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Establishment of Intestinal Organoid from Rousettus leschenaultii and the Susceptibility to Bat-Associated Viruses, SARS-CoV-2 and Pteropine Orthoreovirus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910763. [PMID: 34639103 PMCID: PMC8509532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Various pathogens, such as Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2, are threatening human health worldwide. The natural hosts of these pathogens are thought to be bats. The rousette bat, a megabat, is thought to be a natural reservoir of filoviruses, including Ebola and Marburg viruses. Additionally, the rousette bat showed a transient infection in the experimental inoculation of SARS-CoV-2. In the current study, we established and characterized intestinal organoids from Leschenault’s rousette, Rousettus leschenaultii. The established organoids successfully recapitulated the characteristics of intestinal epithelial structure and morphology, and the appropriate supplements necessary for long-term stable culture were identified. The organoid showed susceptibility to Pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV) but not to SARS-CoV-2 in experimental inoculation. This is the first report of the establishment of an expandable organoid culture system of the rousette bat intestinal organoid and its sensitivity to bat-associated viruses, PRV and SARS-CoV-2. This organoid is a useful tool for the elucidation of tolerance mechanisms of the emerging rousette bat-associated viruses such as Ebola and Marburg virus.
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Lacroix A, Mbala Kingebeni P, Ndimbo Kumugo SP, Lempu G, Butel C, Serrano L, Vidal N, Thaurignac G, Esteban A, Mukadi Bamuleka D, Likofata J, Delaporte E, Muyembe Tamfum JJ, Ayouba A, Peeters M, Ahuka Mundeke S. Investigating the Circulation of Ebola Viruses in Bats during the Ebola Virus Disease Outbreaks in the Equateur and North Kivu Provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo from 2018. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050557. [PMID: 34064424 PMCID: PMC8147758 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With 12 of the 31 outbreaks, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is highly affected by Ebolavirus disease (EVD). To better understand the role of bats in the ecology of Ebola viruses, we conducted surveys in bats during two recent EVD outbreaks and in two areas with previous outbreaks. Dried blood spots were tested for antibodies to ebolaviruses and oral and rectal swabs were screened for the presence of filovirus using a broadly reactive semi-nested RT-PCR. Between 2018 and 2020, 892 (88.6%) frugivorous and 115 (11.4%) insectivorous bats were collected. Overall, 11/925 (1.2%) to 100/925 (10.8%) bats showed antibodies to at least one Ebolavirus antigen depending on the positivity criteria. Antibodies were detected in fruit bats from the four sites and from species previously documented to harbor Ebola antibodies or RNA. We tested for the first time a large number of bats during ongoing EVD outbreaks in DRC, but no viral RNA was detected in the 676 sampled bats. Our study illustrates the difficulty to document the role of bats as a source of Ebolaviruses as they might clear quickly the virus. Given the increasing frequency of EVD outbreaks, more studies on the animal reservoir are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Lacroix
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Placide Mbala Kingebeni
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (P.M.K.); (S.P.N.K.); (G.L.); (J.-J.M.T.)
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Simon Pierre Ndimbo Kumugo
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (P.M.K.); (S.P.N.K.); (G.L.); (J.-J.M.T.)
| | - Guy Lempu
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (P.M.K.); (S.P.N.K.); (G.L.); (J.-J.M.T.)
| | - Christelle Butel
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Laetitia Serrano
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Nicole Vidal
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Guillaume Thaurignac
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Amandine Esteban
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Daniel Mukadi Bamuleka
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jacques Likofata
- Laboratoire Provincial de Mbandaka, Equateur, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Eric Delaporte
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe Tamfum
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (P.M.K.); (S.P.N.K.); (G.L.); (J.-J.M.T.)
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
| | - Ahidjo Ayouba
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Martine Peeters
- TransVIHMI (Recherches Translationnelles sur VIH et Maladies Infectieuses), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France; (A.L.); (C.B.); (L.S.); (N.V.); (G.T.); (A.E.); (E.D.); (A.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Steve Ahuka Mundeke
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale (INRB), 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; (P.M.K.); (S.P.N.K.); (G.L.); (J.-J.M.T.)
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, 1197 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo;
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (S.A.M.)
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Koch LK, Cunze S, Kochmann J, Klimpel S. Bats as putative Zaire ebolavirus reservoir hosts and their habitat suitability in Africa. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14268. [PMID: 32868789 PMCID: PMC7459104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Ebolavirus comprises some of the deadliest viruses for primates and humans and associated disease outbreaks are increasing in Africa. Different evidence suggests that bats are putative reservoir hosts and play a major role in the transmission cycle of these filoviruses. Thus, detailed knowledge about their distribution might improve risk estimations of where future disease outbreaks might occur. A MaxEnt niche modelling approach based on climatic variables and land cover was used to investigate the potential distribution of 9 bat species associated to the Zaire ebolavirus. This viral species has led to major Ebola outbreaks in Africa and is known for causing high mortalities. Modelling results suggest suitable areas mainly in the areas near the coasts of West Africa with extensions into Central Africa, where almost all of the 9 species studied find suitable habitat conditions. Previous spillover events and outbreak sites of the virus are covered by the modelled distribution of 3 bat species that have been tested positive for the virus not only using serology tests but also PCR methods. Modelling the habitat suitability of the bats is an important step that can benefit public information campaigns and may ultimately help control future outbreaks of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa K Koch
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Sarah Cunze
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Judith Kochmann
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Sven Klimpel
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.,Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Seroreactive Profiling of Filoviruses in Chinese Bats Reveals Extensive Infection of Diverse Viruses. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.02042-19. [PMID: 31941778 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02042-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Southern China is a hot spot of emerging infectious diseases, in which diverse species of bats dwell, a large group of flying mammals considered natural reservoirs for zoonotic viruses. Recently, divergent filoviruses (FiVs) have been identified in bats within this region, which pose a potential risk to public health, but the true infection situation in bats remains largely unclear. Here, 689 archived bat serum samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blotting, and neutralization assay to investigate the seroprevalence and cross-reactivity of four divergent FiVs and two other viruses (rabies virus and Tuhoko pararubulavirus 1) of different families within the order Mononegavirales Results showed no cross-antigenicity between FiVs and other mononegaviruses but different cross-reactivity among the FiVs themselves. The total FiV seroreactive rate was 36.3% (250/689), with infection by the indigenous Chinese FiV DH04 or an antigenically related one being the most widely and the most highly prevalent. Further viral metagenomic analysis of fruit bat tissues also identified the gene sequence of a novel FiV. These results indicate the likely prevalence of other so far unidentified FiVs within the Chinese bat population, with frugivorous Rousettus leschenaultii and Eonycteris spelaea bats and insectivorous Myotis horsfieldii and Miniopterus schreibersii bats being their major reservoirs.IMPORTANCE Bats are natural hosts of many FiVs, from which diverse FiVs were serologically or virologically detected in Africa, Europe, and East Asia. Recently, very divergent FiVs were identified in the Chinese bat population, but their antigenic relationship with other known FiVs remains unknown. Here, we conducted serological characterization and investigation of Chinese indigenous FiVs and prototypes of other viruses in bats. Results indicated that Chinese indigenous FiVs are antigenically distant to other FiVs, and infection of novel or multiple FiVs occurred in Chinese bats, with FiV DH04 or an antigenically related one being the most widely and the most highly prevalent. Additionally, besides Rousettus leschenaultii and Eonycteris spelaea bats, the insectivorous Myotis horsfieldii and M. schreibersii bats are highly preferential hosts of FiVs. Seroreactive and viral metagenomic results indicated that more as yet unknown bat-borne FiVs circulate in Southern China, and to uncover them further, investigation and timely surveillance is needed.
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Dovih P, Laing ED, Chen Y, Low DHW, Ansil BR, Yang X, Shi Z, Broder CC, Smith GJD, Linster M, Ramakrishnan U, Mendenhall IH. Filovirus-reactive antibodies in humans and bats in Northeast India imply zoonotic spillover. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007733. [PMID: 31671094 PMCID: PMC6822707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are reservoirs for several zoonotic pathogens, including filoviruses. Recent work highlights the diversity of bat borne filoviruses in Asia. High risk activities at the bat-human interface pose the threat of zoonotic virus transmission. We present evidence for prior exposure of bat harvesters and two resident fruit bat species to filovirus surface glycoproteins by screening sera in a multiplexed serological assay. Antibodies reactive to two antigenically distinct filoviruses were detected in human sera and to three individual filoviruses in bats in remote Northeast India. Sera obtained from Eonycteris spelaea bats showed similar patterns of cross-reactivity as human samples, suggesting them as the species responsible for the spillover. In contrast, sera from Rousettus leschenaultii bats reacted to two different virus glycoproteins. Our results indicate circulation of several filoviruses in bats and the possibility for filovirus transmission from bats to humans. Focused virus surveillance at human-wildlife interfaces enables proactive detection of potentially epidemic pathogens. Filoviruses, including ebolaviruses and marburgviruses, are pathogens with epidemic potential. They were previously detected in bats and have caused disease outbreaks in humans with a high case fatality rate. Here, we tested sera obtained from bats and humans at a high-risk interface for the presence of filovirus reactive antibodies. Human participants were engaged in annual bat hunts, possibly exposing them to bat-borne viruses. We report the exposure of humans to filoviruses that were likely derived from the two sampled bat species. The bats contain antibodies raised to presumably three distinct filoviruses. Our findings suggest bats in South Asia act as a reservoir host of a diverse range of filoviruses and filovirus spillover occurs through human exposure to these bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilot Dovih
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
- Sastra University, School of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Eric D. Laing
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yihui Chen
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Singapore
| | - Dolyce H. W. Low
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Singapore
- National University of Singapore, Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Singapore
| | - B. R. Ansil
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Xinglou Yang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengli Shi
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Christopher C. Broder
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gavin J. D. Smith
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Singapore
| | - Martin Linster
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Singapore
| | - Uma Ramakrishnan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
| | - Ian H. Mendenhall
- Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Objective There have been five documented outbreaks of Ebola Reston virus (RESTV) in animals epidemiologically linked to the Philippines. This assessment was conducted to determine the risk of RESTV occurring in humans in the Philippines and its potential pathogenicity in humans. Methods The World Health Organization Rapid Risk Assessment of Acute Public Health Events Manual was used for the assessment. A literature review was done and a risk assessment matrix was used for the risk characterization of the outbreaks in the Philippines. The risk assessment was conducted by the Philippines Field Epidemiology Training Program. Results The risk of RESTV occurring in humans in the Philippines and its potential pathogenicity in humans were both assessed as moderate. Animals involved in RESTV outbreaks in the Philippines were non-human primates and domestic pigs. The presence of RESTV in pigs poses a possibility of genetic evolution of the virus. Although RESTV has been identified in humans, there was no death or illness attributed to the infection. The Philippines Inter-agency Committee on Zoonoses oversees collaboration between the animal and human health sectors for the prevention and control of zoonoses. However, there is no surveillance of risk animals or previously affected farms to monitor and facilitate early identification of cases. Discussion The moderate risk of RESTV recurring among humans in the Philippines and its potential pathogenicity in humans reinforces the need for early detection, surveillance and continued studies of RESTV pathogenesis and its health consequences. The One Health approach, with the involvement and coordination of public health, veterinary services and the community, is essential in the detection, control and management of zoonosis.
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First Evidence of Antibodies Against Lloviu Virus in Schreiber's Bent-Winged Insectivorous Bats Demonstrate a Wide Circulation of the Virus in Spain. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040360. [PMID: 31010201 PMCID: PMC6521100 DOI: 10.3390/v11040360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Lloviu virus (LLOV) was discovered in the carcasses of insectivorous Schreiber’s Bent-winged bats in the caves of Northern Spain in 2002, its infectivity and pathogenicity remain unclear. We examined the seroprevalence of LLOV in potentially exposed Schreiber’s Bent-winged bats (n = 60), common serotine bats (n = 10) as controls, and humans (n = 22) using an immunoblot assay. We found antibodies against LLOV GP2 in all of Schreiber’s Bent-winged bats serum pools, but not in any of the common serotine bats and human pools tested. To confirm this seroreactivity, 52 serums were individually tested using Domain Programmable Arrays (DPA), a phage display based-system serology technique for profiling filovirus epitopes. A serological signature against different LLOV proteins was obtained in 19/52 samples tested (36.5%). The immunodominant response was in the majority specific to LLOV-unique epitopes, confirming that the serological response detected was to LLOV. To our knowledge, this is the first serological evidence of LLOV exposure in live captured Schreiber’s Bent-winged bats, dissociating LLOV circulation as the cause of the previously reported die-offs.
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Laing ED, Mendenhall IH, Linster M, Low DHW, Chen Y, Yan L, Sterling SL, Borthwick S, Neves ES, Lim JSL, Skiles M, Lee BPYH, Wang LF, Broder CC, Smith GJD. Serologic Evidence of Fruit Bat Exposure to Filoviruses, Singapore, 2011-2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:114-117. [PMID: 29260678 PMCID: PMC5749470 DOI: 10.3201/eid2401.170401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether fruit bats in Singapore have been exposed to filoviruses, we screened 409 serum samples from bats of 3 species by using a multiplex assay that detects antibodies against filoviruses. Positive samples reacted with glycoproteins from Bundibugyo, Ebola, and Sudan viruses, indicating filovirus circulation among bats in Southeast Asia.
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Yang XL, Zhang YZ, Jiang RD, Guo H, Zhang W, Li B, Wang N, Wang L, Waruhiu C, Zhou JH, Li SY, Daszak P, Wang LF, Shi ZL. Genetically Diverse Filoviruses in Rousettus and Eonycteris spp. Bats, China, 2009 and 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:482-486. [PMID: 28221123 PMCID: PMC5382765 DOI: 10.3201/eid2303.161119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically divergent filoviruses detected in Rousettus and Eonycteris spp. bats in China exhibited 61%–99% nt identity with reported filoviruses, based on partial replicase sequences, and they demonstrated lung tropism. Co-infection with 4 different filoviruses was found in 1 bat. These results demonstrate that fruit bats are key reservoirs of filoviruses.
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Albariño CG, Wiggleton Guerrero L, Jenks HM, Chakrabarti AK, Ksiazek TG, Rollin PE, Nichol ST. Insights into Reston virus spillovers and adaption from virus whole genome sequences. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178224. [PMID: 28542463 PMCID: PMC5444788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reston virus (family Filoviridae) is unique among the viruses of the Ebolavirus genus in that it is considered non-pathogenic in humans, in contrast to the other members which are highly virulent. The virus has however, been associated with several outbreaks of highly lethal hemorrhagic fever in non-human primates (NHPs), specifically cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) originating in the Philippines. In addition, Reston virus has been isolated from domestic pigs in the Philippines. To better understand virus spillover events and potential adaption to new hosts, the whole genome sequences of representative Reston virus isolates were obtained using a next generation sequencing (NGS) approach and comparative genomic analysis and virus fitness analyses were performed. Nine virus genome sequences were completed for novel and previously described isolates obtained from a variety of hosts including a human case, non-human primates and pigs. Results of phylogenetic analysis of the sequence differences are consistent with multiple independent introductions of RESTV from a still unknown natural reservoir into non-human primates and swine farming operations. No consistent virus genetic markers were found specific for viruses associated with primate or pig infections, but similar to what had been seen with some Ebola viruses detected in the large Western Africa outbreak in 2014–2016, a truncated version of VP30 was identified in a subgroup of Reston viruses obtained from an outbreak in pigs 2008–2009. Finally, the genetic comparison of two closely related viruses, one isolated from a human case and one from an NHP, showed amino acid differences in the viral polymerase and detectable differences were found in competitive growth assays on human and NHP cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- César G. Albariño
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Harley M. Jenks
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Ayan K. Chakrabarti
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Thomas G. Ksiazek
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Pierre E. Rollin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Stuart T. Nichol
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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Abstract
Out of the five members of the Ebolavirus family, four cause life-threatening disease, whereas the fifth, Reston virus (RESTV), is nonpathogenic in humans. Out of the five members of the Ebolavirus family, four cause life-threatening disease, whereas the fifth, Reston virus (RESTV), is nonpathogenic in humans. The reasons for this discrepancy remain unclear. In this review, we analyze the currently available information to provide a state-of-the-art summary of the factors that determine the human pathogenicity of Ebolaviruses. RESTV causes sporadic infections in cynomolgus monkeys and is found in domestic pigs throughout the Philippines and China. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that RESTV is most closely related to the Sudan virus, which causes a high mortality rate in humans. Amino acid sequence differences between RESTV and the other Ebolaviruses are found in all nine Ebolavirus proteins, though no one residue appears sufficient to confer pathogenicity. Changes in the glycoprotein contribute to differences in Ebolavirus pathogenicity but are not sufficient to confer pathogenicity on their own. Similarly, differences in VP24 and VP35 affect viral immune evasion and are associated with changes in human pathogenicity. A recent in silico analysis systematically determined the functional consequences of sequence variations between RESTV and human-pathogenic Ebolaviruses. Multiple positions in VP24 were differently conserved between RESTV and the other Ebolaviruses and may alter human pathogenicity. In conclusion, the factors that determine the pathogenicity of Ebolaviruses in humans remain insufficiently understood. An improved understanding of these pathogenicity-determining factors is of crucial importance for disease prevention and for the early detection of emergent and potentially human-pathogenic RESTVs.
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Alvarez JDV, Lit IL, Alviola PA, Cosico EA, Eres EG. A contribution to the ectoparasite fauna of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in Mindoro Island, Philippines: I. Blood sucking Diptera (Nycteribiidae, Streblidae) and Siphonaptera (Ischnopsyllidae). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TROPICAL INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 36:188-194. [PMID: 32218804 PMCID: PMC7091725 DOI: 10.1017/s1742758416000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
New data on bat ectoparasites from Mindoro Island, Philippines are reported. Eighty-three individuals of ectoparasitic insects representing seven species of Nyc-teribiidae and fve species of Streblidae (both Diptera), and one species of Ischnopsyllidae (Siphonaptera) were recorded from 11 bat species captured in Naujan Lake National Park, Mindoro Oriental Province, Philippines. Raymondia pagodarum is a new record for the country. Eight species are also newly recorded for Mindoro Island, including Cyclopodia garrula, Leptocyclopodia ferrarii mabuhai, Megastrebla parvior, Brachytarsina amboinensis, B. werneri, R. pagodarum, R. pseudopagodarum and Thaumapsylla longiforceps. Five species are newly documented on various hosts: C. horsfieldi on Pteropus pumilus, M. parvior on Macroglossus minimus, B. amboinensis on Hipposideros diadema, B. werneri on Rhinolophus arcuatus and R. pagodarum on Hipposideros bicolor.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. V. Alvarez
- Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, 4031 Philippines
| | - Ireneo L. Lit
- Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, 4031 Philippines
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, 4031 Philippines
| | - Phillip A. Alviola
- Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, 4031 Philippines
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, 4031 Philippines
| | - Edison A. Cosico
- Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, 4031 Philippines
| | - Eduardo G. Eres
- Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna, 4031 Philippines
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13
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Judson SD, Fischer R, Judson A, Munster VJ. Ecological Contexts of Index Cases and Spillover Events of Different Ebolaviruses. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005780. [PMID: 27494600 PMCID: PMC4975397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus disease afflicts both human and animal populations and is caused by four ebolaviruses. These different ebolaviruses may have distinct reservoir hosts and ecological contexts that determine how, where, and when different ebolavirus spillover events occur. Understanding these virus-specific relationships is important for preventing transmission of ebolaviruses from wildlife to humans. We examine the ecological contexts surrounding 34 human index case infections of ebolaviruses from 1976-2014. Determining possible sources of spillover from wildlife, characterizing the environment of each event, and creating ecological niche models to estimate habitats suitable for spillover, we find that index case infections of two ebolaviruses, Ebola virus and Sudan virus, have occurred under different ecological contexts. The index cases of Ebola virus infection are more associated with tropical evergreen broadleaf forests and consuming bushmeat than the cases of Sudan virus. Given these differences, we emphasize caution when generalizing across different ebolaviruses and that location and virus-specific ecological knowledge will be essential to unravelling how human and animal behavior lead to the emergence of Ebola virus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth D. Judson
- Virus Ecology Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Fischer
- Virus Ecology Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Andrew Judson
- Square Inc, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Vincent J. Munster
- Virus Ecology Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
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14
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Burk R, Bollinger L, Johnson JC, Wada J, Radoshitzky SR, Palacios G, Bavari S, Jahrling PB, Kuhn JH. Neglected filoviruses. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:494-519. [PMID: 27268907 PMCID: PMC4931228 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight viruses are currently assigned to the family Filoviridae Marburg virus, Sudan virus and, in particular, Ebola virus have received the most attention both by researchers and the public from 1967 to 2013. During this period, natural human filovirus disease outbreaks occurred sporadically in Equatorial Africa and, despite high case-fatality rates, never included more than several dozen to a few hundred infections per outbreak. Research emphasis shifted almost exclusively to Ebola virus in 2014, when this virus was identified as the cause of an outbreak that has thus far involved more than 28 646 people and caused more than 11 323 deaths in Western Africa. Consequently, major efforts are currently underway to develop licensed medical countermeasures against Ebola virus infection. However, the ecology of and mechanisms behind Ebola virus emergence are as little understood as they are for all other filoviruses. Consequently, the possibility of the future occurrence of a large disease outbreak caused by other less characterized filoviruses (i.e. Bundibugyo virus, Lloviu virus, Ravn virus, Reston virus and Taï Forest virus) is impossible to rule out. Yet, for many of these viruses, not even rudimentary research tools are available, let alone medical countermeasures. This review summarizes the current knowledge on these less well-characterized filoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Burk
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Laura Bollinger
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Joshua C. Johnson
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jiro Wada
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sheli R. Radoshitzky
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sina Bavari
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Peter B. Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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15
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16
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Hoffmann M, González Hernández M, Berger E, Marzi A, Pöhlmann S. The Glycoproteins of All Filovirus Species Use the Same Host Factors for Entry into Bat and Human Cells but Entry Efficiency Is Species Dependent. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149651. [PMID: 26901159 PMCID: PMC4762945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola and marburgviruses, members of the family Filoviridae, can cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. The ongoing Ebola virus (EBOV) disease epidemic in Western Africa claimed more than 11,300 lives and was associated with secondary cases outside Africa, demonstrating that filoviruses pose a global health threat. Bats constitute an important natural reservoir of filoviruses, including viruses of the recently identified Cuevavirus genus within the Filoviridae family. However, the interactions of filoviruses with bat cells are incompletely understood. Here, we investigated whether filoviruses employ different strategies to enter human and bat cells. For this, we examined host cell entry driven by glycoproteins (GP) from all filovirus species into cell lines of human and fruit bat origin. We show that all GPs were able to mediate entry into human and most fruit bat cell lines with roughly comparable efficiency. In contrast, the efficiency of entry into the cell line EidNi/41 derived from a straw-colored fruit bat varied markedly between the GPs of different filovirus species. Furthermore, inhibition studies demonstrated that filoviruses employ the same host cell factors for entry into human, non-human primate and fruit bat cell lines, including cysteine proteases, two pore channels and NPC1 (Niemann-Pick C1 molecule). Finally, processing of GP by furin and the presence of the mucin-like domain in GP were dispensable for entry into both human and bat cell lines. Collectively, these results show that filoviruses rely on the same host cell factors for entry into human and fruit bat cells, although the efficiency of the usage of these factors might differ between filovirus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (SP); (MH)
| | | | - Elisabeth Berger
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (SP); (MH)
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17
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Experimental Inoculation of Egyptian Fruit Bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) with Ebola Virus. Viruses 2016; 8:v8020029. [PMID: 26805873 PMCID: PMC4776184 DOI: 10.3390/v8020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonized Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus), originating in South Africa, were inoculated subcutaneously with Ebola virus (EBOV). No overt signs of morbidity, mortality, or gross lesions were noted. Bats seroconverted by Day 10–16 post inoculation (p.i.), with the highest mean anti-EBOV IgG level on Day 28 p.i. EBOV RNA was detected in blood from one bat. In 16 other tissues tested, viral RNA distribution was limited and at very low levels. No seroconversion could be demonstrated in any of the control bats up to 28 days after in-contact exposure to subcutaneously-inoculated bats. The control bats were subsequently inoculated intraperitoneally, and intramuscularly with the same dose of EBOV. No mortality, morbidity or gross pathology was observed in these bats. Kinetics of immune response was similar to that in subcutaneously-inoculated bats. Viral RNA was more widely disseminated to multiple tissues and detectable in a higher proportion of individuals, but consistently at very low levels. Irrespective of the route of inoculation, no virus was isolated from tissues which tested positive for EBOV RNA. Viral RNA was not detected in oral, nasal, ocular, vaginal, penile and rectal swabs from any of the experimental groups.
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18
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Hayman DTS. Biannual birth pulses allow filoviruses to persist in bat populations. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20142591. [PMID: 25673678 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses Ebolavirus (EBOV) and Marburgvirus (MARV) cause haemorrhagic fevers with high mortality rates, posing significant threats to public health. To understand transmission into human populations, filovirus dynamics within reservoir host populations must be understood. Studies have directly linked filoviruses to bats, but the mechanisms allowing viral persistence within bat populations are poorly understood. Theory suggests seasonal birthing may decrease the probability of pathogen persistence within populations, but data suggest MARV may persist within colonies of seasonally breeding Egyptian fruit bats, Rousettus aegyptiacus. I synthesize available filovirus and bat data in a stochastic compartmental model to explore fundamental questions relating to filovirus ecology: can filoviruses persist within isolated bat colonies; do critical community sizes exist; and how do host-pathogen relationships affect spillover transmission potential? Synchronous annual breeding and shorter incubation periods did not allow filovirus persistence, whereas bi-annual breeding and longer incubation periods, such as reported for Egyptian fruit bats and EBOV in experimental studies, allowed persistence in colony sizes often found in nature. Serological data support the findings, with bats from species with two annual birth pulses more likely to be seropositive (odds ratio (OR) 4.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.5-8.7) than those with one, suggesting that biannual birthing is necessary for filovirus persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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19
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Voigt CC, Kingston T. Zoonotic Viruses and Conservation of Bats. BATS IN THE ANTHROPOCENE: CONSERVATION OF BATS IN A CHANGING WORLD 2015. [PMCID: PMC7122997 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25220-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many of the recently emerging highly virulent zoonotic diseases have a likely bat origin, for example Hendra, Nipah, Ebola and diseases caused by coronaviruses. Presumably because of their long history of coevolution, most of these viruses remain subclinical in bats, but have the potential to cause severe illnesses in domestic and wildlife animals and also humans. Spillovers from bats to humans either happen directly (via contact with infected bats) or indirectly (via intermediate hosts such as domestic or wildlife animals, by consuming food items contaminated by saliva, faeces or urine of bats, or via other environmental sources). Increasing numbers of breakouts of zoonotic viral diseases among humans and livestock have mainly been accounted to human encroachment into natural habitat, as well as agricultural intensification, deforestation and bushmeat consumption. Persecution of bats, including the destruction of their roosts and culling of whole colonies, has led not only to declines of protected bat species, but also to an increase in virus prevalence in some of these populations. Educational efforts are needed in order to prevent future spillovers of bat-borne viruses to humans and livestock, and to further protect bats from unnecessary and counterproductive culling.
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20
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Jayme SI, Field HE, de Jong C, Olival KJ, Marsh G, Tagtag AM, Hughes T, Bucad AC, Barr J, Azul RR, Retes LM, Foord A, Yu M, Cruz MS, Santos IJ, Lim TMS, Benigno CC, Epstein JH, Wang LF, Daszak P, Newman SH. Molecular evidence of Ebola Reston virus infection in Philippine bats. Virol J 2015; 12:107. [PMID: 26184657 PMCID: PMC4504098 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2008-09, evidence of Reston ebolavirus (RESTV) infection was found in domestic pigs and pig workers in the Philippines. With species of bats having been shown to be the cryptic reservoir of filoviruses elsewhere, the Philippine government, in conjunction with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, assembled a multi-disciplinary and multi-institutional team to investigate Philippine bats as the possible reservoir of RESTV. METHODS The team undertook surveillance of bat populations at multiple locations during 2010 using both serology and molecular assays. RESULTS A total of 464 bats from 21 species were sampled. We found both molecular and serologic evidence of RESTV infection in multiple bat species. RNA was detected with quantitative PCR (qPCR) in oropharyngeal swabs taken from Miniopterus schreibersii, with three samples yielding a product on conventional hemi-nested PCR whose sequences differed from a Philippine pig isolate by a single nucleotide. Uncorroborated qPCR detections may indicate RESTV nucleic acid in several additional bat species (M. australis, C. brachyotis and Ch. plicata). We also detected anti-RESTV antibodies in three bats (Acerodon jubatus) using both Western blot and ELISA. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that ebolavirus infection is taxonomically widespread in Philippine bats, but the evident low prevalence and low viral load warrants expanded surveillance to elaborate the findings, and more broadly, to determine the taxonomic and geographic occurrence of ebolaviruses in bats in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah I Jayme
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Makati City, Philippines. .,Global Alliance for Rabies Control, Santa Rosa City, Philippines.
| | - Hume E Field
- Queensland Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Brisbane, Australia. .,EcoHealth Alliance, New York, USA.
| | - Carol de Jong
- Queensland Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Brisbane, Australia.
| | | | - Glenn Marsh
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Anson M Tagtag
- Biodiversity Management Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | | | - Anthony C Bucad
- Bureau of Animal Industries, Department of Agriculture, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Jennifer Barr
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Rachel R Azul
- Bureau of Animal Industries, Department of Agriculture, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Lilia M Retes
- Bureau of Animal Industries, Department of Agriculture, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Adam Foord
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Meng Yu
- Bureau of Animal Industries, Department of Agriculture, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Magdalena S Cruz
- Bureau of Animal Industries, Department of Agriculture, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Imelda J Santos
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Makati City, Philippines.
| | - Theresa Mundita S Lim
- Biodiversity Management Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Quezon City, Philippines.
| | - Carolyn C Benigno
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (FAO RAP), Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia. .,Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, ᅟ, Singapore.
| | | | - Scott H Newman
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Disease, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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21
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Experimental Inoculation of Egyptian Rousette Bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) with Viruses of the Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus Genera. Viruses 2015; 7:3420-42. [PMID: 26120867 PMCID: PMC4517108 DOI: 10.3390/v7072779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Egyptian rousette bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) is a natural reservoir for marburgviruses and a consistent source of virus spillover to humans. Cumulative evidence suggests various bat species may also transmit ebolaviruses. We investigated the susceptibility of Egyptian rousettes to each of the five known ebolaviruses (Sudan, Ebola, Bundibugyo, Taï Forest, and Reston), and compared findings with Marburg virus. In a pilot study, groups of four juvenile bats were inoculated with one of the ebolaviruses or Marburg virus. In ebolavirus groups, viral RNA tissue distribution was limited, and no bat became viremic. Sudan viral RNA was slightly more widespread, spurring a second, 15-day Sudan virus serial euthanasia study. Low levels of Sudan viral RNA disseminated to multiple tissues at early time points, but there was no viremia or shedding. In contrast, Marburg virus RNA was widely disseminated, with viremia, oral and rectal shedding, and antigen in spleen and liver. This is the first experimental infection study comparing tissue tropism, viral shedding, and clinical and pathologic effects of six different filoviruses in the Egyptian rousette, a known marburgvirus reservoir. Our results suggest Egyptian rousettes are unlikely sources for ebolaviruses in nature, and support a possible single filovirus-single reservoir host relationship.
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22
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Wrensch F, Karsten CB, Gnirß K, Hoffmann M, Lu K, Takada A, Winkler M, Simmons G, Pöhlmann S. Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Protein-Mediated Inhibition of Host Cell Entry of Ebolaviruses. J Infect Dis 2015; 212 Suppl 2:S210-8. [PMID: 26034199 PMCID: PMC4564551 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebolaviruses are highly pathogenic in humans and nonhuman primates and pose a severe threat to public health. The interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins can restrict entry of ebolaviruses, influenza A viruses, and other enveloped viruses. However, the breadth and mechanism of the antiviral activity of IFITM proteins are incompletely understood. Here, we employed ebolavirus glycoprotein–pseudotyped vectors and ebolavirus-like particles to address this question. We show that IFITM proteins inhibit the cellular entry of diverse ebolaviruses and demonstrate that type I interferon induces IFITM protein expression in macrophages, major viral targets. Moreover, we show that IFITM proteins block entry of influenza A viruses and ebolaviruses by different mechanisms and provide evidence that antibodies and IFITM proteins can synergistically inhibit cellular entry of ebolaviruses. These results provide insights into the role of IFITM proteins in infection by ebolaviruses and suggest a mechanism by which antibodies, though poorly neutralizing in vitro, might contribute to viral control in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina B Karsten
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen Institute for Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Kerstin Gnirß
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen
| | | | - Kai Lu
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Graham Simmons
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California
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23
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Weyer J, Grobbelaar A, Blumberg L. Ebola virus disease: history, epidemiology and outbreaks. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2015; 17:480. [PMID: 25896751 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-015-0480-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 40 years, sporadic Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks have occurred mostly in the central African region. In March 2014, an outbreak of EVD was recognized in Guinea which would become the most significant outbreak of haemorrhagic fever in Africa to date. The outbreak started in Guinea and rapidly spread to Liberia and Sierra Leone, claiming thousands of lives. Many questions still remain regarding the ecology of Ebola viruses, but it is believed that contact with infected bushmeat is an important risk factor for initial spill over of the virus into the human population. At present, there is still no registered prophylaxis or curative biologicals against EVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Weyer
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, Gauteng, 2192, South Africa,
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24
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Ebola virus disease in nonendemic countries. J Formos Med Assoc 2015; 114:384-98. [PMID: 25882189 PMCID: PMC7135111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2014 West African outbreak of Ebola virus disease was unprecedented in its scale and has resulted in transmissions outside endemic countries. Clinicians in nonendemic countries will most likely face the disease in returning travelers, either among healthcare workers, expatriates, or visiting friends and relatives. Clinical suspicion for the disease must be heightened for travelers or contacts presenting with compatible clinical syndromes, and strict infection control measures must be promptly implemented to minimize the risk of secondary transmission within healthcare settings or in the community. We present a concise review on human filoviral disease with an emphasis on issues that are pertinent to clinicians practicing in nonendemic countries.
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25
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Analysis of cathepsin and furin proteolytic enzymes involved in viral fusion protein activation in cells of the bat reservoir host. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115736. [PMID: 25706132 PMCID: PMC4338073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats of different species play a major role in the emergence and transmission of highly pathogenic viruses including Ebola virus, SARS-like coronavirus and the henipaviruses. These viruses require proteolytic activation of surface envelope glycoproteins needed for entry, and cellular cathepsins have been shown to be involved in proteolysis of glycoproteins from these distinct virus families. Very little is currently known about the available proteases in bats. To determine whether the utilization of cathepsins by bat-borne viruses is related to the nature of proteases in their natural hosts, we examined proteolytic processing of several viral fusion proteins in cells derived from two fruit bat species, Pteropus alecto and Rousettus aegyptiacus. Our work shows that fruit bat cells have homologs of cathepsin and furin proteases capable of cleaving and activating both the cathepsin-dependent Hendra virus F and the furin-dependent parainfluenza virus 5 F proteins. Sequence analysis comparing Pteropus alecto furin and cathepsin L to proteases from other mammalian species showed a high degree of conservation; however significant amino acid variation occurs at the C-terminus of Pteropus alecto furin. Further analysis of furin-like proteases from fruit bats revealed that these proteases are catalytically active and resemble other mammalian furins in their response to a potent furin inhibitor. However, kinetic analysis suggests that differences may exist in the cellular localization of furin between different species. Collectively, these results indicate that the unusual role of cathepsin proteases in the life cycle of bat-borne viruses is not due to the lack of active furin-like proteases in these natural reservoir species; however, differences may exist between furin proteases present in fruit bats compared to furins in other mammalian species, and these differences may impact protease usage for viral glycoprotein processing.
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26
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To KKW, Chan JFW, Tsang AKL, Cheng VCC, Yuen KY. Ebola virus disease: a highly fatal infectious disease reemerging in West Africa. Microbes Infect 2014; 17:84-97. [PMID: 25456100 PMCID: PMC7110538 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ebolavirus can cause a highly fatal and panic-generating human disease which may jump from bats to other mammals and human. High viral loads in body fluids allow efficient transmission by contact. Lack of effective antivirals, vaccines and public health infrastructures in parts of Africa make it difficult to health workers to contain the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin K W To
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jasper F W Chan
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alan K L Tsang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vincent C C Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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27
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A call to action to enhance filovirus disease outbreak preparedness and response. Viruses 2014; 6:3699-718. [PMID: 25271875 PMCID: PMC4213557 DOI: 10.3390/v6103699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The frequency and magnitude of recognized and declared filovirus-disease outbreaks have increased in recent years, while pathogenic filoviruses are potentially ubiquitous throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile, the efficiency and effectiveness of filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response efforts are currently limited by inherent challenges and persistent shortcomings. This paper delineates some of these challenges and shortcomings and provides a proposal for enhancing future filovirus-disease outbreak preparedness and response. The proposal serves as a call for prompt action by the organizations that comprise filovirus-disease outbreak response teams, namely, Ministries of Health of outbreak-prone countries, the World Health Organization, Médecins Sans Frontières, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—Atlanta, and others.
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Abstract
Multiple recent, independent studies have confirmed that passively administered antibodies can provide effective postexposure therapy in nonhuman primates after exposure to an otherwise lethal dose of Ebola virus or Marburg virus. In this article, we review composition and performance of the antibody cocktails tested thus far, what is known about antibody epitopes on the viral glycoprotein target and ongoing research questions in further development of such cocktails for pre-exposure or emergency postexposure use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science & The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Olival KJ, Hayman DTS. Filoviruses in bats: current knowledge and future directions. Viruses 2014; 6:1759-88. [PMID: 24747773 PMCID: PMC4014719 DOI: 10.3390/v6041759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses, including Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus, pose significant threats to public health and species conservation by causing hemorrhagic fever outbreaks with high mortality rates. Since the first outbreak in 1967, their origins, natural history, and ecology remained elusive until recent studies linked them through molecular, serological, and virological studies to bats. We review the ecology, epidemiology, and natural history of these systems, drawing on examples from other bat-borne zoonoses, and highlight key areas for future research. We compare and contrast results from ecological and virological studies of bats and filoviruses with those of other systems. We also highlight how advanced methods, such as more recent serological assays, can be interlinked with flexible statistical methods and experimental studies to inform the field studies necessary to understand filovirus persistence in wildlife populations and cross-species transmission leading to outbreaks. We highlight the need for a more unified, global surveillance strategy for filoviruses in wildlife, and advocate for more integrated, multi-disciplinary approaches to understand dynamics in bat populations to ultimately mitigate or prevent potentially devastating disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Olival
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 W. 34th Street, New York, NY 10001, USA.
| | - David T S Hayman
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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30
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Clifton MC, Kirchdoerfer RN, Atkins K, Abendroth J, Raymond A, Grice R, Barnes S, Moen S, Lorimer D, Edwards TE, Myler PJ, Saphire EO. Structure of the Reston ebolavirus VP30 C-terminal domain. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:457-60. [PMID: 24699737 PMCID: PMC3976061 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14003811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ebolaviruses can cause severe hemorrhagic fever. Essential to the ebolavirus life cycle is the protein VP30, which serves as a transcriptional cofactor. Here, the crystal structure of the C-terminal, NP-binding domain of VP30 from Reston ebolavirus is presented. Reston VP30 and Ebola VP30 both form homodimers, but the dimeric interfaces are rotated relative to each other, suggesting subtle inherent differences or flexibility in the dimeric interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Clifton
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Emerald Bio, Preston Court, Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - Robert N. Kirchdoerfer
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, IMM-21, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kateri Atkins
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Emerald Bio, 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Isle, WA 98110, USA
| | - Jan Abendroth
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Emerald Bio, 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Isle, WA 98110, USA
| | - Amy Raymond
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Emerald Bio, 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Isle, WA 98110, USA
| | - Rena Grice
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Emerald Bio, 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Isle, WA 98110, USA
| | - Steve Barnes
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Emerald Bio, 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Isle, WA 98110, USA
| | - Spencer Moen
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Emerald Bio, 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Isle, WA 98110, USA
| | - Don Lorimer
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Emerald Bio, 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Isle, WA 98110, USA
| | - Thomas E. Edwards
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Emerald Bio, 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Isle, WA 98110, USA
| | - Peter J. Myler
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, IMM-21, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, IMM-21, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Mire CE, Geisbert JB, Marzi A, Agans KN, Feldmann H, Geisbert TW. Vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccines protect nonhuman primates against Bundibugyo ebolavirus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2600. [PMID: 24367715 PMCID: PMC3868506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs). Currently, there are no licensed vaccines or therapeutics for human use. Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-based vaccine vectors, which encode an EBOV glycoprotein in place of the VSV glycoprotein, have shown 100% efficacy against homologous Sudan ebolavirus (SEBOV) or Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) challenge in NHPs. In addition, a single injection of a blend of three rVSV vectors completely protected NHPs against challenge with SEBOV, ZEBOV, the former Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus, and Marburg virus. However, recent studies suggest that complete protection against the newly discovered Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BEBOV) using several different heterologous filovirus vaccines is more difficult and presents a new challenge. As BEBOV caused nearly 50% mortality in a recent outbreak any filovirus vaccine advanced for human use must be able to protect against this new species. Here, we evaluated several different strategies against BEBOV using rVSV-based vaccines. Groups of cynomolgus macaques were vaccinated with a single injection of a homologous BEBOV vaccine, a single injection of a blended heterologous vaccine (SEBOV/ZEBOV), or a prime-boost using heterologous SEBOV and ZEBOV vectors. Animals were challenged with BEBOV 29-36 days after initial vaccination. Macaques vaccinated with the homologous BEBOV vaccine or the prime-boost showed no overt signs of illness and survived challenge. In contrast, animals vaccinated with the heterologous blended vaccine and unvaccinated control animals developed severe clinical symptoms consistent with BEBOV infection with 2 of 3 animals in each group succumbing. These data show that complete protection against BEBOV will likely require incorporation of BEBOV glycoprotein into the vaccine or employment of a prime-boost regimen. Fortunately, our results demonstrate that heterologous rVSV-based filovirus vaccine vectors employed in the prime-boost approach can provide protection against BEBOV using an abbreviated regimen, which may have utility in outbreak settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad E. Mire
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joan B. Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Krystle N. Agans
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Thomas W. Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Liu S, Li X, Chen Z, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Liao Y, Zhou J, Ke X, Ma L, Xiao J, Wu Y, Chen Z, Zhou J, Zheng X, Li J, Chen Q. Comparison of genomic and amino acid sequences of eight Japanese encephalitis virus isolates from bats. Arch Virol 2013; 158:2543-52. [PMID: 23836395 PMCID: PMC7086626 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1777-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We compared nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of eight Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) isolates derived from bats in China. We also compared the bat JEV isolates with other JEV isolates available from GenBank to determine their genetic similarity. We found a high genetic homogeneity among the bat JEVs isolated in different geographical areas from various bat species at different time periods. All eight bat JEV isolates belonged to genotype III. The mean evolutionary rate of bat JEV isolates was lower than those of isolates of other origin, but this difference was not statistically significant. Based on these results, we presume that the bat JEV isolates might be evolutionarily conserved. The eight bat JEV isolates were phylogenetically similar to mosquito BN19 and human Liyujie isolates of JEV. These results indicate that bats might be involved in natural cycle of JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
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Olival KJ, Islam A, Yu M, Anthony SJ, Epstein JH, Khan SA, Khan SU, Crameri G, Wang LF, Lipkin WI, Luby SP, Daszak P. Ebola virus antibodies in fruit bats, bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:270-3. [PMID: 23343532 PMCID: PMC3559038 DOI: 10.3201/eid1902.120524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine geographic range for Ebola virus, we tested 276 bats in Bangladesh. Five (3.5%) bats were positive for antibodies against Ebola Zaire and Reston viruses; no virus was detected by PCR. These bats might be a reservoir for Ebola or Ebola-like viruses, and extend the range of filoviruses to mainland Asia.
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Abstract
Filoviruses cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans with high case-fatality rates. The cellular factors exploited by filoviruses for their spread constitute potential targets for intervention, but are incompletely defined. The viral glycoprotein (GP) mediates filovirus entry into host cells. Recent studies revealed important insights into the host cell molecules engaged by GP for cellular entry. The binding of GP to cellular lectins was found to concentrate virions onto susceptible cells and might contribute to the early and sustained infection of macrophages and dendritic cells, important viral targets. Tyrosine kinase receptors were shown to promote macropinocytic uptake of filoviruses into a subset of susceptible cells without binding to GP, while interactions between GP and human T cell Ig mucin 1 (TIM-1) might contribute to filovirus infection of mucosal epithelial cells. Moreover, GP engagement of the cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1 was demonstrated to be essential for GP-mediated fusion of the viral envelope with a host cell membrane. Finally, mutagenic and structural analyses defined GP domains which interact with these host cell factors. Here, we will review the recent progress in elucidating the molecular interactions underlying filovirus entry and discuss their implications for our understanding of the viral cell tropism.
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35
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Sherwood LJ, Hayhurst A. Ebolavirus nucleoprotein C-termini potently attract single domain antibodies enabling monoclonal affinity reagent sandwich assay (MARSA) formulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61232. [PMID: 23577211 PMCID: PMC3618483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigen detection assays can play an important part in environmental surveillance and diagnostics for emerging threats. We are interested in accelerating assay formulation; targeting the agents themselves to bypass requirements for a priori genome information or surrogates. Previously, using in vitro affinity reagent selection on Marburg virus we rapidly established monoclonal affinity reagent sandwich assay (MARSA) where one recombinant antibody clone was both captor and tracer for polyvalent nucleoprotein (NP). Hypothesizing that the closely related Ebolavirus genus may share the same Achilles' heel, we redirected the scheme to see whether similar assays could be delivered and began to explore their mechanism. METHODS AND FINDINGS In parallel we selected panels of llama single domain antibodies (sdAb) from a semi-synthetic library against Zaire, Sudan, Ivory Coast, and Reston Ebola viruses. Each could perform as both captor and tracer in the same antigen sandwich capture assay thereby forming MARSAs. All sdAb were specific for NP and those tested required the C-terminal domain for recognition. Several clones were cross-reactive, indicating epitope conservation across the Ebolavirus genus. Analysis of two immune shark sdAb revealed they also targeted the C-terminal domain, and could be similarly employed, yet were less sensitive than a comparable llama sdAb despite stemming from immune selections. CONCLUSIONS The C-terminal domain of Ebolavirus NP is a strong attractant for antibodies and enables sensitive sandwich immunoassays to be rapidly generated using a single antibody clone. The polyvalent nature of nucleocapsid borne NP and display of the C-terminal region likely serves as a bountiful affinity sink during selections, and a highly avid target for subsequent immunoassay capture. Combined with the high degree of amino acid conservation through 37 years and across wide geographies, this domain makes an ideal handle for monoclonal affinity reagent driven antigen sandwich assays for the Ebolavirus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Sherwood
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrew Hayhurst
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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36
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Mackenzie JS, Jeggo M. Reservoirs and vectors of emerging viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:170-9. [PMID: 23491947 PMCID: PMC7102734 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Wildlife, especially mammals and birds, are hosts to an enormous number of viruses, most of which we have absolutely no knowledge about even though we know these viruses circulate readily in their specific niches. More often than not, these viruses are silent or asymptomatic in their natural hosts. In some instances, they can infect other species, and in rare cases, this cross-species transmission might lead to human infection. There are also instances where we know the reservoir hosts of zoonotic viruses that can and do infect humans. Studies of these animal hosts, the reservoirs of the viruses, provide us with the knowledge of the types of virus circulating in wildlife species, their incidence, pathogenicity for their host, and in some instances, the potential for transmission to other hosts. This paper describes examples of some of the viruses that have been detected in wildlife, and the reservoir hosts from which they have been detected. It also briefly explores the spread of arthropod-borne viruses and their diseases through the movement and establishment of vectors in new habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Mackenzie
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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37
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Smith I, Wang LF. Bats and their virome: an important source of emerging viruses capable of infecting humans. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:84-91. [PMID: 23265969 PMCID: PMC7102720 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bats are being increasingly recognized as an important reservoir of zoonotic viruses of different families, including SARS coronavirus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus and Ebola virus. Several recent studies hypothesized that bats, an ancient group of flying mammals, are the major reservoir of several important RNA virus families from which other mammalian viruses of livestock and humans were derived. Although this hypothesis needs further investigation, the premise that bats carry a large number of viruses is commonly accepted. The question of whether bats have unique biological features making them ideal reservoir hosts has been the subject of several recent reviews. In this review, we will focus on the public health implications of bat derived zoonotic viral disease outbreaks, examine the drivers and risk factors of past disease outbreaks and outline research directions for better control of future disease events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Smith
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
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38
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Yuan J, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhang Y, Wang LF, Shi Z. Serological evidence of ebolavirus infection in bats, China. Virol J 2012; 9:236. [PMID: 23062147 PMCID: PMC3492202 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genus Ebolavirus of the family Filoviridae currently consists of five species. All species, with the exception of Reston ebolavirus, have been found in Africa and caused severe human diseases. Bats have been implicated as reservoirs for ebolavirus. Reston ebolavirus, discovered in the Philippines, is the only ebolavirus species identified in Asia to date. Whether this virus is prevalent in China is unknown. Findings In this study, we developed an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for ebolavirus using the recombinant nucleocapsid protein and performed sero-surveillance for the virus among Chinese bat populations. Our results revealed the presence of antibodies to ebolavirus in 32 of 843 bat sera samples and 10 of 16 were further confirmed by western blot analysis. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first report of any filovirus infection in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfa Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology-Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P R China
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Serological assays based on recombinant viral proteins for the diagnosis of arenavirus hemorrhagic fevers. Viruses 2012. [PMID: 23202455 PMCID: PMC3497043 DOI: 10.3390/v4102097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Arenaviridae, genus Arenavirus, consists of two phylogenetically independent groups: Old World (OW) and New World (NW) complexes. The Lassa and Lujo viruses in the OW complex and the Guanarito, Junin, Machupo, Sabia, and Chapare viruses in the NW complex cause viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) in humans, leading to serious public health concerns. These viruses are also considered potential bioterrorism agents. Therefore, it is of great importance to detect these pathogens rapidly and specifically in order to minimize the risk and scale of arenavirus outbreaks. However, these arenaviruses are classified as BSL-4 pathogens, thus making it difficult to develop diagnostic techniques for these virus infections in institutes without BSL-4 facilities. To overcome these difficulties, antibody detection systems in the form of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an indirect immunofluorescence assay were developed using recombinant nucleoproteins (rNPs) derived from these viruses. Furthermore, several antigen-detection assays were developed. For example, novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the rNPs of Lassa and Junin viruses were generated. Sandwich antigen-capture (Ag-capture) ELISAs using these mAbs as capture antibodies were developed and confirmed to be sensitive and specific for detecting the respective arenavirus NPs. These rNP-based assays were proposed to be useful not only for an etiological diagnosis of VHFs, but also for seroepidemiological studies on VHFs. We recently developed arenavirus neutralization assays using vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based pseudotypes bearing arenavirus recombinant glycoproteins. The goal of this article is to review the recent advances in developing laboratory diagnostic assays based on recombinant viral proteins for the diagnosis of VHFs and epidemiological studies on the VHFs caused by arenaviruses.
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40
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Peterson AT, Holder MT. Phylogenetic assessment of filoviruses: how many lineages of Marburg virus? Ecol Evol 2012; 2:1826-33. [PMID: 22957185 PMCID: PMC3433987 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Filoviruses have to date been considered as consisting of one diverse genus (Ebola viruses) and one undifferentiated genus (Marburg virus). We reconsider this idea by means of detailed phylogenetic analyses of sequence data available for the Filoviridae: using coalescent simulations, we ascertain that two Marburg isolates (termed the "RAVN" strain) represent a quite-distinct lineage that should be considered in studies of biogeography and host associations, and may merit recognition at the level of species. In contrast, filovirus isolates recently obtained from bat tissues are not distinct from previously known strains, and should be considered as drawn from the same population. Implications for understanding the transmission geography and host associations of these viruses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Townsend Peterson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Kansas Lawrence, Kansas, 66045
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41
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Nidom CA, Nakayama E, Nidom RV, Alamudi MY, Daulay S, Dharmayanti INLP, Dachlan YP, Amin M, Igarashi M, Miyamoto H, Yoshida R, Takada A. Serological evidence of Ebola virus infection in Indonesian orangutans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40740. [PMID: 22815803 PMCID: PMC3399888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV) belong to the family Filoviridae and cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. Despite the discovery of EBOV (Reston virus) in nonhuman primates and domestic pigs in the Philippines and the serological evidence for its infection of humans and fruit bats, information on the reservoirs and potential amplifying hosts for filoviruses in Asia is lacking. In this study, serum samples collected from 353 healthy Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) in Kalimantan Island, Indonesia, during the period from December 2005 to December 2006 were screened for filovirus-specific IgG antibodies using a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with recombinant viral surface glycoprotein (GP) antigens derived from multiple species of filoviruses (5 EBOV and 1 MARV species). Here we show that 18.4% (65/353) and 1.7% (6/353) of the samples were seropositive for EBOV and MARV, respectively, with little cross-reactivity among EBOV and MARV antigens. In these positive samples, IgG antibodies to viral internal proteins were also detected by immunoblotting. Interestingly, while the specificity for Reston virus, which has been recognized as an Asian filovirus, was the highest in only 1.4% (5/353) of the serum samples, the majority of EBOV-positive sera showed specificity to Zaire, Sudan, Cote d'Ivoire, or Bundibugyo viruses, all of which have been found so far only in Africa. These results suggest the existence of multiple species of filoviruses or unknown filovirus-related viruses in Indonesia, some of which are serologically similar to African EBOVs, and transmission of the viruses from yet unidentified reservoir hosts into the orangutan populations. Our findings point to the need for risk assessment and continued surveillance of filovirus infection of human and nonhuman primates, as well as wild and domestic animals, in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chairul A. Nidom
- Avian Influenza-zoonosis Research Center, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Eri Nakayama
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Reviany V. Nidom
- Avian Influenza-zoonosis Research Center, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Mohamad Y. Alamudi
- Avian Influenza-zoonosis Research Center, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Syafril Daulay
- Center for Diagnostic Standard of Agriculture Quarantine, Ministry of Agriculture, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Yoes P. Dachlan
- Tropical Disease Hospital, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Mohamad Amin
- Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Manabu Igarashi
- Division of Bioinformatics, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Miyamoto
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Reiko Yoshida
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ebolaviruses cause severe viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates (NHPs), with case fatality rates of up to 90%. Currently, neither a specific treatment nor a vaccine licensed for use in humans is available. However, a number of vaccine candidates have been developed in the last decade that are highly protective in NHPs, the gold standard animal model for ebola hemorrhagic fever. AREAS COVERED This review analyzes a number of scenarios for the use of ebolavirus vaccines, discusses the requirements for ebolavirus vaccines in these scenarios and describes current ebolavirus vaccines. Among these vaccines are recombinant adenoviruses, recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSVs), recombinant human parainfluenza viruses and virus-like particles. Interestingly, one of these vaccine platforms, based on recombinant VSVs, has also demonstrated post-exposure protection in NHPs. EXPERT OPINION The most pressing remaining challenge is now to move these vaccine candidates forward into human trials and toward licensure. In order to achieve this, it will be necessary to establish the mechanisms and correlates of protection for these vaccines, and to continue to demonstrate their safety, particularly in potentially immunocompromised populations. However, already now there is sufficient evidence that, from a scientific perspective, a vaccine protective against ebolaviruses is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hoenen
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Division of Intramural Research, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Disease Modelling and Transmission Unit - Laboratory of Virology , 2A120A, 903 S 4th St, Hamilton, MT, USA.
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Abstract
Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) and Marburg hemorrhagic fever (MHF) are rare viral
diseases, endemic to central Africa. The overall burden of EHF and MHF is small
in comparison to the more common protozoan, helminth, and bacterial diseases
typically referred to as neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). However, EHF and
MHF outbreaks typically occur in resource-limited settings, and many aspects of
these outbreaks are a direct consequence of impoverished conditions. We will
discuss aspects of EHF and MHF disease, in comparison to the
“classic” NTDs, and examine potential ways forward in the prevention
and control of EHF and MHF in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as examine the
potential for application of novel vaccines or antiviral drugs for prevention or
control of EHF and MHF among populations at highest risk for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam MacNeil
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Sayama Y, Demetria C, Saito M, Azul RR, Taniguchi S, Fukushi S, Yoshikawa T, Iizuka I, Mizutani T, Kurane I, Malbas FF, Lupisan S, Catbagan DP, Animas SB, Morales RG, Lopez EL, Dazo KRC, Cruz MS, Olveda R, Saijo M, Oshitani H, Morikawa S. A seroepidemiologic study of Reston ebolavirus in swine in the Philippines. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:82. [PMID: 22709971 PMCID: PMC3433389 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebola viruses cause viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates and are endemic in Africa. Reston ebolavirus (REBOV) has caused several epizootics in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) but is not associated with any human disease. In late 2008, REBOV infections were identified in swine for the first time in the Philippines. METHODS A total of 215 swine sera collected at two REBOV-affected farms in 2008, in Pangasinan and Bulacan, were tested for the presence of REBOV-specific antibodies using multiple serodiagnosis systems. A total of 98 swine sera collected in a non-epizootic region, Tarlac, were also tested to clarify the prevalence of REBOV infection in the general swine population in the Philippines. RESULTS Some 70 % of swine sera at the affected farms were positive for REBOV antibodies in the multiple serodiagnosis systems. On the other hand, none of the swine sera collected in Tarlac showed positive reactions in any of the diagnosis systems. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of REBOV infection in swine in the affected farms in 2008 suggests that swine is susceptible for REBOV infection. The multiple serological assays used in the study are thought to be useful for future surveillance of REOBV infection in swine in the Philippines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sayama
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
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Olson SH, Reed P, Cameron KN, Ssebide BJ, Johnson CK, Morse SS, Karesh WB, Mazet JAK, Joly DO. Dead or alive: animal sampling during Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in humans. EMERGING HEALTH THREATS JOURNAL 2012; 5:EHTJ-5-9134. [PMID: 22558004 PMCID: PMC3342678 DOI: 10.3402/ehtj.v5i0.9134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There are currently no widely accepted animal surveillance guidelines for human Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) outbreak investigations to identify potential sources of Ebolavirus (EBOV) spillover into humans and other animals. Animal field surveillance during and following an outbreak has several purposes, from helping identify the specific animal source of a human case to guiding control activities by describing the spatial and temporal distribution of wild circulating EBOV, informing public health efforts, and contributing to broader EHF research questions. Since 1976, researchers have sampled over 10,000 individual vertebrates from areas associated with human EHF outbreaks and tested for EBOV or antibodies. Using field surveillance data associated with EHF outbreaks, this review provides guidance on animal sampling for resource-limited outbreak situations, target species, and in some cases which diagnostics should be prioritized to rapidly assess the presence of EBOV in animal reservoirs. In brief, EBOV detection was 32.7% (18/55) for carcasses (animals found dead) and 0.2% (13/5309) for live captured animals. Our review indicates that for the purposes of identifying potential sources of transmission from animals to humans and isolating suspected virus in an animal in outbreak situations, (1) surveillance of free-ranging non-human primate mortality and morbidity should be a priority, (2) any wildlife morbidity or mortality events should be investigated and may hold the most promise for locating virus or viral genome sequences, (3) surveillance of some bat species is worthwhile to isolate and detect evidence of exposure, and (4) morbidity, mortality, and serology studies of domestic animals should prioritize dogs and pigs and include testing for virus and previous exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Olson
- Wildlife Health Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
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