Zoonotic spillover: Understanding basic aspects for better prevention

RAB5 is a host dependency factor for the generation of SARS-CoV-2 replication organelles

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains a threat due to the emergence of variants with increased transmissibility and enhanced escape from immune responses. Like other coronaviruses before, SARS-CoV-2 likely emerged after its transmission from bats. The successful propagation of SARS-CoV-2 in humans might have been facilitated by usurping evolutionarily conserved cellular factors to execute crucial steps in its life cycle, such as the generation of replication organelles-membrane structures where coronaviruses assemble their replication-transcription complex. In this study, we found that RAB5, which is highly conserved across mammals, is a critical host dependency factor for the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Our results also suggest that SARS-CoV-2 uses RAB5+ membranes to build replication organelles with the aid of COPB1, a component of the COP-I complex, and that the virus protein NSP6 participates in this process. Hence, targeting NSP6 represents a promising approach to interfere with SARS-CoV-2 RNA synthesis and halt its propagation.IMPORTANCEIn this study, we sought to identify the host dependency factors that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) uses for the generation of replication organelles: cellular membranous structures that SARS-CoV-2 builds in order to support the replication and transcription of its genome. We uncovered that RAB5 is an important dependency factor for SARS-CoV-2 replication and the generation of replication organelles, and that the viral protein NSP6 participates in this process. Hence, NSP6 represents a promising target to halt SARS-CoV-2 replication.

Testing-isolation interventions will likely be insufficient to contain future novel disease outbreaks

Rapid identification and isolation of infected individuals with diagnostic testing plays a critical role in combating invasions of novel human pathogens. Unfortunately, unprepared health agencies may struggle to meet the massive testing capacity demands imposed by an outbreaking novel pathogen, potentially resulting in a failure of epidemic containment as occurred with COVID-19. Despite the critical importance of understanding the likelihood of such an outcome, it remains unclear how the particular characteristics of a novel disease will impact the magnitude of resource constraints on controllability. Specifically, is the failure of testing-isolation unique to COVID-19, or is this a likely outcome across the spectrum of disease traits that may constitute future epidemics? Here, using a generalized mathematical model parameterized for seven different human diseases and variants, we show that testing-isolation strategies will typically fail to contain epidemic outbreaks at practicably achievable testing capacities. From this analysis, we identify three key disease characteristics that govern controllability under resource constraints; the basic reproduction number, mean latent period, and non-symptomatic transmission index. Interactions among these characteristics play prominent roles in both explaining controllability differences among diseases and enhancing the efficacy of testing-isolation in combination with transmission-reduction measures. This study provides broad guidelines for managing controllability expectations during future novel disease invasions, describing which classes of diseases are most amenable to testing-isolation strategies alone and which will necessitate additional transmission-reduction measures like social distancing.

Virome diversity and potential sharing of wild mammals in a biodiversity hotspot, Yunnan, China

BACKGROUND

Small mammals, including rodents, shrews and moonrats are widespread and serve as natural reservoirs for many viral pathogens. However, the composition and distribution of wild animal viromes remain poorly understood. At least 10,000 virus species have the ability to infect humans, but the vast majority are circulating silently in wild mammals. Understanding the virome profiles of these wild animals is crucial for outbreak preparedness, particularly in regions with high mammalian diversity.

METHODS

In this study, we enriched and extracted viral RNA from fecal samples of 459 wild mammals, representing 16 species, in the Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture of China, a recognized biodiversity hotspot in China. We then performed next-generation sequencing and comprehensive virome analyses across these different animal species.

RESULTS

We identified 5,346 nearly complete contigs annotated to 64 viral families, with 45 viral families identified in rodents and 46 viral families in shrews and moonrats, showing significant variation in viral diversity across different host species. Among these, 28 viral families were shared across species, including 11 identified viruses that were potential zoonotic pathogens. Additionally, numerous unidentified viral contigs containing the RdRp-gene showing close evolutionary relationships with viral families known to cause infections in animals. Importantly, several viruses detected in these animals, belonging to the family Hepeviridae, Flaviviridae, Astroviridae, Picornaviridae, and Picobirnaviridae, exhibited > 70% nucleotide sequence identity to viruses known to cause diseases in other wildlife species, domestic animals or even humans.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings significantly increase our knowledge of viral diversity and potential viral transmission within rodents and other sympatric small mammals in an emerging disease hotspot, shedding light on the need for continued surveillance of these small mammal populations.

Epidemiological and Molecular Surveillance of Leishmania Species among Humans, Vectors, and Dogs in a Wildland-Urban Interface of Cartagena, Colombia

In Colombia, human leishmaniasis is endemic in rural areas, with increasing reports of outbreaks and cases in urban areas. Cartagena, an urban city in the Colombian Caribbean with a wildland-urban interface, faced its first local cases between 2011 and 2015. Despite reports, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) remains neglected and understudied and almost devoid of active surveillance. Here we report the epidemiological and molecular surveillance of Leishmania species in humans, domestic dogs, and sandflies at the wildland interface in two poverty-stricken neighborhoods of Cartagena. In October 2021, we conducted a surveillance study in the El Toril and La Quinta neighborhoods. Blood samples were collected from 150 healthy humans and 77 domestic dogs for Leishmania species testing by using molecular tools. Five human samples (3.3%) tested positive for Leishmania, one case in El Toril and four cases in La Quinta. The Leishmania donovani complex was detected in three human samples, and all dog samples tested negative for Leishmania. CDC light traps placed for three consecutive days in peridomiciliary areas of the Leishmania-positive case in El Toril allowed the capture of seven females of Lutzomyia dubitans, but none tested positive for Leishmania. Multiple attempts to conduct entomological surveillance in La Quinta were unsuccessful because of non-study-related issues. Our findings contribute to the characterization of the epidemiology of VL in Cartagena, revealing possible neglected cryptic infections in two neighborhoods with an urban-wildland interface.

Molecular basis of host recognition of human coronavirus 229E

Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) is the earliest CoV found to infect humans. It binds to the human aminopeptidase N (hAPN) through the receptor binding domain (RBD) of its spike (S) protein to achieve host recognition. We present the cryo-electron microscopy structure of two HCoV-229E S protein in complex with a dimeric hAPN to provide structural insights on how the HCoV-229E S protein opens up its RBD to engage with its host receptor, information that is currently missing among alphacoronaviruses to which HCoV-229E belong. We quantitatively profile the glycosylation of HCoV-229E S protein and hAPN to deduce the glyco-shielding effects pertinent to antigenicity and host recognition. Finally, we present an atomic model of fully glycosylated HCoV-229E S in complex with hAPN anchored on their respective membrane bilayers to recapitulate the structural basis of the first step of host infection by HCoV-229E.

Cooling perspectives on the risk of pathogenic viruses from thawing permafrost

Climate change is inducing wide-scale permafrost thaw in the Arctic and subarctic, triggering concerns that long-dormant pathogens could reemerge from the thawing ground and initiate epidemics or pandemics. Viruses, as opposed to bacterial pathogens, garner particular interest because outbreaks cannot be controlled with antibiotics, though the effects can be mitigated by vaccines and newer antiviral drugs. To evaluate the potential hazards posed by viral pathogens emerging from thawing permafrost, we review information from a diverse range of disciplines. This includes efforts to recover infectious virus from human remains, studies on disease occurrence in polar animal populations, investigations into viral persistence and infectivity in permafrost, and assessments of human exposure to the enormous viral diversity present in the environment. Based on currently available knowledge, we conclude that the risk posed by viruses from thawing permafrost is no greater than viruses in other environments such as temperate soils and aquatic systems.

The Importance of Studying Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Wild Animals in the Amazon Biome with a Focus on One Health

The Amazon Biome is home to an extraordinary diversity of wildlife, many of which are reservoirs or vectors for infectious and parasitic diseases that can impact not only the health of wild animals but also human and domestic animal populations. This narrative review highlights the critical importance of studying infectious and parasitic diseases in wild animals within the Amazon, particularly in the context of the One Health approach, which recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. This narrative review examines key pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and parasites, that pose significant risks to wildlife conservation and public health. Through a synthesis of recent literature, this article emphasizes the need for comprehensive surveillance, research, and collaboration between the veterinary, medical, and environmental sectors. The results underscore the urgent necessity for an integrated response to emerging diseases, particularly as environmental changes and human activities increasingly disrupt ecosystems in the region. The conclusions advocate for the reinforcement of One Health initiatives in the Amazon Biome to ensure the protection of biodiversity and the prevention of zoonotic disease transmission to human populations.

Insights into the ecological and climate crisis: Emerging infections threatening human health

The Anthropocene era is marked by unprecedented human-induced alterations to the environment, resulting in a climate emergency and widespread ecological deterioration. A staggering number of up to one million species of plants and animals are in danger of becoming extinct, which includes over 10 % of insect species and 40 % of plant species. Unrestrained release of greenhouse gases, widespread deforestation, intense agricultural practices, excessive fishing, and alterations in land use have exceeded the ecological boundaries that were once responsible for humanity's wellbeing. As per the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), existing policies are expected to result in a minimum rise in global temperature of +2 °C, with more recent assessments indicating a potential increase of up to +2.9 °C. The effects of climate change and ecological degradation on the formation of diseases are complex and have multiple aspects. Deforestation diminishes biodiversity and compels wildlife to come into greater proximity with humans, hence promoting the transmission of zoonotic diseases. Climate change intensifies these impacts by modifying the habitats of disease carrying organisms, resulting in the expansion of vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and Zika virus into previously unaffected areas. Furthermore, climate change amplifies the occurrence and severity of extreme weather phenomena, which undermines water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices. This creates an environment conducive to the transmission of waterborne diseases such as cholera in densely populated resettlement camps. Climate-induced disasters contribute to the complexity of epidemiological landscapes, exacerbating antimicrobial resistance and posing a threat to modern medical advancements. This narrative review investigates the complex connections between the ecological-climatic crises and emerging illnesses, offering an overview on how environmental changes contribute to outbreaks that pose a substantial threat to public health.

Cockroaches as Reservoirs, Vectors, and Potential Sentinels of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Ugandan Communities: A Retrospective Analysis

Background: Cockroaches could play a role in the transmission dynamics of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) at variable interfaces in Ugandan communities, acting as both reservoirs and vectors. This study investigated the burden and diversity of ARB carried by cockroaches in human settlements in Uganda, so as to understand their role in the spread of these pathogens and their potential as sentinels in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance programs. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on two unpublished studies by Makerere University students. Study one and study two sampled 58 and 110 cockroaches, respectively, from secondary schools in Kampala. Cockroach species identification was determined based on physical characteristics. Bacterial isolation and characterization were performed through microbiological analyses including standard culture methods, biochemical tests, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), disc diffusion method, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Majority of the cockroaches (over 80%) were Periplaneta americana. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was prevalent among the isolates, with over 30% of the isolates being resistant to three or more antibiotic classes. Specifically, MDR (over 90%) was rampant in the extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- or AmpC-producing Escherichia coli and enterococci isolates. Critical World Health Organization (WHO) priority pathogens, such as ESBL-/AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae, and carbapenem-resistant E. coli, were also identified. The most abundant resistance determinants (tetracycline and sulphonamide) were tetA, sul1, and sul2 for E. coli, and tetM and tetL for enterococci. Conclusion: The findings accentuate the potential role of cockroaches: (1) in transmitting multidrug-resistant bacteria at the human-animal-environment interface and (2) as sentinels in the surveillance of community-generated AMR.

SARS-CoV-2 nsp1 mediates broad inhibition of translation in mammals

SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1) promotes innate immune evasion by inhibiting host translation in human cells. However, the role of nsp1 in other host species remains elusive, especially in bats which are natural reservoirs of sarbecoviruses and possess a markedly different innate immune system than humans. Here, we reveal that SARS-CoV-2 nsp1 potently inhibits translation in bat cells from Rhinolophus lepidus, belonging to the same genus as known sarbecovirus reservoirs hosts. We determined a cryo-electron microscopy structure of SARS-CoV-2 nsp1 bound to the Rhinolophus lepidus 40S ribosome and show that it blocks the mRNA entry channel via targeting a highly conserved site among mammals. Accordingly, we found that nsp1 blocked protein translation in mammalian cell lines from several species, underscoring its broadly inhibitory activity and conserved role in numerous SARS-CoV-2 hosts. Our findings illuminate the arms race between coronaviruses and mammalian host immunity (including bats), providing a foundation for understanding the determinants of viral maintenance in bat hosts and spillovers.

Habitat sharing and interspecies interactions in caves used by bats in the Republic of Congo

Bats play key roles in ecosystem functions and provide services to human populations. There is a need to protect bat populations and to mitigate the risks associated with pathogen spillover. Caves are key habitats for many bat species, which use them as roosting and breeding sites. Caves, bats and their guano also attract many other animals along trophic chains which might favor direct or indirect interspecies interactions. Two caves hosting colonies of insectivorous bats have been investigated in the Republic of Congo to characterize habitat sharing and interactions between bats, humans and animals. We set up a camera-trap monitoring protocol during 19 months at the entrance of and inside each cave. Our results demonstrated the richness and complexity of the species interactions around and within these caves. We identified and/or quantified mainly rodents, but also numerous categories of animals such as insects, birds, reptiles and carnivores using the caves. We investigated the temporal variation in the use of caves and the potential interactions between humans, wild animals and bat colonies. Our study contributes to the understanding of the interface and interactions, for the first time quantified, between cave-dwelling animal species, including humans. This knowledge is important to promote the conservation of cave ecosystems and better understand the ecology of infectious diseases.

Preliminary Evidence of Human Plasmodium in Domestic Animals from a Malaria-Endemic Region in Indonesia

Background

In Indonesia, malaria incidence is at a high rate despite maximum preventive efforts. Therefore, this study aims to determine the possibility of a Plasmodium reservoir among domestic animals in malaria-endemic areas.

Methods

Animal blood was collected using EDTA tubes, then smeared and stained with Giemsa for Plasmodium microscopic identification. About 10 μl of blood was dropped on to a filter paper to capture Plasmodium DNA. Nested PCR was used for parasite molecular detection, while Plasmodium species were identified using the sequenced DNA.

Results

A total of 208 and 62 animal blood samples were collected from Gaura village, West Sumba and Fakfak village, West Papua, Indonesia respectively. In total, 32 samples from Gaura contained P. falciparum or P. vivax, while the Plasmodium percentage in buffalo, horse, goat, and dogs were 20.7%, 14.3%, 5.8%, 16.7%, respectively. P. knowlesi was not found in any of the samples, and no other species were detected in 18 pig blood samples.

Conclusion

The human Plasmodium DNA in domestic animals within malaria-endemic regions suggests a potential link to the persistence and high prevalence of malaria in these areas. While the findings suggest a potential role of domestic animals in malaria transmission, they remain preliminary and do not definitively establish domestic animals as reservoirs. Further research is necessary to confirm these findings and to better understand the contribution of domestic animals to the transmission dynamics of malaria.

Pathogenesis and virulence of coronavirus disease: Comparative pathology of animal models for COVID-19

Animal models that can replicate clinical and pathologic features of severe human coronavirus infections have been instrumental in the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics. The goal of this review is to summarize our current understanding of the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the pathologic features that can be observed in several currently available animal models. Knowledge gained from studying these animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection can help inform appropriate model selection for disease modelling as well as for vaccine and therapeutic developments.

Bats and ectoparasites: exploring a hidden link in zoonotic disease transmission

Bats are increasingly in the focus of disease surveillance studies as they harbor pathogens that can cause severe human disease. In other host groups, ectoparasitic arthropods play an important role in transmitting pathogens to humans. Nevertheless, we currently know little about the role of bat-associated ectoparasites in pathogen transmission, not only between bats but also to humans and other species, even though some of these parasites occasionally feed on humans and harbor potentially zoonotic organisms. In this work, we summarize current knowledge on the zoonotic risks linked to bat-associated ectoparasites and provide novel risk assessment guidelines to improve targeted surveillance efforts. Additionally, we suggest research directions to help adjust surveillance strategies and to better understand the eco-epidemiological role of these parasites.

Viral diseases and the environment relationship

Viral diseases have been present throughout human history, with early examples including influenza (1500 B.C.), smallpox (1000 B.C.), and measles (200 B.C.). The term "virus" was first used in the late 1800s to describe microorganisms smaller than bacteria, and significant milestones include the discovery of the polio virus and the development of its vaccine in the mid-1900s, and the identification of HIV/AIDS in the latter part of the 20th century. The 21st century has seen the emergence of new viral diseases such as West Nile Virus, Zika, SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Human activities, including crowding, travel, poor sanitation, and environmental changes like deforestation and climate change, significantly influence the spread of these diseases. Conversely, viral diseases can impact the environment by polluting water resources, contributing to deforestation, and reducing biodiversity. These environmental impacts are exacerbated by disruptions in global supply chains and increased demands for resources. This review highlights the intricate relationship between viral diseases and environmental factors, emphasizing how human activities and viral disease progression influence each other. The findings underscore the need for integrated approaches to address the environmental determinants of viral diseases and mitigate their impacts on both health and ecosystems.

Microbiological Ecological Surveillance of Zoonotic Pathogens from Hamadryas Baboons in Southwestern Saudi Arabia

This study investigates parasitic and bacterial pathogens present in Hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) and humans in southwestern Saudi Arabia. Fecal samples were collected from Hamadryas baboons (n = 999) from three city peripheries and humans from city centers (n = 1998) and peripheries (n = 1998) of southwestern and eastern Saudi cities. Parasitic examinations and bacterial cultures were conducted on these samples. Key findings include the identification of various parasitic and bacterial pathogens, with notable prevalences of Staphylococcus aureus (71.37% in baboons, 71.51% in humans), Blastocystis hominis (42.24% in baboons, 17.85% in humans), Cryptosporidium spp. (40.14% in baboons, 12.6% in humans), hookworms (37.44% in baboons, 18.57% in humans), Strongyloides spp. (37.34% in baboons, 17.39% in humans), Enterobius vermicularis (36.34% in baboons, 11.18% in humans), and Campylobacter spp. (29.73% in baboons, 1.86% in humans). Additionally, the prevalences of these microorganisms in human populations coexisting with baboons in southwestern city peripheries were 75.47%, 25.22%, 23.62%, 26.33%, 22.22%, 15.11%, and 3.8%, respectively. To further characterize bacterial isolates, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used, suggesting potential zoonotic and anthroponotic cycles. The results highlight significant pathogen prevalence among both baboons and human populations in proximity to baboon habitats, indicating a potential public health risk. However, shared environmental sources, such as contaminated water, were not thoroughly assessed and could play a role in pathogen transmission. The study's focus on 18 different parasitic and bacterial pathogens allowed for the targeting of prevalent and indicative markers of zoonotic and anthroponotic transmission. In conclusion, these baseline data are crucial for the design of advanced studies to further investigate the zoonotic and anthroponotic transmission dynamics and the environmental factors influencing pathogen prevalence.

New records of endoparasites and ectoparasites in free-living road-killed wild animals in the Pampa biome, Southern Brazil

Wild animals host a wide variety of parasites, and the disorders caused by these parasites are among the most prevalent and significant infectious diseases affecting wildlife. The investigation of parasitic fauna is crucial for the conservation of wild animals, domestic populations, and humans. Therefore, the aim of the study was to survey endo- and ectoparasites in free-living wildlife in southern Brazil. Carcasses of road-killed wildlife were collected from highways in the Pelotas microregion, Rio Grande do Sul. All carcasses were necropsied, and endo- and ectoparasites were collected and identified. A total of 82 animals were examined; 87.80% were infected by helminths, 51.21% infested by ectoparasites, and 48.78% were affected by both types of parasites. This study presents the first records of parasitism by Rhipicephalus microplus in Ozotoceros bezoarticus in southern Brazil, and by Ancylostoma caninum in Leopardus geoffroyi worldwide. The study contributes to the knowledge about the parasitic fauna in wild animals of the Pampa biome. The presence of parasites in these threatened species underscores the need for further research into parasitism, which is crucial for their effective management and conservation.

Integrating animal welfare into the WHO pandemic treaty: a thematic analysis of civil society perspectives and comparison with treaty drafting

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed critical weaknesses in the global health system, highlighting the urgent need for a coordinated international approach to pandemic prevention and management. As negotiations for a new WHO pandemic treaty progress, the effective integration of animal welfare is crucial. This paper aims to investigate the perspectives of key civil society organizations on the integration of animal welfare provisions into the pandemic treaty. Through a thematic analysis of documents prepared by FOUR PAWS, Wildlife Conservation Society, and Action for Animal Health between 2020-2023, five major themes are identified: prevention of zoonotic spillover, One Health approach, animal health systems and infrastructure, sustainable and ethical animal management practices, and policy coherence and governance. A comparative analysis of these themes against the April 2024 draft of the pandemic treaty reveals areas of alignment and divergence. Due to the ongoing controversies and the need for further improvements, the WHO's intergovernmental negotiating body was unable to finalize the treaty text for the 77th World Health Assembly in May 2024, leading to an extended mandate until 2025. Based on the findings, the paper proposes recommendations to strengthen the integration of animal welfare into the treaty, arguing that incorporating these recommendations is critical for developing a transformative, equitable, and effective treaty that addresses the systemic drivers of pandemic risk.

Spillover: Mechanisms, Genetic Barriers, and the Role of Reservoirs in Emerging Pathogens

Viral spillover represents the transmission of pathogen viruses from one species to another that can give rise to an outbreak. It is a critical concept that has gained increasing attention, particularly after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. However, the term is often used inaccurately to describe events that do not meet the true definition of spillover. This review aims to clarify the proper use of the term and provides a detailed analysis of the mechanisms driving zoonotic spillover, with a focus on the genetic and environmental factors that enable viruses to adapt to new hosts. Key topics include viral genetic variability in reservoir species, biological barriers to cross-species transmission, and the factors that influence viral adaptation and spread in novel hosts. The review also examines the role of evolutionary processes such as mutation and epistasis, alongside ecological conditions that facilitate the emergence of new pathogens. Ultimately, it underscores the need for more accurate predictive models and improved surveillance to better anticipate and mitigate future spillover events.

A bibliometric analysis of Oropouche virus

Objectives

Oropouche virus (OROV) causes systemic infections including the nervous and blood systems, posing a significant and growing public health challenge. However, a comprehensive review of the bibliometric analysis of OROV is still lacking. Therefore, the objective of this study was to provide insight into the research dynamics and current hotspots of OROV.

Methods

This study used bibliometric analysis to explore the current status of research related to OROV. 148 publications from 1961 to 2024 were retrieved from the Scopus database. Countries, authors, institutions, journals, references, and keywords were visualized using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, R studio, and Bibliometrix. Microsoft Excel was used for statistical analysis.

Results

Brazil is the country with the highest number of publications, total cited frequency, and the most extensive international collaboration. The most popular journal in this field is the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Instituto Evandro Chagas is the institution with the highest number of publications, and Eurico Arruda is involved in the highest number of publications. Keyword co-occurrence analysis showed that Oropouche bunyavirus, virology, bunyavirus, priority journal, and nucleotide sequence are the main research hotspots in this field.

Conclusion

Our study provides a comprehensive overview of the research trends and key areas of focus in OROV. The field is currently experiencing rapid growth, as evidenced by the rising number of annual publications, which not only highlights increased research activity but also lays a solid foundation for further in-depth investigations. This trend offers valuable insights for developing effective strategies for outbreak prevention and control in public health. Presently, researchers are concentrating on the detailed study of Bunyavirus infections, employing both virological and genetic approaches to elucidate their complex pathogenic mechanisms.

Seek, and you will find: Cryptic diversity of the cardiopulmonary nematode Angiostrongylus vasorum in the Americas

Angiostrongylus vasorum is a metastrongylid parasite infecting wild canids and domestic dogs. Its patchy distribution, high pathogenicity and taxonomical classification makes the evolutionary history of A. vasorum intriguing and important to study. First larval stages of A. vasorum were recovered from feces of two grey foxes, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, from Costa Rica. Sequencing and phylogenetic and haplotypic analyses of the ITS2, 18S and cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) fragments were performed. Then p- and Nei´s genetic distance, nucleotide substitution rates and species delimitation analyses were conducted with cox1 data of the specimens collected herein and other Angiostrongylus spp. Cophylogenetic congruence and coevolutionary events of Angiostrongylus spp. and their hosts were evaluated using patristic and phenetic distances and maximum parsimony reconciliations. Specimens from Costa Rica clustered in a separate branch from European and Brazilian A. vasorum sequences in the phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses using the ITS2 and cox1 data. In addition, cox1 p-distance of the sequences derived from Costa Rica were up to 8.6 % different to the ones from Europe and Brazil, a finding mirrored in Nei´s genetic distance PCoA. Species delimitation analysis supported a separate group with the sequences from Costa Rica, suggesting that these worms may represent cryptic variants of A. vasorum, a new undescribed taxon or Angiocaulus raillieti, a synonym species of A. vasorum described in Brazil. Moreover, nucleotide substitution rates in A. vasorum were up to six times higher than in the congener Angiostrongylus cantonensis. This finding and the long time elapsed since the last common ancestor between both species may explain the larger diversity in A. vasorum. Finally, cophylogenetic congruence was observed between Angiostrongylus spp. and their hosts, with cospeciation events occurring at deeper taxonomic branching of host order. Altogether, our data suggest that the diversity of the genus Angiostrongylus is larger than expected, since additional species may be circulating in wild canids from the Americas.

Detection of foodborne pathogens in contaminated food using nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors

Foodborne pathogens are a grave concern for the for food, medical, environmental, and economic sectors. Their ease of transmission and resistance to treatments, such as antimicrobial agents, make them an important challenge. Food tainted with these pathogens is swiftly rejected, and if ingested, can result in severe illnesses and even fatalities. This review provides and overview of the current status of various pathogens and their metabolites transmitted through food. Despite a plethora of studies on treatments to eradicate and inhibit these pathogens, their indiscriminate use can compromise the sensory properties of food and lead to contamination. Therefore, the study of detection methods such as electrochemical biosensors has been proposed, which are devices with advantages such as simplicity, fast response, and sensitivity. However, these biosensors may also present some limitations. In this regard, it has been reported that nanomaterials with high conductivity, surface-to-volume ratio, and robustness have been observed to improve the detection of foodborne pathogens or their metabolites. Therefore, in this work, we analyze the detection of pathogens transmitted through food and their metabolites using electrochemical biosensors based on nanomaterials.

First record of Hydatigera taeniaeformis in Geoffroy's cat (Leopardus geoffroyi) in Brazil

Leopardus geoffroyi (Geoffroy's cat) is a neotropical feline considered globally threatened. In Brazil, it occurs exclusively in the Pampa biome. Its predatory habits contribute to the infection, dispersion, and continuation of the life cycle of various pathogens, including helminths, within ecosystems. However, few studies involving cestodes in wild felines are found in the literature, especially in Brazil. Therefore, we aimed to report the first case of parasitism by Hydatigera taeniaeformis in L. geoffroyi. The helminths were found in the small intestine of the necropsied feline. Specimens were analyzed morphometrically and subjected to molecular analyses for taxonomic identification. The molecular phylogeny based on the analysis of the mitochondrial gene (COX1) allowed the identification of these parasites. Thus, this is the first description of H. taeniaeformis parasitizing L. geoffroyi in Brazil. Consequently, the number of known host species parasitized by this helminth in the country and the world is increased. Additionally, a new molecular sequence is being provided, contributing to the knowledge of Hydatigera in South America.

NanoLuciferase technology-based detection of TMPRSS2 as attempt to develop anti-coronavirus agents

•Utilized NanoBiT technology for high-throughput screening.•Identified compounds reducing TMPRSS2 expression, a crucial step for SARS-CoV-2 entry.•Explored a broad range of compound libraries.

Viral plasticity facilitates host diversity in challenging environments

The antagonistic coevolution of microbes and viruses influences fundamentally the diversity of microbial communities. Information on how environmental variables interact with emergent defense-counterdefense strategies and community composition is, however, still scarce. Following biological intuition, diversity should increase with improved growth conditions, which offset evolutionary costs; however, laboratory and regional data suggest that microbial diversity decreases in nutrient-rich conditions. Moreover, global oceanic data show that microbial and viral diversity decline for high latitudes, although the underlying mechanisms are unknown. This article addresses these gaps by introducing an eco-evolutionary model for bacteria-virus antagonistic coevolution. The theory presented here harmonizes the observations above and identifies negative density dependence and viral plasticity (dependence of virus performance on host physiological state) as key drivers: environmental conditions selecting for slow host growth also limit viral performance, facilitating the survival of a diverse host community; host diversity, in turn, enables viral portfolio effects and bet-hedging strategies that sustain viral diversity. From marine microbes to phage therapy against antibiotic-resistant bacteria or cancer cells, the ubiquity of antagonistic coevolution highlights the need to consider eco-evolutionary interactions across a gradient of growth conditions.

A novel immunoassay technique using principal component analysis for enhanced detection of emerging viral variants

Rapid diagnostics are critical infectious disease tools that are designed to detect a known biomarker using antibodies specific to that biomarker. However, a way to detect unknown disease variants has not yet been achieved in a paper test format. We describe here a route to make an adaptable paper immunoassay that can detect an unknown biomarker, demonstrating it on SARS-CoV-2 variants. The immunoassay repurposes cross reactive antibodies raised against the alpha variant. Gold nanoparticles of two different colors conjugated to two different antibodies create a colorimetric signal, and machine learning of the resulting colorimetric pattern is used to train the assay to discriminate between variants of alpha and Omicron BA.5. By using principal component analysis, the colorimetric test patterns can pick up and discriminate an unknown variant that it has not encountered before, Omicron BA.1. The test has an accuracy of 100% and a potential calculated discriminatory power of 900. We show that it can be used adaptively and that it can be used to pick up emerging variants without the need to raise new antibodies.

Zoonotic Parasites and Their Association With Human Activities in Northern Tanzania: An Integrated Ecosystem Approach for One Health

The community's awareness of the prevalence and impact of zoonotic diseases has been significantly underestimated, leading to insufficient implementation of control measures. This study was carried out in Northern Tanzania between 2019 and 2023 to investigate zoonotic parasites and the risks associated with human activities that contribute to zoonotic diseases. Cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 12 villages, including nine in Loliondo Division and three in Babati District. Focus Group Discussions and Key Informant Interviews were conducted to assess the community's knowledge and practices regarding the risks associated with zoonotic diseases in the surveyed areas. A total of 255 samples were collected from various sources, including latrines, households, livestock enclosures, domestic dogs, and chickens. Out of these samples, 152 tested positive for identifiable parasite eggs and oocysts. These parasites included hookworms (21.7%), Trichuris sp. (14.5%), Strongyloides sp. (13.8%), Eimeria sp. (19.7%), Taeniids (5.9%), Hymenolepis sp. (3.3%), Spirometra sp. (2.6%), and Dipylidium sp. (0.7%). Taeniids and Spirometra species were predominantly found in villages near protected areas such as Arash Sokoni, Oloipiri, Sukenya, Wasso, Orkuyiene, Haytemba, and Loliondo. Hookworms were most commonly detected in Arash Sokoni, Loliondo, Isuguro, and Hyatemba, while Strongyloides sp. was prevalent in Wasso, Sukenya, and Olobo villages. The quantitative analysis reveals significant associations between hygiene practices, proximity to livestock enclosures, ecological factors, and human-animal interaction, highlighting their pivotal roles in determining soil-transmitted helminth (STH) prevalence across different villages. This study reveals that there was a generally low level of awareness regarding zoonotic diseases and STHs. The detection of STH samples, combined with the limited understanding of zoonotic diseases, emphasizes the importance of taking proactive measures to reduce transmission risks. Prioritizing education and promoting awareness along with implementing comprehensive strategies are essential steps to effectively tackle the problems linked to STH infections and substantially lessen the public health burden caused by zoonotic diseases.

Leveraging wastewater surveillance to detect viral diseases in livestock settings

Wastewater surveillance has evolved into a powerful tool for monitoring public health-relevant analytes. Recent applications in tracking severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection highlight its potential. Beyond humans, it can be extended to livestock settings where there is increasing demand for livestock products, posing risks of disease emergence. Wastewater surveillance may offer non-invasive, cost-effective means to detect potential outbreaks among animals. This approach aligns with the "One Health" paradigm, emphasizing the interconnectedness of animal, human, and ecosystem health. By monitoring viruses in livestock wastewater, early detection, prevention, and control strategies can be employed, safeguarding both animal and human health, economic stability, and international trade. This integrated "One Health" approach enhances collaboration and a comprehensive understanding of disease dynamics, supporting proactive measures in the Anthropocene era where animal and human diseases are on the rise.

Wildlife and parasitic infections: A One Health perspective in Greece

While research on the parasitic fauna of wildlife in Greece is currently limited, conducted studies have provided valuable insights into the prevalence of parasitic infections in wild carnivores, omnivores, and herbivores. This review consolidates the existing data on the endoparasites detected in wild animals in Greece, specifically focusing on those that pose established or potential zoonotic risks. Over the last 60 years, various parasite species such as Leishmania infantum, Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis spp., Toxocara canis, Ancylostoma caninum, Capillaria spp., Baylisascaris spp., Trichinella spp., Thelazia callipaeda, Dirofilaria immitis, Echinococcus granulosus, Mesocestoides sp., Taenia spp., Alaria alata, and Dicrocoelium dendriticum have been identified in wildlife in Greece. These findings have become increasingly relevant due to the growing interaction between humans and wild animals, which now extends to urban environments, as well as the increased contact between wild and domestic animals. This is further complicated by the geographical expansion of vector-borne diseases due to global warming and the increased movements of humans and animals. Surveillance and monitoring of parasitic infections in Greek wildlife is warranted, and it should be based on interdisciplinary investigations considering the interconnectedness of human, wild, and domestic animals, as well as environmental health, in line with the One Health approach.

Prediction of viral spillover risk based on the mass action principle

Infectious zoonotic disease emergence, through spillover events, is of global concern and has the potential to cause significant harm to society, as recently demonstrated by COVID-19. More than 70% of the 400 infectious diseases that emerged in the past five decades have a zoonotic origin, including all recent pandemics. There have been several approaches used to predict the risk of spillover through some of the known or suspected infectious disease emergence drivers, largely using correlative approaches. Here, we predict the spatial distribution of spillover risk by approximating general transmission through animal and human interactions. These mass action interactions are approximated through the multiplication of the spatial distribution of zoonotic virus diversity and human population density. Although our results indicate higher risk in regions along the equator and in Southeast Asia where both virus diversity and human population density are high, it should be noted that this is primarily a conceptual exercise. We compared our spillover risk map to key factors, including the model inputs of zoonotic virus diversity estimate map, human population density map, and the spatial distribution of species richness. Despite the limitations of this approach, this viral spillover map is a step towards developing a more comprehensive spillover risk prediction system to inform global monitoring.

Uncovering associations between interest in One Health and pre-existing conditions and behaviours: Evidence from a UK survey

This paper endeavours to unveil individual characteristics associated with an interest in One Health. Through the distribution of an online survey randomly distributed among the United Kingdom population, we discovered significant correlations between pre-existing attitudes towards and relationships with nature and animals and interest in One Health, which is quantified by the number of additional pages of One Health information participants agreed to view at the survey's conclusion. Additionally, individuals with poorer mental health demonstrated a higher level of interest in One Health. The findings suggest that interest in One Health and people's connections with nature and animals are driven by the same personal preferences. These insights point towards the potential for more targeted communication strategies to specific groups, facilitating more effective promotion of the One Health concept.

Bridging Food Systems and One Health: A key to preventing future pandemics?

Food Systems and One Health are two approaches increasingly known for the holistic perspective they bring when addressing the issues that concern them: food and health. This systematic literature review aims to explore the evidence for using these approaches in a concerted manner to better manage zoonoses. By zoonoses management, we refer to improving the ability to address current zoonoses as well as preventing future ones. A total of 98 scientific articles were screened, of which 29 were considered eligible due to their focus on operationalizing each approach to help address zoonoses, as well as a combination of the two. Most articles implement One Health to prevent zoonoses by guiding stakeholders in concerted and participatory decision-making processes. However, the One Health approach can also be adopted via data modelling. Several articles refer to the monitoring and evaluation process of One Health initiatives to prevent zoonoses and discuss best practices to successfully implement the approach. Contrastingly, only three studies adopt a Food System approach to manage zoonoses, despite the profound connections existing between our food systems and the emergence of zoonotic risks. We conclude that there is a lack of integration between the One Health and Food System approaches to manage zoonoses. We also show that experts call for integration, so that not only human, animal, plant, and environmental health are considered, but also the socio-economic trade-offs when monitoring and developing strategies to manage zoonoses. This can be reversed, enabling zoonotic risks to be addressed when planning for our food systems of tomorrow.

A natural disaster exacerbates and redistributes disease risk across free-ranging macaques by altering social structure

Climate change is intensifying extreme weather events, with severe implications for ecosystem dynamics. A key behavioural mechanism whereby animals may cope with such events is by increasing social cohesion to improve access to scarce resources like refuges, which in turn could exacerbate epidemic risk due to increased close contact. However, how and to what extent natural disasters affect disease risk via changes in sociality remains unexplored in animal populations. By modelling disease spread in free-living rhesus macaque groups (Macaca mulatta) before and after a hurricane, we demonstrate doubled pathogen transmission rates up to five years following the disaster, equivalent to an increase in pathogen infectivity from 10% to 20%. Moreover, the hurricane redistributed the risk of infection across the population, decreasing status-related differences found in pre-hurricane years. These findings demonstrate that natural disasters can exacerbate and homogenise epidemic risk in an animal population via changes in sociality. These observations provide unexpected further mechanisms by which extreme weather events can threaten wildlife health, population viability, and spillover to humans.

Improving Human Diets and Welfare through Using Herbivore-Based Foods: 1. Human and Animal Perspectives

Human health and diet are closely linked. The diversity of diets consumed by humans is remarkable, and most often incorporates both animal and plant-based foods. However, there has been a recent call for a reduced intake of animal-based foods due to concerns associated with human health in developed countries and perceived impacts on the environment. Yet, evidence for the superior nutritional quality of animal-sourced food such as meat, milk, and eggs, compared with plant-based foods, indicates that consumption of animal-sourced food should and will continue. This being the case, the aim here is to examine issues associated with animal-sourced foods in terms of both the quantification and mitigation of unintended consequences associated with environment, animal health, and herd management. Therefore, we examined the role of animal proteins in human societies with reference to the UN-FAO issues associated with animal-sourced foods. The emphasis is on dominant grazed pastoral-based systems, as used in New Zealand and Ireland, both with temperate moist climates and a similar reliance on global markets for generating net wealth from pastoral agricultural products. In conclusion, animal-sourced foods are shown to be an important part of the human diet. Production systems can result in unintended consequences associated with environment, animal health, and herd management, and there are technologies and systems to provide solutions to these that are available or under refinement.

Genetic Diversity of Avian Influenza Viruses Detected in Waterbirds in Northeast Italy Using Two Different Sampling Strategies

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs), which circulate endemically in wild aquatic birds, pose a significant threat to poultry and raise concerns for their zoonotic potential. From August 2021 to April 2022, a multi-site cross-sectional study involving active AIV epidemiological monitoring was conducted in wetlands of the Emilia-Romagna region, northern Italy, adjacent to densely populated poultry areas. A total of 129 cloacal swab samples (CSs) and 407 avian faecal droppings samples (FDs) were collected, with 7 CSs (5.4%) and 4 FDs (1%) testing positive for the AIV matrix gene through rRT-PCR. A COI-barcoding protocol was applied to recognize the species of origin of AIV-positive FDs. Multiple low-pathogenic AIV subtypes were identified, and five of these were isolated, including an H5N3, an H1N1, and three H9N2 in wild ducks. Following whole-genome sequencing, phylogenetic analyses of the hereby obtained strains showed close genetic relationships with AIVs detected in countries along the Black Sea/Mediterranean migratory flyway. Notably, none of the analyzed gene segments were genetically related to HPAI H5N1 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b isolated from Italian poultry during the concurrent 2021-2022 epidemic. Overall, the detected AIV genetic diversity emphasizes the necessity for ongoing monitoring in wild hosts using diverse sampling strategies and whole-genome sequencing.

Avian Influenza A Viruses Modulate the Cellular Cytoskeleton during Infection of Mammalian Hosts

Influenza is one of the most prevalent causes of death worldwide. Influenza A viruses (IAVs) naturally infect various avian and mammalian hosts, causing seasonal epidemics and periodic pandemics with high morbidity and mortality. The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic showed how an animal virus strain could unpredictably acquire the ability to infect humans with high infection transmissibility. Importantly, highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) may cause human infections with exceptionally high mortality. Because these latter infections pose a pandemic potential, analyzing the ecology and evolution features of host expansion helps to identify new broad-range therapeutic strategies. Although IAVs are the prototypic example of molecular strategies that capitalize on their coding potential, the outcome of infection depends strictly on the complex interactions between viral and host cell factors. Most of the studies have focused on the influenza virus, while the contribution of host factors remains largely unknown. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of mammals' host response to AIV infection is crucial. This review sheds light on the involvement of the cellular cytoskeleton during the highly pathogenic AIV infection of mammalian hosts, allowing a better understanding of its modulatory role, which may be relevant to therapeutic interventions for fatal disease prevention and pandemic management.

SADS-CoV nsp1 inhibits the STAT1 phosphorylation by promoting K11/K48-linked polyubiquitination of JAK1 and blocks the STAT1 acetylation by degrading CBP

The newly discovered zoonotic coronavirus swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) causes acute diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and high mortality rates in newborn piglets. Although SADS-CoV uses different strategies to evade the host's innate immune system, the specific mechanism(s) by which it blocks the interferon (IFN) response remains unidentified. In this study, the potential of SADS-CoV nonstructural proteins (nsp) to inhibit the IFN response was detected. The results determined that nsp1 was a potent antagonist of IFN response. SADS-CoV nsp1 efficiently inhibited signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) phosphorylation by inducing Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) degradation. Subsequent research revealed that nsp1 induced JAK1 polyubiquitination through K11 and K48 linkages, leading to JAK1 degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Furthermore, SADS-CoV nsp1 induced CREB-binding protein degradation to inhibit IFN-stimulated gene production and STAT1 acetylation, thereby inhibiting STAT1 dephosphorylation and blocking STAT1 transport out of the nucleus to receive antiviral signaling. In summary, the results revealed the novel mechanisms by which SADS-CoV nsp1 blocks the JAK-STAT signaling pathway via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. This study yielded valuable findings on the specific mechanism of coronavirus nsp1 in inhibiting the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and the strategies of SADS-CoV in evading the host's innate immune system.

The cryo-EM structure of homotetrameric attachment glycoprotein from langya henipavirus

Langya Henipavirus (LayV) infection is an emerging zoonotic disease that has been causing respiratory symptoms in China since 2019. For virus entry, LayV's genome encodes the fusion protein F and the attachment glycoprotein G. However, the structural and functional information regarding LayV-G remains unclear. In this study, we revealed that LayV-G cannot bind to the receptors found in other HNVs, such as ephrin B2/B3, and it shows different antigenicity from HeV-G and NiV-G. Furthermore, we determined the near full-length structure of LayV-G, which displays a distinct mushroom-shaped configuration, distinguishing it from other attachment glycoproteins of HNV. The stalk and transmembrane regions resemble the stem and root of mushroom and four downward-tilted head domains as mushroom cap potentially interact with the F protein and influence membrane fusion process. Our findings enhance the understanding of emerging HNVs that cause human diseases through zoonotic transmission and provide implication for LayV related vaccine development.

Zoonotic Cryptosporidium and Giardia in marsupials-an update

Marsupials, inhabiting diverse ecosystems, including urban and peri-urban regions in Australasia and the Americas, intersect with human activities, leading to zoonotic spill-over and anthroponotic spill-back of pathogens, including Cryptosporidium and Giardia. This review assesses the current knowledge on the diversity of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species in marsupials, focusing on the potential zoonotic risks. Cryptosporidium fayeri and C. macropodum are the dominant species in marsupials, while in possums, the host-specific possum genotype dominates. Of these three species/genotypes, only C. fayeri has been identified in two humans and the zoonotic risk is considered low. Generally, oocyst shedding in marsupials is low, further supporting a low transmission risk. However, there is some evidence of spill-back of C. hominis into kangaroo populations, which requires continued monitoring. Although C. hominis does not appear to be established in small marsupials like possums, comprehensive screening and analysis are essential for a better understanding of the prevalence and potential establishment of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in small marsupials. Both host-specific and zoonotic Giardia species have been identified in marsupials. The dominance of zoonotic G. duodenalis assemblages A and B in marsupials may result from spill-back from livestock and humans and it is not yet understood if these are transient or established infections. Future studies using multilocus typing tools and whole-genome sequencing are required for a better understanding of the zoonotic risk from Giardia infections in marsupials. Moreover, much more extensive screening of a wider range of marsupial species, particularly in peri-urban areas, is required to provide a clearer understanding of the zoonotic risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in marsupials.

Zoonosis and zooanthroponosis of emerging respiratory viruses

Lung infections in Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) are triggered by a variety of respiratory viruses. All human pandemics have been caused by the members of two major virus families, namely Orthomyxoviridae (influenza A viruses (IAVs); subtypes H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2) and Coronaviridae (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2). These viruses acquired some adaptive changes in a known intermediate host including domestic birds (IAVs) or unknown intermediate host (SARS-CoV-2) following transmission from their natural reservoirs (e.g. migratory birds or bats, respectively). Verily, these acquired adaptive substitutions facilitated crossing species barriers by these viruses to infect humans in a phenomenon that is known as zoonosis. Besides, these adaptive substitutions aided the variant strain to transmit horizontally to other contact non-human animal species including pets and wild animals (zooanthroponosis). Herein we discuss the main zoonotic and reverse-zoonosis events that occurred during the last two pandemics of influenza A/H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2. We also highlight the impact of interspecies transmission of these pandemic viruses on virus evolution and possible prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. Based on information available and presented in this review article, it is important to close monitoring viral zoonosis and viral reverse zoonosis of pandemic strains within a One-Health and One-World approach to mitigate their unforeseen risks, such as virus evolution and resistance to limited prophylactic and therapeutic interventions.

The Global Health Threat of Monkeypox Virus: Understanding Its Biology, Transmission, and Potential Therapeutic Interventions

Monkeypox virus (MPXV), a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus, shares its genus with Variola virus (VARV), the causative agent of smallpox, and Vaccinia virus (VACV), used for smallpox vaccination. While smallpox has been eradicated, MPXV and related poxviruses continue to pose a global health threat. Monkeypox (Mpox), similar in clinical presentation to smallpox but milder, is endemic in Central and West Africa. Sporadic outbreaks emphasize the potential for wider dissemination. Understanding their biology, transmission, immune evasion, and clinical features informs disease control strategies. The intersection of medical innovation and biotechnology with poxviruses underscores their importance in both disease and scientific advancement. Further research is essential to enhance prevention, management, and therapeutic interventions for these viruses.

Metagenomic and Molecular Detection of Novel Fecal Viruses in Free-Ranging Agile Wallabies

The agile wallaby (Notamacropus agilis) is one of the most abundant marsupial species in northern Queensland and a competent host for the zoonotic Ross River virus. Despite their increased proximity and interactions with humans, little is known about the viruses carried by these animals, and whether any are of conservation or zoonotic importance. Metagenomics and molecular techniques were used in a complementary manner to identify and characterize novel viruses in the fecal samples of free-ranging agile wallabies. We detected a variety of novel marsupial-related viral species including agile wallaby atadenovirus 1, agile wallaby chaphamaparvovirus 1-2, agile wallaby polyomavirus 1-2, agile wallaby associated picobirnavirus 1-9, and a known macropod gammaherpesvirus 3. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that most of these novel viruses would have co-evolved with their hosts (agile wallabies). Additionally, non-marsupial viruses that infect bacteria (phages), plants, insects, and other eukaryotes were identified. This study highlighted the utility of non-invasive sampling as well as the integration of broad-based molecular assays (consensus PCR and next generation sequencing) for monitoring the emergence of potential pathogenic viruses in wildlife species. Furthermore, the novel marsupial viruses identified in this study will enrich the diversity of knowledge about marsupial viruses, and may be useful for developing diagnostics and vaccines.

Using phylogeographic link-prediction in primates to prioritize human parasite screening

Objectives

The ongoing risk of emerging infectious disease has renewed calls for understanding the origins of zoonoses and identifying future zoonotic disease threats. Given their close phylogenetic relatedness and geographic overlap with humans, non-human primates (NHPs) have been the source of many infectious diseases throughout human evolution. NHPs harbor diverse parasites, with some infecting only a single host species while others infect species from multiple families.

Materials and Methods

We applied a novel link-prediction method to predict undocumented instances of parasite sharing between humans and NHPs. Our model makes predictions based on phylogenetic distances and geographic overlap among NHPs and humans in six countries with high NHP diversity: Columbia, Brazil, Democratic Republic of Congo, Madagascar, China and Indonesia.

Results

Of the 899 human parasites documented in the Global Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Network (GIDEON) database for these countries, 12% were shared with at least one other NHP species. The link prediction model identified an additional 54 parasites that are likely to infect humans but were not reported in GIDEON. These parasites were mostly host generalists, yet their phylogenetic host breadth varied substantially.

Discussion

As human activities and populations encroach on NHP habitats, opportunities for parasite sharing between human and non-human primates will continue to increase. Our study identifies specific infectious organisms to monitor in countries with high NHP diversity, while the comparative analysis of host generalism, parasite taxonomy, and transmission mode provides insights to types of parasites that represent high zoonotic risk.

Langya henipavirus: Is it a potential cause for public health concern?

A new virus, named Langya henipavirus (LayV), has recently been identified in Shandong and Henan provinces in China and has so far infected 35 individuals between April 2018 and August 2021. It is closely related to other known henipaviruses (Nipah and Hendra viruses) that can cause up to 70% human case fatality. Even though LayV has not been shown to be fatal in humans and does not appear to be transmitted from human-to-human, it is an RNA virus with the capacity to evolve genetically in the infected hosts (e.g. shrews) and can infect humans (e.g. farmers who have been in close contacts with shrews). It is therefore important to be vigilant about this new viral outbreak.

Effects of cattle on vector-borne disease risk to humans: A systematic review

Vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) causing vector-borne diseases (VBDs) can circulate among humans, domestic animals, and wildlife, with cattle in particular serving as an important source of exposure risk to humans. The close associations between humans and cattle can facilitate the transmission of numerous VBPs, impacting public health and economic security. Published studies demonstrate that cattle can influence human exposure risk positively, negatively, or have no effect. There is a critical need to synthesize the information in the scientific literature on this subject, in order to illuminate the various ecological mechanisms that can affect VBP exposure risk in humans. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to review the scientific literature, provide a synthesis of the possible effects of cattle on VBP risk to humans, and propose future directions for research. This study was performed according to the PRISMA 2020 extension guidelines for systematic review. After screening 470 peer-reviewed articles published between 1999-2019 using the databases Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed Central, CABI Global Health, and Google Scholar, and utilizing forward and backward search techniques, we identified 127 papers that met inclusion criteria. Results of the systematic review indicate that cattle can be beneficial or harmful to human health with respect to VBDs depending on vector and pathogen ecology and livestock management practices. Cattle can increase risk of exposure to infections spread by tsetse flies and ticks, followed by sandflies and mosquitoes, through a variety of mechanisms. However, cattle can have a protective effect when the vector prefers to feed on cattle instead of humans and when chemical control measures (e.g., acaricides/insecticides), semio-chemicals, and other integrated vector control measures are utilized in the community. We highlight that further research is needed to determine ways in which these mechanisms may be exploited to reduce VBD risk in humans.

Assessing the Knowledge and Awareness Among Selected Tertiary Students in the Accra Metropolis on Zoonotic Infections

Background

Zoonotic infections are a serious threat to human health and a direct risk that could potentially be fatal. Animals both domestic and wild serve as reservoirs for zoonotic infections. Thus, frequent contact with animals might occasionally result in the transfer of infections from animals to people. Ghana is especially susceptible to the effects of zoonotic infections due to the increase in the household human-animal ratio. This study assessed the awareness and knowledge level of tertiary students in a selected tertiary institution on zoonotic infections.

Methods

A quantitative research method was employed making use of a descriptive cross-sectional study design. The target population chosen for the research was mainly students from the University of Ghana. A stratified sampling technique was used in selecting participants for the study. 440 participants were selected for the study. The university's four primary colleges served as the strata for the basis of data collection.

Results

The study revealed a moderate knowledge level among students. The term "zoonoses" was understood by the majority (70%) of the respondents. Respondents knew at least one route of transmission of zoonotic infection. For the spread of zoonotic infections, close contact with infected animals and consumption of contaminated food were seen as ways of spread by a majority.

Conclusion

Although the basic strategies required for the control and elimination of the zoonotic diseases in such tertiary institutions are well known and practiced as per the study findings, zoonoses still persists and this can be attributed to low education on the subject. Knowledge and awareness level on zoonoses especially in tertiary institutions such as the University of Ghana could be improved if relevant authorities create adequate enlightenment programs on improving the knowledge of zoonotic diseases through a variety of media including seminars, workshop, television, radio, newspaper and social media.

Serological evidence of virus infection in Eidolon helvum fruit bats: implications for bushmeat consumption in Nigeria

Introduction

The Eidolon helvum fruit bat is one of the most widely distributed fruit bats in Africa and known to be a reservoir for several pathogenic viruses that can cause disease in animals and humans. To assess the risk of zoonotic spillover, we conducted a serological survey of 304 serum samples from E. helvum bats that were captured for human consumption in Makurdi, Nigeria.

Methods

Using pseudotyped viruses, we screened 304 serum samples for neutralizing antibodies against viruses from the Coronaviridae, Filoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae families.

Results

We report the presence of neutralizing antibodies against henipavirus lineage GH-M74a virus (odds ratio 6.23; p < 0.001), Nipah virus (odds ratio 4.04; p = 0.00031), bat influenza H17N10 virus (odds ratio 7.25; p < 0.001) and no significant association with Ebola virus (odds ratio 0.56; p = 0.375) in this bat cohort.

Conclusion

The data suggest a potential risk of zoonotic spillover including the possible circulation of highly pathogenic viruses in E. helvum populations. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining sero-surveillance of E. helvum, and the necessity for further, more comprehensive investigations to monitor changes in virus prevalence, distribution over time, and across different geographic locations.

Outlook of pandemic preparedness in a post-COVID-19 world

The COVID-19 pandemic was met with rapid, unprecedented global collaboration and action. Even still, the public health, societal, and economic impact may be felt for years to come. The risk of another pandemic occurring in the next few decades is ever-present and potentially increasing due to trends such as urbanization and climate change. While it is difficult to predict the next pandemic pathogen threat, making reasonable assumptions today and evaluating prior efforts to plan for and respond to disease outbreaks and pandemics may enable a more proactive, effective response in the future. Lessons from the COVID-19 response and pandemic influenza preparedness underscore the importance of strengthening surveillance systems, investing in early-stage research on pandemic pathogens and development of platform technologies, and diversifying response plans across a range of tactics to enable earlier access to safe and effective interventions in the next pandemic. Further, sustaining the robust vaccine manufacturing capacity built because of COVID-19 will keep it ready for rapid response in the future. These actions will not be successful without improved global coordination and collaboration. Everyone, including the biopharmaceutical industry, has a role to play in pandemic preparedness, and working together will ensure that the most lives are saved in the next pandemic.

Oral mucosa immunity: ultimate strategy to stop spreading of pandemic viruses

Global pandemics are most likely initiated via zoonotic transmission to humans in which respiratory viruses infect airways with relevance to mucosal systems. Out of the known pandemics, five were initiated by respiratory viruses including current ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Striking progress in vaccine development and therapeutics has helped ameliorate the mortality and morbidity by infectious agents. Yet, organism replication and virus spread through mucosal tissues cannot be directly controlled by parenteral vaccines. A novel mitigation strategy is needed to elicit robust mucosal protection and broadly neutralizing activities to hamper virus entry mechanisms and inhibit transmission. This review focuses on the oral mucosa, which is a critical site of viral transmission and promising target to elicit sterile immunity. In addition to reviewing historic pandemics initiated by the zoonotic respiratory RNA viruses and the oral mucosal tissues, we discuss unique features of the oral immune responses. We address barriers and new prospects related to developing novel therapeutics to elicit protective immunity at the mucosal level to ultimately control transmission.

The global risk of infectious disease emergence from giant land snail invasion and pet trade

BACKGROUND

Pathogen outbreaks mostly originate from animals, but some species are more likely to trigger epidemics. The giant land snail (Lissachatina fulica) is a widespread invader, a popular exotic pet, and a notorious vector of the rat lungworm, causing eosinophilic meningitis in humans. However, a comprehensive assessment of the risks of disease outbreak associated with this species is lacking.

METHODS

We assessed and mapped the risk of disease transmission associated with the invasion and pet trade of L. fulica. First, we conducted a review of the scientific literature to list all known L. fulica parasites and pathogens and query host-pathogen databases to identify their potential mammalian hosts. Then, to assess the potential for L. fulica to spread globally, we modelled its suitable climatic conditions and tested whether, within climatically suitable areas, the species tended to occur near humans or not. Finally, we used social media data to map L. fulica possession as an exotic pet and to identify human behaviours associated with increased risk of disease transmission.

RESULTS

Lissachatina fulica can carry at least 36 pathogen species, including two-thirds that can infect humans. The global invasion of L. fulica is climatically limited to tropical areas, but the species is strongly associated with densely populated areas where snails are more likely to enter in contact with humans. In temperate countries, however, climatic conditions should prevent L. fulica's spread. However, we show that in Europe, giant snails are popular exotic pets and are often handled with direct skin contact, likely increasing the risk of pathogen transmission to their owners.

CONCLUSIONS

It is urgent to raise public awareness of the health risks associated with L. fulica in both tropical countries and Europe and to regulate its trade and ownership internationally. Our results highlight the importance of accounting for multiple types of human-wildlife interactions when assessing risks of infectious disease emergence. Furthermore, by targeting the species most likely to spread pathogens, we show that it is possible to rapidly identify emerging disease risks on a global scale, thus guiding timely and appropriate responses.