander M, Lwande OW. Livestock Presence Influences the Seroprevalence of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus on Sympatric Wildlife in Kenya. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:809-816. [PMID: 34559011 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is an emerging tick-borne zoonotic viral disease with the potential of causing public health emergencies. However, less is known about the role of wildlife and livestock in spreading the virus. Therefore, we aimed to assess how the interactions between African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and cattle may influence the seroprevalence of CCHF across livestock-wildlife management systems in Kenya. The study included archived sera samples from buffalo and cattle from wildlife only habitats (Lake Nakuru National Park and Solio conservancy), open wildlife-livestock integrated habitats (Maasai Mara ecosystem and Meru National Park), and closed wildlife-livestock habitats (Ol Pejeta Conservancy) in Kenya. We analyzed 191 buffalo and 139 cattle sera using IDvet multispecies, double-antigen IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The seroprevalence toward Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) was significantly higher for buffalo compared to cattle (75.3% and 28.1%, respectively, p < 0.001). We obtained the highest seroprevalence among buffalo of 92.1% in closed wildlife only systems compared to 28.8% and 46.1% prevalence in closed-integrated and open-integrated systems, respectively. The regression coefficients were all negative for cattle compared to buffalo in both closed-integrated and open-integrated compared to wildlife only system. Our results show that CCHFV circulates among the diverse animal community in Kenya in spatially disconnected foci. The habitat overlap between cattle and buffalo makes cattle a "bridge species" or superspreader host for CCHFV and increases transmission risks to humans. The effect of animal management system on prevalence is depended on tick control on the cattle and not the animal per se. We conclude that buffalo, a host with a longer life span than livestock, is a reservoir and may serve as a sentinel population for longitudinal surveillance of CCHFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Obanda
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bernard Agwanda
- Department of Mammalogy, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Isabel Blanco-Penedo
- Unit of Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irene Ann Mwangi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Kenya AIDs Vaccine Initiative Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edward King'ori
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - George P Omondi
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.,Ahadi Veterinary Resource Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Clas Ahlm
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Evander
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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12
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Shahhosseini N, Wong G, Babuadze G, Camp JV, Ergonul O, Kobinger GP, Chinikar S, Nowotny N. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Asia, Africa and Europe. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091907. [PMID: 34576803 PMCID: PMC8471816 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The global spread of ticks and various tick-borne viruses (TBVs) suggests the possibility of new tick-borne diseases emerging. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is an emerging TBV of the Nairoviridae family that causes serious disease that can be fatal in humans. CCHFV endemic foci can be found in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and South-Eastern Europe, and has spread to previously unaffected regions and nations, such as Spain, over the last two decades. In this review, we discuss the current situation of CCHFV in Asia, Africa and Europe based on existing knowledge, and we discuss driving factors in the distribution and transmission of the virus, such as the spread of tick vector species and host reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nariman Shahhosseini
- Centre for Vector-Borne Diseases, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB T1H 6P7, Canada;
| | - Gary Wong
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d’Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (G.W.); (G.P.K.)
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - George Babuadze
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada;
| | - Jeremy V. Camp
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Onder Ergonul
- Koç University, School of Medicine and Koç University Iş Bank Center for Infectious Diseases, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
| | - Gary P. Kobinger
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d’Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (G.W.); (G.P.K.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sadegh Chinikar
- Pasteur Institute of Tehran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (N.N.)
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai 505055, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (N.N.)
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13
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Negredo A, Sánchez-Arroyo R, Díez-Fuertes F, de Ory F, Budiño MA, Vázquez A, Garcinuño Á, Hernández L, la Hoz González CD, Gutiérrez-Arroyo A, Grande C, Sánchez-Seco P. Fatal Case of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Caused by Reassortant Virus, Spain, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1211-1215. [PMID: 33754998 PMCID: PMC8007309 DOI: 10.3201/eid2704.203462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In August 2018, a fatal autochthonous case of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever was confirmed in western Spain. The complete sequence of the viral genome revealed circulation of a new virus because the genotype differs from that of the virus responsible for another case in 2016. Practitioners should be alert to possible new cases.
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14
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Fels JM, Maurer DP, Herbert AS, Wirchnianski AS, Vergnolle O, Cross RW, Abelson DM, Moyer CL, Mishra AK, Aguilan JT, Kuehne AI, Pauli NT, Bakken RR, Nyakatura EK, Hellert J, Quevedo G, Lobel L, Balinandi S, Lutwama JJ, Zeitlin L, Geisbert TW, Rey FA, Sidoli S, McLellan JS, Lai JR, Bornholdt ZA, Dye JM, Walker LM, Chandran K. Protective neutralizing antibodies from human survivors of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Cell 2021; 184:3486-3501.e21. [PMID: 34077751 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a World Health Organization priority pathogen. CCHFV infections cause a highly lethal hemorrhagic fever for which specific treatments and vaccines are urgently needed. Here, we characterize the human immune response to natural CCHFV infection to identify potent neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nAbs) targeting the viral glycoprotein. Competition experiments showed that these nAbs bind six distinct antigenic sites in the Gc subunit. These sites were further delineated through mutagenesis and mapped onto a prefusion model of Gc. Pairwise screening identified combinations of non-competing nAbs that afford synergistic neutralization. Further enhancements in neutralization breadth and potency were attained by physically linking variable domains of synergistic nAb pairs through bispecific antibody (bsAb) engineering. Although multiple nAbs protected mice from lethal CCHFV challenge in pre- or post-exposure prophylactic settings, only a single bsAb, DVD-121-801, afforded therapeutic protection. DVD-121-801 is a promising candidate suitable for clinical development as a CCHFV therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Maximilian Fels
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - Andrew S Herbert
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
| | - Ariel S Wirchnianski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Deparment of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Olivia Vergnolle
- Deparment of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | | | | | - Akaash K Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jennifer T Aguilan
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ana I Kuehne
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Russell R Bakken
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Elisabeth K Nyakatura
- Deparment of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jan Hellert
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France
| | - Gregory Quevedo
- Deparment of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Leslie Lobel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | | | | | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Felix A Rey
- Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75724, France
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Deparment of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jonathan R Lai
- Deparment of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | - John M Dye
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Laura M Walker
- Adimab, LLC, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA; Adagio Therapeutics, Inc., Waltham, MA 02451, USA.
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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15
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Wampande EM, Waiswa P, Allen DJ, Hewson R, Frost SDW, Stubbs SCB. Phylogenetic Characterization of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Detected in African Blue Ticks Feeding on Cattle in a Ugandan Abattoir. Microorganisms 2021; 9:438. [PMID: 33672497 PMCID: PMC7923759 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is the most geographically widespread of the tick-borne viruses. However, African strains of CCHFV are poorly represented in sequence databases. In addition, almost all sequence data collected to date have been obtained from cases of human disease, while information regarding the circulation of the virus in tick and animal reservoirs is severely lacking. Here, we characterize the complete coding region of a novel CCHFV strain, detected in African blue ticks (Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus) feeding on cattle in an abattoir in Kampala, Uganda. These cattle originated from a farm in Mbarara, a major cattle-trading hub for much of Uganda. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the newly sequenced strain belongs to the African genotype II clade, which predominantly contains the sequences of strains isolated from West Africa in the 1950s, and South Africa in the 1980s. Whilst the viral S (nucleoprotein) and L (RNA polymerase) genome segments shared >90% nucleotide similarity with previously reported genotype II strains, the glycoprotein-coding M segment shared only 80% nucleotide similarity with the next most closely related strains, which were derived from ticks in Western India and Northern China. This genome segment also displayed a large number of non-synonymous mutations previously unreported in the genotype II strains. Characterization of this novel strain adds to our limited understanding of the natural diversity of CCHFV circulating in both ticks and in Africa. Such data can be used to inform the design of vaccines and diagnostics, as well as studies exploring the epidemiology and evolution of the virus for the establishment of future CCHFV control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie M. Wampande
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; (E.M.W.); (P.W.)
| | - Peter Waiswa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; (E.M.W.); (P.W.)
| | - David J. Allen
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (D.J.A.); (R.H.)
| | - Roger Hewson
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (D.J.A.); (R.H.)
- Virology and Pathogenesis Group, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Simon D. W. Frost
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK;
- Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, DC 98052, USA
| | - Samuel C. B. Stubbs
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK;
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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16
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Arboviruses in the Astrakhan region of Russia for 2018 season: The development of multiplex PCR assays and analysis of mosquitoes, ticks, and human blood sera. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 88:104711. [PMID: 33421655 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Astrakhan region of Russia is endemic for the number of arboviruses. In this paper, we describe the results of the detection of the list of neglected arboviruses in the Astrakhan region for the 2018 season. For the purpose of the study in-house PCR assays for detection of 18 arboviruses have been developed and validated using arboviruses obtained from Russian State Collection of Viruses. Pools of ticks (n = 463) and mosquitoes (n = 312) as well as 420 samples of human patients sera have been collected and analyzed. Using developed multiplex real-time PCR assays we were able to detect RNA of eight arboviruses (Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Dhori (Batken strain) virus, Batai virus, Tahyna virus, Uukuniemi virus, Inkoo virus, Sindbis virus and West Nile fever virus). All discovered viruses are capable of infecting humans causing fever and in some cases severe forms with hemorrhagic or neurologic symptoms. From PCR-positive samples, we were able to recover one isolate each of Dhori (Batken strain) virus and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus which were further characterized by next-generation sequencing. The genomic sequences of identified Dhori (Batken strain) virus strain represent the most complete genome of Batken virus strain among previously reported.
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17
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Hawman DW, Meade-White K, Leventhal S, Feldmann F, Okumura A, Smith B, Scott D, Feldmann H. Immunocompetent mouse model for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. eLife 2021; 10:63906. [PMID: 33416494 PMCID: PMC7811403 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe tick-borne febrile illness with wide geographic distribution. CCHF is caused by infection with the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) and case fatality rates can be as high as 30%. Despite causing severe disease in humans, our understanding of the host and viral determinants of CCHFV pathogenesis are limited. A major limitation in the investigation of CCHF has been the lack of suitable small animal models. Wild-type mice are resistant to clinical isolates of CCHFV and consequently, mice must be deficient in type I interferon responses to study the more severe aspects of CCHFV. We report here a mouse-adapted variant of CCHFV that recapitulates in adult, immunocompetent mice the severe CCHF observed in humans. This mouse-adapted variant of CCHFV significantly improves our ability to study host and viral determinants of CCHFV-induced disease in a highly tractable mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Hawman
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, United States
| | - Kimberly Meade-White
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, United States
| | - Shanna Leventhal
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, United States
| | - Friederike Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, United States
| | - Atsushi Okumura
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, United States
| | - Brian Smith
- Texas Veterinary Pathology, Spring Branch, United States
| | - Dana Scott
- Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, United States
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, United States
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18
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Chiuya T, Masiga DK, Falzon LC, Bastos ADS, Fèvre EM, Villinger J. Tick-borne pathogens, including Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, at livestock markets and slaughterhouses in western Kenya. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:2429-2445. [PMID: 33142046 PMCID: PMC8359211 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vectors of emerging infectious diseases have expanded their distributional ranges in recent decades due to increased global travel, trade connectivity and climate change. Transboundary range shifts, arising from the continuous movement of humans and livestock across borders, are of particular disease control concern. Several tick-borne diseases are known to circulate between eastern Uganda and the western counties of Kenya, with one fatal case of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) reported in 2000 in western Kenya. Recent reports of CCHF in Uganda have highlighted the risk of cross-border disease translocation and the importance of establishing inter-epidemic, early warning systems to detect possible outbreaks. We therefore carried out surveillance of tick-borne zoonotic pathogens at livestock markets and slaughterhouses in three counties of western Kenya that neighbour Uganda. Ticks and other ectoparasites were collected from livestock and identified using morphological keys. The two most frequently sampled tick species were Rhipicephalus decoloratus (35%) and Amblyomma variegatum (30%); Ctenocephalides felis fleas and Haematopinus suis lice were also present. In total, 486 ticks, lice and fleas were screened for pathogen presence using established molecular workflows incorporating high-resolution melting analysis and identified through sequencing of PCR products. We detected CCHF virus in Rh. decoloratus and Rhipicephalus sp. cattle ticks, and 82 of 96 pools of Am. variegatum were positive for Rickettsia africae. Apicomplexan protozoa and bacteria of veterinary importance, such as Theileria parva, Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma marginale, were primarily detected in rhipicephaline ticks. Our findings show the presence of several pathogens of public health and veterinary importance in ticks from livestock at livestock markets and slaughterhouses in western Kenya. Confirmation of CCHF virus, a Nairovirus that causes haemorrhagic fever with a high case fatality rate in humans, highlights the risk of under-diagnosed zoonotic diseases and calls for continuous surveillance and the development of preventative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatenda Chiuya
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Daniel K Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Laura C Falzon
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK.,International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Armanda D S Bastos
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Eric M Fèvre
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Neston, UK.,International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jandouwe Villinger
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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19
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Dieng I, Barry MA, Diagne MM, Diop B, Ndiaye M, Faye M, Ndione MHD, Dieng MM, Bousso A, Fall G, Loucoubar C, Sall AA, Faye O, Faye O. Detection of Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in North-eastern Senegal, Bokidiawé 2019. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:2485-2487. [PMID: 33161829 PMCID: PMC7717587 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1847605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We diagnosed a human case of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in Bokidiawe (North-eastern Senegal), 2019. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate belongs to genotype III and is closely related to a strain reported in Mauritania in 1984 and Spain in 2016. Distribution area of CCHF in Senegal is progressively increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idrissa Dieng
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | - Boly Diop
- Prevention Department Ministry of Health, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mamadou Ndiaye
- Prevention Department Ministry of Health, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Martin Faye
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | | | - Gamou Fall
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Loucoubar
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Oumar Faye
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
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20
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Moraga-Fernández A, Ruiz-Fons F, Habela MA, Royo-Hernández L, Calero-Bernal R, Gortazar C, de la Fuente J, Fernández de Mera IG. Detection of new Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus genotypes in ticks feeding on deer and wild boar, Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:993-1000. [PMID: 32738065 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is the causative agent of the severe tick-borne, often fatal, zoonotic Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF), which is widely distributed worldwide. The CCHFV transmission to humans occurs through tick bite, crushing of engorged ticks or contact with infected host blood. Previously, CCHFV genotype Africa III was reported in Spain. Given the emergence of CCHF and the role of ticks in pathogen maintenance and transmission, we investigated the presence and genotype identity of the virus in tick species parasitizing abundant wild host species in south-western Spain. A total of 613 adult ticks were collected from hunter-harvested wild ungulates in twenty locations throughout south-western Spain. Ticks were identified, nucleic acids were extracted, RNA was analysed by a nested RT-PCR targeting CCHFV S segment, and the amplicons were sequenced. According to the 212-bp sequence amplified, the presence of CCHFV human genotype Europe V was detected in Hyalomma lusitanicum and Dermacentor marginatus ticks collected from red deer, fallow deer and Eurasian wild boar in different locations from south-western Spain. Genotype Africa IV was also detected in a H. lusitanicum tick collected from a red deer. The detection of CCHFV in different tick species collected from various wild hosts and localities provided strong evidence of widespread CCHFV presence in the region, suggesting that the circulation of the virus in Spain requires more attention. Additionally, the identification of the CCHFV genotype Europe V in ticks suggested that its introduction in Spain was probably from Eastern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Moraga-Fernández
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Fons
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Miguel A Habela
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Lara Royo-Hernández
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Rafael Calero-Bernal
- SALUVET, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Gortazar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
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21
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Cross RW, Prasad AN, Borisevich V, Geisbert JB, Agans KN, Deer DJ, Fenton KA, Geisbert TW. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus strains Hoti and Afghanistan cause viremia and mild clinical disease in cynomolgus monkeys. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008637. [PMID: 32790668 PMCID: PMC7447009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of vaccines and therapies against Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) have been hindered by the lack of immunocompetent animal models. Recently, a lethal nonhuman primate model based on the CCHFV Hoti strain was reported. CCHFV Hoti caused severe disease in cynomolgus monkeys with 75% lethality when given by the intravenous (i.v.) route. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In a series of experiments, eleven cynomologus monkeys were exposed i.v. to CCHFV Hoti and four macaques were exposed i.v. to CCHFV Afghanistan. Despite transient viremia and changes in clinical pathology such as leukopenia and thrombocytopenia developing in all 15 animals, all macaques survived to the study endpoint without developing severe disease. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We were unable to attribute differences in the results of our study versus the previous report to differences in the CCHFV Hoti stock, challenge dose, origin, or age of the macaques. The observed differences are most likely the result of the outbred nature of macaques and low animal numbers often used by necessity and for ethical considerations in BSL-4 studies. Nonetheless, while we were unable to achieve severe disease or lethality, the CCHFV Hoti and Afghanistan macaque models are useful for screening medical countermeasures using biomarkers including viremia and clinical pathology to assess efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Abhishek N. Prasad
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joan B. Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Krystle N. Agans
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Deer
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Karla A. Fenton
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas W. Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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Naidenova EV, Zakharov KS, Kartashov MY, Agafonov DA, Senichkina AM, Magassouba N, Nourdine I, Nassour AA, Bah MB, Kourouma A, Boumbali S, Boiro MY, Scherbakova SA, Kutyrev VV, Dedkov VG. Prevalence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in rural areas of Guinea. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101475. [PMID: 32723661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the results of a comprehensive survey of Guinea with the aim of assessing the burden of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) in rural areas of the country. Human serum samples (n = 2207) were studied using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of specific IgG against CCHFV. In addition, 4273 samples of partially- or fully-engorged ticks from several sources (cattle, domestic and roving dogs, and small mammals) were collected and studied using ELISA and RT-qPCR to detect CCHFV antigen and specific RNA. The data obtained show that 3.0 % of the population in rural Guinea was seropositive, without significant geographical or sexual differences. Seropositive individuals, however, were mainly in the 'active age' group (16-45 years old). Among ticks studied, the estimated prevalence of CCHFV was 1.3 ± 0.4 %. Five out of eight tick species studied were identified as CCHFV carriers in Guinea. Therefore, it can be assumed that the territory of Guinea is a single, continuous, natural focus of CCHFV. This identified medium intensity focus merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Naidenova
- Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute 'Microbe', Federal Service for Monitoring of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being, Saratov, Russian Federation
| | - K S Zakharov
- Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute 'Microbe', Federal Service for Monitoring of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being, Saratov, Russian Federation
| | - M Y Kartashov
- State Scientific Center of Virology and Biotechnology 'Vector', Federal Service for Monitoring of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being, Kol'tsovo, Novosibirsk Region, Russian Federation
| | - D A Agafonov
- Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute 'Microbe', Federal Service for Monitoring of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being, Saratov, Russian Federation
| | - A M Senichkina
- Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute 'Microbe', Federal Service for Monitoring of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being, Saratov, Russian Federation
| | - N'Faly Magassouba
- Laboratorie of Virologic B1568 Gamal Abdel Nasser University of Conakry, Draft Research on hemorrhagic fevers in Guinea, Conakry, Guinea
| | - I Nourdine
- Laboratorie of Virologic B1568 Gamal Abdel Nasser University of Conakry, Draft Research on hemorrhagic fevers in Guinea, Conakry, Guinea
| | - A A Nassour
- Research Institute of Applied Biology of Guinea, Kindia, Guinea
| | - M B Bah
- Research Institute of Applied Biology of Guinea, Kindia, Guinea
| | - A Kourouma
- Research Institute of Applied Biology of Guinea, Kindia, Guinea
| | - S Boumbali
- Research Institute of Applied Biology of Guinea, Kindia, Guinea
| | - M Y Boiro
- Research Institute of Applied Biology of Guinea, Kindia, Guinea
| | - S A Scherbakova
- Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute 'Microbe', Federal Service for Monitoring of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being, Saratov, Russian Federation
| | - V V Kutyrev
- Russian Research Anti-Plague Institute 'Microbe', Federal Service for Monitoring of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being, Saratov, Russian Federation
| | - V G Dedkov
- Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Federal Service for Monitoring of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being, Russian Federation; Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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23
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Investigation of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in ruminant species slaughtered in several endemic provinces in Turkey. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1759-1767. [PMID: 32435856 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A total of 1,337 serum and plasma specimens (939, 393 and 15 from cattle, sheep and goats, respectively) were collected monthly for one a year from ruminant species slaughtered in three Turkish cities endemic for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), Samsun, Sivas and Tokat. The serum samples were tested by commercial indirect ELISA to detect CCHFV antibodies, and positive or equivocal samples were later confirmed by a virus neutralization test (VNT). The seroprevalence in cattle, sheep, and goats was 36.21% (340/939), 6.27% (24/383), and 6.67% (1/15), respectively. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was employed to detect viraemic animals at slaughter time. The percentage of CCHFV-viraemic animals was 0.67% (9/1337). The virus load varied between 4.1 x 101 and 2.4 x 103 RNA equivalent copies/mL in viraemic animals. The plasma samples that were positive for CCHFV genomic RNA were collected between April and May, when Hyalomma ticks are active. This study presents quantitative CCHFV load data in ruminant species at slaughter and interprets the likelihood of transmission for employees working in slaughterhouses in CCHFV-endemic regions.
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24
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Ergünay K, Dinçer E, Kar S, Emanet N, Yalçınkaya D, Polat Dinçer PF, Brinkmann A, Hacıoğlu S, Nitsche A, Özkul A, Linton YM. Multiple orthonairoviruses including Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Tamdy virus and the novel Meram virus in Anatolia. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101448. [PMID: 32723637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We conducted orthonairovirus RNA screening of 7043 tick specimens-representing 16 species-collected from various regions of Anatolia. In 602 pools, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) Europe 1 and 2 lineages were detected in seven pools (1.1 %) comprising Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma scupense, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and Rhipicephalus turanicus ticks. In pools of Hyalomma aegyptium, we detected Tamdy virus (TAMV) and an unclassified nairovirus sequence. Next-generation sequencing revealed complete coding regions of three CCHFV Europe 2 (AP92-like) viruses, TAMV and the novel orthonairovirus, tentatively named herein as Meram virus. We further performed in silico functional analysis of all available CCHFV Europe 2, TAMV, Meram and related virus genomes. The CCHFV Europe 2 viruses possessed several conserved motifs, including those with OTU-like cysteine protease activity. Probable recombinations were identified in L genome segments of CCHFV and TAMV. Through phylogeny reconstruction using individual genome segments, Meram virus emerged as a distinct virus among species within the Orthonairovirus genus. It further exhibited conserved motifs associated with RNA binding, encapsidation, signal peptidase cleavage, post-translational modification, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and OTU-like activities. Bole tick virus 3 was also detected in two pools with CCHFV reactivity. Hereby, we describe a novel tick-associated orthonairovirus, in a CCHFV-endemic region with confirmed TAMV activity. Human and animal health impact of these viruses need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koray Ergünay
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology Unit, Ankara 06100, Turkey.
| | - Ender Dinçer
- Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, İzmir 35890, Turkey
| | - Sırrı Kar
- Namık Kemal University, Department of Biology, Tekirdağ 33110, Turkey; University of Texas Medical Branch, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, GX 77555, USA
| | - Nergis Emanet
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology Unit, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | | | - Pelin Fatoş Polat Dinçer
- Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, İzmir 35890, Turkey
| | - Annika Brinkmann
- Robert Koch Institute, Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens 1 (ZBS-1), 13353, Berlin 13352, Germany
| | - Sabri Hacıoğlu
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Ankara 06110, Turkey
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Robert Koch Institute, Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens 1 (ZBS-1), 13353, Berlin 13352, Germany
| | - Aykut Özkul
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Ankara 06110, Turkey
| | - Yvonne-Marie Linton
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD 20746, USA; Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution - National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560, USA; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
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25
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Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever is the most geographically widespread tick-borne virus, with infection resulting in mortality in up to 30% of cases. Clinical diagnosis alone is difficult due to the nonspecific nature of symptoms; therefore, laboratory diagnostics should be utilized for patients with residence in or travel to regions of endemicity in whom the disease is suspected. This minireview provides an overview of laboratory tests available for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) and their utility in diagnosis with a focus on diagnosing CCHF in humans.
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26
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Kasi KK, Arnim F, Schulz A, Rehman A, Chudhary A, Oneeb M, Sas MA, Jamil T, Maksimov P, Sauter‐Louis C, Conraths FJ, Groschup MH. Crimean‐Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in ticks collected from livestock in Balochistan, Pakistan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1543-1552. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khushal Khan Kasi
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Institute of Epidemiology Greifswald‐Insel Riems Germany
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department Disease Investigation Laboratory Quetta Balochistan Pakistan
| | - Felicitas Arnim
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases Greifswald‐Insel Riems Germany
| | - Ansgar Schulz
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases Greifswald‐Insel Riems Germany
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore Pakistan
| | - Amna Chudhary
- Department of Parasitology University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Oneeb
- Department of Parasitology University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore Pakistan
| | - Miriam Andrada Sas
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases Greifswald‐Insel Riems Germany
| | - Tariq Jamil
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Institute for Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses Jena Germany
| | - Pavlo Maksimov
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Institute of Epidemiology Greifswald‐Insel Riems Germany
| | - Carola Sauter‐Louis
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Institute of Epidemiology Greifswald‐Insel Riems Germany
| | - Franz J. Conraths
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Institute of Epidemiology Greifswald‐Insel Riems Germany
| | - Martin H. Groschup
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases Greifswald‐Insel Riems Germany
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27
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Ergünay K. Revisiting new tick-associated viruses: what comes next? Future Virol 2020. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne viral infections continue to cause diseases with considerable impact on humans, livestock, companion animals and wildlife. Many lack specific therapeutics and vaccines are available for only a few. Tick-borne viruses will continue to emerge, facilitated by anthroponotic factors related to the modern lifestyle. We persistently identify and are obliged to cope with new examples of emerging tick-borne viral diseases and novel viruses today. Many new strains have been detected in vertebrates and arthropods, some causing severe diseases likely to challenge public and veterinary health. This manuscript aims to provide a narrative overview of recently-described tick-associated viruses, with perspectives on changing paradigms in identification, screening and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koray Ergünay
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology Unit, Ankara 06100, Turkey
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28
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Gruber CEM, Bartolini B, Castilletti C, Mirazimi A, Hewson R, Christova I, Avšič T, Grunow R, Papa A, Sánchez-Seco MP, Kopmans M, Ippolito G, Capobianchi MR, Reusken CBEM, Di Caro A. Geographical Variability Affects CCHFV Detection by RT-PCR: A Tool for In-Silico Evaluation of Molecular Assays. Viruses 2019; 11:E953. [PMID: 31623214 PMCID: PMC6833031 DOI: 10.3390/v11100953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is considered to be a major emerging infectious threat, according to the WHO R&D blueprint. A wide range of CCHFV molecular assays have been developed, employing varied primer/probe combinations. The high genetic variability of CCHFV often hampers the efficacy of available molecular tests and can affect their diagnostic potential. Recently, increasing numbers of complete CCHFV genomic sequences have become available, allowing a better appreciation of the genomic evolution of this virus. We summarized the current knowledge on molecular methods and developed a new bioinformatics tool to evaluate the existing assays for CCHFV detection, with a special focus on strains circulating in different geographical areas. Twenty-two molecular methods and 181 sequences of CCHFV were collected, respectively, from PubMed and GenBank databases. Up to 28 mismatches between primers and probes of each assay and CCHFV strains were detected through in-silico PCR analysis. Combinations of up to three molecular methods markedly decreased the number of mismatches within most geographic areas. These results supported the good practice of CCHFV detection of performing more than one assay, aimed for different sequence targets. The choice of the most appropriate tests must take into account patient's travel history and geographic distribution of the different CCHFV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare E M Gruber
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, WHO Collaborating Center for clinical care, diagnosis, response and training on Highly Infectious Diseases, 00149 Rome, Italy.
| | - Barbara Bartolini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, WHO Collaborating Center for clinical care, diagnosis, response and training on Highly Infectious Diseases, 00149 Rome, Italy.
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, WHO Collaborating Center for clinical care, diagnosis, response and training on Highly Infectious Diseases, 00149 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ali Mirazimi
- Public Health agency of Sweden, 17182 Solna, Sweden.
- National veterinary Institute, 75189 Uppsala, Sweden.
- Department of laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Roger Hewson
- Public Health England, National Infection Service WHO Collaborating Centre for Virus Reference and Research (Special Pathogens) Porton Down, Salisbury SP40JG, UK.
| | - Iva Christova
- National Reference Laboratory on Vector-Borne Pathogens, Leptospira and Listeria, Microbiology Department, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 1504 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Tatjana Avšič
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Roland Grunow
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms (ZBS 2), Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anna Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - María P Sánchez-Seco
- National Centre of Microbiology, Institute of Health "Carlos III", Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marion Kopmans
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, WHO Collaborating Centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever reference and research, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, WHO Collaborating Center for clinical care, diagnosis, response and training on Highly Infectious Diseases, 00149 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria R Capobianchi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, WHO Collaborating Center for clinical care, diagnosis, response and training on Highly Infectious Diseases, 00149 Rome, Italy.
| | - Chantal B E M Reusken
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, WHO Collaborating Centre for arbovirus and viral hemorrhagic fever reference and research, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Antonino Di Caro
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, WHO Collaborating Center for clinical care, diagnosis, response and training on Highly Infectious Diseases, 00149 Rome, Italy.
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29
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Voorhees MA, Padilla SL, Jamsransuren D, Koehler JW, Delp KL, Adiyadorj D, Baasandagwa U, Jigjav B, Olschner SP, Minogue TD, Schoepp RJ. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Mongolia, 2013-2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:2202-2209. [PMID: 30457521 PMCID: PMC6256378 DOI: 10.3201/eid2412.180175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2013–2014, we collected 1,926 serum samples from humans and 4,583 ticks (Hyalomma asiaticum or Dermacentor nuttalli) in select regions of Mongolia to determine the risk for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) infection among humans in this country. Testing of human serum samples by ELISA demonstrated an overall CCHFV antibody prevalence of 1.4%; Bayankhongor Province had the highest prevalence, 2.63%. We pooled and analyzed tick specimens by real-time reverse transcription PCR; 1 CCHFV-positive H. asiaticum tick pool from Ömnögovi was identified. In phylogenetic analyses, the virus’s partial small segment clustered with CCHFV isolates from Central Asia, and the complete medium segment grouped with CCHFV isolates from Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. This study confirms CCHFV endemicity in Mongolia and provides information on risk for CCHFV infection. Further research is needed to better define the risk for CCHFV disease to improve risk mitigation, diagnostics, and surveillance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Computational Biology
- Geography, Medical
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/classification
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/genetics
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/isolation & purification
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/epidemiology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/history
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/transmission
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/virology
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Mongolia/epidemiology
- Neutralization Tests
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Viral
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Serologic Tests
- Ticks/virology
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30
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Al-Abri SS, Hewson R, Al-Kindi H, Al-Abaidani I, Al-Jardani A, Al-Maani A, Almahrouqi S, Atkinson B, Al-Wahaibi A, Al-Rawahi B, Bawikar S, Beeching NJ. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Oman. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007100. [PMID: 31022170 PMCID: PMC6504112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a serious disease with a high fatality rate reported in many countries. The first case of CCHF in Oman was detected in 1995 and serosurveys have suggested widespread infection of humans and livestock throughout the country. METHODOLOGY Cases of CCHF reported to the Ministry of Health (MoH) of Oman between 1995 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Diagnosis was confirmed by serology and/or molecular tests in Oman. Stored RNA from recent cases was studied by sequencing the complete open reading frame (ORF) of the viral S segment at Public Health England, enabling phylogenetic comparisons to be made with other S segments of strains obtained from the region. FINDINGS Of 88 cases of CCHF, 4 were sporadic in 1995 and 1996, then none were detected until 2011. From 2011-2017, incidence has steadily increased and 19 (23.8%) of 80 cases clustered around Eid Al Adha. The median (range) age was 33 (15-68) years and 79 (90%) were male. The major risk for infection was contact with animals and/or butchering in 73/88 (83%) and only one case was related to tick bites alone. Severe cases were over-represented: 64 (72.7%) had a platelet count < 50 x 109/L and 32 (36.4%) died. There was no intrafamilial spread or healthcare-associated infection. The viral S segments from 11 patients presenting in 2013 and 2014 were all grouped in Asia 1 (IV) lineage. CONCLUSIONS CCHF is well-established throughout Oman, with a single strain of virus present for at least 20 years. Most patients are men involved in animal husbandry and butchery. The high mortality suggests that there is substantial under-diagnosis of milder cases. Preventive measures have been introduced to reduce risks of transmission to animal handlers and butchers and to maintain safety in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seif S. Al-Abri
- Seif Al-Abri, Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, MoH, Muscat, Oman
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Roger Hewson
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Virus Reference and Research (Special Pathogens), Public Health England – National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Dept Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Institute of Tropical Medicine, Dept Emerging Disease, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hanan Al-Kindi
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, MoH, Muscat, Oman
| | - Idris Al-Abaidani
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, MoH, Muscat, Oman
| | - Amina Al-Jardani
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, MoH, Muscat, Oman
| | - Amal Al-Maani
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, MoH, Muscat, Oman
| | - Samira Almahrouqi
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, MoH, Muscat, Oman
| | - Barry Atkinson
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Virus Reference and Research (Special Pathogens), Public Health England – National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Adil Al-Wahaibi
- Department of Surveillance, Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, MoH, Muscat, Oman
| | - Bader Al-Rawahi
- Department of Communicable Diseases, Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, MoH, Muscat, Oman
| | - Shyam Bawikar
- Department of Surveillance, Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, MoH, Muscat, Oman
| | - Nicholas J. Beeching
- Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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31
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Scotch M, Tahsin T, Weissenbacher D, O'Connor K, Magge A, Vaiente M, Suchard MA, Gonzalez-Hernandez G. Incorporating sampling uncertainty in the geospatial assignment of taxa for virus phylogeography. Virus Evol 2019; 5:vey043. [PMID: 30838129 PMCID: PMC6395475 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vey043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Discrete phylogeography using software such as BEAST considers the sampling location of each taxon as fixed; often to a single location without uncertainty. When studying viruses, this implies that there is no possibility that the location of the infected host for that taxa is somewhere else. Here, we relaxed this strong assumption and allowed for analytic integration of uncertainty for discrete virus phylogeography. We used automatic language processing methods to find and assign uncertainty to alternative potential locations. We considered two influenza case studies: H5N1 in Egypt; H1N1 pdm09 in North America. For each, we implemented scenarios in which 25 per cent of the taxa had different amounts of sampling uncertainty including 10, 30, and 50 per cent uncertainty and varied how it was distributed for each taxon. This includes scenarios that: (i) placed a specific amount of uncertainty on one location while uniformly distributing the remaining amount across all other candidate locations (correspondingly labeled 10, 30, and 50); (ii) assigned the remaining uncertainty to just one other location; thus ‘splitting’ the uncertainty among two locations (i.e. 10/90, 30/70, and 50/50); and (iii) eliminated uncertainty via two predefined heuristic approaches: assignment to a centroid location (CNTR) or the largest population in the country (POP). We compared all scenarios to a reference standard (RS) in which all taxa had known (absolutely certain) locations. From this, we implemented five random selections of 25 per cent of the taxa and used these for specifying uncertainty. We performed posterior analyses for each scenario, including: (a) virus persistence, (b) migration rates, (c) trunk rewards, and (d) the posterior probability of the root state. The scenarios with sampling uncertainty were closer to the RS than CNTR and POP. For H5N1, the absolute error of virus persistence had a median range of 0.005–0.047 for scenarios with sampling uncertainty—(i) and (ii) above—versus a range of 0.063–0.075 for CNTR and POP. Persistence for the pdm09 case study followed a similar trend as did our analyses of migration rates across scenarios (i) and (ii). When considering the posterior probability of the root state, we found all but one of the H5N1 scenarios with sampling uncertainty had agreement with the RS on the origin of the outbreak whereas both CNTR and POP disagreed. Our results suggest that assigning geospatial uncertainty to taxa benefits estimation of virus phylogeography as compared to ad-hoc heuristics. We also found that, in general, there was limited difference in results regardless of how the sampling uncertainty was assigned; uniform distribution or split between two locations did not greatly impact posterior results. This framework is available in BEAST v.1.10. In future work, we will explore viruses beyond influenza. We will also develop a web interface for researchers to use our language processing methods to find and assign uncertainty to alternative potential locations for virus phylogeography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Scotch
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd St., Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, 727 E. Tyler St, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Tasnia Tahsin
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd St., Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Davy Weissenbacher
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karen O'Connor
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arjun Magge
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd St., Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, 727 E. Tyler St, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Matteo Vaiente
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 550 N. 3rd St., Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, 727 E. Tyler St, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Marc A Suchard
- Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 695 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Graciela Gonzalez-Hernandez
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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32
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Mazzola LT, Kelly-Cirino C. Diagnostic tests for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever: a widespread tickborne disease. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001114. [PMID: 30899574 PMCID: PMC6407549 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a widespread tickborne disease that circulates in wild and domestic animal hosts, and causes severe and often fatal haemorrhagic fever in infected humans. Due to the lack of treatment options or vaccines, and a high fatality rate, CCHF virus (CCHFV) is considered a high-priority pathogen according to the WHO R&D Blueprint. Several commercial reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) and serological diagnostic assays for CCHFV are already available, including febrile agent panels to distinguish CCHFV from other viral haemorrhagic fever agents; however, the majority of international laboratories use inhouse assays. As CCHFV has numerous amplifying animal hosts, a cross-sectoral 'One Health' approach to outbreak prevention is recommended to enhance notifications and enable early warning for genetic and epidemiological shifts in the human, animal and tick populations. However, a lack of guidance for surveillance in animals, harmonisation of case identification and validated serodiagnostic kits for animal testing hinders efforts to strengthen surveillance systems. Additionally, as RT-PCR tests tend to be lineage-specific for regional circulating strains, there is a need for pan-lineage sensitive diagnostics. Adaptation of existing tests to point-of-care molecular diagnostic platforms that can be implemented in clinic or field-based settings would be of value given the potential for CCHFV outbreaks in remote or low-resource areas. Finally, improved access to clinical specimens for validation of diagnostics would help to accelerate development of new tests. These gaps should be addressed by updated target product profiles for CCHFV diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura T Mazzola
- Emerging Threats Programme, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cassandra Kelly-Cirino
- Emerging Threats Programme, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland
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33
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Holm T, Kopicki JD, Busch C, Olschewski S, Rosenthal M, Uetrecht C, Günther S, Reindl S. Biochemical and structural studies reveal differences and commonalities among cap-snatching endonucleases from segmented negative-strand RNA viruses. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19686-19698. [PMID: 30348898 PMCID: PMC6314124 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses rely on many host cell processes, including the cellular transcription machinery. Segmented negative-strand RNA viruses (sNSV) in particular cannot synthesize the 5'-cap structure for their mRNA but cleave off cellular caps and use the resulting oligonucleotides as primers for their transcription. This cap-snatching mechanism, involving a viral cap-binding site and RNA endonuclease, is both virus-specific and essential for viral proliferation and therefore represents an attractive drug target. Here, we present biochemical and structural results on the putative cap-snatching endonuclease of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), a highly pathogenic bunyavirus belonging to the Nairoviridae family, and of two additional nairoviruses, Erve virus (EREV) and Nairobi sheep disease virus (NSDV). Our findings are presented in the context of other cap-snatching endonucleases, such as the enzymatically active endonuclease from Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), from Arenaviridae and Bunyavirales, belonging to the His- and His+ endonucleases, respectively, according to the absence or presence of a metal ion-coordinating histidine in the active site. Mutational and metal-binding experiments revealed the presence of only acidic metal-coordinating residues in the active site of the CCHFV domain and a unique active-site conformation that was intermediate between those of His+ and His- endonucleases. On the basis of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and homology modeling results, we propose a protein topology for the CCHFV domain that, despite its larger size, has a structure overall similar to those of related endonucleases. These results suggest structural and functional conservation of the cap-snatching mechanism among sNSVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Holm
- From the Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janine-Denise Kopicki
- the Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany, and
| | - Carola Busch
- From the Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silke Olschewski
- From the Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Rosenthal
- From the Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Uetrecht
- the Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany, and
- the European XFEL GmbH, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Stephan Günther
- From the Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sophia Reindl
- From the Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany,
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34
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Klempa B. Reassortment events in the evolution of hantaviruses. Virus Genes 2018; 54:638-646. [PMID: 30047031 PMCID: PMC6153690 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1590-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hantaviruses (order Bunyavirales, family Hantaviridae), known as important zoonotic human pathogens, possess the capacity to exchange genome segments via genetic reassortment due to their tri-segmented genome. Although not as frequent as in the arthropod-borne bunyaviruses, reports indicating reassortment events in the evolution of hantaviruses have been recently accumulating. The intra- and inter-lineage reassortment between closely related variants has been repeatedly reported for several hantaviruses including the rodent-borne human pathogens such as Sin Nombre virus, Puumala virus, Dobrava-Belgrade virus, or Hantaan virus as well as for the more recently recognized shrew-borne hantaviruses, Imjin and Seewis. Reassortment between more distantly related viruses was rarely found but seems to play a beneficial role in the process of crossing the host species barriers. Besides the findings based on phylogenetic studies of naturally occurring strains, hantavirus reassortants were generated also in in vitro studies. Interestingly, only reassortants with exchanged M segments could be generated suggesting that a high degree of genetic compatibility is required for the S and L segments while the exchange of M segment is better tolerated or is particularly beneficial. Altogether, the numerous reports on hantavirus reassortment, summarized in this review, clearly demonstrate that reassortment events play a significant role in hantavirus evolution and contributed to the currently recognized hantavirus diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Klempa
- Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia. .,Institute of Virology, Charité University Hospital, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Berlin, Germany.
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35
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Emmerich P, Mika A, von Possel R, Rackow A, Liu Y, Schmitz H, Günther S, Sherifi K, Halili B, Jakupi X, Berisha L, Ahmeti S, Deschermeier C. Sensitive and specific detection of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV)-Specific IgM and IgG antibodies in human sera using recombinant CCHFV nucleoprotein as antigen in μ-capture and IgG immune complex (IC) ELISA tests. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006366. [PMID: 29579040 PMCID: PMC5892944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most widespread tick-borne arbovirus causing infections in numerous countries in Asia, Africa and Europe, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV, family Nairoviridae) was included in the WHO priority list of emerging pathogens needing urgent Research & Development attention. To ensure preparedness for potential future outbreak scenarios, reliable diagnostic tools for identification of acute cases as well as for performance of seroprevalence studies are necessary. Here, the CCHFV ortholog of the major bunyavirus antigen, the nucleoprotein (NP), was recombinantly expressed in E.coli, purified and directly labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Employing this antigen, two serological tests, a μ-capture ELISA for the detection of CCHFV-specific IgM antibodies (BLACKBOX CCHFV IgM) and an IgG immune complex (IC) ELISA for the detection of CCHFV-specific IgG antibodies (BLACKBOX CCHFV IgG), were developed. Test performance was evaluated and compared with both in-house gold standard testing by IgM/IgG indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and commercially available ELISA tests (VectoCrimean-CHF-IgM/IgG, Vector-Best, Russia) using a serum panel comprising paired samples collected in Kosovo during the years 2013–2016 from 15 patients with an acute, RT-PCR-confirmed CCHFV infection, and 12 follow-up sera of the same patients collected approximately one year after having overcome the infection. Reliably detecting IgM antibodies in all acute phase sera collected later than day 4 after onset of symptoms, both IgM ELISAs displayed excellent diagnostic and analytical sensitivity (100%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 85.2%–100.0%). While both IgG ELISAs readily detected the high IgG titers present in convalescent patients approximately one year after having overcome the infection (sensitivity 100%, 95% CI: 73.5%–100.0%), the newly developed BLACKBOX CCHFV IgG ELISA was superior to the commercial IgG ELISA in detecting the rising IgG titers during the acute phase of the disease. While all samples collected between day 11 and 19 after onset of symptoms tested positive in both the in-house gold standard IIFT and the BLACKBOX CCHFV IgG ELISA (sensitivity 100%, 95% CI: 71.5%–100.0%), only 27% (95% CI: 6.0%–61.0%) of those samples were tested positive in the commercial IgG ELISA. No false positive signals were observed in either IgM/IgG ELISA when analyzing a priori CCHFV IgM/IgG negative serum samples from healthy blood donors, malaria patients and flavivirus infected patients as well as CCHFV IgM/IgG IIFT negative serum samples from healthy Kosovar blood donors (for BLACKBOX CCHFV IgM/IgG: n = 218, 100% specificity, 95% CI: 98.3%–100.0%, for VectoCrimean-CHF-IgM/IgG: n = 113, 100% specificity, 95% CI: 96.8%–100.0%). Being endemic in several countries in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Southeastern Europe, the Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) is the geographically most widespread tick-borne arbovirus. As evidenced by the recent occurrence of an autochthonous CCHFV infection in Spain, it possesses also a significant potential to spread to as yet non-endemic regions. Due to the severity of the disease caused by this bunyavirus, the lack of specific prophylactic and therapeutic measures and the infection’s epidemic potential, CCHFV was included in the WHO priority list of diseases needing urgent R&D attention, in particular the development and improvement of diagnostic tools. Here we present the development and validation of two novel ELISAs (BLACKBOX CCHFV IgM, BLACKBOX CCHFV IgG) for the detection of CCHFV-specific IgM and IgG antibodies employing recombinant CCHFV nucleoprotein (NP) as antigen. Test performance in comparison to both in-house gold standard testing (CCHFV IgM/IgG immunofluorescence test (IIFT)) and commercial ELISA kits (VectoCrimean-CHF-IgM/IgG; Vector-Best) was evaluated using a thoroughly characterized serum panel that was obtained from 15 Kosovar patients with an RT-PCR-confirmed CCHFV-infection collected during the years 2013–2016 and that comprised samples from both the acute and convalescent phase of the disease. While both IgM ELISAs, like the CCHFV IgM IIFT, detected CCHFV-specific IgM antibodies in all sera collected during the acute phase of the disease on day 5 after onset of symptoms or later, the BLACKBOX CCHFV IgG ELISA and the CCHFV IgG IIFT were found to be significantly more sensitive than the VectoCrimean-CHF-IgG ELISA in detecting the rising IgG antibody titers in samples collected between days 11 and 19 after onset of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Emmerich
- Department for Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Angela Mika
- Diagnostics Development Laboratory, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald von Possel
- Department for Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Rackow
- Diagnostics Development Laboratory, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yang Liu
- Diagnostics Development Laboratory, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Herbert Schmitz
- Department for Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Günther
- Department for Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kurtesh Sherifi
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, University of Pristhina “Hasan Prishtina”, Pristhina, Kosovo
| | - Barie Halili
- University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Infectious Diseases Clinic, Pristhina, Kosovo
| | - Xhevat Jakupi
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health of Kosova, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Lindita Berisha
- University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Infectious Diseases Clinic, Pristhina, Kosovo
| | - Salih Ahmeti
- University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, Medical Faculty & University Clinical Center of Kosovo, Infectious Diseases Clinic, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Christina Deschermeier
- Diagnostics Development Laboratory, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Reproduction of RNA viruses is typically error-prone due to the infidelity of their replicative machinery and the usual lack of proofreading mechanisms. The error rates may be close to those that kill the virus. Consequently, populations of RNA viruses are represented by heterogeneous sets of genomes with various levels of fitness. This is especially consequential when viruses encounter various bottlenecks and new infections are initiated by a single or few deviating genomes. Nevertheless, RNA viruses are able to maintain their identity by conservation of major functional elements. This conservatism stems from genetic robustness or mutational tolerance, which is largely due to the functional degeneracy of many protein and RNA elements as well as to negative selection. Another relevant mechanism is the capacity to restore fitness after genetic damages, also based on replicative infidelity. Conversely, error-prone replication is a major tool that ensures viral evolvability. The potential for changes in debilitated genomes is much higher in small populations, because in the absence of stronger competitors low-fit genomes have a choice of various trajectories to wander along fitness landscapes. Thus, low-fit populations are inherently unstable, and it may be said that to run ahead it is useful to stumble. In this report, focusing on picornaviruses and also considering data from other RNA viruses, we review the biological relevance and mechanisms of various alterations of viral RNA genomes as well as pathways and mechanisms of rehabilitation after loss of fitness. The relationships among mutational robustness, resilience, and evolvability of viral RNA genomes are discussed.
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Lukashev AN, Deviatkin AA. Phylodynamics of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in South Russia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 59:23-27. [PMID: 29413882 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phylodynamics of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) genotype V in South Russia was analyzed using 244 partial (452-571 nt) sequences in all three genomic segments and 38 complete genomic sequences. Despite increased number of sequences, the Russian lineage of the European genotype V (commonly termed GtVa) was distinct from GtV isolates from Turkey and the Balkan countries. No geographic pattern was observed in phylogenetic subgrouping of CCHFV within South Russia. Identical isolates could be found at distant locations spaced by hundreds of kilometers, while relatively divergent viruses circulated in the same region. Full genome analysis indicated that reassortment events within GtVa occurred every few decades (median half-life of a non-reassortant node 30-40 years) and involved M and S segments. Therefore, in South Russia CCHFV represents a highly dynamic population of frequently reassorting viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Lukashev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia; Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Preparations, Moscow, Russia.
| | - A A Deviatkin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
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Sas MA, Vina-Rodriguez A, Mertens M, Eiden M, Emmerich P, Chaintoutis SC, Mirazimi A, Groschup MH. A one-step multiplex real-time RT-PCR for the universal detection of all currently known CCHFV genotypes. J Virol Methods 2018; 255:38-43. [PMID: 29408661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a fatal disease in humans, which is endemic in many countries of Africa, Southern Asia and Southeastern Europe. It is caused by the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), which is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) transmitted by ixodid ticks, mainly of the genus Hyalomma. Animals like hares, hedgehogs, cattle, camels and small ruminants can become infected without developing clinical signs. Seroconversion occurs after a short viremia of up to two weeks, and thus seroprevalence studies in ruminants can be used to reveal risk areas for the human population. Virus detection by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is essential to prove an actual circulation of CCHFV in a country and is also used as diagnostic method for acute human CCHFV infections. In this study, a new universal one-step multiplex real-time RT-qPCR for the sensitive and specific detection of CCHFV is presented. For this purpose, 14 new primers and 2 probes were simultaneously used to detect RNAs representing all six CCHFV genotypes. Additionally, a GC-mirrored sequence within the synthetic RNAs enables the discrimination between true positive samples and unintentional laboratory contaminations. CCHFV negative samples from different animal species and ten different members of the order Bunyavirales were eventually tested to reveal the specificity of the new RT-qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A Sas
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Ariel Vina-Rodriguez
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Marc Mertens
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Eiden
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Petra Emmerich
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Serafeim C Chaintoutis
- Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ali Mirazimi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany.
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Balinandi S, Patel K, Ojwang J, Kyondo J, Mulei S, Tumusiime A, Lubwama B, Nyakarahuka L, Klena JD, Lutwama J, Strӧher U, Nichol ST, Shoemaker TR. Investigation of an isolated case of human Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Central Uganda, 2015. Int J Infect Dis 2018; 68:88-93. [PMID: 29382607 PMCID: PMC5893389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most geographically widespread tick-borne viral infection. Outbreaks of CCHF in sub-Saharan Africa are largely undetected and thus under-reported. On November 9, 2015, the National Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Laboratory at the Uganda Virus Research Institute received an alert for a suspect VHF case in a 33-year-old male who presented with VHF compatible signs and symptoms at Mengo Hospital in Kampala. METHODS A blood sample from the suspect patient was tested by RT-PCR for CCHF and found positive. Serological testing on sequential blood specimens collected from this patient showed increasing anti-CCHFV IgM antibody titers, confirming recent infection. Repeat sampling of the confirmed case post recovery showed high titers for anti-CCHFV-specific IgG. An epidemiological outbreak investigation was initiated following the initial RT-PCR positive detection to identify any additional suspect cases. RESULTS Only a single acute case of CCHF was detected from this outbreak. No additional acute CCHF cases were identified following field investigations. Environmental investigations collected 53 tick samples, with only 1, a Boophilus decoloratus, having detectable CCHFV RNA by RT-PCR. Full-length genomic sequencing on a viral isolate from the index human case showed the virus to be related to the DRC (Africa 2) lineage. CONCLUSIONS This is the fourth confirmed CCHF outbreak in Uganda within 2 years after more than 50 years of no reported human CCHF cases in this country. Our investigations reaffirm the endemicity of CCHFV in Uganda, and show that exposure to ticks poses a significant risk for human infection. These findings also reflect the importance of having an established national VHF surveillance system and diagnostic capacity in a developing country like Uganda, in order to identify the first cases of VHF outbreaks and rapidly respond to reduce secondary cases. Additional efforts should focus on implementing effective tick control methods and investigating the circulation of CCHFV throughout the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Balinandi
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Uganda, U.S. Embassy, Plot 1577 Ggaba Road, P.O. Box 7007, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ketan Patel
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph Ojwang
- Global Health Security Unit, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Uganda, U.S. Embassy, Plot 1577 Ggaba Road, P.O. Box 7007, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jackson Kyondo
- Department of Emerging, Reemerging and Arbovirus Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Plot 51-57 Nakiwogo Road, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Sophia Mulei
- Department of Emerging, Reemerging and Arbovirus Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Plot 51-57 Nakiwogo Road, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Alex Tumusiime
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Uganda, U.S. Embassy, Plot 1577 Ggaba Road, P.O. Box 7007, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bernard Lubwama
- Epidemiological Surveillance Division, Ministry of Health, Plot 6, Lourdel Road, P.O. Box 7272, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Luke Nyakarahuka
- Department of Emerging, Reemerging and Arbovirus Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Plot 51-57 Nakiwogo Road, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - John D Klena
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Julius Lutwama
- Department of Emerging, Reemerging and Arbovirus Infections, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Plot 51-57 Nakiwogo Road, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Ute Strӧher
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Trevor R Shoemaker
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Uganda, U.S. Embassy, Plot 1577 Ggaba Road, P.O. Box 7007, Kampala, Uganda; Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA, USA.
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40
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Dedkov VG, Shchelkanov MY, Bushkieva BT, Rudenko TA, Kurdyukova OV, Galkina IV, Sapotsky MV, Blinova EA, Dzhambinov SD, Shipulin GA. A neonatal death associated with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (Republic of Kalmykia, Russia, June 2016). Antiviral Res 2017; 146:146-148. [PMID: 28870741 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir G Dedkov
- Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Federal Service on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, Moscow, Russia; Research Institute of Occupational Health, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Mikhail Yu Shchelkanov
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia; Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Vladivostok, Russia; National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Bella Tc Bushkieva
- Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Kalmykia, Elista, Russia
| | - Tatyana A Rudenko
- Center of Specialized Types of Medical Care in the Republic of Kalmykia, Elista, Russia
| | | | | | - Mikhail V Sapotsky
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Blinova
- Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Federal Service on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - German A Shipulin
- Central Research Institute for Epidemiology, Federal Service on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-Being Surveillance, Moscow, Russia
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The role of ticks in the maintenance and transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: A review of published field and laboratory studies. Antiviral Res 2017; 144:93-119. [PMID: 28579441 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript is part of a series of reviews that aim to cover published research on Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) and its etiological agent, CCHF virus (CCHFV). The virus is maintained and transmitted in a vertical and horizontal transmission cycle involving a variety of wild and domestic vertebrate species that act as amplification hosts, without showing signs of illness. These vertebrates have traditionally been considered reservoirs of CCHFV, but in fact they develop only a transient viremia, while the virus can persist in ticks for their entire lifespan, and can also be transmitted vertically to the next generation. As a result, ticks are now considered to be both the vector and the reservoir for the virus. CCHFV has been detected in a wide range of tick species, but only a few have been proven to be vectors and reservoirs, mainly because most published studies have been performed under a broad variety of conditions, precluding definitive characterization. This article reviews the published literature, summarizes current knowledge of the role of ticks in CCHFV maintenance and transmission and provides guidance for how to fill the knowledge gaps. Special focus is given to existing data on tick species in which vertical passage has been demonstrated under natural or experimental conditions. At the same time, we identify earlier reports that used unreliable methods and perceptions to ascribe a vector role to some species of ticks, and have contributed to confusion regarding viral transmission. We also examine epidemiological pathways of CCHFV circulation and discuss priority areas for future research.
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