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Majeti R, Jamieson C, Pang WW, Jaiswal S, Leeper NJ, Wernig G, Weissman IL. Clonal Expansion of Stem/Progenitor Cells in Cancer, Fibrotic Diseases, and Atherosclerosis, and CD47 Protection of Pathogenic Cells. Annu Rev Med 2022; 73:307-320. [PMID: 35084991 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-042420-104436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We proposed and demonstrated that myelogenous leukemia has a preleukemic phase. In the premalignant phase, normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) gradually accumulate mutations leading to HSC clonal expansion, resulting in the emergence of leukemic stem cells (LSCs). Here, we show that preleukemic HSCs are the basis of clonal hematopoiesis, as well as late-onset blood diseases (chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia, myeloproliferative neoplasms, and myelodysplastic disease). The clones at some point each trigger surface expression of "eat me" signals for macrophages, and in the clones and their LSC progeny, this is countered by upregulation of "don't eat me" signals for macrophages such as CD47,opening the possibility of CD47-based therapies. We include evidence that similar processes result in fibroblast expansion in a variety of fibrotic diseases, and arterial smooth muscle clonal expansion is a basis of atherosclerosis, including upregulation of both "eat me" and "don't eat me" molecules on the pathogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Majeti
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
| | - C Jamieson
- Sanford Stem Cell Clinical Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - W W Pang
- Jasper Therapeutics, Redwood City, California 94065, USA
| | - S Jaiswal
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - N J Leeper
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - G Wernig
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
| | - I L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
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Roodgar M, Babveyh A, Nguyen LH, Zhou W, Sinha R, Lee H, Hanks JB, Avula M, Jiang L, Jian R, Lee H, Song G, Chaib H, Weissman IL, Batzoglou S, Holmes S, Smith DG, Mankowski JL, Prost S, Snyder MP. Chromosome-level de novo assembly of the pig-tailed macaque genome using linked-read sequencing and HiC proximity scaffolding. Gigascience 2020; 9:giaa069. [PMID: 32649757 PMCID: PMC7350979 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giaa069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macaque species share >93% genome homology with humans and develop many disease phenotypes similar to those of humans, making them valuable animal models for the study of human diseases (e.g., HIV and neurodegenerative diseases). However, the quality of genome assembly and annotation for several macaque species lags behind the human genome effort. RESULTS To close this gap and enhance functional genomics approaches, we used a combination of de novo linked-read assembly and scaffolding using proximity ligation assay (HiC) to assemble the pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) genome. This combinatorial method yielded large scaffolds at chromosome level with a scaffold N50 of 127.5 Mb; the 23 largest scaffolds covered 90% of the entire genome. This assembly revealed large-scale rearrangements between pig-tailed macaque chromosomes 7, 12, and 13 and human chromosomes 2, 14, and 15. We subsequently annotated the genome using transcriptome and proteomics data from personalized induced pluripotent stem cells derived from the same animal. Reconstruction of the evolutionary tree using whole-genome annotation and orthologous comparisons among 3 macaque species, human, and mouse genomes revealed extensive homology between human and pig-tailed macaques with regards to both pluripotent stem cell genes and innate immune gene pathways. Our results confirm that rhesus and cynomolgus macaques exhibit a closer evolutionary distance to each other than either species exhibits to humans or pig-tailed macaques. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that pig-tailed macaques can serve as an excellent animal model for the study of many human diseases particularly with regards to pluripotency and innate immune pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Roodgar
- Department of Genetics, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, 265 Campus Dr., Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Afshin Babveyh
- Department of Genetics, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lan H Nguyen
- Institute for computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wenyu Zhou
- Department of Genetics, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford University, 3165 Porter Dr. Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rahul Sinha
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, 265 Campus Dr., Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hayan Lee
- Department of Genetics, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John B Hanks
- Stanford Research Computing Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mohan Avula
- Department of Genetics, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lihua Jiang
- Department of Genetics, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ruiqi Jian
- Department of Genetics, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hoyong Lee
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Giltae Song
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Hassan Chaib
- Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford University, 3165 Porter Dr. Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Irv L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, 265 Campus Dr., Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Serafim Batzoglou
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Susan Holmes
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David G Smith
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Joseph L Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Stefan Prost
- LOEWE-Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberg 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, National Zoological Garden, Pretoria, 0184, South Africa
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford University, 3165 Porter Dr. Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
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Volkmer AK, Willingham SB, Volkmer JP, Tseng SR, Ho PD, Sikic BI, Majeti R, Weissman IL. CD47 antibody blockade as novel therapy for ovarian and breast cancer. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1388418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Kim D, Wang J, Willingham SB, Martin R, Wernig G, Weissman IL. Anti-CD47 antibodies promote phagocytosis and inhibit the growth of human myeloma cells. Leukemia 2012; 26:2538-45. [PMID: 22648449 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell neoplasm residing in bone marrow. Despite advances in myeloma therapies, novel therapies are required to improve patient outcomes. CD47 is highly expressed on myeloma cells and a potential therapeutic candidate for myeloma therapies. Flow cytometric analysis of patient bone marrow cells revealed that myeloma cells overexpress CD47 when compared with non-myeloma cells in 73% of patients (27/37). CD47 expression protects cells from phagocytosis by transmitting an inhibitory signal to macrophages. Here we show that blocking CD47 with an anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody increased phagocytosis of myeloma cells in vitro. In xenotransplantation models, anti-CD47 antibodies inhibited the growth of RPMI 8226 myeloma cells and led to tumor regression (42/57 mice), implicating the eradication of myeloma-initiating cells. Moreover, anti-CD47 antibodies retarded the growth of patient myeloma cells and alleviated bone resorption in human bone-bearing mice. Irradiation of mice before myeloma cell xenotransplantation abolished the therapeutic efficacy of anti-CD47 antibodies delivered 2 weeks after radiation, and coincided with a reduction of myelomonocytic cells in spleen, bone marrow and liver. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that anti-CD47 blocking antibodies inhibit myeloma growth, in part, by increasing phagocytosis of myeloma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kim
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Raval A, Kusler B, Pang WW, Weissman IL, Mitchell BS, Park CY. Effect of nucleophosmin1 haploinsufficiency on hematopoietic stem cells. Leukemia 2011; 26:853-5. [PMID: 21979879 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kim K, Doi A, Wen B, Ng K, Zhao R, Cahan P, Kim J, Aryee MJ, Ji H, Ehrlich L, Yabuuchi A, Takeuchi A, Cunniff KC, Hongguang H, Mckinney-Freeman S, Naveiras O, Yoon TJ, Irizarry RA, Jung N, Seita J, Hanna J, Murakami P, Jaenisch R, Weissleder R, Orkin SH, Weissman IL, Feinberg AP, Daley GQ. Epigenetic memory in induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 2010; 467:285-90. [PMID: 20644535 PMCID: PMC3150836 DOI: 10.1038/nature09342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1617] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer and transcription-factor-based reprogramming revert adult cells to an embryonic state, and yield pluripotent stem cells that can generate all tissues. Through different mechanisms and kinetics, these two reprogramming methods reset genomic methylation, an epigenetic modification of DNA that influences gene expression, leading us to hypothesize that the resulting pluripotent stem cells might have different properties. Here we observe that low-passage induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived by factor-based reprogramming of adult murine tissues harbour residual DNA methylation signatures characteristic of their somatic tissue of origin, which favours their differentiation along lineages related to the donor cell, while restricting alternative cell fates. Such an 'epigenetic memory' of the donor tissue could be reset by differentiation and serial reprogramming, or by treatment of iPSCs with chromatin-modifying drugs. In contrast, the differentiation and methylation of nuclear-transfer-derived pluripotent stem cells were more similar to classical embryonic stem cells than were iPSCs. Our data indicate that nuclear transfer is more effective at establishing the ground state of pluripotency than factor-based reprogramming, which can leave an epigenetic memory of the tissue of origin that may influence efforts at directed differentiation for applications in disease modelling or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kim
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital Boston and Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School; Harvard Stem Cell Institute; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - A Doi
- Center for Epigenetics and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - B Wen
- Center for Epigenetics and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - K Ng
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital Boston and Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School; Harvard Stem Cell Institute; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - R Zhao
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital Boston and Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School; Harvard Stem Cell Institute; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - P Cahan
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital Boston and Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School; Harvard Stem Cell Institute; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - J Kim
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital Boston and Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - MJ Aryee
- Center for Epigenetics and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - H Ji
- Center for Epigenetics and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - L Ehrlich
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - A Yabuuchi
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital Boston and Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School; Harvard Stem Cell Institute; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - A Takeuchi
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital Boston and Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School; Harvard Stem Cell Institute; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - KC Cunniff
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital Boston and Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School; Harvard Stem Cell Institute; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - H Hongguang
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital Boston and Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School; Harvard Stem Cell Institute; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - S Mckinney-Freeman
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital Boston and Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School; Harvard Stem Cell Institute; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - O Naveiras
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital Boston and Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School; Harvard Stem Cell Institute; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - TJ Yoon
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital / Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - RA Irizarry
- Center for Epigenetics and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - N Jung
- Center for Epigenetics and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - J Seita
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - J Hanna
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - P Murakami
- Center for Epigenetics and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - R Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital / Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - SH Orkin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital Boston and Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - IL Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - AP Feinberg
- Center for Epigenetics and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - GQ Daley
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital Boston and Dana Farber Cancer Institute; Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School; Harvard Stem Cell Institute; Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Chao MP, Seita J, Weissman IL. Establishment of a normal hematopoietic and leukemia stem cell hierarchy. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2008; 73:439-49. [PMID: 19022770 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2008.73.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Many types of adult tissues, especially for high turnover tissues such as the blood and intestinal system, stand on a hierarchical tissue-specific stem cell system. Tissue-specific stem cells concurrently have self-renewal capacity and potential to give rise to all types of mature cells in their tissue. The differentiation process of the tissue-specific stem cell is successive restriction of these capacities. The first progeny of tissue-specific stem cells are multipotent progenitors (MPPs) that lose long-term self-renewal capacity yet have full lineage potential. MPPs in turn give rise to oligopotent progenitors, which then commit into lineage-restricted progenitors. This hierarchical system enables a lifelong supply of matured functional cells that generally have a short life span and a relatively high turnover rate. In this chapter, we review our findings and other key experiments that have led to the establishment of the current cellular stem and progenitor hierarchy in the blood-forming systems of mice and humans for both normal and leukemic hematopoiesis. We also review select signaling pathways intrinsic to normal hematopoietic and leukemic stem cell populations as well our recent findings elucidating the possible origin of the leukemia stem cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Chao
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Abstract
The structure of the thymus can be determined by study at the light and electron microscopic levels, but relating it to the current knowledge of the thymus's function requires an approach that combines immunological and anatomical methods. The framework of the thymus consists of epithelial cells with interconnecting processes. Lymphocytes fill the spaces between the epithelial cells. In both the mouse and human thymus, immunological staining of tissue sections demonstrates that the principal cell bearing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens is the epithelial cell. Differences are noted between I-A (HLA-DR) and H-2K/D (HLA-A, B) allotypic specificities in both species. Immunoelectron microscopy confirms the epithelial nature of these cells in both species. The continued expression of thymus-type MHC antigens in the thymuses of irradiated, bone marrow-reconstituted mice strongly suggests the synthesis of these antigens by the epithelial cells. Bone marrow-derived MHC antigens are largely confined to the medulla of the thymus.
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Butcher EC, Weissman IL. Cellular, genetic, and evolutionary aspects of lymphocyte interactions with high-endothelia venules. Ciba Found Symp 2008; 71:265-86. [PMID: 6899991 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720547.ch14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Hosen N, Shirakata T, Nishida S, Yanagihara M, Tsuboi A, Kawakami M, Oji Y, Oka Y, Okabe M, Tan B, Sugiyama H, Weissman IL. The Wilms’ tumor gene WT1-GFP knock-in mouse reveals the dynamic regulation of WT1 expression in normal and leukemic hematopoiesis. Leukemia 2007; 21:1783-91. [PMID: 17525726 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Wilms' tumor gene WT1 is overexpressed in most of human leukemias regardless of disease subtypes. To characterize the expression pattern of WT1 during normal and neoplastic hematopoiesis, we generated a knock-in reporter green fluorescent protein (GFP) mouse (WT1(GFP/+)) and assayed for WT1 expression in normal and leukemic hematopoietic cells. In normal hematopoietic cells, WT1 was expressed in none of the long-term (LT) hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and very few (<1%) of the multipotent progenitor cells. In contrast, in murine leukemias induced by acute myeloid leukemia 1 (AML1)/ETO+TEL/PDGFbetaR or BCR/ABL, WT1 was expressed in 40.5 or 38.9% of immature c-kit(+)lin(-)Sca-1(+) (KLS) cells, which contained a subset, but not all, of transplantable leukemic stem cells (LSCs). WT1 expression was minimal in normal fetal liver HSCs and mobilized HSCs, both of which are stimulated for proliferation. In addition, overexpression of WT1 in HSCs did not result in proliferation or expansion of HSCs and their progeny in vivo. Thus, the mechanism by which expansion of WT1-expressing cells occurs in leukemia remains unclear. Nevertheless, our results demonstrate that the WT1(GFP/+) mouse is a powerful tool for analyzing WT1-expressing cells, and they highlight the potential of WT1, as a specific therapeutic target that is expressed in LSCs but not in normal HSCs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow
- Cell Proliferation
- Colony-Forming Units Assay
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Wilms Tumor
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Hematopoiesis
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Lentivirus
- Leukemia, Experimental/genetics
- Leukemia, Experimental/metabolism
- Leukemia, Experimental/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Transfection
- WT1 Proteins/genetics
- WT1 Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hosen
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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De Tomaso AW, Nyholm SV, Palmeri KJ, Ishizuka KJ, Ludington WB, Mitchel K, Weissman IL. MHC-Independent Allorecognition of Invertebrates—A Link between Invertebrate Histocompatibility and Vertebrate Adaptive Immunity? J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17:595-599. [PMID: 37000956 DOI: 10.1681/01.asn.0000926784.72431.9d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
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Udani VM, Santarelli JG, Yung YC, Wagers AJ, Cheshier SH, Weissman IL, Tse V. Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to perivascular endothelial-like cells during brain tumor angiogenesis. Stem Cells Dev 2006; 14:478-86. [PMID: 16305333 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2005.14.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) cells have recently been shown to give rise to skeletal, hepatic, cardiac, neural, and vascular endothelial tissues. However, it has been shown that this is the result of cell fusion rather than transdifferentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). For this study, we established a mouse model of brain tumor growth to investigate the differentiation potential of HSC into endothelial cells during brain tumor-induced angiogenesis. Nontransgenic (GFP(neg)) recipient mice were lethally irradiated, and their hematopoietic cells were subsequently repopulated by transplantation of a single green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing HSC. Rat glioma (RT-2/RAG) cells were then injected into the striatum of the chimeric mice 6-8 weeks post-transplantation. The animals were sacrificed 3-9 days after tumor implantation, and the mobilization, temporal-spatial distribution, and lineage-specific marker expression profile of the GFP(+) cells within the growing tumor were analyzed. We saw that GFP(+) cells gave rise to elongated, CD34(+)/Flk-1(+) cells that incorporated into the endothelium of tumor blood vessels. However, all GFP(+) cells were also CD45(+), and the presence of CD45 on the HSC-derived endothelial-like cells supports the hypothesis that the hematopoietic cells were recruited into the tumor milieu. The fact that we failed to demonstrate the expression of von Willebrand factor in these cells argues against a true endothelial identity. Nevertheless, the recruitment of HSC-derived endothelial-like cells was an extremely rare event in normal brain parenchyma, and, thus, the permissive influence afforded by the growing tumor appeared to enhance the perivascular tropism and acquisition of an endothelial phenotypes by a population of HSC-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Udani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- I L Weissman
- Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Kelly S, Bliss TM, Shah AK, Sun GH, Ma M, Foo WC, Masel J, Yenari MA, Weissman IL, Uchida N, Palmer T, Steinberg GK. Transplanted human fetal neural stem cells survive, migrate, and differentiate in ischemic rat cerebral cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:11839-44. [PMID: 15280535 PMCID: PMC511061 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0404474101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterize the survival, migration, and differentiation of human neurospheres derived from CNS stem cells transplanted into the ischemic cortex of rats 7 days after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion. Transplanted neurospheres survived robustly in naive and ischemic brains 4 wk posttransplant. Survival was influenced by proximity of the graft to the stroke lesion and was negatively correlated with the number of IB4-positive inflammatory cells. Targeted migration of the human cells was seen in ischemic animals, with many human cells migrating long distances ( approximately 1.2 mm) predominantly toward the lesion; in naive rats, cells migrated radially from the injection site in smaller number and over shorter distances (0.2 mm). The majority of migrating cells in ischemic rats had a neuronal phenotype. Migrating cells between the graft and the lesion expressed the neuroblast marker doublecortin, whereas human cells at the lesion border expressed the immature neuronal marker beta-tubulin, although a small percentage of cells at the lesion border also expressed glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP). Thus, transplanted human CNS (hCNS)-derived neurospheres survived robustly in naive and ischemic brains, and the microenvironment influenced their migration and fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kelly
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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16
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17
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Abstract
In the adult, tissue-specific stem cells are thought to be responsible for the replacement of differentiated cells within continuously regenerating tissues, such as the liver, skin, and blood system. In this review, we will consider the factors that influence stem cell fate, taking as a primary example the cell fate determination of hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Wagers
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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18
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Abstract
Multipotent stem cells are clonal cells that self-renew as well as differentiate to regenerate adult tissues. Whereas stem cells and their fates are known by unique genetic marker studies, the fate and function of these cells are best studied by their prospective isolation. This review is about the properties of various highly purified tissue-specific multipotent stem cells and purified oligolineage progenitors. We contend that unless the stem or progenitor cells in question have been purified to near homogeneity, one cannot know whether their generation of expected (or unexpected) progeny is a property of a known cell type. It is interesting that in the hematopoietic system the only long-term self-renewing cells in the stem and progenitors pool are the hematopoietic stem cells. This fact is discussed in the context of normal and leukemic hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I L Weissman
- B257 Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, California 94305-5323, USA.
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19
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Christensen JL, Weissman IL. Flk-2 is a marker in hematopoietic stem cell differentiation: a simple method to isolate long-term stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:14541-6. [PMID: 11724967 PMCID: PMC64718 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.261562798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clonogenic multipotent mouse hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and progenitor cells are contained within the c-kit(+) (K) lineage(-/lo) (L) Sca-1(+) (S) population of hematopoietic cells; long-term (LT) and short-term (ST) HSCs are Thy-1.1(lo). c-kit is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family, a class of receptors that are important in the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells. To establish whether the Flk-2/Flt3 receptor tyrosine kinase was expressed on the most primitive LT-HSCs, we sorted highly purified multipotent stem and progenitor cells on the basis of Flk-2 surface expression and used them in competitive reconstitution assays. Low numbers of Flk-2(-) HSCs gave rise to long-term multilineage reconstitution in the majority of recipients, whereas the transfer of Flk-2(+) multipotent cells resulted in mostly short-term multilineage reconstitution. The KLS subset of adult mouse bone marrow was analyzed for Flk-2 and Thy-1.1 expression. Three phenotypically and functionally distinct populations were isolated: Thy(lo) Flk-2(-) (LT-HSCs), Thy(lo) Flk-2(+) (ST-HSCs), and Thy(-) Flk-2(+) multipotent progenitors. The loss of Thy-1.1 and gain of Flk-2 expression marks the loss of self-renewal in HSC maturation. The addition of Flk-2 antibody to the lineage mix allows direct isolation of LT-HSC from adult bone marrow as c-kit(+) lin(-) Sca-1(+) Flk-2(-) from many strains of mice. Fetal liver HSCs are contained within Flk-2(-) and Flk-2(+) KTLS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Christensen
- Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside predominantly in bone marrow, but low numbers of HSCs are also found in peripheral blood. We examined the fate of blood-borne HSCs using genetically marked parabiotic mice, which are surgically conjoined and share a common circulation. Parabionts rapidly established stable, functional cross engraftment of partner-derived HSCs and maintained partner-derived hematopoiesis after surgical separation. Determination of the residence time of injected blood-borne progenitor cells suggests that circulating HSCs/progenitors are cleared quickly from the blood. These data demonstrate that HSCs rapidly and constitutively migrate through the blood and play a physiological role in, at least, the functional reengraftment of unconditioned bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Wright
- Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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21
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Abstract
Stem cell biology has come of age. Unequivocal proof that stem cells exist in the haematopoietic system has given way to the prospective isolation of several tissue-specific stem and progenitor cells, the initial delineation of their properties and expressed genetic programmes, and the beginnings of their utility in regenerative medicine. Perhaps the most important and useful property of stem cells is that of self-renewal. Through this property, striking parallels can be found between stem cells and cancer cells: tumours may often originate from the transformation of normal stem cells, similar signalling pathways may regulate self-renewal in stem cells and cancer cells, and cancer cells may include 'cancer stem cells' - rare cells with indefinite potential for self-renewal that drive tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Reya
- Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA.
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22
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Abstract
The recent application of new techniques, such as multi-color cell sorting and the production of transgenic and gene-knockout mice, has contributed to a better understanding of lymphocyte development from hematopoietic stem cells. Now that we can purify progenitors at different maturational stages during lymphocyte development, the challenge is to understand the processes that govern each developmental stage transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kondo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, B259 Beckman Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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23
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Yuan Y, Zhou L, Miyamoto T, Iwasaki H, Harakawa N, Hetherington CJ, Burel SA, Lagasse E, Weissman IL, Akashi K, Zhang DE. AML1-ETO expression is directly involved in the development of acute myeloid leukemia in the presence of additional mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:10398-403. [PMID: 11526243 PMCID: PMC56972 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.171321298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The t(8;21) is one of the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The translocation, which involves the AML1 gene on chromosome 21 and the ETO gene on chromosome 8, generates an AML1-ETO fusion transcription factor. To examine the effect of the AML1-ETO fusion protein on leukemogenesis, we made transgenic mice in which expression of AML1-ETO is under the control of the human MRP8 promoter (hMRP8-AML1-ETO). AML1-ETO is specifically expressed in myeloid cells, including common myeloid progenitors of hMRP8-AML1-ETO transgenic mice. The transgenic mice were healthy during their life spans, suggesting that AML1-ETO alone is not sufficient for leukemogenesis. However, after treatment of newborn hMRP8-AML1-ETO transgenic mice and their wild-type littermates with a strong DNA-alkylating mutagen, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, 55% of transgenic mice developed AML and the other 45% of transgenic mice and all of the wild-type littermates developed acute T lymphoblastic leukemia. Our results provide direct evidence that AML1-ETO is critical for causing myeloid leukemia, but one or more additional mutations are required for leukemogenesis. The hMRP8-AML1-ETO-transgenic mice provide an excellent model that can be used to isolate additional genetic events and to further understand the molecular pathogenesis of AML1-ETO-related leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Calgranulin A
- Carcinogens/toxicity
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/genetics
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit
- DNA Primers/genetics
- Ethylnitrosourea/toxicity
- Gene Expression
- Hematopoiesis/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/etiology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RUNX1 Translocation Partner 1 Protein
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yuan
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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24
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Mebius RE, Miyamoto T, Christensen J, Domen J, Cupedo T, Weissman IL, Akashi K. The fetal liver counterpart of adult common lymphoid progenitors gives rise to all lymphoid lineages, CD45+CD4+CD3- cells, as well as macrophages. J Immunol 2001; 166:6593-601. [PMID: 11359812 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.11.6593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We identified an IL-7Ralpha(+)Sca-1(low)c-Kit(low) population in E14 fetal liver, which is the phenotypical analog of common lymphoid progenitors (CLP) in adult bone marrow. After transfer into newborn mice, the IL-7Ralpha(+)Sca-1(low)c-Kit(low) population rapidly differentiated into CD45(+)CD4(+)CD3(-) cells, which are candidate cells for initiating lymph node and Peyer's patch formation. In addition, this population also gave rise to B, T, NK, and CD8alpha(+) and CD8alpha(-) dendritic cells. The fetal liver precursors expressed a significantly lower level of the myeloid-suppressing transcription factor Pax-5, than adult CLP, and retained differentiation activity for macrophages in vitro. We propose that the transition from fetal liver IL-7Ralpha(+)Sca-1(low)c-Kit(low) cells to adult CLP involves a regulated restriction of their developmental potential, controlled, at least in part, by Pax-5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Mebius
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, v.d. Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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25
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Abstract
Hematopoietic cell transplantation has progressed from the use of unpurified bone marrow cells or mobilized peripheral blood cells to the use of purified stem cells and progenitor cells. These kinds of transplants can be designed to provide not only hematopoietic rescue but also augmented innate and acquired immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Brown
- H1353, Bone Marrow Transplantation Program, Department of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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26
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Traver D, Miyamoto T, Christensen J, Iwasaki-Arai J, Akashi K, Weissman IL. Fetal liver myelopoiesis occurs through distinct, prospectively isolatable progenitor subsets. Blood 2001; 98:627-35. [PMID: 11468160 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.3.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic fate maps in the developing mouse embryo remain imprecise. Definitive, adult-type hematopoiesis first appears in the fetal liver, then progresses to the spleen and bone marrow. Clonogenic common lymphoid progenitors and clonogenic common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) in adult mouse bone marrow that give rise to all lymphoid and myeloid lineages, respectively, have recently been identified. Here it is shown that myelopoiesis in the fetal liver similarly proceeds through a CMP equivalent. Fetal liver CMPs give rise to megakaryocyte-erythrocyte-restricted progenitors (MEPs) and granulocyte-monocyte-restricted progenitors (GMPs) that can also be prospectively isolated by cell surface phenotype. MEPs and GMPs generate mutually exclusive cell types in clonogenic colony assays and in transplantation experiments, suggesting that the lineage restriction observed within each progenitor subset is absolute under normal conditions. Purified progenitor populations were used to analyze expression profiles of various hematopoiesis-related genes. Expression patterns closely matched those of the adult counterpart populations. These results suggest that adult hematopoietic hierarchies are determined early in the development of the definitive immune system and suggest that the molecular mechanisms underlying cell fate decisions within the myeloerythroid lineages are conserved from embryo to adult. (Blood. 2001;98:627-635)
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Affiliation(s)
- D Traver
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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27
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DiMartino JF, Selleri L, Traver D, Firpo MT, Rhee J, Warnke R, O'Gorman S, Weissman IL, Cleary ML. The Hox cofactor and proto-oncogene Pbx1 is required for maintenance of definitive hematopoiesis in the fetal liver. Blood 2001; 98:618-26. [PMID: 11468159 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.3.618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pbx1 is the product of a proto-oncogene originally discovered at the site of chromosomal translocations in acute leukemias. It binds DNA as a complex with a broad subset of homeodomain proteins, but its contributions to hematopoiesis have not been established. This paper reports that Pbx1 is expressed in hematopoietic progenitors during murine embryonic development and that its absence results in severe anemia and embryonic lethality at embryonic day 15 (E15) or E16. Definitive myeloerythroid lineages are present in Pbx1(-/-) fetal livers, but the total numbers of colony-forming cells are substantially reduced. Fetal liver hypoplasia reflects quantitative as well as qualitative defects in the most primitive multilineage progenitors and their lineage-restricted progeny. Hematopoietic stem cells from Pbx1(-/-) embryos have reduced colony-forming activity and are unable to establish multilineage hematopoiesis in competitive reconstitution experiments. Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs), the earliest known myeloerythroid-restricted progenitors, are markedly depleted in Pbx1(-/-) embryos at E14 and display clonogenic defects in erythroid colony formation. Comparative cell-cycle indexes suggest that these defects result largely from insufficient proliferation. Megakaryocyte- and erythrocyte-committed progenitors are also reduced in number and show decreased erythroid colony-forming potential. Taken together, these data indicate that Pbx1 is essential for the function of hematopoietic progenitors with erythropoietic potential and that its loss creates a proliferative constriction at the level of the CMP. Thus, Pbx1 is required for the maintenance, but not the initiation, of definitive hematopoiesis and contributes to the mitotic amplifications of progenitor subsets through which mature erythrocytes are generated. (Blood. 2001;98:618-626)
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Affiliation(s)
- J F DiMartino
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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28
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Terskikh AV, Easterday MC, Li L, Hood L, Kornblum HI, Geschwind DH, Weissman IL. From hematopoiesis to neuropoiesis: evidence of overlapping genetic programs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:7934-9. [PMID: 11438738 PMCID: PMC35446 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.131200898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is reasonable to propose that gene expression profiles of purified stem cells could give clues for the molecular mechanisms of stem cell behavior. We took advantage of cDNA subtraction to identify a set of genes selectively expressed in mouse adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) as opposed to bone marrow (BM). Analysis of HSC-enriched genes revealed several key regulatory gene candidates, including two novel seven transmembrane (7TM) receptors. Furthermore, by using cDNA microarray techniques we found a large set of HSC-enriched genes that are expressed in mouse neurospheres (a population greatly enriched for neural progenitor cells), but not present in terminally differentiated neural cells. In situ hybridization demonstrated that many of them, including one HSC-enriched 7TM receptor, were selectively expressed in the germinal zones of fetal and adult brain, the regions harboring mouse neural stem cells. We propose that at least some of the transcripts that are selectively and commonly expressed in two or more types of stem cells define a functionally conserved group of genes evolved to participate in basic stem cell functions, including stem cell self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Terskikh
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Beckman Center, Stanford, CA 94306, USA.
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29
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Abstract
It has been proposed that there are at least 2 classes of dendritic cells (DCs), CD8alpha(+) DCs derived from the lymphoid lineage and CD8alpha(-) DCs derived from the myeloid lineage. Here, the abilities of lymphoid- and myeloid-restricted progenitors to generate DCs are compared, and their overall contributions to the DC compartment are evaluated. It has previously been shown that primitive myeloid-committed progenitors (common myeloid progenitors [CMPs]) are efficient precursors of both CD8alpha(+) and CD8alpha(-) DCs in vivo. Here it is shown that the earliest lymphoid-committed progenitors (common lymphoid progenitors [CLPs]) and CMPs and their progeny granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GMPs) can give rise to functional DCs in vitro and in vivo. CLPs are more efficient in generating DCs than their T-lineage descendants, the early thymocyte progenitors and pro-T cells, and CMPs are more efficient DC precursors than the descendant GMPs, whereas pro-B cells and megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitors are incapable of generating DCs. Thus, DC developmental potential is preserved during T- but not B-lymphoid differentiation from CLP and during granulocyte-macrophage but not megakaryocyte-erythrocyte development from CMP. In vivo reconstitution experiments show that CLPs and CMPs can reconstitute CD8alpha(+) and CD8alpha(-) DCs with similar efficiency on a per cell basis. However, CMPs are 10-fold more numerous than CLPs, suggesting that at steady state, CLPs provide only a minority of splenic DCs and approximately half the DCs in thymus, whereas most DCs, including CD8alpha(+) and CD8alpha(-) subtypes, are of myeloid origin. (Blood. 2001;97:3333-3341)
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Manz
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Dr., Stanford, CA 94305-5428, USA.
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30
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells which both initiate adaptive immune responses and control tolerance to self-antigens. It has been suggested that these different effects on responder cells depend on subsets of DCs arising from either myeloid or lymphoid hematopoietic origins. In this model, CD8 alpha+ Mac-1- DCs are supposed to be of lymphoid while CD8 alpha- Mac-1+ DCs are supposed to be of myeloid origin. Here we summarize our findings that both CD8 alpha+ and CD8 alpha- DCs can arise from clonogenic common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) in both thymus and spleen. Therefore CD8 alpha expression DCs does not indicate a lymphoid origin and differences among CD8 alpha+ and CD8 alpha- DCs might rather reflect maturation status than ontogeny. On the basis of transplantation studies, it seems likely that most of the DCs in secondary lymphoid organs and a substantial fraction of thymic DCs are myeloid-derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Manz
- Department of Pathology and Developmental Biology, B261 Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305-5428, USA.
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31
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32
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Akashi K, Kondo M, Cheshier S, Shizuru J, Gandy K, Domen J, Mebius R, Traver D, Weissman IL. Lymphoid development from stem cells and the common lymphocyte progenitors. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2001; 64:1-12. [PMID: 11232274 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.1999.64.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Akashi
- Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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33
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Wright DE, Cheshier SH, Wagers AJ, Randall TD, Christensen JL, Weissman IL. Cyclophosphamide/granulocyte colony-stimulating factor causes selective mobilization of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells into the blood after M phase of the cell cycle. Blood 2001; 97:2278-85. [PMID: 11290588 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.8.2278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-mobilized peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cells (MPB HSC) are widely used for transplantation in the treatment of malignancies, but the mechanism of HSC mobilization is unclear. Although many HSC in bone marrow (BM) cycle rapidly and expand their numbers in response to cytoreductive agents, such as cyclophosphamide (CY), and cytokines, such as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), MPB HSC are almost all in the G(0) or G(1) phase of the cell cycle. This has raised the question of whether a subset of noncycling BM HSC is selectively released, or whether cycling BM HSC are mobilized after M phase, but before the next S phase of the cell cycle. To distinguish between these possibilities, mice were treated with one dose of CY followed by daily doses of G-CSF, and dividing cells were marked by administration of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) during the interval that BM HSC are expanding. After CY and 4 days of G-CSF, 98.5% of the 2n DNA content long-term repopulating MPB (LT)-HSC stained positively for BrdU, and therefore derived from cells that divided during the treatment interval. Next, LT-HSC from mice previously treated with a single dose of CY, which kills cycling cells, and 3 daily doses of G-CSF, were nearly all killed by a second dose of CY, suggesting that CY/G-CSF causes virtually all LT-HSC to cycle. Analysis of cyclin D2 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and total RNA content of MPB HSC suggests that these cells are mostly in G(1) phase. After CY/G-CSF treatment, virtually all BM LT-HSC enter the cell cycle; some of these HSC then migrate into the blood, specifically after M phase, and are rapidly recruited to particular hematopoietic organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Wright
- Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lagasse
- StemCells, 525 Del Rey Avenue, Suite C, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Anderson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California, USA
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36
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Qian F, Hanahan D, Weissman IL. L-selectin can facilitate metastasis to lymph nodes in a transgenic mouse model of carcinogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:3976-81. [PMID: 11274419 PMCID: PMC31164 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.061633698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2000] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
L-selectin mediates homing of lymphocytes to lymph nodes (LN). Transgenic mice that express rat insulin promoter regulated simian virus 40 Tag (RIP-Tag) develop large, local cancers that metastasize to liver but not LN. To test whether this lack of LN metastases reflects their absence from the circulation, transgenic mice were produced that express Tag (T), L-selectin (L), and Escherichia coli LacZ (Z), in pancreatic beta cells. LTZ mice developed insulinomas that specifically had LN metastases; metastasis was blocked by an anti L-selectin mAb. LacZ(+) tumor cells from these LN homed to secondary LN upon transfer. These results suggest that the highly vascularized islet carcinomas are shedding tumor cells into the bloodstream, which is a necessary but insufficient condition for metastasis to occur; L-selectin can facilitate homing of such tumor cells to LN, resulting in metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Qian
- Department of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kondo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
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38
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Kogan SC, Brown DE, Shultz DB, Truong BT, Lallemand-Breitenbach V, Guillemin MC, Lagasse E, Weissman IL, Bishop JM. BCL-2 cooperates with promyelocytic leukemia retinoic acid receptor alpha chimeric protein (PMLRARalpha) to block neutrophil differentiation and initiate acute leukemia. J Exp Med 2001; 193:531-43. [PMID: 11181704 PMCID: PMC2195904 DOI: 10.1084/jem.193.4.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The promyelocytic leukemia retinoic acid receptor alpha (PMLRARalpha) chimeric protein is associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). PMLRARalpha transgenic mice develop leukemia only after several months, suggesting that PMLRARalpha does not by itself confer a fully malignant phenotype. Suppression of apoptosis can have a central role in tumorigenesis; therefore, we assessed whether BCL-2 influenced the ability of PMLRARalpha to initiate leukemia. Evaluation of preleukemic animals showed that whereas PMLRARalpha alone modestly altered neutrophil maturation, the combination of PMLRARalpha and BCL-2 caused a marked accumulation of immature myeloid cells in bone marrow. Leukemias developed more rapidly in mice coexpressing PMLRARalpha and BCL-2 than in mice expressing PMLRARalpha alone, and all mice expressing both transgenes succumbed to leukemia by 7 mo. Although both preleukemic, doubly transgenic mice and leukemic animals had abundant promyelocytes in the bone marrow, only leukemic mice exhibited thrombocytopenia and dissemination of immature cells. Recurrent gain of chromosomes 7, 8, 10, and 15 and recurrent loss of chromosome 2 were identified in the leukemias. These chromosomal changes may be responsible for the suppression of normal hematopoiesis and dissemination characteristic of the acute leukemias. Our results indicate that genetic changes that inhibit apoptosis can cooperate with PMLRARalpha to initiate APL.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Calgranulin A
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Division
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosome Disorders
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/etiology
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/mortality
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/pathology
- Leukopoiesis
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myeloid Cells/cytology
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neutrophils/cytology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Kogan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
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39
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Geschwind DH, Ou J, Easterday MC, Dougherty JD, Jackson RL, Chen Z, Antoine H, Terskikh A, Weissman IL, Nelson SF, Kornblum HI. A genetic analysis of neural progenitor differentiation. Neuron 2001; 29:325-39. [PMID: 11239426 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00209-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetic mechanisms regulating CNS progenitor function and differentiation are not well understood. We have used microarrays derived from a representational difference analysis (RDA) subtraction in a heterogeneous stem cell culture system to systematically study the gene expression patterns of CNS progenitors. This analysis identified both known and novel genes enriched in progenitor cultures. In situ hybridization in a subset of clones demonstrated that many of these genes were expressed preferentially in germinal zones, some showing distinct ventricular or subventricular zone labeling. Several genes were also enriched in hematopoietic stem cells, suggesting an overlap of gene expression in neural and hematopoietic progenitors. This combination of methods demonstrates the power of using custom microarrays derived from RDA-subtracted libraries for both gene discovery and gene expression analysis in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Geschwind
- Neurogenetics Program, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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40
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Park IK, Klug CA, Li K, Jerabek L, Li L, Nanamori M, Neubig RR, Hood L, Weissman IL, Clarke MF. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel regulator of G-protein signaling from mouse hematopoietic stem cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:915-23. [PMID: 11042171 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m005947200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) has been isolated from a highly purified population of mouse long-term hematopoietic stem cells, and designated RGS18. It has 234 amino acids consisting of a central RGS box and short divergent NH(2) and COOH termini. The calculated molecular weight of RGS18 is 27,610 and the isoelectric point is 8.63. Mouse RGS18 is expressed from a single gene and shows tissue specific distribution. It is most highly expressed in bone marrow followed by fetal liver, spleen, and then lung. In bone marrow, RGS18 level is highest in long-term and short-term hematopoietic stem cells, and is decreased as they differentiate into more committed multiple progenitors. The human RGS18 ortholog has a tissue-specific expression pattern similar to that of mouse RGS18. Purified RGS18 interacts with the alpha subunit of both G(i) and G(q) subfamilies. The results of in vitro GTPase single-turnover assays using Galpha(i) indicated that RGS18 accelerates the intrinsic GTPase activity of Galpha(i). Transient overexpression of RGS18 attenuated inositol phosphates production via angiotensin receptor and transcriptional activation through cAMP-responsive element via M1 muscarinic receptor. This suggests RGS18 can act on G(q)-mediated signaling pathways in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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41
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Uchida N, Buck DW, He D, Reitsma MJ, Masek M, Phan TV, Tsukamoto AS, Gage FH, Weissman IL. Direct isolation of human central nervous system stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:14720-5. [PMID: 11121071 PMCID: PMC18985 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.26.14720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1298] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells, which are clonogenic cells with self-renewal and multilineage differentiation properties, have the potential to replace or repair damaged tissue. We have directly isolated clonogenic human central nervous system stem cells (hCNS-SC) from fresh human fetal brain tissue, using antibodies to cell surface markers and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. These hCNS-SC are phenotypically 5F3 (CD133)(+), 5E12(+), CD34(-), CD45(-), and CD24(-/lo). Single CD133(+) CD34(-) CD45(-) sorted cells initiated neurosphere cultures, and the progeny of clonogenic cells could differentiate into both neurons and glial cells. Single cells from neurosphere cultures initiated from CD133(+) CD34(-) CD45(-) cells were again replated as single cells and were able to reestablish neurosphere cultures, demonstrating the self-renewal potential of this highly enriched population. Upon transplantation into brains of immunodeficient neonatal mice, the sorted/expanded hCNS-SC showed potent engraftment, proliferation, migration, and neural differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Uchida
- StemCells, Inc., 525 Del Rey Avenue, Suite C, Sunnyvale, CA 94085; Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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42
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical in both initiating adaptive immune responses and maintaining tolerance to self antigens. These apparently contradictory roles have been suggested to depend on different subsets of DCs that arise from either myeloid or lymphoid hematopoietic origins, respectively. Although DC expression of CD8alpha is attributed to a lymphoid origin, here we show that both CD8alpha+ and CD8alpha- DCs can arise from clonogenic common myeloid progenitors in both thymus and spleen. Thus, expression of CD8alpha is not indicative of a lymphoid origin, and phenotypic and functional differences among DC subsets are likely to reflect maturation status rather than ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Traver
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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43
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Lagasse E, Connors H, Al-Dhalimy M, Reitsma M, Dohse M, Osborne L, Wang X, Finegold M, Weissman IL, Grompe M. Purified hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into hepatocytes in vivo. Nat Med 2000; 6:1229-34. [PMID: 11062533 DOI: 10.1038/81326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1845] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of hepatic progenitor cells is of great scientific and clinical interest. Here we report that intravenous injection of adult bone marrow cells in the FAH(-/-) mouse, an animal model of tyrosinemia type I, rescued the mouse and restored the biochemical function of its liver. Moreover, within bone marrow, only rigorously purified hematopoietic stem cells gave rise to donor-derived hematopoietic and hepatic regeneration. This result seems to contradict the conventional assumptions of the germ layer origins of tissues such as the liver, and raises the question of whether the cells of the hematopoietic stem cell phenotype are pluripotent hematopoietic cells that retain the ability to transdifferentiate, or whether they are more primitive multipotent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lagasse
- StemCells, 525 Del Rey Avenue, Suite C, Sunnyvale, California 94085, USA.
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44
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Negrin RS, Atkinson K, Leemhuis T, Hanania E, Juttner C, Tierney K, Hu WW, Johnston LJ, Shizurn JA, Stockerl-Goldstein KE, Blume KG, Weissman IL, Bower S, Baynes R, Dansey R, Karanes C, Peters W, Klein J. Transplantation of highly purified CD34+Thy-1+ hematopoietic stem cells in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2000; 6:262-71. [PMID: 10871151 DOI: 10.1016/s1083-8791(00)70008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report here the transplantation of extensively purified "mobilized" peripheral blood CD34Thy-1 hematopoietic stem cells from 22 patients with recurrent or metastatic breast cancer. Patients were mobilized with either high-dose granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) alone or cyclophosphamide plus G-CSE Median purity of the stem cell product at cryopreservation was 95.3% (range, 91.1%-98.3%), and viability was 98.6% (range, 96.5%-100%). After high-dose chemotherapy with carmustine, cisplatin, and cyclophosphamide, CD34+Thy-1 cells at a median dose of 11.3 x 10(5) per kilogram (range, 4.7-163 x 10(5) per kilogram) were infused. No infusion-related toxicity was observed. Neutrophil recovery was prompt, with median absolute neutrophil count >500/microL by day 10 (range, 8-15 days) and >1000/microL by day 11 (range, 8-17 days). Median platelet recovery (>20,000/microL) was observed by day 14 (range, 9-42 days) and >50,000/microL by day 17 (range, 11-49 days). Tumor cell depletion below the limits of detection of a sensitive immunofluorescence-based assay was accomplished in all patients who had detectable tumor cells in apheresis products before processing. Although CD4+ T-cell reconstitution was slow, no unusual infections were observed. Neither early nor late graft failure was observed, and no patient required infusion of unmanipulated backup cells. At a median follow-up of approximately 1.4 years and a maximum follow-up of 2.5 years, 16 of the 22 patients remain alive, with 9 free of disease progression, and have stable blood counts. In summary, highly purified CD34+Thy-1+ cells used as the sole source of the hematopoietic graft result in rapid and sustained hematopoietic engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Negrin
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California USA.
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45
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Kondo M, Scherer DC, Miyamoto T, King AG, Akashi K, Sugamura K, Weissman IL. Cell-fate conversion of lymphoid-committed progenitors by instructive actions of cytokines. Nature 2000; 407:383-6. [PMID: 11014194 DOI: 10.1038/35030112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The primary role of cytokines in haemato-lymphopoiesis is thought to be the regulation of cell growth and survival. But the instructive action of cytokines in haematopoiesis has not been well addressed. Here we show that a clonogenic common lymphoid progenitor, a bone marrow-resident cell that gives rise exclusively to lymphocytes (T, B and natural killer cells), can be redirected to the myeloid lineage by stimulation through exogenously expressed interleukin (IL)-2 and GM-CSF (granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor) receptors. Analysis of mutants of the beta-chain of the IL-2 receptor revealed that the granulocyte- and monocyte-differentiation signals are triggered by different cytoplasmic domains, showing that the signalling pathway(s) responsible for these unique developmental outcomes are separable. Finally, we show that the endogenous myelomonocytic cytokine receptors for GM-CSF and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) are expressed at low to moderate levels on the more primitive haematopoietic stem cells, are absent on common lymphoid progenitors, and are upregulated after myeloid lineage induction by IL-2. We conclude that cytokine signalling can regulate cell-fate decisions and propose that a critical step in lymphoid commitment is downregulation of cytokine receptors that drive myeloid cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kondo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5324, USA.
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46
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Shizuru JA, Weissman IL, Kernoff R, Masek M, Scheffold YC. Purified hematopoietic stem cell grafts induce tolerance to alloantigens and can mediate positive and negative T cell selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:9555-60. [PMID: 10920206 PMCID: PMC16903 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.170279297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Engraftment of allogeneic bone marrow (BM) has been shown to induce tolerance to organs genotypically matched with the BM donor. Immune reconstitution after BM transplantation therefore involves re-establishment of a T cell pool tolerant to antigens present on both donor and host tissues. However, how hematopoietic grafts exert their influence over the regenerating immune system is not completely understood. Prior studies suggest that education of the newly arising T cell pool involves distinct contributions from donor and host stromal elements. Specifically, negative selection is thought to be mediated primarily by donor BM-derived antigen-presenting cells, whereas positive selection is dictated by radio-resistant host-derived thymic stromal cells. In this report we studied the effect of highly purified allogeneic hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) on organ transplantation tolerance induction and immune reconstitution. In contrast to engraftment of BM that results in near-complete donor T cell chimerism, HSC engraftment results in mixed T cell chimerism. Nonetheless we observed that HSC grafts induce tolerance to donor-matched neonatal heart grafts, and one way the HSC grafts alter host immune responses is via deletion of newly arising donor as well as radiation-resistant host T cells. Furthermore, using an in vivo assay of graft rejection to study positive selection we made the unexpected observation that T cells in chimeric mice rejected grafts only in the context of the donor MHC type. These latter findings conflict with the conventionally held view that radio-resistant host elements primarily dictate positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Shizuru
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA.
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47
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Klug CA, Cheshier S, Weissman IL. Inactivation of a GFP retrovirus occurs at multiple levels in long-term repopulating stem cells and their differentiated progeny. Blood 2000; 96:894-901. [PMID: 10910902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy holds promise for the treatment of many hematologic disorders. One major variable that has limited the overall success of gene therapy to date is the lack of sustained gene expression from viral vectors in transduced stem cell populations. To understand the basis for reduced gene expression at a single-cell level, we have used a murine retroviral vector, MFG, that expresses the green fluorescent protein (GFP) to transduce purified populations of long-term self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSC) isolated using the fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Limiting dilution reconstitution of lethally irradiated recipient mice with 100% transduced, GFP(+) LT-HSC showed that silencing of gene expression occurred rapidly in most integration events at the LT-HSC level, irrespective of the initial levels of GFP expression. When inactivation occurred at the LT-HSC level, there was no GFP expression in any hematopoietic lineage clonally derived from silenced LT-HSC. Inactivation downstream of LT-HSC that stably expressed GFP( )in long-term reconstituted animals was restricted primarily to lymphoid cells. These observations suggest at least 2 distinct mechanisms of silencing retrovirally expressed genes in hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Klug
- Department of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University Medical Center, CA, USA.
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48
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Laird DJ, De Tomaso AW, Cooper MD, Weissman IL. 50 million years of chordate evolution: seeking the origins of adaptive immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:6924-6. [PMID: 10860947 PMCID: PMC34360 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.13.6924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D J Laird
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5324, USA.
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49
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Miyamoto T, Weissman IL, Akashi K. AML1/ETO-expressing nonleukemic stem cells in acute myelogenous leukemia with 8;21 chromosomal translocation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:7521-6. [PMID: 10861016 PMCID: PMC16578 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.13.7521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia-specific AML1/ETO transcripts are detectable in most patients with t(8;21) acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in long-term remission. To understand the inconsistency between the clinical cure and the presence of "residual disease" at a molecular level, we separated and identified the cells expressing AML1/ETO by phenotype and function. Here we demonstrate that AML1/ETO transcripts are present in a fraction of stem cells, monocytes, and B cells in remission marrow, and in a fraction of B cells in leukemic marrow, but not in T cells. AML1/ETO transcripts also were demonstrated in a fraction of colony-forming cells of erythroid, granulocyte-macrophage, and/or megakaryocyte lineages in both leukemic and remission marrow. These data strongly suggest that the acquisition of the t(8;21) occurs at the level of stem cells capable of differentiating into B cells as well as all myeloid lineages, and that a fraction of the AML1/ETO-expressing stem cells undergo additional oncogenic event(s) that ultimately leads to transformation into AML.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antigens, CD34
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Female
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm, Residual/genetics
- Neoplasm, Residual/pathology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miyamoto
- Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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50
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Abstract
Botryllus schlosseri is a clonally modular ascidian, in which individuals (zooids) have a finite life span that is intimately associated with a weekly budding process called blastogenesis. Every blastogenic cycle concludes with a synchronized phase of regression called takeover, during which all zooids in a colony die, primarily by apoptosis, and are replaced by a new generation of asexually derived zooids. We have previously documented that, in addition to this cyclical death phase, entire colonies undergo senescence during which all asexually derived individuals in a colony, buds and zooids, die in concert. In addition, when a specific parent colony (genet) is experimentally separated into a number of clonal replicates (ramets), ramets frequently undergo senescence simultaneously, indicating that mortality can manifest itself in nonrandom fashion. Here, we document a morphological portrait of senescence in laboratory-maintained colonies from Monterey Bay, California, that exhibit nonrandom mortality. Nonrandom senescence proceeded according to a series of characteristic changes within the colony over a period of about one week. These changes included systemic constriction and congestion of the vasculature accompanied by massive accumulation of pigment cells in the zooid body wall (mantle), blood vessels, and ampullae; gradual shrinkage of individual zooids; loss of colonial architecture, and ultimately death. At the ultrastructural level, individual cells exhibited changes typical of ischemic cell death, culminating in necrotic cell lysis rather than apoptosis. Collectively, these observations indicate that senescence is accompanied by unique morphological changes that occur systemically, and which are distinct from those occurring during takeover. We discuss our findings in relation to current experimental models of aging and the possible role of a humoral factor in bringing about the onset of senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Lauzon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Union College, Schenectady, New York 12308, USA.
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