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Elfios E, Awoke N, Geta T, Kebede C, Hassen A. Parental satisfaction with neonatal intensive care unit services and associated factors in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Nurs 2024; 23:234. [PMID: 38584278 PMCID: PMC11000344 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-024-01902-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of healthcare, satisfaction is the attainment of adequate or acceptable treatment and serves as both a benchmark for quality and the ultimate objective of providing care. In neonatal care facilities, parent satisfaction is a key measure of the quality of the services offered to the newborns and aids in improving healthcare delivery. This is the first systematic review aiming to address critical knowledge gaps regarding factors influencing parental satisfaction with neonatal intensive care unit services, and determine pooled prevalence in Ethiopia. METHODS After comprehensive systematic search for full texts in the English language through an electronic web-based search strategy from databases of PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, African Journals Online, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar, included a total of 8 articles. Checklists from the Joanna Briggs Institute were used to assess the studies' quality of methodology. STATA version 14 software for windows was used for all statistical analyses and meta-analysis was done using a random-effects method. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to clarify the source of heterogeneity. RESULTS Pooled national level of parents' satisfaction with neonatal intensive unit service was 57.87% (95% CI (49.99, 65.75%)). Age of respondents and availability of chair were significantly associated with parents' satisfaction with neonatal intensive unit service. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION In our review we found that nearly half of parents expressed dissatisfaction with neonatal intensive unit service, which is high. Age of respondents and availability of chair in neonatal intensive unit waiting area were significantly associated with neonatal intensive unit service. Efforts to enhance parental satisfaction with neonatal intensive unit services are crucial, given that nearly half of parents reported dissatisfaction. Necessary infrastructure should be fulfilled to increase parental satisfaction with neonatal intensive unit service. (PROSPERO) INTERNATIONAL PROSPECTIVE REGISTER OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS: CRD42023483474.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshetu Elfios
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia.
| | - Nefsu Awoke
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Temesgen Geta
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Christian Kebede
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Abdulkerim Hassen
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
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Awoke N, Ababulgu SA, Hanfore LK, Gebeyehu EG, Wake SK. Regional disparities in antenatal care utilization among pregnant women and its determinants in Ethiopia. Front Glob Womens Health 2024; 5:1230975. [PMID: 38404954 PMCID: PMC10884275 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2024.1230975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Antenatal care primarily focuses on health care checkups, the provision of advice on healthy behaviors, and the delivery of psychological, social, and emotional support for women with pregnancy. The national target set by the Ethiopian government is to achieve 95% of at least four ANC visits. Nevertheless, 43.11% of women had four or more checkups, according to the 2019 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. Despite this achievement, antenatal care visits differ significantly between Ethiopian regions. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to assess regional disparities in pregnant women's utilization of antenatal care and its determinants in Ethiopia. Methods We have used 2019 intermediate Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data for analysis. The analysis comprised a total of 3,917 weighted women age 15-49 who had a live birth in the 5 years preceding the survey. Poisson regression analysis was done using SAS software version 9.4. To show the strength and direction of the association, an incidence rate ratio with a 95% confidence interval was used. Variables with a p-value <0.05 were declared as significant factors associated with the number of ANC visits. Results In Ethiopia, the number of ANC visits differs between regions. With a mean of 4.74 (95% CI: 4.49, 4.99), Addis Ababa reported the highest percentage of ANC visits (82.7%), while the Somali Region reported the lowest percentage (11.3%) with a mean of 0.73 (95% CI: 0.57, 0.88). Maternal age, educational level, religion, household wealth index, place of delivery, and household size show significant associations with the number of antenatal care visits. Conclusions In Ethiopia, there is the highest regional disparity in the number of ANC visits. The number of ANC visits was influenced by the mother's age, education, religion, household wealth index, place of delivery, and household size. Regarding the ANC visits, there should be initiatives that address the demands of pastoralist and agro-pastoralist communities to increase ANC utilization. As with many other health outcomes, education and low socio-economic status were associated with low ANC visit but these are tied to the overall social development of a country and are not immediately amenable to public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nefsu Awoke
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | | | - Lolemo Kelbiso Hanfore
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | - Eyasu Gambura Gebeyehu
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Senahara Korsa Wake
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural and Computational Science, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
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Ambushe SA, Awoke N, Demissie BW, Tekalign T. Holistic nursing care practice and associated factors among nurses in public hospitals of Wolaita zone, South Ethiopia. BMC Nurs 2023; 22:390. [PMID: 37853394 PMCID: PMC10583383 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-023-01517-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Holistic nursing care is an approach to patient care that takes into account the physical, social, spiritual, and psychological needs of the patient. Providing holistic care has been found to be an effective way to prevent diseases and death, as well as improve the quality of healthcare provided to patients. However, despite its perceived benefits, many nurses lack experience with holistic care and only focus on patients' physical needs, treating them as biological machines while ignoring their spiritual, mental, and social needs. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the practice of holistic nursing care and its associated factors among nurses. METHODS A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 422 sampled Nurses working in public hospitals in Wolaita Zone. Systematic random sampling was applied to select the study participants. A self-administered, pretested questionnaire was used to collect the data. The collected data were entered into Epi Data version 4.6 and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with holistic nursing care practice. Statistical significance was declared at a p-value less than 0.05. The strength of the association was indicated by the AOR and 95% CI. RESULT The study found that the overall practice of holistic nursing care was 21%. Nurses with a diploma in nursing (AOR: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.71), nurses working in a hospital with no continuous in-service learning (AOR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.20, 0.76), nurses with a poor relationship with patients (AOR: 0.31; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.58), and nurses with poor knowledge of holistic nursing care practice (AOR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.7) were factors associated with a lower likelihood of practicing holistic nursing care. CONCLUSION This study found that the practice of holistic nursing care among nurses working in public hospitals in the Wolaita Zone was low. Level of education, the unit of work, continuous in-service learning, the nurse-patient relationship, and the knowledge of nurses were factors associated with holistic nursing care. The provision of in-service training and the creation of trusting, positive relationships were suggested to improve the practice of holistic nursing care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selamawit Ataro Ambushe
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Nefsu Awoke
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia.
| | - Birhanu Wondimeneh Demissie
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tiwabwork Tekalign
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Science, Arbaminch University, Arbaminch, Ethiopia
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Tekalign T, Guta MT, Awoke N, Chichiabellu TY, Meskele M, Anteneh G, Tura TS, Workie SB. Time to Diabetic Nephropathy and its Predictors Among Diabetic Patients Treated in Wolaita and Dawuro Zone Hospitals, Ethiopia: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 2023; 16:163-172. [PMID: 37332621 PMCID: PMC10275322 DOI: 10.2147/ijnrd.s396574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) develops in nearly half of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and one-third of those with type 1 DM during their lifetime. The incidence of DKD as a cause of end stage renal disease is increasing each year. So this study aimed to assess the time to develop diabetic nephropathy and predictors among diabetic patients treated in Wolaita zone hospitals. Methodology A ten-year retrospective cohort study had conducted among 614 diabetic patients using systematic random sampling in Wolaita and Dawuro zone hospitals. Bivariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression had used to identify the possible associations between variables. Those variables with a p-value of less than 0.25 in bivariable analysis exported to multivariable Cox regression analysis. Finally, variables with p-value less than 0.05 at multivariable Cox regression were considered significantly significant. The Cox-proportional hazard model assumption had checked using the Schoenfeld residual test. Results Of the total participants, 93 (15.3%; 95% CI = 12.45-18.14) patients had developed nephropathy in 820,048 people year observation. A mean time to diabetic nephropathy in this study was 189.63 (95% CI, 185.01, 194.25) months. Being illiterate (AHR: 2.21, 95% CI: 1.34-3.66), being hypertensive (AHR: 5.76, 95% CI: 3.39-9.59), and being urban dwellers (AHR: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.34-3.77) increases the hazard of nephropathy. Conclusion According to this follow-up study, the overall incidence rate is substantially high over ten year follow-up period. The mean time to develop diabetic nephropathy was sixteen years. Educational status, place of residence, and being hypertensive were the predictors. So stakeholders should work on complication reduction measures and awareness creation of the impact of comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiwabwork Tekalign
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Science, ArbaMinch University, ArbaMinch, Ethiopia
| | - Mistire Teshome Guta
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Nefsu Awoke
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Yitna Chichiabellu
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistu Meskele
- School of Public health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Gubay Anteneh
- School of Medicine, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Tilahun Saol Tura
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Shimelash Bitew Workie
- School of Public health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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Geta T, Awoke N, Lankrew T, Elfios E, Israel E. Prevalence and associated factors of client satisfaction with family planning service among family planning users in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Womens Health 2023; 23:151. [PMID: 36998000 PMCID: PMC10064780 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02300-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering the importance of client satisfaction in the quality of family planning services, a regular evaluation should be carried out. Several studies have been conducted in Ethiopia, but so far there were no pooled estimates of the prevalence of customer satisfaction with family planning services in the country. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was intended to estimate the pooled prevalence of client satisfaction with Ethiopian family planning services in Ethiopia. The findings of the review can be used to develop strategies and draft policies in the country. METHODS AND MATERIALS This review included articles published only in Ethiopia. The main databases were Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, Ethiopian University Repository Online, and Cochrane Library. Cross-sectional studies conducted in English and meeting the eligibility criteria were included in the review. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed. Data extraction and analysis were performed using Microsoft Excel and STATA version 14 software, respectively. RESULT The pooled prevalence of customer satisfaction with family planning services in Ethiopia was 56.78% [(95% CI (49.99, 63.56); I2 = 96.2%, p < 0.001]. Waiting time > 30 min [OR = 0.2, 95% CI (0.1-0.29), I2 = 75.0%, p < 0.001], privacy maintained [OR = 5.46, 95% CI (1.43-20.9), I2 = 95.8%, p < 0.001], education status [OR = 0.47], 95% CI (0.22-0.98), I2 = 87.4%, p < 0.001] was significant in client satisfaction related to family planning services. CONCLUSION According to this review, client satisfaction with family planning services in Ethiopia was 56.78%. In addition, waiting time, women's educational level, and respect for privacy were identified as factors that both positively and negatively impact women's satisfaction with family planning services. Decisive action, such as educational intervention, continued monitoring and evaluation of family planning services, and arranging training for providers, is required to address identified issues and ensure higher levels of family satisfaction and utilization. This finding is important for shaping strategic policies and improving the quality of family planning services. This finding is important for designing strategic policy and increasing the quality of family planning services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen Geta
- School of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita, Ethiopia.
| | - Nefsu Awoke
- School of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita, Ethiopia
| | - Tadele Lankrew
- School of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita, Ethiopia
| | - Eshetu Elfios
- School of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita, Ethiopia
| | - Eskinder Israel
- School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita, Ethiopia
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Israel E, Awoke N, Yakob T, Aynalem A, Talto A, Bezabih K. Determinants of breast self-examination practice among women attending pastoralist health facilities, Southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Womens Health 2023; 23:14. [PMID: 36627644 PMCID: PMC9832667 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02158-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer remains the most serious public health problem affecting millions of women worldwide. Despite various studies regarding breast self-examination practices conducted among health professionals and students in Ethiopia, limited information was found on women attending health care services in the pastoralist community. This study aimed to identify the determinants of breast self-examination practice (BSE) among women attending pastoralist health facilities in Southern Ethiopia. METHODS An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 421 women who were attending family planning services in pastoralist health facilities in South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia from January to February 2022 using systematic random sampling to select a woman from each health facility in Jinka town. Data were collected using structured, pretested, and interviewer-administered questionnaires. Descriptive statistics such as proportions, means, and standard deviations were used to describe each relevant variable. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify the determinants of BSE practices among women. RESULT The mean age of the women was 25.43 ± 6.66 years. Fifty-four percent (n = 173) of the women had heard of BSE from health professionals. Eighty-nine (21.1%) women had undergone BSE. Women who resided in the urban areas (AOR = 6.79, CI: 3.40, 13.56), attained at least primary education and above (AOR = 8.96, CI: 4.14, 19.35), heard about BSE (AOR = 4.07, CI: 2.07, 7.98), and had a family history of breast cancer (AOR = 7.46, CI = 3.27, 17.00) were significantly associated with BSE practice. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Our study showed that women's practice of BSE was lower when compared with the local studies. We recommend health care professionals and others working in the area improve ways of increasing awareness about breast cancer, including its risk, and the need for BSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eskinder Israel
- grid.494633.f0000 0004 4901 9060School of Midwifery, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Nefsu Awoke
- grid.494633.f0000 0004 4901 9060School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Tagese Yakob
- Bele Hawassa Primary Hospital, Bele Hawassa Town Administration, Wolaita, Ethiopia
| | - Amdehiwot Aynalem
- grid.192268.60000 0000 8953 2273School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Science, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Talto
- grid.494633.f0000 0004 4901 9060School of Midwifery, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Kibrework Bezabih
- grid.494633.f0000 0004 4901 9060School of Midwifery, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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Dendir G, Awoke N, Alemu A, Sintayhu A, Eanga S, Teshome M, Zerfu M, Tila M, Dessu BK, Efa AG, Gashaw A. Factors Associated with the Outcome of a Pediatric Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Unit in Resource-Limited Setup: Cross-Sectional Study. Pediatric Health Med Ther 2023; 14:71-79. [PMID: 36890923 PMCID: PMC9987449 DOI: 10.2147/phmt.s389404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Critical care is a multidisciplinary and interprofessional specialty devoted to treating patients who already have or are at danger of developing acute, life-threatening organ dysfunction. Due to the higher disease load and mortality from preventable illness, patient outcomes in intensive care units are challenging in settings with inadequate resources. This study aimed to determine factors associated with outcomes of pediatric patients admitted to intensive care units. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted at Wolaita Sodo and Hawassa University teaching hospitals in southern Ethiopia. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Normality tests using the Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov data were normally distributed. The frequency, percentage, and cross-tabulation of the different variables were then determined. Finally, the magnitude and associated factors were first analyzed using binary logistic regression and then multivariate logistic regression. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results A total of 396 Pediatric ICU patients were included in this study, and 165 (41.7%) deaths were recorded. The odds of patients from urban areas (AOR = 45%, CI 95%: 8%, 67% p-value = 0.025) were less likely to die than those in rural areas. Patients with co morbidities (AOR = 9.4, CI 95%: 4.5, 19.7, p = 0.000) were more likely to die than pediatric patients with no co-morbidities. Patients admitted with Acute respiratory distress syndrome (AOR = 12.86, CI 95%: 4.3, 39.2, p = 0.000) were more likely to die than those with not. Pediatric patients on mechanical ventilation (AOR = 3, CI 95%: 1.7, 5.9, p = 0.000) more likely to die than not mechanically ventilated. Conclusion Mortality of paediatric ICU patients was high (40.7%) in this study. Co-morbid disease, residency, the use of inotropes, and the length of ICU stay were all statistically significant predictors of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getahun Dendir
- School of Anesthesia, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Nefsu Awoke
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Afework Alemu
- School of Medicine, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Ashagrie Sintayhu
- School of Anesthesia, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Shamill Eanga
- College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Mistire Teshome
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Mahlet Zerfu
- School of Medicine, College of Health Science and Medicine, Yekatit 12 Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mebratu Tila
- School of Anesthesia, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Blen Kassahun Dessu
- School of Anesthesia, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Amelework Gonfa Efa
- School of Medicine, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Amanu Gashaw
- Department of Anesthesia, College of Health Science and Medicine, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Awoke N, Tekalign T, Teshome Guta M, Lenjebo TL, Dendir G, Obsa MS, Asinake G, Lambebo AA, Bekele ML. Visual impairment in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Visual Impairment 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/02646196221145358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
WHO Prevention of Blindness Program launched ‘‘VISION 2020” in 1999 to reduce visual impairment and eradicate avoidable blindness by the year 2020. Ethiopia launched the “VISION 2020” initiative in 2002. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to present the national prevalence of visual impairment at the end of “VISION 2020”. Electronic search was conducted on the PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL, Google scholar databases for including articles. This systematic review and meta-analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Endnote reference manager was used for downloading, organizing, and citing articles. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) quality appraisal tool for prevalence studies. Statistical analysis was done using the STATA™ software version 14. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, 18 studies involving 14,953 participants were included. The pooled prevalence of visual impairment in Ethiopia after correction for publication bias by Duval and Tweedie’s trim and fill analysis was estimated to be 6.24% (95% confidence interval [CI] = [2.66, 9.82]). The pooled prevalence of visual impairment among school children and adults in Ethiopia was 6.13% (95% CI = [4.27, 7.98]) and 19.89% (95% CI = [10.85, 28.93]), respectively. The most common causes of visual impairment in decreasing order of prevalence were refractive error, cataract, trachoma, glaucoma, and corneal opacity. Amblyopia was the cause of visual impairment among school-age child. The prevalence of visual impairment in Ethiopia was still significant at the end of “VISION 2020” program. Therefore, the program of “VISION 2020” should be extended and other large-scale programs were needed to reduce the prevalence of vision impairment in Ethiopia.
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Tekalign T, Guta MT, Awoke N, Asres AW, Obsa MS. Mothers' Care-Seeking Behavior for Common Childhood Illnesses and Its Predictors in Ethiopia: Meta-Analysis. Int J Pediatr 2022; 2022:2221618. [PMID: 36304521 PMCID: PMC9596259 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2221618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Healthcare-seeking interventions can potentially reduce child mortality; however, many children die in developing countries without reaching a health facility. The World Health Organization reported that 70% of child deaths are related to delay care-seeking. So, this review is aimed at identifying mothers' care-seeking behavior for common childhood illnesses and predictors in Ethiopia. Methods Systematic search of studies was done on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, institutional repositories, Academic Search Premier, and manually from reference lists of identified studies in the English language up to August 2021. The quality of the studies was evaluated by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) quality appraisal tool for prevalence study. This meta-analysis used the random-effect method using the STATA™ Version 14 software. Result Fourteen studies involving 8,031 participants were included in this meta-analysis. After correcting Duval and Tweedie's trim and fill analysis, the overall pooled prevalence of mothers' care-seeking behavior is 60.73% (95% CI: 43.49-77.97), whereas the highest prevalence, 74.80% (95% CI: 62.60, 87.00) and 67.77%(95% CI: 55.66, 79.87), was seen in Amhara region and urban residents, respectively, while the lowest, 36.49% (95% CI: -27.21, 100.18) and 47.80% (95% CI:-15.31, 110.9), was seen in South Nation Nationality Peoples' Regions and among rural residents, respectively. Mothers' educational status (P ≤ 0.001) and mothers' marital status (P ≤ 0.001) were significantly associated with mothers' care-seeking behavior. Conclusion Even though children are a vulnerable group, mothers' care-seeking behavior for common childhood illnesses is significantly low. Educational status and marital status were determinants of mothers' care-seeking behavior. So, all responsible bodies should work on the improvement of mothers' care-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiwabwork Tekalign
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Mistire Teshome Guta
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Nefsu Awoke
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Abiyot Wolie Asres
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Suleiman Obsa
- School of Anesthesia, College of Health Science and Medicine, Arsi University, Arsi, Ethiopia
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Tekalign T, Awoke N, Eshetu K, Gelaw Walle B, Teshome Guta M. HIV/AIDS post-exposure prophylaxis knowledge and uptake among health professionals in Africa: Systematic review and meta-analysis. HIV Med 2022; 23:811-824. [PMID: 35355388 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare workers in developing countries are at particularly increased risk of infections from blood-borne pathogens because of the high prevalence of such pathogens in their communities as well as the lack of basic personal protective equipment, such as gloves, gowns and goggles. For those exposed healthcare workers, the immediate administration of antiretroviral drugs following exposure to potentially infected blood or other bodily fluids is essential in order to minimize the risk of acquiring HIV infection. This review is aimed at estimating the pooled prevalence of knowledge and uptake of post-exposure prophylaxis among healthcare providers in Africa. METHODS We accessed PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, SCOPUS, African Journals Online (AJOL), Journal Storage (JSTOR) and EMBASE. The search for unpublished studies included Google and institutional repositories were also used. This meta-analysis follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The quality of studies was assessed using the modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Meta-analysis was carried out with a random-effects method using STATA v.14 software. RESULTS Out of 654 692 studies retrieved, 37 studies from four African regions involving 6482 healthcare providers were included in this meta-analysis. The overall estimated pooled uptake and knowledge of HIV/AIDS post-exposure prophylaxis among healthcare providers in Africa using a random-effects model were 40.09% (95% CI: 30.14-50.04) and 57.67% (95% CI: 44.32-71.01) respectively, whereas the highest uptake and knowledge were 45.48% (95% CI: 24.79-66.17) and 61.37% (95% CI: 46.39-76.36) in the southern and eastern regions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results of this meta-analysis indicated that the knowledge and uptake of post-exposure prophylaxis, one of the best approaches to tackling HIV/AIDS transmission, are significantly low. Therefore, healthcare organizations should work on strategies to increase knowledge and uptake of post-exposure prophylaxis among healthcare providers. REGISTRATION Prospero (ID: CRD42021244003).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiwabwork Tekalign
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Nefsu Awoke
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Kirubel Eshetu
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Belete Gelaw Walle
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Mistire Teshome Guta
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
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11
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Obsa MS, Ataro G, Awoke N, Jemal B, Tilahun T, Ayalew N, Woldegeorgis BZ, Azeze GA, Haji Y. Determinants of Dyslipidemia in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:778891. [PMID: 35284497 PMCID: PMC8904727 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.778891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dyslipidemia is a common public health problem in Africa. It has emerged as an important cardiovascular risk factor. It has been steadily increasing due to economic growth, urbanization, and unhealthy dietary pattern. Therefore, it is essential to identify determinants of dyslipidemia to prevent the condition and reduce its long-term sequel. Methods Combinations of search terms with Boolean operators were used to retrieve studies from PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Database, Cinahl, Scopus, Mednar, and Google Scholar. The methodological quality of each article was evaluated based on the 2017 Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal checklist for prevalence studies. After evaluation of each study against these criteria, studies with a minimum score of 7 or above out of 9 JBI checklists were included. We included articles presented in the English language. The Cochrane Q test was used to assess the heterogeneity across studies. The visual assessment of publication bias was done by creating a funnel plot. The possible causes of heterogeneity were explored by subgroup analyses. Egger's weighted regression test was used to assess the presence of publication bias. Statistical analyses were done by using the STATA software version 14. Result A total of 24 articles involving 37,902 participants from 10 African countries were included. The overall pooled prevalence of dyslipidemia was 52.8 (95% CI 40.8–64.9). Individuals with a body mass index (BMI) >25.0 kg/m2 and waist circumference (WC) >94 cm were, respectively, 2.36 (95% CI (1.33–4.18), p < 0.001) and 2.33 (95% CI (0.75–0.29) p < 0.001) times more likely to develop dyslipidemia than those with lower values. Furthermore, patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) were 2.32 (95% CI (0.89–6.05) p < 0.001) and 2.05 (95% CI (1.31–3.21), p < 0.001) times more likely to present with dyslipidemia than non-diabetic patients and those without HTN. Conclusion This study revealed that the prevalence of dyslipidemia is relatively high among study participants in African countries and the independent predictors of dyslipidemia were BMI >25.0 kg/m2, WC > 94 cm, raised blood glucose level, and raised blood pressure. Therefore, there should be a pressing public health measure to prevent, identify, and treat dyslipidemia with the special emphasis on obese, diabetic, and hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Obsa
- College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia
| | - Getu Ataro
- College of Medicine and Health Science, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Nefsu Awoke
- College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia
| | - Bedru Jemal
- College of Medicine and Health Science, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Tamiru Tilahun
- College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia
| | - Nugusu Ayalew
- Department of Anesthesia, Kotebe Metropolitan University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Beshada Z Woldegeorgis
- College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia
| | - Gedion A Azeze
- College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia
| | - Yusuf Haji
- College of Medicine and Health Science, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Awoke N, Tekalign T, Arba A, Lenjebo TL. Pressure injury prevention practice and associated factors among nurses at Wolaita Sodo University Teaching and Referral Hospital, South Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e047687. [PMID: 35288379 PMCID: PMC8921857 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevention of pressure injury is of great importance in providing quality care to patients, as it has been reported that approximately 95% of all pressure injury are preventable. Nurses working in clinical settings play a key role in identifying patients at risk and administering preventative care. Therefore, this study examines pressure injury prevention practices among nurses. DESIGN Cross-sectional study design. SETTING Wolaita Sodo University Teaching and Referral Hospital, Ethiopia. PARTICIPANTS 240 nurses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Pressure injury prevention practices among nurses. RESULT Among nurses, 37.9% had good pressure injury prevention practices. The factors associated with pressure injury prevention practices included having a bachelor's degree or higher (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=2.18; 95% CI 1.12 to 4.25), having more than 10 years of nursing experience (AOR=3.44; 95% CI 1.41 to 8.37), lacking subject knowledge (AOR=0.49; 95% CI 0.27 to 0.91) and being over the age of 40 (AOR=0.55; 95% CI 0.09 to 0.35). CONCLUSION The majority of nurses reported having a limited level of pressure injury prevention practice. Since pressure ulcer prevention practice is majorly the role of nurses. Upgrading the educational level of the nurses through continuous professional development opportunities can improve the preventive practice of pressure ulcer injury by increasing the knowledge and skill gained during the vocational training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nefsu Awoke
- School of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | | | - Aseb Arba
- School of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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13
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Tekalign T, Lemma T, Silesh M, Lake EA, Teshome M, Yitna T, Awoke N. Mothers' utilization and associated factors of preconception care in Africa, a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254935. [PMID: 34297760 PMCID: PMC8301666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the studies show, in every minute in the world, 380 women become pregnant and 190 face unplanned or unwanted pregnancies; 110 experience pregnancy-related complications, and one woman dies from a pregnancy-related cause. Preconception care is one of the proven strategies for the reduction in mortality and decreases the risk of adverse health effects for the woman, fetus, and neonate by optimizing maternal health services and improves woman's health. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of utilization of preconception of care and associated factors in Africa. METHODS Systematic search of published studies done on PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science CINAHL, and manually on Google Scholar. This meta-analysis follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The quality of studies was assessed by the modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Meta-analysis was carried out using a random-effects method using the STATA™ Version 14 software. RESULT From 249,301 obtained studies, 28 studies from 3 African regions involving 13067 women included in this Meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of utilization of preconception care among pregnant women in Africa was found to be 18.72% (95% CI: 14.44, 23.00). Knowledge of preconception care (P = <0.001), preexisting medical condition (P = 0.045), and pregnancy intention (P = 0.016) were significantly associated with the utilization of preconception care. CONCLUSION The results of this meta-analysis indicated, as one of best approaches to improve birth outcomes, the utilization of preconception care is significantly low among mothers in Africa. Therefore, health care organizations should work on strategies to improve preconception care utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiwabwork Tekalign
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfanesh Lemma
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health Science and Medicine, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Mulualem Silesh
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health Science and Medicine, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
| | - Eyasu Alem Lake
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Mistire Teshome
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Yitna
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Nefsu Awoke
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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14
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Obsa MS, Daga WB, Wosene NG, Gebremedhin TD, Edosa DC, Dedecho AT, Awoke N, Weji BG, Bekele EE. Treatment seeking delay and associated factors among tuberculosis patients attending health facility in Ethiopia from 2000 to 2020: A systematic review and meta analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253746. [PMID: 34197515 PMCID: PMC8248725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment seeking delay is defined as the time interval between the onset of the major symptoms of tuberculosis (TB) and the first visit to the formal health care facility. The patient was said to be delayed if the patient visited the health-facility after 3 weeks onset of major symptoms. However, in low-income countries like Ethiopia, the delay in treatment-seeking among tuberculosis patients contributes to a widespread transmission and high prevalence of tuberculosis. Methods Studies were retrieved from PubMed, Cochrane Database, Cinahl, Scopus, Mednar, and Google Scholar by employing a combination of search terms with Boolean operators. Heterogeneity across studies was assessed using the Cochrane Q test. A funnel plot was used for visual assessment of publication bias. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore the possible causes of heterogeneity. Egger’s weighted regression test at a p-value < 0.05 was used to assess the presence of publication bias. Sensitivity analysis was performed to judge whether the pooled effect size was influenced by individual study. STATA software version 14 was used for all statistical analyses. Result A total of 12 studies with 5122 total sample size were included. The national pooled prevalence of treatment seeking delay was 44.29% (95% CI: 39.805, 48.771). The visual inspection of the funnel plot showed the asymmetrical distribution, and the Egger test showed insignificant (P = 0.348). Patients who did not seek formal health care providers on a first contact had about 7 times more likely to delay than patients who sought formal health care provider on a first contact (OR: 7.192 ((95% CI 5.587–9.257), P = 0.001, I2: 85%). The others independent predictors of delay were rural residence (OR: 3.459 ((95% CI 1.469–8.148), P ≤ 0.001), extra pulmonary TB (OR: 2.520 ((95% CI 1.761–3.605), 0.180), lower educational level (OR 11.720 ((95% CI 1.006–2.938), P <0.001), and distance more than 10km from health facility (OR: 1.631 ((95% CI (10.858–3.101), P = 0.001). Conclusion In this review, we identified a substantial treatment seeking delay among TB patients in Ethiopia. And, the independent predictors of delay were treatment sought before formal health care provider, residence of the patient, type of TB, educational level, and distance from a health facility. Thus, we recommend health extension workers, health professionals and other stakeholders to focus on patient education, and to continuously mobilize the whole communities on early treatment seeking with a special emphasis given to where treatment sought before formal health care provider, rural resident, extra pulmonary TB, and a patient living farther than 10km distance from health facility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wakgari Binu Daga
- School of Public Health, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia
| | - Naol Gorde Wosene
- School of Anesthesia, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia
| | | | | | | | - Nefsu Awoke
- School of Nursing, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia
| | - Bedilu Girma Weji
- Department of Anesthesia, Saint Paul’s Hospital Mellinium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Eyob Eshetu Bekele
- School of Vetirnary Medicine, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia
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Awoke N, Tekalign T, Teshome M, Lolaso T, Dendir G, Obsa MS. Bacterial Profile and asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women in Africa: A systematic review and meta analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2021; 37:100952. [PMID: 34386744 PMCID: PMC8343252 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different physiologic changes that occur during pregnancy, such as Hydroureter, dilatation of the renal pelvis, glycosuria and aminoaciduria, and low urine production predispose pregnant women for ascending urinary tract infection. Globally, 2% to 15% of the pregnant women have urinary tract infection without specific symptoms. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) in pregnant women in Africa. METHODS Systematic search of published studies done on PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, PsychInfo, CINAHL, and google scholar for gray literature. All published observational studies until October 30, 2020 were included. This meta-analysis follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Quality of studies was assessed by modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Meta-analysis was carried out using a random-effects method with the double arcsine transformation approach using the STATA™ Version 14 software. Trim and fill analysis was done to correct presence of significant publication bias. The study protocol is prospectively registered on PROSPERO, registration number CRD42020212601. FINDINGS From 3393 obtained studies, 48 studies from 12 African countries involving 15, 664 pregnant women included in this Meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women in Africa after correction for publication bias by trim and fill analysis was found to be 11.1% (95% CI: 7.8, 14.4). The most common bacterial isolates involved in the etiology of ABU was Escherichia coli with pooled prevalence 33.4% (95% CI: 27.3 - 39.4). INTERPRETATION Asymptomatic bacteriuria is substantial among pregnant women in Africa. Therefore, all pregnant women should be tested for the presence of asymptomatic bacteriuria. A screening program must be based not only on the incidence but also on a cost-efficacy evaluation and a microbiological evaluation. FUNDING There was no funding source for this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nefsu Awoke
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
- Correspondence author.
| | - Tiwabwork Tekalign
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Mistre Teshome
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Tsegaye Lolaso
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Getahun Dendir
- School of Anesthesia, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Suleiman Obsa
- School of Anesthesia, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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Awoke N, Mulgeta H, Lolaso T, Tekalign T, Samuel S, Obsa MS, Olana R. Full-dose hepatitis B virus vaccination coverage and associated factors among health care workers in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241226. [PMID: 33108365 PMCID: PMC7591041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The hepatitis B vaccine is the backbone of hepatitis B prevention. All health care workers must receive a full-dose (3-dose vaccine series) to achieve >90% protection against hepatitis B virus. There is limited evidence available on vaccination coverage of HBV among health care workers in Ethiopia. Therefore, the objective of this study was to estimate the national full-dose hepatitis B vaccination coverage and the associated factors among health care workers in Ethiopia. METHODS Studies were retrieved from PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, CINAHL, and Google Scholar by using a combination of search terms with Boolean operators. The quality of each study was evaluated independently by three authors using the modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for cross-sectional studies. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA™ Version 14 software. Meta-analysis was carried out using a random-effects (DerSimonian and Laird) method. The heterogeneity test was conducted by using I-squared (I2) statistics. Leave-one-out sensitivity analysis was performed. RESULTS A total of 15 articles with 5734 participants were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of full-dose hepatitis B virus vaccination coverage among health care workers in Ethiopia was 20.04% (95% CI: 13.83, 26.26); I2 = 98.9%). Being male sex (p = 0.002), having work experience of less than 5 years (p < 0.001), educational level of diploma and below (p = 0.003), health care providers who received training on infection prevention (p < 0.001), and those who had a history of exposure to blood and body fluids (p = 0.001), were factors significantly associated with full-dose hepatitis B virus vaccination. CONCLUSION The national full-dose hepatitis B vaccination coverage among health care workers was low. Training of health care workers in infection prevention, particularly in hepatitis B and testing and providing hepatitis B vaccination for newly recruited staff and every 5 years for those long-term workers were recommended to increase the uptake of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nefsu Awoke
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Henok Mulgeta
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Tsegaye Lolaso
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Tiwabwork Tekalign
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Serawit Samuel
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Suleiman Obsa
- Department of Anesthesia, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Robera Olana
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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James SL, Castle CD, Dingels ZV, Fox JT, Hamilton EB, Liu Z, S Roberts NL, Sylte DO, Henry NJ, LeGrand KE, Abdelalim A, Abdoli A, Abdollahpour I, Abdulkader RS, Abedi A, Abosetugn AE, Abushouk AI, Adebayo OM, Agudelo-Botero M, Ahmad T, Ahmed R, Ahmed MB, Eddine Aichour MT, Alahdab F, Alamene GM, Alanezi FM, Alebel A, Alema NM, Alghnam SA, Al-Hajj S, Ali BA, Ali S, Alikhani M, Alinia C, Alipour V, Aljunid SM, Almasi-Hashiani A, Almasri NA, Altirkawi K, Abdeldayem Amer YS, Amini S, Loreche Amit AM, Andrei CL, Ansari-Moghaddam A, T Antonio CA, Yaw Appiah SC, Arabloo J, Arab-Zozani M, Arefi Z, Aremu O, Ariani F, Arora A, Asaad M, Asghari B, Awoke N, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Ayano G, Ayanore MA, Azari S, Azarian G, Badawi A, Badiye AD, Bagli E, Baig AA, Bairwa M, Bakhtiari A, Balachandran A, Banach M, Banerjee SK, Banik PC, Banstola A, Barker-Collo SL, Bärnighausen TW, Barrero LH, Barzegar A, Bayati M, Baye BA, Bedi N, Behzadifar M, Bekuma TT, Belete H, Benjet C, Bennett DA, Bensenor IM, Berhe K, Bhardwaj P, Bhat AG, Bhattacharyya K, Bibi S, Bijani A, Bin Sayeed MS, Borges G, Borzì AM, Boufous S, Brazinova A, Briko NI, Budhathoki SS, Car J, Cárdenas R, Carvalho F, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Castelpietra G, Catalá-López F, Cerin E, Chandan JS, Chanie WF, Chattu SK, Chattu VK, Chatziralli I, Chaudhary N, Cho DY, Kabir Chowdhury MA, Chu DT, Colquhoun SM, Constantin MM, Costa VM, Damiani G, Daryani A, Dávila-Cervantes CA, Demeke FM, Demis AB, Demoz GT, Demsie DG, Derakhshani A, Deribe K, Desai R, Nasab MD, da Silva DD, Dibaji Forooshani ZS, Doyle KE, Driscoll TR, Dubljanin E, Adema BD, Eagan AW, Eftekhari A, Ehsani-Chimeh E, Sayed Zaki ME, Elemineh DA, El-Jaafary SI, El-Khatib Z, Ellingsen CL, Emamian MH, Endalew DA, Eskandarieh S, Faris PS, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Fatahi Y, Fekadu W, Ferede TY, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fernandes E, Ferrara P, Feyissa GT, Filip I, Fischer F, Folayan MO, Foroutan M, Francis JM, Franklin RC, Fukumoto T, Geberemariyam BS, Gebre AK, Gebremedhin KB, Gebremeskel GG, Gebremichael B, Gedefaw GA, Geta B, Ghafourifard M, Ghamari F, Ghashghaee A, Gholamian A, Gill TK, Goulart AC, Grada A, Grivna M, Mohialdeen Gubari MI, Guimarães RA, Guo Y, Gupta G, Haagsma JA, Hafezi-Nejad N, Bidgoli HH, Hall BJ, Hamadeh RR, Hamidi S, Haro JM, Hasan MM, Hasanzadeh A, Hassanipour S, Hassankhani H, Hassen HY, Havmoeller R, Hayat K, Hendrie D, Heydarpour F, Híjar M, Ho HC, Hoang CL, Hole MK, Holla R, Hossain N, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc S, Hu G, Ibitoye SE, Ilesanmi OS, Ilic I, Ilic MD, Inbaraj LR, Indriasih E, Naghibi Irvani SS, Shariful Islam SM, Islam MM, Ivers RQ, Jacobsen KH, Jahani MA, Jahanmehr N, Jakovljevic M, Jalilian F, Jayaraman S, Jayatilleke AU, Jha RP, John-Akinola YO, Jonas JB, Joseph N, Joukar F, Jozwiak JJ, Jungari SB, Jürisson M, Kabir A, Kadel R, Kahsay A, Kalankesh LR, Kalhor R, Kamil TA, Kanchan T, Kapoor N, Karami M, Kasaeian A, Kassaye HG, Kavetskyy T, Kebede HK, Keiyoro PN, Kelbore AG, Kelkay B, Khader YS, Khafaie MA, Khalid N, Khalil IA, Khalilov R, Khammarnia M, Khan EA, Khan M, Khanna T, Khazaie H, Shadmani FK, Khundkar R, Kiirithio DN, Kim YE, Kim D, Kim YJ, Kisa A, Kisa S, Komaki H, M Kondlahalli SK, Korshunov VA, Koyanagi A, G Kraemer MU, Krishan K, Bicer BK, Kugbey N, Kumar V, Kumar N, Kumar GA, Kumar M, Kumaresh G, Kurmi OP, Kuti O, Vecchia CL, Lami FH, Lamichhane P, Lang JJ, Lansingh VC, Laryea DO, Lasrado S, Latifi A, Lauriola P, Leasher JL, Huey Lee SW, Lenjebo TL, Levi M, Li S, Linn S, Liu X, Lopez AD, Lotufo PA, Lunevicius R, Lyons RA, Madadin M, El Razek MMA, Mahotra NB, Majdan M, Majeed A, Malagon-Rojas JN, Maled V, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Manafi N, Manafi A, Manda AL, Manjunatha N, Mansour-Ghanaei F, Mansouri B, Mansournia MA, Maravilla JC, March LM, Mason-Jones AJ, Masoumi SZ, Massenburg BB, Maulik PK, Meles GG, Melese A, Melketsedik ZA, N Memiah PT, Mendoza W, Menezes RG, Mengesha MB, Mengesha MM, Meretoja TJ, Meretoja A, Merie HE, Mestrovic T, Miazgowski B, Miazgowski T, 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Y, Zodpey S, Dandona L, Dandona R, Degenhardt L, Dharmaratne SD, Hay SI, Mokdad AH, Reiner RC, Sartorius B, Vos T. Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Inj Prev 2020; 26:i96-i114. [PMID: 32332142 PMCID: PMC7571366 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries. METHODS We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). FINDINGS In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505). INTERPRETATION Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer L James
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chris D Castle
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zachary V Dingels
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jack T Fox
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erin B Hamilton
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zichen Liu
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas L S Roberts
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dillon O Sylte
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Henry
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kate E LeGrand
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Amir Abdoli
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Ibrahim Abdollahpour
- Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Aidin Abedi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Oladimeji M Adebayo
- Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Marcela Agudelo-Botero
- School of Medicine Center for Politics, Population and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tauseef Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University Nanjing, Nanjing, China
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Rushdia Ahmed
- James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Fares Alahdab
- Evidence Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Fahad Mashhour Alanezi
- Department of Computer Sciences, Imam Abdulrehman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Animut Alebel
- Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | | | - Suliman A Alghnam
- Department of Population Health Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar Al-Hajj
- Faculty of Health Sciences - Health Management and Policy, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- British Columbia Injury Research Prevention Unit, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali
- Medical Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Saqib Ali
- Department of Information Systems, College of Economics and Political Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mahtab Alikhani
- School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cyrus Alinia
- Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
| | - Vahid Alipour
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Health Economics Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Syed Mohamed Aljunid
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
- International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
| | | | - Nihad A Almasri
- Physiotherapy Department, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Yasser Sami Abdeldayem Amer
- Clinical Practice Guidelines Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Alexandria Center for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Saeed Amini
- Health Services Management Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Arianna Maever Loreche Amit
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
- Online Programs for Applied Learning, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Carl Abelardo T Antonio
- Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah
- Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jalal Arabloo
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Arab-Zozani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Zohreh Arefi
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Olatunde Aremu
- School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Filippo Ariani
- Regional Centre for the Analysis of Data on Occupational and Work-related Injuries and Diseases, Local Health Unit Tuscany Centre, Florence, Italy
| | - Amit Arora
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Malke Asaad
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Babak Asghari
- Department of Microbiology, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Azad Tabriz University, Iran
| | - Nefsu Awoke
- Department of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla
- The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
| | - Getinet Ayano
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Martin Amogre Ayanore
- Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Samad Azari
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Azarian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Alaa Badawi
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashish D Badiye
- Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
| | - Eleni Bagli
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Atif Amin Baig
- Biochemistry Unit, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
- School of Health Sciences, Univeristi Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohan Bairwa
- Institute of Health Management Research, Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ahad Bakhtiari
- Health Policy And Management Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arun Balachandran
- Department of Demography, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Population Research Centre, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bengaluru, India
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Palash Chandra Banik
- Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Amrit Banstola
- Department of Research, Public Health Perspective Nepal, Pokhara-Lekhnath Metropolitan City, Nepal
| | | | - Till Winfried Bärnighausen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lope H Barrero
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Pontifical Javeriana University, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Akbar Barzegar
- Occupational Health Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohsen Bayati
- Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Neeraj Bedi
- Department of Community Medicine, Gandhi Medical College Bhopal, Bhopal, India
- Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masoud Behzadifar
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Tariku Tesfaye Bekuma
- Institute of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Habte Belete
- Department of Psychiatry, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Corina Benjet
- Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Reseach, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Derrick A Bennett
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Isabela M Bensenor
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kidanemaryam Berhe
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Pankaj Bhardwaj
- Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
- Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
| | - Anusha Ganapati Bhat
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Krittika Bhattacharyya
- Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
- Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Sadia Bibi
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Bijani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Guilherme Borges
- Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Reseach, Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz National Institute of Psychiatry, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio Maria Borzì
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Soufiane Boufous
- Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Department, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Nikolay Ivanovich Briko
- Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Josip Car
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Global eHealth Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rosario Cárdenas
- Department of Population and Health, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Félix Carvalho
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela
- Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
- Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Giulio Castelpietra
- Primary Care Services Area, Central Health Directorate, Region Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Ferrán Catalá-López
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ester Cerin
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joht S Chandan
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Irini Chatziralli
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, University of Athens, Haidari, Greece
- Ophthalmology Private Practice Office, Independent Consultant, Athens, Greece
| | - Neha Chaudhary
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Youngwhan Cho
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Dinh-Toi Chu
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Samantha M Colquhoun
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Action, ACT, Australia
| | - Maria-Magdalena Constantin
- Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- 2nd Department of Dermatology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vera M Costa
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Giovanni Damiani
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | | | | | - Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis
- Department of Nursing, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
- School of Nursing, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Gebre Teklemariam Demoz
- School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
- Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Kebede Deribe
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rupak Desai
- Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kerrie E Doyle
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Tim Robert Driscoll
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Bereket Duko Adema
- Public Health Department, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
- Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Arielle Wilder Eagan
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Social Services, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aziz Eftekhari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Ehsani-Chimeh
- National Institute for Health Researches, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Ziad El-Khatib
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- World Health Programme, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Lycke Ellingsen
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mohammad Hassan Emamian
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | | | - Sharareh Eskandarieh
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pawan Sirwan Faris
- Biology Department, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
- Biology and Biotechnolaniogy"L Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andre Faro
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
| | - Farshad Farzadfar
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Wubalem Fekadu
- Department of Psychiatry, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Department of Psychiatry, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tomas Y Ferede
- Nursing Department, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad
- Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Pietro Ferrara
- Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Garumma Tolu Feyissa
- Department of Health Education & Behavioral Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Irina Filip
- Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, USA
- School of Health Sciences, A T Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Florian Fischer
- Department of Population Medicine and Health Services Research, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Masoud Foroutan
- Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Joel Msafiri Francis
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Richard Charles Franklin
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Douglas, QLD, Australia
- Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Takeshi Fukumoto
- Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Gene Expression & Regulation Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Getnet Azeze Gedefaw
- Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Birhanu Geta
- Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Mansour Ghafourifard
- Department of Medical Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Ghamari
- Occupational Health Department, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghashghaee
- Department of Health Services Management, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asadollah Gholamian
- Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Tiffany K Gill
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alessandra C Goulart
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ayman Grada
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michal Grivna
- Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Rafael Alves Guimarães
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Yuming Guo
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD), World Health Organization (WHO), New Delhi, India
| | - Juanita A Haagsma
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nima Hafezi-Nejad
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Brian James Hall
- Global and Community Mental Health Research Group, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Randah R Hamadeh
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Samer Hamidi
- School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Md Mehedi Hasan
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
| | - Amir Hasanzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheil Hassanipour
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hadi Hassankhani
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Independent Consultant, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Yimam Hassen
- Department of Public Health, Mizan-Tepi University, Tepi, Ethiopia
- Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Rasmus Havmoeller
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Khezar Hayat
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
| | - Delia Hendrie
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Heydarpour
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Martha Híjar
- Research Coordination, AC Environments Foundation, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- CISS, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Hung Chak Ho
- Department of Urban Planning and Design, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Linh Hoang
- Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Michael K Hole
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ramesh Holla
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Naznin Hossain
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacology, Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Computer Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Sorin Hostiuc
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Guoqing Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | | | - Irena Ilic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena D Ilic
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | | | - Endang Indriasih
- Center for Health Resource and Services Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research & Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani
- Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M Mofizul Islam
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca Q Ivers
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kathryn H Jacobsen
- Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | | | - Nader Jahanmehr
- School of Management and Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mihajlo Jakovljevic
- Department for Health Care and Public Health, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Farzad Jalilian
- Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sudha Jayaraman
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Achala Upendra Jayatilleke
- Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Ravi Prakash Jha
- Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Nitin Joseph
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Farahnaz Joukar
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | | | - Mikk Jürisson
- Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ali Kabir
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rajendra Kadel
- Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Amaha Kahsay
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Leila R Kalankesh
- Department of Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rohollah Kalhor
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Health Services Management Department, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Teshome Abegaz Kamil
- School of Public Health, Department of Health Informatics and Health Innovation, A C S Medical College and Hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Tanuj Kanchan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Neeti Kapoor
- Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
| | - Manoochehr Karami
- Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amir Kasaeian
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Taras Kavetskyy
- Department of Applied Physics, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University, Drohobych, Ukraine
| | | | | | | | - Bayew Kelkay
- Department of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yousef Saleh Khader
- Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nauman Khalid
- School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim A Khalil
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rovshan Khalilov
- Department of Physiology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Mohammad Khammarnia
- Health Care Management, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, zahedan, Iran
| | - Ejaz Ahmad Khan
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Maseer Khan
- Faculty of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tripti Khanna
- Department of Health Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
- Centre for Ethics, Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Habibolah Khazaie
- Department of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Roba Khundkar
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford University Global Surgery Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Daniel Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yun Jin Kim
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Adnan Kisa
- School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sezer Kisa
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hamidreza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Brain Engineering Research Center, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov
- Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- CIBERSAM, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Moritz U G Kraemer
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kewal Krishan
- Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Burcu Kucuk Bicer
- Department of Public Health, Yuksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nuworza Kugbey
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- Department of Psychology and Health Promotion, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nithin Kumar
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - G Anil Kumar
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Manasi Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Girikumar Kumaresh
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, India
| | - Om P Kurmi
- Institute of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Oluwatosin Kuti
- Health and Nutrition Section, United Nations Childrens' Fund (UNICEF), Accra, Ghana
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Community Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Faris Hasan Lami
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Justin J Lang
- Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Van C Lansingh
- HelpMeSee, New York, NY, USA
- International Relations, Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico
| | | | - Savita Lasrado
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
| | - Arman Latifi
- Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Paolo Lauriola
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italian National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Janet L Leasher
- College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Shaun Wen Huey Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- School of Pharmacy, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | | | - Miriam Levi
- Regional Centre for the Analysis of Data on Occupational and Work-related Injuries and Diseases, Local Health Unit Tuscany Centre, Florence, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shai Linn
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alan D Lopez
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paulo A Lotufo
- Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raimundas Lunevicius
- Department of General Surgery, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ronan A Lyons
- Health Data Research UK, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Mohammed Madadin
- College of Medicine, Pathology Department, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Marek Majdan
- Department of Public Health, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Azeem Majeed
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jeadran N Malagon-Rojas
- Public Health Research Department, National Health Institute Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
- Faculty of Medicine, El Bosque University, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Venkatesh Maled
- Health Education and Research Department, SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, India
- Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Deborah Carvalho Malta
- Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Navid Manafi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Ophthalmology Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Amir Manafi
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ana-Laura Manda
- Surgery Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Narayana Manjunatha
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Borhan Mansouri
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Joemer C Maravilla
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lyn M March
- Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi
- Department of Midwifery-Reproductive Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Benjamin Ballard Massenburg
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Pallab K Maulik
- Research Department, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
- School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Addisu Melese
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Peter T N Memiah
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Walter Mendoza
- Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Lima, Peru
| | - Ritesh G Menezes
- Forensic Medicine Division, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meresa Berwo Mengesha
- College of Health Science, Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | | | - Tuomo J Meretoja
- Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Atte Meretoja
- Neurocenter, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Tomislav Mestrovic
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, ZoraProfozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
- University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
| | - Bartosz Miazgowski
- Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Miazgowski
- Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases & Arterial Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ted R Miller
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Calverton, MD, USA
| | - G K Mini
- Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
- Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH), Ananthapuri Hospitals and Research Centre, Trivandrum, India
| | - Andreea Mirica
- Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
- President's Office, National Institute of Statistics Romania, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Erkin M Mirrakhimov
- Faculty of Internal Medicine, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh
- Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Prasanna Mithra
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Babak Moazen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Addiction Research (ISFF), Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Masoud Moghadaszadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Efat Mohamadi
- Health Equity Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Mohammad
- Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Aso Mohammad Darwesh
- Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | | | | | - Milad Mohammadoo-Khorasani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | | | - Shafiu Mohammed
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Farnam Mohebi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mariam Molokhia
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Monasta
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
| | - Yoshan Moodley
- Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mahmood Moosazadeh
- Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Masoud Moradi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ghobad Moradi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Moradpour
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Naho Morisaki
- Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan
| | - Shane Douglas Morrison
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Atalay Goshu Muluneh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Srinivas Murthy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kamarul Imran Musa
- School of Medical Sciences, Science University of Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Pulmonology, Institute of Mother & Child Care, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Ashraf F Nabhan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Knowledge Translation and Utilization, Egyptian Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Egypt
| | - Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan
- Research and Analytics, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
- Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
| | - Gurudatta Naik
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mukhammad David Naimzada
- Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Experimental Surgery and Oncology Laboratory, Kursk State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kursk, Russia
| | - Farid Najafi
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Bruno Ramos Nascimento
- Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Morteza Naserbakht
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Mental Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vinod Nayak
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | | | - Ionut Negoi
- Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of General Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Cuong Tat Nguyen
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Rajan Nikbakhsh
- Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum
- Public Health Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kota Semarang, Indonesia
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chukwudi A Nnaji
- Cochrane Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter S Nyasulu
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Felix Akpojene Ogbo
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Onome Bright Oghenetega
- Reproductive Health Sciences, Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - In-Hwan Oh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
| | | | - Andrew T Olagunju
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Tinuke O Olagunju
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ahmed Omar Bali
- Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | - Obinna E Onwujekwe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Kwaku Oppong Asante
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Discipline of Psychology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Heather M Orpana
- Applied Research Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Erika Ota
- Department of Global Health Nursing, St Luke's International University, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | - Nikita Otstavnov
- Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Academic department, Unium Ltd, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav S Otstavnov
- Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mahesh P A
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
| | | | - Smita Pakhale
- Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa ON, Canada
| | - Keyvan Pakshir
- Parasitology and Mycology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Eun-Kee Park
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Sangram Kishor Patel
- Research and Evaluation, Population Council, New Delhi, India
- Indian Institute of Health Management Research University Delhi, Jaipur, India
| | - Ashish Pathak
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pediatircs, RD Gardi Medical College, Ujjain, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - George C Patton
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Population Health Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kebreab Paulos
- Department of Midwifery, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Amy E Peden
- Royal Life Saving Society, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Jeevan Pereira
- Department of Orthopedics, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
| | - Hai Quang Pham
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Michael R Phillips
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Marina Pinheiro
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Roman V Polibin
- Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Sechenon University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Suzanne Polinder
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hossein Poustchi
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Swayam Prakash
- Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Parul Puri
- Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Zahiruddin Quazi Syed
- Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
| | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Radfar
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- College of Graduate Health Sciences, A T Still University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | - Anwar Rafay
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ata Rafiee
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alireza Rafiei
- Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fakher Rahim
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavash Rahimi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Muhammad Aziz Rahman
- School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Fatemeh Rajati
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ivo Rakovac
- European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization (WHO), Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Sowmya J Rao
- Department of Oral Pathology, Srinivas Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India
| | - Vahid Rashedi
- School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Tehran Institute of Psychiatry, Tehran, Iran
| | - Prateek Rastogi
- Forensic Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Priya Rathi
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Salman Rawaf
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Academic Public Health Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Lal Rawal
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Reza Rawassizadeh
- Department of Computer Science, Metropolitan College, Boston University, Boston, USA
| | - Vishnu Renjith
- Neurology Department, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Andre M N Renzaho
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Aziz Rezapour
- Organization for the Prevention of Blindness, Paris, France
| | - Ana Isabel Ribeiro
- EPIUnit - Public Health Institute University Porto (ISPUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jennifer Rickard
- Surgery Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Surgery Department, University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Carlos Miguel Rios González
- Research Directorate, Nihon Gakko University, Fernando de la Mora, Paraguay
- Research Direction, Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú, Coronel Oviedo, Paraguay
| | - Luca Ronfani
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gholamreza Roshandel
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Anas M Saad
- Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yogesh Damodar Sabde
- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Indian Council of Medical Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Siamak Sabour
- Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Basema Saddik
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saeed Safari
- Emergency Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Safari-Faramani
- Faculty of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hamid Safarpour
- Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Safdarian
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Payman Salamati
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farkhonde Salehi
- Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Saleh Salehi Zahabi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Research Deputy, Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Hosni Salem
- Department of Urology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omar Salman
- Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Global Health Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Inbal Salz
- Health and Disability Intelligence Group, Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Abdallah M Samy
- Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Juan Sanabria
- Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lidia Sanchez Riera
- Rheumatology Department, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
- Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney, Syndey, NSW, Australia
| | - Milena M Santric Milicevic
- Institute of Social Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre-School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Abdur Razzaque Sarker
- Health Economics, Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies (BIDS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Arash Sarveazad
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Brijesh Sathian
- Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Monika Sawhney
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Susan M Sawyer
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sonia Saxena
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mehdi Sayyah
- Faculty member of Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - David C Schwebel
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Sadaf G Sepanlou
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Feng Sha
- Center for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Faramarz Shaahmadi
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Saeed Shahabi
- Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | - Morteza Shamsizadeh
- Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Sharifi
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Centre for Medical Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jae Il Shin
- College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, South Korea
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rahman Shiri
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Soraya Siabani
- Department of Health Education & Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Inga Dora Sigfusdottir
- Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jasvinder A Singh
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dhirendra Narain Sinha
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India
- Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Catalin-Gabriel Smarandache
- 2nd Department of Surgery-SUUB, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- 2nd Surgery Department, Bucharest Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Emma U R Smith
- Pain Management Research Institute (PMRI), Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
- Michael J Cousins Pain Management & Research Centre, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Amin Soheili
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
- Emergency Nursing Department, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Bija Soleymani
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Soltanian
- Department of Biostatistics, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Joan B Soriano
- Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ireneous N Soyiri
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull City, UK
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark A Stokes
- Department of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Bryan L Sykes
- Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Karen M Tabb
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Biruk Wogayehu Taddele
- Department of Public Health, Arbaminch College of Health Sciences, Arbaminch town sikela, Ethiopia
| | - Degena Bahrey Tadesse
- Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
- Axum College of Health Science, mekelle, Ethiopia
| | | | - Ingan Ukur Tarigan
- Center for Health Resource and Services Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research & Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yonatal Mesfin Tefera
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Rekha Thapar
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | | | | | - Hamid Reza Tohidinik
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Roman Topor-Madry
- Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- The Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Bach Xuan Tran
- Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Khanh Bao Tran
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jaya Prasad Tripathy
- Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
| | - Alexander C Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Lorainne Tudor Car
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Saif Ullah
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, A T Still University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Ullah
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
- TB Culture Laboratory, Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Maida Umar
- Research Department, National Institute of Population Studies (NIPS), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Era Upadhyay
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | | | - Pascual R Valdez
- Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian
- Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francesco S Violante
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vasily Vlassov
- Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Andrea Werdecker
- Demographic Change and Ageing Research Area, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
- Center of Population and Health, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Taweewat Wiangkham
- Department of Physical Therapy, Naresuan University, Meung District, Thailand
| | - Haileab Fekadu Wolde
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Habte Woldeyes
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, Embryology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- Department of Pharmacology, Addis Ababa University, Addis ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Adam Belay Wondmieneh
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Nursing, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rajaram Yadav
- Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Ali Yadollahpour
- Medical Physics Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Yuichiro Yano
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sanni Yaya
- School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada
| | - Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi
- Health Services Management Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Paul Yip
- Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Engida Yisma
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Naohiro Yonemoto
- Department of Psychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seok-Jun Yoon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoosik Youm
- Department of Sociology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mustafa Z Younis
- Department of Health Policy & Management, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zabihollah Yousefi
- Department of Environmental Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health, Academy of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Yong Yu
- School of Public Health and Management, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Chuanhua Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hasan Yusefzadeh
- Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
| | - Telma Zahirian Moghadam
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Zoubida Zaidi
- Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
| | - Sojib Bin Zaman
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohammad Zamani
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Maryam Zamanian
- Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Hamed Zandian
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
- Department of Community Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ahmad Zarei
- Department of Environment Health Engineering, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zare
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Health Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zhi-Jiang Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunquan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sanjay Zodpey
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Lalit Dandona
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rakhi Dandona
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Simon I Hay
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ali H Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert C Reiner
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Benn Sartorius
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Theo Vos
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Deshpande A, Miller-Petrie MK, Lindstedt PA, Baumann MM, Johnson KB, Blacker BF, Abbastabar H, Abd-Allah F, Abdelalim A, Abdollahpour I, Abegaz KH, Abejie AN, Abreu LG, Abrigo MR, Abualhasan A, Accrombessi MMK, Adamu AA, Adebayo OM, Adedeji IA, Adedoyin RA, Adekanmbi V, Adetokunboh OO, Adhikari TB, Afarideh M, Agudelo-Botero M, Ahmadi M, Ahmadi K, Ahmed MB, Ahmed AE, Akalu TY, Akanda AS, Alahdab F, Al-Aly Z, Alam S, Alam N, Alamene GM, Alanzi TM, Albright J, Albujeer A, Alcalde-Rabanal JE, Alebel A, Alemu ZA, Ali M, Alijanzadeh M, Alipour V, Aljunid SM, Almasi A, Almasi-Hashiani A, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Altirkawi KA, Alvis-Guzman N, Alvis-Zakzuk NJ, Amini S, Amit AML, Amul GGH, Andrei CL, Anjomshoa M, Ansariadi A, Antonio CAT, Antony B, Antriyandarti E, Arabloo J, Aref HMA, Aremu O, Armoon B, Arora A, Aryal KK, Arzani A, Asadi-Aliabadi M, Asmelash D, Atalay HT, Athari SM, Athari SS, Atre SR, Ausloos M, Awasthi S, Awoke N, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Ayano G, Ayanore MA, Aynalem YA, Azari S, Azman 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M, Dhungana GP, Diaz D, Dipeolu IO, Do HT, Dolecek C, Doyle KE, Dubljanin E, Duraes AR, Edinur HA, Effiong A, Eftekhari A, El Nahas N, El Sayed Zaki M, El Tantawi M, Elhabashy HR, El-Jaafary SI, El-Khatib Z, Elkout H, Elsharkawy A, Enany S, Endalew DA, Eshrati B, Eskandarieh S, Etemadi A, Ezekannagha O, Faraon EJA, Fareed M, Faro A, Farzadfar F, Fasil AF, Fazlzadeh M, Feigin VL, Fekadu W, Fentahun N, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fernandes E, Filip I, Fischer F, Flohr C, Foigt NA, Folayan MO, Foroutan M, Franklin RC, Frostad JJ, Fukumoto T, Gad MM, Garcia GM, Gatotoh AM, Gayesa RT, Gebremedhin KB, Geramo YCD, Gesesew HA, Gezae KE, Ghashghaee A, Ghazi Sherbaf F, Gill TK, Gill PS, Ginindza TG, Girmay A, Gizaw Z, Goodridge A, Gopalani SV, Goulart BNG, Goulart AC, Grada A, Green MS, Gubari MIM, Gugnani HC, Guido D, Guimarães RA, Guo Y, Gupta R, Gupta R, Ha GH, Haagsma JA, Hafezi-Nejad N, Haile DH, Haile MT, Hall BJ, Hamidi S, Handiso DW, Haririan H, Hariyani N, Hasaballah AI, Hasan MM, Hasanzadeh A, Hassen HY, Hayelom DH, Hegazy MI, Heibati B, Heidari B, Hendrie D, Henok A, Herteliu C, Heydarpour F, Hidru HDD, Hird TR, Hoang CL, Hollerich GI, Hoogar P, Hossain N, Hosseinzadeh M, Househ M, Hu G, Humayun A, Hussain SA, Hussen MAA, Ibitoye SE, Ilesanmi OS, Ilic MD, Imani-Nasab MH, Iqbal U, Irvani SSN, Islam SMS, Ivers RQ, Iwu CJ, Jahanmehr N, Jakovljevic M, Jalali A, Jayatilleke AU, Jenabi E, Jha RP, Jha V, Ji JS, Jonas JB, Jozwiak JJ, Kabir A, Kabir Z, Kanchan T, Karch A, Karki S, Kasaeian A, Kasahun GG, Kasaye HK, Kassa GG, Kassa GM, Kayode GA, Kebede MM, Keiyoro PN, Ketema DB, Khader YS, Khafaie MA, Khalid N, Khalilov R, Khan EA, Khan J, Khan MN, Khatab K, Khater MM, Khater AM, Khayamzadeh M, Khazaei M, Khosravi MH, Khubchandani J, Kiadaliri A, Kim YJ, Kimokoti RW, Kisa S, Kisa A, Kochhar S, Kolola T, Komaki H, Kosen S, Koul PA, Koyanagi A, Krishan K, Kuate Defo B, Kugbey N, Kumar P, Kumar GA, Kumar M, Kusuma D, La Vecchia C, Lacey B, Lal A, Lal DK, Lam H, Lami FH, Lansingh VC, Lasrado S, Lebedev G, Lee PH, LeGrand KE, Leili M, Lenjebo TL, Leshargie CT, Levine AJ, Lewycka S, Li S, Linn S, Liu S, Lopez JCF, Lopukhov PD, Magdy Abd El Razek M, Mahadeshwara Prasad D, Mahasha PW, Mahotra NB, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Malta DC, Mamun AA, Manafi N, Mansournia MA, Mapoma CC, Martinez G, Martini S, Martins-Melo FR, Mathur MR, Mayala BK, Mazidi M, McAlinden C, Meharie BG, Mehndiratta MM, Mehrabi Nasab E, Mehta KM, Mekonnen T, Mekonnen TC, Meles GG, Meles HG, Memiah PTN, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Menezes RG, Mereta ST, Meretoja TJ, Mestrovic T, Metekiya WM, Metekiya WM, Miazgowski B, Miller TR, Mini GK, Mirrakhimov EM, Moazen B, Mohajer B, Mohammad Y, Mohammad DK, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N, Mohammadibakhsh R, Mohammed S, Mohammed JA, Mohammed H, Mohebi F, Mokdad AH, Moodley Y, Moradi M, Moradi G, Moradi-Joo M, Moraga P, Morales L, Mosapour A, Mosser JF, Mouodi S, Mousavi SM, Mozaffor M, Munro SB, Muriithi MK, Murray CJL, Musa KI, Mustafa G, Muthupandian S, Naderi M, Nagarajan AJ, Naghavi M, Naik G, Nangia V, Nascimento BR, Nazari J, Ndwandwe DE, Negoi I, Netsere HB, Ngunjiri JW, Nguyen CT, Nguyen HLT, Nguyen QP, Nigatu SG, Ningrum DNA, Nnaji CA, Nojomi M, Norheim OF, Noubiap JJ, Oancea B, Ogbo FA, Oh IH, Olagunju AT, Olusanya JO, Olusanya BO, Onwujekwe OE, Ortega-Altamirano DV, Osarenotor O, Osei FB, Owolabi MO, P A M, Padubidri JR, Pakhale S, Pana A, Park EK, Patel SK, Pathak A, Patle A, Paulos K, Pepito VCF, Perico N, Pervaiz A, Pescarini JM, Pesudovs K, Pham HQ, Pigott DM, Pilgrim T, Pirsaheb M, Poljak M, Pollock I, Postma MJ, Pourmalek F, Pourshams A, Prada SI, Preotescu L, Quintana H, Rabiee N, Rabiee M, Radfar A, Rafiei A, Rahim F, Rahimi S, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman MA, Rahman MHU, Rajati F, Ranabhat CL, Rao PC, Rasella D, Rath GK, Rawaf S, Rawal L, Rawasia WF, Remuzzi G, Renjith V, Renzaho AM, Resnikoff S, Riahi SM, Ribeiro AI, Rickard J, Roever L, Ronfani L, Rubagotti E, Rubino S, Saad AM, Sabour S, Sadeghi E, Saeedi Moghaddam S, Safari Y, Sagar R, Sahraian MA, Sajadi SM, Salahshoor MR, Salam N, Saleem A, Salem H, Salem MR, Salimi Y, Salimzadeh H, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Santos IS, Santric-Milicevic MM, Sao Jose BP, Saraswathy SYI, Sarrafzadegan N, Sartorius B, Sathian B, Sathish T, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Sayyah M, Sbarra AN, Schaeffer LE, Schwebel DC, Senbeta AM, Senthilkumaran S, Sepanlou SG, Serván-Mori E, Shafieesabet A, Shaheen AA, Shahid I, Shaikh MA, Shalash AS, Shams-Beyranvand M, Shamsi M, Shamsizadeh M, Shannawaz M, Sharafi K, Sharma R, Sheikh A, Shetty BSK, Shiferaw WS, Shigematsu M, Shin JI, Shiri R, Shirkoohi R, Shivakumar KM, Si S, Siabani S, Siddiqi TJ, Silva DAS, Singh V, Singh NP, Singh BBS, Singh JA, Singh A, Sinha DN, Sisay MM, Skiadaresi E, Smith DL, Soares Filho AM, Sobhiyeh MR, Sokhan A, Soriano JB, Sorrie MB, Soyiri IN, Spurlock EE, Sreeramareddy CT, Sudaryanto A, Sufiyan MB, Suleria HAR, Sykes BL, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabuchi T, Tadesse DB, Tarigan IU, Taye B, Tefera YM, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Tekelemedhin SW, Tekle MG, Temsah MH, Tesfay BE, Tesfay FH, Tessema ZT, Thankappan KR, ThekkePurakkal AS, Thomas N, Thompson RL, Thomson AJ, Topor-Madry R, Tovani-Palone MR, Traini E, Tran BX, Tran KB, Ullah I, Unnikrishnan B, Usman MS, Uthman OA, Uzochukwu BSC, Valdez PR, Varughese S, Veisani Y, Violante FS, Vollmer S, W/hawariat FG, Waheed Y, Wallin MT, Wang YP, Wang Y, Wangdi K, Weiss DJ, Weldesamuel GT, Werkneh AA, Westerman R, Wiangkham T, Wiens KE, Wijeratne T, Wiysonge CS, Wolde HF, Wondafrash DZ, Wonde TE, Worku GT, Yadollahpour A, Yahyazadeh Jabbari SH, Yamada T, Yaseri M, Yatsuya H, Yeshaneh A, Yilma MT, Yip P, Yisma E, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Yousof HASA, Yu C, Yusefzadeh H, Zadey S, Zahirian Moghadam T, Zaidi Z, Zaman SB, Zamani M, Zandian H, Zar HJ, Zerfu TA, Zhang Y, Ziapour A, Zodpey S, Zuniga YMH, Hay SI, Reiner RC. Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17. Lancet Glob Health 2020; 8:e1162-e1185. [PMID: 32827479 PMCID: PMC7443708 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities is an essential human right, recognised in the Sustainable Development Goals as crucial for preventing disease and improving human wellbeing. Comprehensive, high-resolution estimates are important to inform progress towards achieving this goal. We aimed to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities. METHODS We used a Bayesian geostatistical model and data from 600 sources across more than 88 low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) to estimate access to drinking water and sanitation facilities on continuous continent-wide surfaces from 2000 to 2017, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. We estimated mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive subcategories of facilities for drinking water (piped water on or off premises, other improved facilities, unimproved, and surface water) and sanitation facilities (septic or sewer sanitation, other improved, unimproved, and open defecation) with use of ordinal regression. We also estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths in children younger than 5 years attributed to unsafe facilities and estimated deaths that were averted by increased access to safe facilities in 2017, and analysed geographical inequality in access within LMICs. FINDINGS Across LMICs, access to both piped water and improved water overall increased between 2000 and 2017, with progress varying spatially. For piped water, the safest water facility type, access increased from 40·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 39·4-40·7) to 50·3% (50·0-50·5), but was lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, where access to piped water was mostly concentrated in urban centres. Access to both sewer or septic sanitation and improved sanitation overall also increased across all LMICs during the study period. For sewer or septic sanitation, access was 46·3% (95% UI 46·1-46·5) in 2017, compared with 28·7% (28·5-29·0) in 2000. Although some units improved access to the safest drinking water or sanitation facilities since 2000, a large absolute number of people continued to not have access in several units with high access to such facilities (>80%) in 2017. More than 253 000 people did not have access to sewer or septic sanitation facilities in the city of Harare, Zimbabwe, despite 88·6% (95% UI 87·2-89·7) access overall. Many units were able to transition from the least safe facilities in 2000 to safe facilities by 2017; for units in which populations primarily practised open defecation in 2000, 686 (95% UI 664-711) of the 1830 (1797-1863) units transitioned to the use of improved sanitation. Geographical disparities in access to improved water across units decreased in 76·1% (95% UI 71·6-80·7) of countries from 2000 to 2017, and in 53·9% (50·6-59·6) of countries for access to improved sanitation, but remained evident subnationally in most countries in 2017. INTERPRETATION Our estimates, combined with geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden, identify where efforts to increase access to safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are most needed. By highlighting areas with successful approaches or in need of targeted interventions, our estimates can enable precision public health to effectively progress towards universal access to safe water and sanitation. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Reiner RC, Wiens KE, Deshpande A, Baumann MM, Lindstedt PA, Blacker BF, Troeger CE, Earl L, Munro SB, Abate D, Abbastabar H, Abd-Allah F, Abdelalim A, Abdollahpour I, Abdulkader RS, Abebe G, Abegaz KH, Abreu LG, Abrigo MRM, Accrombessi MMK, Acharya D, Adabi M, Adebayo OM, Adedoyin RA, Adekanmbi V, Adetokunboh OO, Adhena BM, Afarideh M, Ahmadi K, Ahmadi M, Ahmed AE, Ahmed MB, Ahmed R, Ajumobi O, Akal CG, Akalu TY, Akanda AS, Alamene GM, Alanzi TM, Albright JR, Alcalde Rabanal JE, Alemnew BT, Alemu ZA, Ali BA, Ali M, Alijanzadeh M, Alipour V, Aljunid SM, Almasi A, Almasi-Hashiani A, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Altirkawi K, Alvis-Guzman N, Alvis-Zakzuk NJ, Amare AT, Amini S, Amit AML, Andrei CL, Anegago MT, Anjomshoa M, Ansari F, Antonio CAT, Antriyandarti E, Appiah SCY, Arabloo J, Aremu O, Armoon B, Aryal KK, Arzani A, Asadi-Lari M, Ashagre AF, Atalay HT, Atique S, Atre SR, Ausloos M, Avila-Burgos L, Awasthi A, Awoke N, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Ayano G, Ayanore MA, Ayele AA, Aynalem YAA, Azari S, Babaee E, Badawi A, Bakkannavar SM, Balakrishnan S, Bali AG, Banach M, Barac A, Bärnighausen TW, Basaleem H, Bassat Q, Bayati M, Bedi N, Behzadifar M, Behzadifar M, Bekele YA, Bell ML, Bennett DA, Berbada DA, Beyranvand T, Bhat AG, Bhattacharyya K, Bhattarai S, Bhaumik S, Bijani A, Bikbov B, Biswas RK, Bogale KA, Bohlouli S, Brady OJ, Bragazzi NL, Briko NI, Briko AN, Burugina Nagaraja S, Butt ZA, Campos-Nonato IR, Campuzano Rincon JC, Cárdenas R, Carvalho F, Castro F, Chansa C, Chatterjee P, Chattu VK, Chauhan BG, Chin KL, Christopher DJ, Chu DT, Claro RM, Cormier NM, Costa VM, Damiani G, Daoud F, Dandona L, Dandona R, Darwish AH, Daryani A, Das JK, Das Gupta R, Dasa TT, Davila CA, Davis Weaver N, Davitoiu DV, De Neve JW, Demeke FM, Demis AB, Demoz GT, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Deribe K, Desalew A, Dessie GA, Dharmaratne SD, Dhillon P, Dhimal M, Dhungana GP, Diaz D, Ding EL, Diro HD, Djalalinia S, Do HP, Doku DT, Dolecek C, Dubey M, Dubljanin E, Duko Adema B, Dunachie SJ, Durães AR, Duraisamy S, Effiong A, Eftekhari A, El Sayed I, El Sayed Zaki M, El Tantawi M, Elemineh DA, El-Jaafary SI, Elkout H, Elsharkawy A, Enany S, Endalamfaw A, Endalew DA, Eskandarieh S, Esteghamati A, Etemadi A, Farag TH, Faraon EJA, Fareed M, Faridnia R, Farioli A, Faro A, Farzam H, Fazaeli AA, Fazlzadeh M, Fentahun N, Fereshtehnejad SM, Fernandes E, Filip I, Fischer F, Foroutan M, Francis JM, Franklin RC, Frostad JJ, Fukumoto T, Gayesa RT, Gebremariam KT, Gebremedhin KBB, Gebremeskel GG, Gedefaw GA, Geramo YCD, Geta B, Gezae KE, Ghashghaee A, Ghassemi F, Gill PS, Ginawi IA, Goli S, Gomes NGM, Gopalani SV, Goulart BNG, Grada A, Gugnani HC, Guido D, Guimares RA, Guo Y, Gupta R, Gupta R, Hafezi-Nejad N, Haile MT, Hailu GB, Haj-Mirzaian A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hall BJ, Handiso DW, Haririan H, Hariyani N, Hasaballah AI, Hasan MM, Hasanzadeh A, Hassankhani H, Hassen HY, Hayelom DH, Heidari B, Henry NJ, Herteliu C, Heydarpour F, Hidru HDD, Hoang CL, Hoogar P, Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi M, Hossain N, Hosseini M, Hosseinzadeh M, Househ M, Hu G, Humayun A, Hussain SA, Ibitoye SE, Ilesanmi OS, Ilic MD, Inbaraj LR, Irvani SSN, Islam SMS, Iwu CJ, Jaca A, Jafari Balalami N, Jahanmehr N, Jakovljevic M, Jalali A, Jayatilleke AU, Jenabi E, Jha RP, Jha V, Ji JS, Jia P, Johnson KB, Jonas JB, Jozwiak JJ, Kabir A, Kabir Z, Kahsay A, Kalani H, Kanchan T, Karami Matin B, Karch A, Karki S, Kasaeian A, Kasahun GG, Kayode GA, Kazemi Karyani A, Keiyoro PN, Ketema DB, Khader YS, Khafaie MA, Khalid N, Khalil AT, Khalil I, Khalilov R, Khan MN, Khan EA, Khan G, Khan J, Khatab K, Khater A, Khater MM, Khatony A, Khayamzadeh M, Khazaei M, Khazaei S, Khodamoradi E, Khosravi MH, Khubchandani J, Kiadaliri AA, Kim YJ, Kimokoti RW, Kisa S, Kisa A, Kissoon N, Kondlahalli SKMKMM, Kosek MN, Koyanagi A, Kraemer MUG, Krishan K, Kugbey N, Kumar GA, Kumar M, Kumar P, Kusuma D, La Vecchia C, Lacey B, Lal A, Lal DK, Lami FH, Lansingh VC, Lasrado S, Lee PH, Leili M, Lenjebo TTLL, Levine AJ, Lewycka S, Li S, Linn S, Lodha R, Longbottom J, Lopukhov PD, Magdeldin S, Mahasha PW, Mahotra NB, Malta DC, Mamun AA, Manafi N, Manafi F, Manda AL, Mansournia MA, Mapoma CC, Marami D, Marczak LB, Martins-Melo FR, März W, Masaka A, Mathur MR, Maulik PK, Mayala BK, McAlinden C, Mehndiratta MM, Mehrotra R, Mehta KM, Meles GG, Melese A, Memish ZA, Mena AT, Menezes RG, Mengesha MM, Mengistu DT, Mengistu G, Meretoja TJ, Miazgowski B, Mihretie KMM, Miller-Petrie MK, Mills EJ, Mir SM, Mirabi P, Mirrakhimov EM, Mohamadi-Bolbanabad A, Mohammad KA, Mohammad Y, Mohammad DK, Mohammad Darwesh A, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N, Mohammadifard N, Mohammed AS, Mohammed S, Mohammed JA, Mohebi F, Mokdad AH, Monasta L, Moodley Y, Moradi M, Moradi G, Moradi-Joo M, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moraga P, Mosapour A, Mouodi S, Mousavi SM, Mozaffor MMM, Muluneh AG, Muriithi MK, Murray CJL, Murthy GVS, Musa KI, Mustafa G, Muthupandian S, Naderi M, Nagarajan AJ, Naghavi M, Najafi F, Nangia V, Nazari J, Ndwandwe DE, Negoi I, Ngunjiri JW, Nguyen QP, Nguyen TH, Nguyen CT, Nigatu D, Ningrum DNA, Nnaji CA, Nojomi M, Noubiap JJ, Oh IH, Okpala O, Olagunju AT, Omar Bali A, Onwujekwe OE, Ortega-Altamirano DDV, Osarenotor O, Osei FB, Owolabi MO, P A M, Padubidri JR, Pana A, Pashaei T, Pati S, Patle A, Patton GC, Paulos K, Pepito VCF, Pereira A, Perico N, Pesudovs K, Pigott DM, Piroozi B, Platts-Mills JA, Poljak M, Postma MJ, Pourjafar H, Pourmalek F, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Prada SI, Preotescu L, Quintana H, Rabiee N, Rabiee M, Radfar A, Rafiei A, Rahim F, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman MA, Rajati F, Ramezanzadeh K, Rana SM, Ranabhat CL, Rasella D, Rawaf S, Rawaf DL, Rawal L, Remuzzi G, Renjith V, Renzaho AMN, Reta MA, Rezaei S, Ribeiro AI, Rickard J, Rios González CM, Rios-Blancas MJ, Roever L, Ronfani L, Roro EM, Rostami A, Rothenbacher D, Rubagotti E, Rubino S, Saad AM, Sabour S, Sadeghi E, Safari S, Safdarian M, Sagar R, Sahraian MA, Sajadi SM, Salahshoor MR, Salam N, Salehi F, Salehi Zahabi S, Salem MRR, Salem H, Salimi Y, Salimzadeh H, Sambala EZ, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Santos IS, Saraswathy SYI, Sarker AR, Sartorius B, Sathian B, Satpathy M, Sbarra AN, Schaeffer LE, Schwebel DC, Senbeta AM, Senthilkumaran S, Shabaninejad H, Shaheen AA, Shaikh MA, Shalash AS, Shallo SA, Shams-Beyranvand M, Shamsi M, Shamsizadeh M, Sharif M, Shey MS, Shibuya K, Shiferaw WSS, Shigematsu M, Shil A, Shin JI, Shiri R, Shirkoohi R, Si S, Siabani S, Singh JA, Singh NP, Sinha DN, Sisay MM, Skiadaresi E, Smith DL, Sobhiyeh MR, Sokhan A, Soofi M, Soriano JB, Sorrie MB, Soyiri IN, Sreeramareddy CT, Sudaryanto A, Sufiyan MB, Suleria HAR, Sykes BL, Tamirat KS, Tassew AA, Taveira N, Taye B, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Temsah MH, Tesfay BE, Tesfay FH, Tessema ZT, Thankappan KR, Thirunavukkarasu S, Thomas N, Tlaye KG, Tlou B, Tovani-Palone MR, Traini E, Tran KB, Trihandini I, Ullah I, Unnikrishnan B, Valadan Tahbaz S, Valdez PR, Varughese S, Veisani Y, Violante FS, Vollmer S, Vos T, Wada FW, Waheed Y, Wang Y, Wang YP, Weldesamuel GT, Welgan CA, Westerman R, Wiangkham T, Wijeratne T, Wiysonge CSS, Wolde HF, Wondafrash DZ, Wonde TE, Wu AM, Xu G, Yadollahpour A, Yahyazadeh Jabbari SH, Yamada T, Yaseri M, Yenesew MA, Yeshaneh A, Yilma MT, Yimer EM, Yip P, Yirsaw BD, Yisma E, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Yousof HASA, Yu C, Yusefzadeh H, Zamani M, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Zandian H, Zeleke AJ, Zepro NB, Zewale TA, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Zhao XJ, Ziapour A, Zodpey S, Hay SI. Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2020; 395:1779-1801. [PMID: 32513411 PMCID: PMC7314599 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), one in ten deaths in children younger than 5 years is attributable to diarrhoea. The substantial between-country variation in both diarrhoea incidence and mortality is attributable to interventions that protect children, prevent infection, and treat disease. Identifying subnational regions with the highest burden and mapping associated risk factors can aid in reducing preventable childhood diarrhoea. METHODS We used Bayesian model-based geostatistics and a geolocated dataset comprising 15 072 746 children younger than 5 years from 466 surveys in 94 LMICs, in combination with findings of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, to estimate posterior distributions of diarrhoea prevalence, incidence, and mortality from 2000 to 2017. From these data, we estimated the burden of diarrhoea at varying subnational levels (termed units) by spatially aggregating draws, and we investigated the drivers of subnational patterns by creating aggregated risk factor estimates. FINDINGS The greatest declines in diarrhoeal mortality were seen in south and southeast Asia and South America, where 54·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 38·1-65·8), 17·4% (7·7-28·4), and 59·5% (34·2-86·9) of units, respectively, recorded decreases in deaths from diarrhoea greater than 10%. Although children in much of Africa remain at high risk of death due to diarrhoea, regions with the most deaths were outside Africa, with the highest mortality units located in Pakistan. Indonesia showed the greatest within-country geographical inequality; some regions had mortality rates nearly four times the average country rate. Reductions in mortality were correlated to improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) or reductions in child growth failure (CGF). Similarly, most high-risk areas had poor WASH, high CGF, or low oral rehydration therapy coverage. INTERPRETATION By co-analysing geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden and its key risk factors, we could assess candidate drivers of subnational death reduction. Further, by doing a counterfactual analysis of the remaining disease burden using key risk factors, we identified potential intervention strategies for vulnerable populations. In view of the demands for limited resources in LMICs, accurately quantifying the burden of diarrhoea and its drivers is important for precision public health. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Awoke N, Tekalign T, Lemma T. Predictors of optimal breastfeeding practices in Worabe town, Silte zone, South Ethiopia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232316. [PMID: 32353021 PMCID: PMC7192429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in sub-Saharan Africa indicated the overall prevalence of optimal breast feeding ranged between a lowest of 17.63% in East Africa and a highest of 46.37% in West Africa. It's estimated that 823,000 deaths of children could be prevented every year through optimal breastfeeding practices. However optimal breastfeeding practices is low in most setting of Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess optimal breastfeeding practices and associated factors in Worabe town. METHOD A community-based analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from April 15th-25th, 2018. A systematic sampling technique was applied on 347 sampled mothers who had children greater than or equal to 2 years old. The data was entered into EpiData (version 3.1) and subsequently exported to SPSS Statistics (version 22) for analysis. Descriptive statistics were used for presenting summary data using tables and graph. Bivariate and multi variable logistic regression analysis to identify were used to identify associated factors. The statistical significance was declared at P<0.05. RESULT Optimal breastfeeding was exhibited by 42.1% of mothers. Government employees (AOR = 8.0; 95% CI: 1.7, 36.4), families with a household income of 1,500-3,000 Ethiopian birr (AOR = 4.6; 95% CI: 1.0, 20.1), individuals knowledgeable about optimal breastfeeding practices (AOR: 5.5 95% CI: 1.6, 18.1), individuals counselled about breastfeeding practices during postnatal follow-ups (AOR = 4.940, 95% CI: 1.313, 10.195), and individuals that had a caesarean section delivery (AOR = 4.2, 95% CI: 1.2, 14.1) had a higher chance of practicing optimal breastfeeding. However, mothers who did not attend or have access to antenatal care follow-ups (AOR = 0.1, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.5) were less likely to practice optimal breastfeeding. CONCLUSIONS Less than half of mothers breastfed their children optimally. Factors that influenced this included knowledge of optimal breastfeeding practices, total household income, the woman's occupation, access to breastfeeding counselling during postnatal care follow-ups, access to antenatal care follow-ups, and mode of delivery. It is strongly recommended that optimal breastfeeding awareness programs through health education be done in collaboration with health extension workers, and zonal health offices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nefsu Awoke
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Tiwabwork Tekalign
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfanesh Lemma
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
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Paulos K, Awoke N, Mekonnen B, Arba A. Male involvement in birth preparedness and complication readiness for emergency referral at Sodo town of Wolaita zone, South Ethiopia: a cross sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020; 20:62. [PMID: 32000697 PMCID: PMC6993380 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-2758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preventable maternal mortality remains a huge burden more especially in sub-Saharan Africa. The involvement of male partner during pregnancy and its complication helps an expectant mother to make timely decisions to avoid delays that brings about complications that could result in morbidity or mortality. METHODS Institution based cross sectional study was conducted in 2017, at Sodo Town of Wolaita Zone among mothers who came to hospital and admitted to MCH department due to emergency obstetric referral. Data were collected using pre-tested and structured questionnaire. The collected data entered by Epi data, cleaned and analyzed by using SPSS for windows version 23.0. A descriptive analysis was done using frequency, mean, quartile and standard deviation. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was carried out to identify the associated factors. Level of statistical significance was declared at p value < 0.05. Finally the results of Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis were presented in crude and adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals. RESULT Data were obtained from 233 women, with a response rate of 100%. The prevalence of male partner's involvement in birth preparedness and complication redness for emergency referral in this study was 30.9%. After adjusting for the effect of confounding variables using multivariable logistic regression, variables like distance of health facility (AOR = 0.29, 95%CI = 0.12, 0.72), having ANC follow-up (AOR = 2.9, 95%CI = 1.52-5.51) and experience of obstetric complication (AOR = 1.79, 95%CI = 1.06-3.04) have statistically significant association with male partner's involvement in birth preparedness and complication readiness for obstetric referral. CONCLUSION In general, male partner's involvement in birth preparedness and complication readiness for obstetric referral in the study area was low. Antenatal care attending and experiencing of obstetric complication were factors determining male partner's involvement in complication readiness. Health care professionals should involve male partners to attend ANC clinic at each stage and arrange special antenatal care conferences which may increase awareness and practice about complication readiness and plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebreab Paulos
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Nefsu Awoke
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Bazie Mekonnen
- Department of Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aseb Arba
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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Awoke N, Arba A, Girma A. Magnitude of surgical site infection and its associated factors among patients who underwent a surgical procedure at Wolaita Sodo University Teaching and Referral Hospital, South Ethiopia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226140. [PMID: 31805161 PMCID: PMC6894841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Surgical site infections are infections that take place within 30 days of an operative procedure. Worldwide, 23% of patients develop surgical site infections among all surgeries annually with the worst complications causing prolonged hospital stays, increased resistance of microorganisms to antimicrobials, higher health system costs, emotional stress for patients and their families, and substantial economic burdens on hospitals. Therefore, this study was created to assess the magnitude and associated factors of surgical site infection at Wolaita Sodo University Teaching and Referral Hospital. Method We conducted a hospital-based cross-sectional study on patients who underwent a surgical procedure in 2018 at Wolaita Sodo University Teaching and Referral Hospital. We applied a systematic random sampling technique to obtain 261 patient records from all records of surgical patients from January 1, 2018, to December 30, 2018. We collected data using a pretested checklist. We used bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with surgical site infection. We considered a P-value < 0.05 as statistically significant. Summary measures, texts, tables, and figures present the results of the analysis. Result Among the 261 patients, 34 or 13% (95% CI = 9.2%, 17.2%) developed surgical site infection. Patients younger than 40 years old [AOR 6.45; 95% CI (1.56, 26.67)], illiterate [AOR 4.25; 95% CI (1.52, 11.84)], with a history of previous hospitalization [AOR 4.50; 95% CI (1.44, 14.08)], with a prolonged preoperative hospital stay (≥ 7 days) [AOR 3.88; 95% CI (1.46, 10.29)], and admitted to the public wing of the ward [AOR 0.24; 95% CI (0.07, 0.79)] possessed factors associated with surgical site infection. Conclusion The magnitude of surgical site infection in this study was high. Shortening preoperative hospital stays, delivering intravenous antimicrobial prophylaxis before surgery, and giving wound care as ordered would significantly reduce the incidence of surgical site infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nefsu Awoke
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Aseb Arba
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Abiy Girma
- Wolaita Sodo University Teaching and Referral Hospital, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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Fitzmaurice C, Abate D, Abbasi N, Abbastabar H, Abd-Allah F, Abdel-Rahman O, Abdelalim A, Abdoli A, Abdollahpour I, Abdulle ASM, Abebe ND, Abraha HN, Abu-Raddad LJ, Abualhasan A, Adedeji IA, Advani SM, Afarideh M, Afshari M, Aghaali M, Agius D, Agrawal S, Ahmadi A, Ahmadian E, Ahmadpour E, Ahmed MB, Akbari ME, Akinyemiju T, Al-Aly Z, AlAbdulKader AM, Alahdab F, Alam T, Alamene GM, Alemnew BTT, Alene KA, Alinia C, Alipour V, Aljunid SM, Bakeshei FA, Almadi MAH, Almasi-Hashiani A, Alsharif U, Alsowaidi S, Alvis-Guzman N, Amini E, Amini S, Amoako YA, Anbari Z, Anber NH, Andrei CL, Anjomshoa M, Ansari F, Ansariadi A, Appiah SCY, Arab-Zozani M, Arabloo J, Arefi Z, Aremu O, Areri HA, Artaman A, Asayesh H, Asfaw ET, Ashagre AF, Assadi R, Ataeinia B, Atalay HT, Ataro Z, Atique S, Ausloos M, Avila-Burgos L, Avokpaho EFGA, Awasthi A, Awoke N, Ayala Quintanilla BP, Ayanore MA, Ayele HT, Babaee E, Bacha U, Badawi A, Bagherzadeh M, Bagli E, Balakrishnan S, Balouchi A, Bärnighausen TW, Battista RJ, Behzadifar M, Behzadifar M, Bekele BB, Belay YB, Belayneh YM, Berfield KKS, Berhane A, Bernabe E, Beuran M, Bhakta N, Bhattacharyya K, Biadgo B, Bijani A, Bin Sayeed MS, Birungi C, Bisignano C, Bitew H, Bjørge T, Bleyer A, Bogale KA, Bojia HA, Borzì AM, Bosetti C, Bou-Orm IR, Brenner H, Brewer JD, Briko AN, Briko NI, Bustamante-Teixeira MT, Butt ZA, Carreras G, Carrero JJ, Carvalho F, Castro C, Castro F, Catalá-López F, Cerin E, Chaiah Y, Chanie WF, Chattu VK, Chaturvedi P, Chauhan NS, Chehrazi M, Chiang PPC, Chichiabellu TY, Chido-Amajuoyi OG, Chimed-Ochir O, Choi JYJ, Christopher DJ, Chu DT, Constantin MM, Costa VM, Crocetti E, Crowe CS, Curado MP, Dahlawi SMA, Damiani G, Darwish AH, Daryani A, das Neves J, Demeke FM, Demis AB, Demissie BW, Demoz GT, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Derakhshani A, Deribe KS, Desai R, Desalegn BB, Desta M, Dey S, Dharmaratne SD, Dhimal M, Diaz D, Dinberu MTT, Djalalinia S, Doku DT, Drake TM, Dubey M, Dubljanin E, Duken EE, Ebrahimi H, Effiong A, Eftekhari A, El Sayed I, Zaki MES, El-Jaafary SI, El-Khatib Z, Elemineh DA, Elkout H, Ellenbogen RG, Elsharkawy A, Emamian MH, Endalew DA, Endries AY, Eshrati B, Fadhil I, Fallah Omrani V, Faramarzi M, Farhangi MA, Farioli A, Farzadfar F, Fentahun N, Fernandes E, Feyissa GT, Filip I, Fischer F, Fisher JL, Force LM, Foroutan M, Freitas M, Fukumoto T, Futran ND, Gallus S, Gankpe FG, Gayesa RT, Gebrehiwot TT, Gebremeskel GG, Gedefaw GA, Gelaw BK, Geta B, Getachew S, Gezae KE, Ghafourifard M, Ghajar A, Ghashghaee A, Gholamian A, Gill PS, Ginindza TTG, Girmay A, Gizaw M, Gomez RS, Gopalani SV, Gorini G, Goulart BNG, Grada A, Ribeiro Guerra M, Guimaraes ALS, Gupta PC, Gupta R, Hadkhale K, Haj-Mirzaian A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hamadeh RR, Hamidi S, Hanfore LK, Haro JM, Hasankhani M, Hasanzadeh A, Hassen HY, Hay RJ, Hay SI, Henok A, Henry NJ, Herteliu C, Hidru HD, Hoang CL, Hole MK, Hoogar P, Horita N, Hosgood HD, Hosseini M, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc M, Hostiuc S, Househ M, Hussen MM, Ileanu B, Ilic MD, Innos K, Irvani SSN, Iseh KR, Islam SMS, Islami F, Jafari Balalami N, Jafarinia M, Jahangiry L, Jahani MA, Jahanmehr N, Jakovljevic M, James SL, Javanbakht M, Jayaraman S, Jee SH, Jenabi E, Jha RP, Jonas JB, Jonnagaddala J, Joo T, Jungari SB, Jürisson M, Kabir A, Kamangar F, Karch A, Karimi N, Karimian A, Kasaeian A, Kasahun GG, Kassa B, Kassa TD, Kassaw MW, Kaul A, Keiyoro PN, Kelbore AG, Kerbo AA, Khader YS, Khalilarjmandi M, Khan EA, Khan G, Khang YH, Khatab K, Khater A, Khayamzadeh M, Khazaee-Pool M, Khazaei S, Khoja AT, Khosravi MH, Khubchandani J, Kianipour N, Kim D, Kim YJ, Kisa A, Kisa S, Kissimova-Skarbek K, Komaki H, Koyanagi A, Krohn KJ, Bicer BK, Kugbey N, Kumar V, Kuupiel D, La Vecchia C, Lad DP, Lake EA, Lakew AM, Lal DK, Lami FH, Lan Q, Lasrado S, Lauriola P, Lazarus JV, Leigh J, Leshargie CT, Liao Y, Limenih MA, Listl S, Lopez AD, Lopukhov PD, Lunevicius R, Madadin M, Magdeldin S, El Razek HMA, Majeed A, Maleki A, Malekzadeh R, Manafi A, Manafi N, Manamo WA, Mansourian M, Mansournia MA, Mantovani LG, Maroufizadeh S, Martini SMS, Mashamba-Thompson TP, Massenburg BB, Maswabi MT, Mathur MR, McAlinden C, McKee M, Meheretu HAA, Mehrotra R, Mehta V, Meier T, Melaku YA, Meles GG, Meles HG, Melese A, Melku M, Memiah PTN, Mendoza W, Menezes RG, Merat S, Meretoja TJ, Mestrovic T, Miazgowski B, Miazgowski T, Mihretie KMM, Miller TR, Mills EJ, Mir SM, Mirzaei H, Mirzaei HR, Mishra R, Moazen B, Mohammad DK, Mohammad KA, Mohammad Y, Darwesh AM, Mohammadbeigi A, Mohammadi H, Mohammadi M, Mohammadian M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammadoo-Khorasani M, Mohammadpourhodki R, Mohammed AS, Mohammed JA, Mohammed S, Mohebi F, Mokdad AH, Monasta L, Moodley Y, Moosazadeh M, Moossavi M, Moradi G, Moradi-Joo M, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moradpour F, Morawska L, Morgado-da-Costa J, Morisaki N, Morrison SD, Mosapour A, Mousavi SM, Muche AA, Muhammed OSS, Musa J, Nabhan AF, Naderi M, Nagarajan AJ, Nagel G, Nahvijou A, Naik G, Najafi F, Naldi L, Nam HS, Nasiri N, Nazari J, Negoi I, Neupane S, Newcomb PA, Nggada HA, Ngunjiri JW, Nguyen CT, Nikniaz L, Ningrum DNA, Nirayo YL, Nixon MR, Nnaji CA, Nojomi M, Nosratnejad S, Shiadeh MN, Obsa MS, Ofori-Asenso R, Ogbo FA, Oh IH, Olagunju AT, Olagunju TO, Oluwasanu MM, Omonisi AE, Onwujekwe OE, Oommen AM, Oren E, Ortega-Altamirano DDV, Ota E, Otstavnov SS, Owolabi MO, P A M, Padubidri JR, Pakhale S, Pakpour AH, Pana A, Park EK, Parsian H, Pashaei T, Patel S, Patil ST, Pennini A, Pereira DM, Piccinelli C, Pillay JD, Pirestani M, Pishgar F, Postma MJ, Pourjafar H, Pourmalek F, Pourshams A, Prakash S, Prasad N, Qorbani M, Rabiee M, Rabiee N, Radfar A, Rafiei A, Rahim F, Rahimi M, Rahman MA, Rajati F, Rana SM, Raoofi S, Rath GK, Rawaf DL, Rawaf S, Reiner RC, Renzaho AMN, Rezaei N, Rezapour A, Ribeiro AI, Ribeiro D, Ronfani L, Roro EM, Roshandel G, Rostami A, Saad RS, Sabbagh P, Sabour S, Saddik B, Safiri S, Sahebkar A, Salahshoor MR, Salehi F, Salem H, Salem MR, Salimzadeh H, Salomon JA, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Santric Milicevic MM, Sartorius B, Sarveazad A, Sathian B, Satpathy M, Savic M, Sawhney M, Sayyah M, Schneider IJC, Schöttker B, Sekerija M, Sepanlou SG, Sepehrimanesh M, Seyedmousavi S, Shaahmadi F, Shabaninejad H, Shahbaz M, Shaikh MA, Shamshirian A, Shamsizadeh M, Sharafi H, Sharafi Z, Sharif M, Sharifi A, Sharifi H, Sharma R, Sheikh A, Shirkoohi R, Shukla SR, Si S, Siabani S, Silva DAS, Silveira DGA, Singh A, Singh JA, Sisay S, Sitas F, Sobngwi E, Soofi M, Soriano JB, Stathopoulou V, Sufiyan MB, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Tabuchi T, Takahashi K, Tamtaji OR, Tarawneh MR, Tassew SG, Taymoori P, Tehrani-Banihashemi A, Temsah MH, Temsah O, Tesfay BE, Tesfay FH, Teshale MY, Tessema GA, Thapa S, Tlaye KG, Topor-Madry R, Tovani-Palone MR, Traini E, Tran BX, Tran KB, Tsadik AG, Ullah I, Uthman OA, Vacante M, Vaezi M, Varona Pérez P, Veisani Y, Vidale S, Violante FS, Vlassov V, Vollset SE, Vos T, Vosoughi K, Vu GT, Vujcic IS, Wabinga H, Wachamo TM, Wagnew FS, Waheed Y, Weldegebreal F, Weldesamuel GT, Wijeratne T, Wondafrash DZ, Wonde TE, Wondmieneh AB, Workie HM, Yadav R, Yadegar A, Yadollahpour A, Yaseri M, Yazdi-Feyzabadi V, Yeshaneh A, Yimam MA, Yimer EM, Yisma E, Yonemoto N, Younis MZ, Yousefi B, Yousefifard M, Yu C, Zabeh E, Zadnik V, Moghadam TZ, Zaidi Z, Zamani M, Zandian H, Zangeneh A, Zaki L, Zendehdel K, Zenebe ZM, Zewale TA, Ziapour A, Zodpey S, Murray CJL. Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. JAMA Oncol 2019; 5:1749-1768. [PMID: 31560378 PMCID: PMC6777271 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.2996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1437] [Impact Index Per Article: 287.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Importance Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572 000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542 000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819 000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601 000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596 000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414 000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Fitzmaurice
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
- Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Naghmeh Abbasi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hedayat Abbastabar
- Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Omar Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Amir Abdoli
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
- Research Center for Non-communicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Ibrahim Abdollahpour
- Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdishakur S M Abdulle
- Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nebiyu Dereje Abebe
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
| | | | - Laith Jamal Abu-Raddad
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Shailesh M Advani
- Social Behavioral Research Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Mohsen Afarideh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Aghaali
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Dominic Agius
- Department of Health, Directorate for Health Information and Research, Pieta, Malta
| | - Sutapa Agrawal
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
- Vital Strategies, Gurugram, India
| | - Ayat Ahmadi
- Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Ahmadian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Tomi Akinyemiju
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ziyad Al-Aly
- John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, Missouri
- Clinical Epidemiology Center, VA Saint Louis Health Care System, Department of Veterans Affairs, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Assim M AlAbdulKader
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Fares Alahdab
- Evidence-Based Practice Research Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tahiya Alam
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Birhan Tamene T Alemnew
- Department of Health Sciences, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kefyalew Addis Alene
- Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capitol Territory, Australia
| | - Cyrus Alinia
- Department of Health Care Management and Economics, Urmia University of Medical Science, Urmia, Iran
| | - Vahid Alipour
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Syed Mohamed Aljunid
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
- International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
| | | | - Majid Abdulrahman Hamad Almadi
- Department of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Ubai Alsharif
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Shirina Alsowaidi
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nelson Alvis-Guzman
- Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
- Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Erfan Amini
- Department of Urology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Amini
- Department of Health Services Management, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Yaw Ampem Amoako
- Department of Internal Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Zohreh Anbari
- Department of Health Services Management, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | | | | | - Mina Anjomshoa
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Ansari
- Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah
- Department of Sociology and Social Work, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Center for International Health, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Morteza Arab-Zozani
- Department of Healthcare Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jalal Arabloo
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Arefi
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Olatunde Aremu
- School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, England, United Kingdom
| | - Habtamu Abera Areri
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Al Artaman
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Reza Assadi
- Education Development Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Bahar Ataeinia
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zerihun Ataro
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Suleman Atique
- University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
- College ofPublic Health, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marcel Ausloos
- School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, England, United Kingdom
| | - Leticia Avila-Burgos
- Center for Health Systems Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Euripide F G A Avokpaho
- Bénin Clinical Research Institute, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
- Contrôle des Maladies Infectieuses, Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health, Porto Novo, Benin
| | - Ashish Awasthi
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
- Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Nefsu Awoke
- Department of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla
- The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- General Office for Research and Technological Transfer, Peruvian National Institute of Health, Lima, Peru
| | - Martin Amogre Ayanore
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Henok Tadesse Ayele
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Public Health Department, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
| | - Ebrahim Babaee
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Umar Bacha
- School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Alaa Badawi
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Eleni Bagli
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Abbas Balouchi
- School of Nursing and Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Till Winfried Bärnighausen
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Masoud Behzadifar
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | | | - Bayu Begashaw Bekele
- Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Public Health Department, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia
| | - Yared Belete Belay
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Social Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- AC Environments Foundation, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | | | - Adugnaw Berhane
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Eduardo Bernabe
- Dental Institute, King's College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Mircea Beuran
- Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nickhill Bhakta
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Krittika Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
| | - Belete Biadgo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ali Bijani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed
- National Centre for Epidemiology & Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Ramna, Bangladesh
| | - Charles Birungi
- The UCL Centre for Global Health Economics, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
- Fast-Track Implementation Department, United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Catherine Bisignano
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Helen Bitew
- School of Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Tone Bjørge
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Archie Bleyer
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas, Houston
| | | | - Hunduma Amensisa Bojia
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Antonio M Borzì
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Cristina Bosetti
- Department of Oncology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jerry D Brewer
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Nikolay Ivanovich Briko
- Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Zahid A Butt
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Giulia Carreras
- Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
| | - Juan J Carrero
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Félix Carvalho
- Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Clara Castro
- Department of Epidemiology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- EpiUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Franz Castro
- Department of Research and Health Technology Assessment, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Ferrán Catalá-López
- National School of Public Health, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ester Cerin
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yazan Chaiah
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Vijay Kumar Chattu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- China Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pankaj Chaturvedi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Neelima Singh Chauhan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People's College of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal, India
| | - Mohammad Chehrazi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Onyema Greg Chido-Amajuoyi
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston
| | - Odgerel Chimed-Ochir
- Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Jee-Young J Choi
- Departments ofBiochemistry and Biomedical Science, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Dinh-Toi Chu
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria-Magdalena Constantin
- Department of Dermatology, 2nd Clinic of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- 2nd Department of Dermatology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vera M Costa
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Emanuele Crocetti
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | | | - Maria Paula Curado
- Department of Epidemiology, A. C. Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Saad M A Dahlawi
- Department of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giovanni Damiani
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - José das Neves
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering (INEB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Feleke Mekonnen Demeke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Asmamaw Bizuneh Demis
- Nursing Department, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
- Department of Nursing, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | | | - Gebre Teklemariam Demoz
- School of Pharmacy, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
- Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Afshin Derakhshani
- Department of Immunology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Rupak Desai
- Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | | | - Melaku Desta
- Department of Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Mexico
| | | | - Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Meghnath Dhimal
- Health Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Daniel Diaz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Mexico
- Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Shirin Djalalinia
- Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - David Teye Doku
- Department of Population and Health, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Thomas M Drake
- Department of Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Manisha Dubey
- United Nations World Food Programme, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Eyasu Ejeta Duken
- College of Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
- Mycobacteriology Research Center, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Hedyeh Ebrahimi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Liver and Pancreaticobiliary Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andem Effiong
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aziz Eftekhari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Basic Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Iman El Sayed
- Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | | | - Ziad El-Khatib
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Hajer Elkout
- Department of Community Medicine, Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya
- Department of Health Information, World Health Organization, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Richard G Ellenbogen
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Aisha Elsharkawy
- Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Hassan Emamian
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | | | - Aman Yesuf Endries
- Public Health Department, St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Babak Eshrati
- Center of Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
- School of Public Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Ibtihal Fadhil
- Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Ministry of Public Health, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | | | - Andrea Farioli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Farshad Farzadfar
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Netsanet Fentahun
- Department of Public Health Nutrition, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Garumma Tolu Feyissa
- Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Irina Filip
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, California
- School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona
| | - Florian Fischer
- School of Public Health Medicine, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - James L Fisher
- James Cancer Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lisa M Force
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Marisa Freitas
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Takeshi Fukumoto
- Gene Expression and Regulation Program, Cancer Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Neal D Futran
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Silvano Gallus
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Fortune Gbetoho Gankpe
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
- Non-communicable Disease Department, Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health, Porto Novo, Benin
| | | | | | | | - Getnet Azeze Gedefaw
- Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Birhanu Geta
- Department of Pharmacy, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Sefonias Getachew
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Institute of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Mansour Ghafourifard
- Medical Surgical Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Ghajar
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Ahmad Ghashghaee
- Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asadollah Gholamian
- Physiology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Medical Department, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
| | - Paramjit Singh Gill
- Unit of Academic Primary Care, University of Warwick, Coventry, England, United Kingdom
| | - Themba T G Ginindza
- Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alem Girmay
- Department of Nursing, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Aksum, Ethiopia
| | - Muluken Gizaw
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Sameer Vali Gopalani
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City
- Department of Health and Social Affairs, Government of the Federated States of Micronesia, Palikir, Federated States of Micronesia
| | - Giuseppe Gorini
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Section, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Ayman Grada
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Prakash C Gupta
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Rahul Gupta
- West Virginia Bureau for Public Health, Charleston
- Department of Health Policy, Management & Leadership, West Virginia University, Morgantown
| | | | - Arvin Haj-Mirzaian
- Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arya Haj-Mirzaian
- Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Randah R Hamadeh
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Samer Hamidi
- School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Josep Maria Haro
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network, Madrid, Spain
- Research and Development Unit, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Milad Hasankhani
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Hasanzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Yimam Hassen
- Public Health Department, Mizan-Tepi University, Teppi, Ethiopia
- Unit of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Roderick J Hay
- International Foundation for Dermatology, London, England, United Kingdom
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Simon I Hay
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Nathaniel J Henry
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Claudiu Herteliu
- Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Hagos D Hidru
- Department of Epidemiology, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Chi Linh Hoang
- Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Praveen Hoogar
- Transdisciplinary Centre for Qualitative Methods, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Nobuyuki Horita
- Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - H Dean Hosgood
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Mostafa Hosseini
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Computer Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaimaniyah, Iraq
| | - Mihaela Hostiuc
- Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bucharest Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sorin Hostiuc
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mowafa Househ
- Division of Information and Computing Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
- Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Bogdan Ileanu
- Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
- Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Milena D Ilic
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Kaire Innos
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kufre Robert Iseh
- Department of Surgery, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Farhad Islami
- Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Morteza Jafarinia
- ,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Leila Jahangiry
- Health Education and Health Promotion Department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Nader Jahanmehr
- School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Spencer L James
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Sudha Jayaraman
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Sun Ha Jee
- Department of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ensiyeh Jenabi
- Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Ravi Prakash Jha
- Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Jost B Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jitendra Jonnagaddala
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- NSW Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tamas Joo
- Health Services Management Training Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Mikk Jürisson
- Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ali Kabir
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farin Kamangar
- Department of Biology, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - André Karch
- Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Narges Karimi
- Immunogenetics Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Neurology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ansar Karimian
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Kasaeian
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Hematologic Malignancies Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Belete Kassa
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | | | - Mesfin Wudu Kassaw
- Nursing Department, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
- Department of Public Health, Amhara Public Health Institute, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Anil Kaul
- School of Health Care Administration, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa
- Health Care Delivery Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | | | | | - Amene Abebe Kerbo
- Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia
- School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Yousef Saleh Khader
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Ramtha, Jordan
| | - Maryam Khalilarjmandi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ejaz Ahmad Khan
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Gulfaraz Khan
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Young-Ho Khang
- Division of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Khaled Khatab
- Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville
| | - Amir Khater
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, National Hepatology and Tropical Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maryam Khayamzadeh
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Khazaee-Pool
- Department of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Salman Khazaei
- Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abdullah T Khoja
- Department of Public Health, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mohammad Hossein Khosravi
- Student Research Committee, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- International Otorhinolaryngology Research Association, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jagdish Khubchandani
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Neda Kianipour
- Department of Public Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Daniel Kim
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yun Jin Kim
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Adnan Kisa
- Department of Health Management and Health Economics, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Health Services Policy & Management, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Sezer Kisa
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Hamidreza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Brain Engineering Research Center, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Networking Center for Mental Health Network, San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kristopher J Krohn
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Burcu Kucuk Bicer
- Department of Public Health, Yüksek Ihtisas University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Public Health, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nuworza Kugbey
- Department of Family and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
- Department of Psychology and Health Promotion, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Desmond Kuupiel
- Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Nursing, St. John of God Hospital, Duayaw Nkwanta, Ghana
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Clinical Medicine and Community Health, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Deepesh P Lad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Eyasu Alem Lake
- Department of Nursing, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Ayenew Molla Lakew
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Faris Hasan Lami
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Academy of Medical Science, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Savita Lasrado
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
| | - Paolo Lauriola
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italian National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - James Leigh
- Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Yu Liao
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes, Inc, Quezon City, Philippines
| | | | - Stefan Listl
- Department of Dentistry, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Section for Translational Health Economics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alan D Lopez
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Queensland, Australia
| | - Platon D Lopukhov
- Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Raimundas Lunevicius
- Department of General Surgery, Aintree University Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
- Department of Surgery, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Madadin
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameh Magdeldin
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Suez Canal University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Physiology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | | | - Azeem Majeed
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Afshin Maleki
- Department of Environmental Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Manafi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Manafi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Morteza Mansourian
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mansournia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saman Maroufizadeh
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Santi Martini S Martini
- Department of Epidemiology, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Indonesian Public Health Association, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | - Manu Raj Mathur
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Colm McAlinden
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Carmarthen, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Martin McKee
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Hailemariam Abiy Alemu Meheretu
- Department of Nursing, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
- School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- Department of Preventive Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida, India
| | - Varshil Mehta
- Department of Internal Medicine, SevenHills Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Toni Meier
- Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- Innovation Office, Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health, Halle, Germany
| | - Yohannes A Melaku
- Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | | | - Addisu Melese
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Melku
- Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Peter T N Memiah
- Department of Public Health, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida
| | - Walter Mendoza
- Peru Country Office, United Nations Population Fund, Lima, Peru
| | - Ritesh G Menezes
- Forensic Medicine Division, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahin Merat
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tuomo J Meretoja
- Breast Surgery Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomislav Mestrovic
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Dr. Zora Profozic Polyclinic, Zagreb, Croatia
- University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
| | - Bartosz Miazgowski
- Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
- Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Miazgowski
- Department of Hypertension, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Ted R Miller
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Edward J Mills
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Seyed Mostafa Mir
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rashmi Mishra
- Department of Oral Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Babak Moazen
- Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Addiction Research, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dara K Mohammad
- Department of Biology, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Yousef Mohammad
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aso Mohammad Darwesh
- Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Hiwa Mohammadi
- Department of Neurology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Moslem Mohammadi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mohammadian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Ammas Siraj Mohammed
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Shafiu Mohammed
- Institute of Public Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Farnam Mohebi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Iran National Institute of Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali H Mokdad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Lorenzo Monasta
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
| | - Yoshan Moodley
- Department of Public Health Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mahmood Moosazadeh
- Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Maryam Moossavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Ghobad Moradi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Moradi-Joo
- Department of Economics and Management Sciences for Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maziar Moradi-Lakeh
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Moradpour
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Naho Morisaki
- Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Japan
| | | | - Abbas Mosapour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Meysam Mousavi
- Department of Health Management and Economics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Oumer Sada S Muhammed
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jonah Musa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
- Center for Global Health, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ashraf F Nabhan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Knowledge Translation and Utilization, Egyptian Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mehdi Naderi
- School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan
- Department of Research and Analytics, Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
- Department of Research and Analytics, Bioinsilico Technologies, Chennai, India
| | - Gabriele Nagel
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Azin Nahvijou
- Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gurudatta Naik
- O'NealComprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Farid Najafi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Luigi Naldi
- Department of Dermatology, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
- GISED Study Center, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Hae Sung Nam
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Daejeon Regional Cancer Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Naser Nasiri
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Javad Nazari
- Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
- Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ionut Negoi
- Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Subas Neupane
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Polly A Newcomb
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Haruna Asura Nggada
- Department of Histopathology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | | | - Cuong Tat Nguyen
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Leila Nikniaz
- Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum
- Department of Public Health Sciences, State University of Semarang, Semarang, Indonesia
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Molly R Nixon
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Chukwudi A Nnaji
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marzieh Nojomi
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Nosratnejad
- Department of Health Economics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Richard Ofori-Asenso
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Independent consultant, Accra, Ghana
| | - Felix Akpojene Ogbo
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - In-Hwan Oh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
| | - Andrew T Olagunju
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Tinuke O Olagunju
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mojisola Morenike Oluwasanu
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Abidemi E Omonisi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Ekiti State University, Ado- Ekiti, Nigeria
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Obinna E Onwujekwe
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Anu Mary Oommen
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Eyal Oren
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | | | - Erika Ota
- Department of Global Health Nursing, St. Luke's International University, Chuo-ku, Japan
| | | | - Mayowa Ojo Owolabi
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Mahesh P A
- Department of TB & Respiratory Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India
| | | | - Smita Pakhale
- Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amir H Pakpour
- Department of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
- Department of Nursing, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Adrian Pana
- Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
- Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eun-Kee Park
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hadi Parsian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Tahereh Pashaei
- Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Shanti Patel
- Department of Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Snehal T Patil
- Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Deemed University, Karad, India
| | - Alyssa Pennini
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - David M Pereira
- Requimte/LAQV, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Cristiano Piccinelli
- ReferenceCenter for Epidemiology and Cancer Prevention, CPO Piedmont, Torino, Italy
| | - Julian David Pillay
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
| | - Majid Pirestani
- Departments of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Pishgar
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maarten J Postma
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hadi Pourjafar
- Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Farshad Pourmalek
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Akram Pourshams
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Swayam Prakash
- Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Narayan Prasad
- Department of Nephrology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Divisions of Chemistry and Diseases, Advanced Technologies Research Group, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Rafiei
- Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fakher Rahim
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Rahimi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Muhammad Aziz Rahman
- Austin Health Clinical School of Nursing, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- National Centre for Farmer Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Rajati
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Saleem M Rana
- Department of Public Health, Contech School of Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
- Public Health Department, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Samira Raoofi
- Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Goura Kishor Rath
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - David Laith Rawaf
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom
- University College London Hospitals, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Salman Rawaf
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom
- Academic Public Health, Public Health England, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Robert C Reiner
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Andre M N Renzaho
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, and Autoimmunity, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aziz Rezapour
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ana Isabel Ribeiro
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela Ribeiro
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luca Ronfani
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
| | - Elias Merdassa Roro
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Gholamreza Roshandel
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ali Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | | | - Parisa Sabbagh
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Siamak Sabour
- Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Basema Saddik
- Medical Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saeid Safiri
- Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Farkhonde Salehi
- Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hosni Salem
- Department of Urology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Rashad Salem
- Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hamideh Salimzadeh
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Joshua A Salomon
- Center for Health Policy and Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Abdallah M Samy
- Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Juan Sanabria
- Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
- Departments of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Benn Sartorius
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Arash Sarveazad
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Brijesh Sathian
- Surgery Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, England, United Kingdom
| | - Maheswar Satpathy
- UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
- Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Monika Sawhney
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
| | - Mehdi Sayyah
- Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ione J C Schneider
- School of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Ararangua, Brazil
| | - Ben Schöttker
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mario Sekerija
- Department of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sadaf G Sepanlou
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masood Sepehrimanesh
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi
- Center of Expertise in Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Faramarz Shaahmadi
- Department of Health Promotion and Education, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hosein Shabaninejad
- Department of Health Policy, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shahbaz
- Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amir Shamshirian
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Morteza Shamsizadeh
- Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Heidar Sharafi
- Department of Molecular Hepatology, Middle East Liver Disease Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Sharafi
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sharif
- Department of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali Sharifi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Sharifi
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Rajesh Sharma
- University School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, India
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Reza Shirkoohi
- Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharvari Rahul Shukla
- Symbiosis Institute of Health Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Si Si
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Soraya Siabani
- Imam Ali Cardiovascular Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Dayane Gabriele Alves Silveira
- University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Department of the Health Industrial Complex and Innovation in Health, Ministry of Health, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ambrish Singh
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Global Patient Outcome and Real World Evidence, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jasvinder A Singh
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Solomon Sisay
- Medical Department, German Leprosy and TB Relief Association, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Freddy Sitas
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eugène Sobngwi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Central Hospital of Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Moslem Soofi
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Joan B Soriano
- Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vasiliki Stathopoulou
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Athens University of Applied Sciences, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos
- Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Takahiro Tabuchi
- Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken Takahashi
- Asbestos Diseases Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | | | - Parvaneh Taymoori
- Department of Public Health, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Community Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohamad-Hani Temsah
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Temsah
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Fisaha Haile Tesfay
- Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- Southgate Institute for Health, Society and Equity, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Gizachew Assefa Tessema
- Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Subash Thapa
- Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Roman Topor-Madry
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- The Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Eugenio Traini
- Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
| | - Bach Xuan Tran
- Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Khanh Bao Tran
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Clinical Hematology and Toxicology, Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Irfan Ullah
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Olalekan A Uthman
- Division of Health Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, England, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Vacante
- Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maryam Vaezi
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, A.C.S. Medical College and Hospital, Tabriz, Iran
- Alzahra Teaching Hospital, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Patricia Varona Pérez
- Department for International Development, Health Network of Cuba, Havana, Cuba
- Centre of Research in Environmental Epidemiology, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yousef Veisani
- Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Simone Vidale
- Department of Neurology & Stroke Unit, Sant'Anna Hospital, Como, Italy
| | - Francesco S Violante
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Occupational Health Unit, Sant'Orsola Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vasily Vlassov
- Department of Health Care Administration and Economy, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stein Emil Vollset
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Theo Vos
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Kia Vosoughi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Giang Thu Vu
- Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Henry Wabinga
- Department of Pathology, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Yasir Waheed
- Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Fitsum Weldegebreal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Tissa Wijeratne
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dawit Zewdu Wondafrash
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | | | - Adam Belay Wondmieneh
- Department of Nursing, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
- Department of Nursing, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Rajaram Yadav
- Department of Population Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Yadollahpour
- Department of Medical Physics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yaseri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi
- Department of Health Management, Policy, and Economics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Health Services Management Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Engida Yisma
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Naohiro Yonemoto
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mustafa Z Younis
- Health Economics & Finance, Global Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi
- Department of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Yousefifard
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Chuanhua Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Erfan Zabeh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Bioelectric Group, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vesna Zadnik
- Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Sector, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Telma Zahirian Moghadam
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Zoubida Zaidi
- Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria
| | - Mohammad Zamani
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hamed Zandian
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Alireza Zangeneh
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Leila Zaki
- Department of Parasitology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Zendehdel
- Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Taye Abuhay Zewale
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Arash Ziapour
- Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Christopher J L Murray
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
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Frank TD, Carter A, Jahagirdar D, Biehl MH, Douwes-Schultz D, Larson SL, Arora M, Dwyer-Lindgren L, Steuben KM, Abbastabar H, Abu-Raddad LJ, Abyu DM, Adabi M, Adebayo OM, Adekanmbi V, Adetokunboh OO, Ahmadi A, Ahmadi K, Ahmadian E, Ahmadpour E, Ahmed MB, Akal CG, Alahdab F, Alam N, Albertson SB, Alemnew BTT, Alene KA, Alipour V, Alvis-Guzman N, Amini S, Anbari Z, Anber NH, Anjomshoa M, Antonio CAT, Arabloo J, Aremu O, Areri HA, Asfaw ET, Ashagre AF, Asmelash D, Asrat AA, Avokpaho EFGA, Awasthi A, Awoke N, Ayanore MA, Azari S, Badawi A, Bagherzadeh M, Banach M, Barac A, Bärnighausen TW, Basu S, Bedi N, Behzadifar M, Bekele BB, Belay SA, Belay YB, Belayneh YM, Berhane A, Bhat AG, Bhattacharyya K, Biadgo B, Bijani A, Bin Sayeed MS, Bitew H, Blinov A, Bogale KA, Bojia HA, Burugina Nagaraja SBN, Butt ZA, Cahuana-Hurtado L, Campuzano Rincon JC, Carvalho F, Chattu VK, Christopher DJ, Chu DT, Crider R, Dahiru T, Dandona L, Dandona R, Daryani A, das Neves J, De Neve JW, Degenhardt L, Demeke FM, Demis AB, Demissie DB, Demoz GT, Deribe K, Des Jarlais D, Dhungana GP, Diaz D, Djalalinia S, Do HP, Doan LP, Duber H, Dubey M, Dubljanin E, Duken EE, Duko Adema B, Effiong A, Eftekhari A, El Sayed Zaki M, El-Jaafary SI, El-Khatib Z, Elsharkawy A, Endries AY, Eskandarieh S, Eyawo O, Farzadfar F, Fatima B, Fentahun N, Fernandes E, Filip I, Fischer F, Folayan MO, Foroutan M, Fukumoto T, Fullman N, Garcia-Basteiro AL, Gayesa RT, Gebremedhin KB, Gebremeskel GGG, Gebreyohannes KK, Gedefaw GA, Gelaw BK, Gesesew HA, Geta B, Gezae KE, Ghadiri K, Ghashghaee A, Ginindza TTG, Gugnani HC, Guimarães RA, Haile MT, Hailu GB, Haj-Mirzaian A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hamidi S, Handanagic S, Handiso DW, Hanfore LK, Hasanzadeh A, Hassankhani H, Hassen HY, Hay SI, Henok A, Hoang CL, Hosgood HD, Hosseinzadeh M, Hsairi M, Ibitoye SE, Idrisov B, Ikuta KS, Ilesanmi OS, Irvani SSN, Iwu CJ, Jacobsen KH, James SL, Jenabi E, Jha RP, Jonas JB, Jorjoran Shushtari Z, Kabir A, Kabir Z, Kadel R, Kasaeian A, Kassa B, Kassa GM, Kassa TD, Kayode GA, Kebede MM, Kefale AT, Kengne AP, Khader YS, Khafaie MA, Khalid N, Khan EA, Khan G, Khan J, Khang YH, Khatab K, Khazaei S, Khoja AT, Kiadaliri AA, Kim YJ, Kisa A, Kisa S, Kochhar S, Komaki H, Koul PA, Koyanagi A, Kuate Defo B, Kumar GA, Kumar M, Kuupiel D, Lal DK, Lee JJH, Lenjebo TL, Leshargie CT, Macarayan ERK, Maddison ER, Magdy Abd El Razek H, Magis-Rodriguez C, Mahasha PW, Majdan M, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Manafi N, Mapoma CC, Martins-Melo FR, Masaka A, Mayenga ENL, Mehta V, Meles GG, Meles HG, Melese A, Melku M, Memiah PTN, Memish ZA, Mena AT, Mendoza W, Mengistu DT, Mengistu G, Meretoja TJ, Mestrovic T, Miller TR, Moazen B, Mohajer B, Mohamadi-Bolbanabad A, Mohammad KA, Mohammad Y, Mohammad Darwesh A, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji N, Mohammadi M, Mohammadibakhsh R, Mohammadoo-Khorasani M, Mohammed JA, Mohammed S, Mohebi F, Mokdad AH, Moodley Y, Moossavi M, Moradi G, Moradi-Lakeh M, Moschos MM, Mossie TB, Mousavi SM, Muchie KF, Muluneh AG, Muriithi MK, Mustafa G, Muthupandian S, Nagarajan AJ, Naik G, Najafi F, Nazari J, Ndwandwe DE, Nguyen CT, Nguyen HLT, Nguyen SH, Nguyen TH, Ningrum DNA, Nixon MR, Nnaji CA, Noroozi M, Noubiap JJ, Nourollahpour Shiadeh M, Obsa MS, Odame EA, Ofori-Asenso R, Ogbo FA, Okoro A, Oladimeji O, Olagunju AT, Olagunju TO, Olum S, Oppong Asante KOA, Oren E, Otstavnov SS, PA M, Padubidri JR, Pakhale S, Pakpour AH, Patel SK, Paulos K, Pepito VCF, Peprah EK, Piroozi B, Pourshams A, Qorbani M, Rabiee M, Rabiee N, Radfar A, Rafay A, Rafiei A, Rahim F, Rahimi-Movaghar A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman SU, Ranabhat CL, Rawaf S, Reis C, Renjith V, Reta MA, Rezai MS, Rios González CM, Roro EM, Rostami A, Rubino S, Saeedi Moghaddam S, Safari S, Sagar R, Sahraian MA, Salem MRR, Salimi Y, Salomon JA, Sambala EZ, Samy AM, Sartorius B, Satpathy M, Sawhney M, Sayyah M, Schutte AE, Sepanlou SG, Seyedmousavi S, Shabaninejad H, Shaheen AA, Shaikh MA, Shallo SA, Shamsizadeh M, Sharifi H, Shibuya K, Shin JI, Shirkoohi R, Silva DAS, Silveira DGA, Singh JA, Sisay MMM, Sisay M, Sisay S, Smith AE, Sokhan A, Somayaji R, Soshnikov S, Stein DJ, Sufiyan MB, Sunguya BF, Sykes BL, Tadesse BT, Tadesse DB, Tamirat KS, Taveira N, Tekelemedhin SW, Temesgen HD, Tesfay FH, Teshale MY, Thapa S, Tlaye KG, Topp SM, Tovani-Palone MR, Tran BX, Tran KB, Ullah I, Unnikrishnan B, Uthman OA, Veisani Y, Vladimirov SK, Wada FW, Waheed Y, Weldegwergs KG, Weldesamuel GTT, Westerman R, Wijeratne T, Wolde HF, Wondafrash DZ, Wonde TE, Wondmagegn BY, Yeshanew AG, Yilma MT, Yimer EM, Yonemoto N, Yotebieng M, Youm Y, Yu C, Zaidi Z, Zarghi A, Zenebe ZM, Zewale TA, Ziapour A, Zodpey S, Naghavi M, Vollset SE, Wang H, Lim SS, Kyu HH, Murray CJL. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980-2017, and forecasts to 2030, for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017. Lancet HIV 2019; 6:e831-e859. [PMID: 31439534 PMCID: PMC6934077 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(19)30196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the patterns of HIV/AIDS epidemics is crucial to tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts in countries. We provide a comprehensive assessment of the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, mortality, and coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 1980-2017 and forecast these estimates to 2030 for 195 countries and territories. METHODS We determined a modelling strategy for each country on the basis of the availability and quality of data. For countries and territories with data from population-based seroprevalence surveys or antenatal care clinics, we estimated prevalence and incidence using an open-source version of the Estimation and Projection Package-a natural history model originally developed by the UNAIDS Reference Group on Estimates, Modelling, and Projections. For countries with cause-specific vital registration data, we corrected data for garbage coding (ie, deaths coded to an intermediate, immediate, or poorly defined cause) and HIV misclassification. We developed a process of cohort incidence bias adjustment to use information on survival and deaths recorded in vital registration to back-calculate HIV incidence. For countries without any representative data on HIV, we produced incidence estimates by pulling information from observed bias in the geographical region. We used a re-coded version of the Spectrum model (a cohort component model that uses rates of disease progression and HIV mortality on and off ART) to produce age-sex-specific incidence, prevalence, and mortality, and treatment coverage results for all countries, and forecast these measures to 2030 using Spectrum with inputs that were extended on the basis of past trends in treatment scale-up and new infections. FINDINGS Global HIV mortality peaked in 2006 with 1·95 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 1·87-2·04) and has since decreased to 0·95 million deaths (0·91-1·01) in 2017. New cases of HIV globally peaked in 1999 (3·16 million, 2·79-3·67) and since then have gradually decreased to 1·94 million (1·63-2·29) in 2017. These trends, along with ART scale-up, have globally resulted in increased prevalence, with 36·8 million (34·8-39·2) people living with HIV in 2017. Prevalence of HIV was highest in southern sub-Saharan Africa in 2017, and countries in the region had ART coverage ranging from 65·7% in Lesotho to 85·7% in eSwatini. Our forecasts showed that 54 countries will meet the UNAIDS target of 81% ART coverage by 2020 and 12 countries are on track to meet 90% ART coverage by 2030. Forecasted results estimate that few countries will meet the UNAIDS 2020 and 2030 mortality and incidence targets. INTERPRETATION Despite progress in reducing HIV-related mortality over the past decade, slow decreases in incidence, combined with the current context of stagnated funding for related interventions, mean that many countries are not on track to reach the 2020 and 2030 global targets for reduction in incidence and mortality. With a growing population of people living with HIV, it will continue to be a major threat to public health for years to come. The pace of progress needs to be hastened by continuing to expand access to ART and increasing investments in proven HIV prevention initiatives that can be scaled up to have population-level impact. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, National Institute of Mental Health of the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the National Institute on Aging of the NIH.
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Awoke N, Arota A. Profiles of hematological parameters in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria patients attending Tercha General Hospital, Dawuro Zone, South Ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:521-527. [PMID: 30881057 PMCID: PMC6407901 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s184489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is a major health problem in the tropics, with 300–500 million cases and 1.1–2.7 million deaths occurring annually. The hematological alterations associated with malaria infection may vary depending on: level of malaria endemicity, background hemoglobinopathy, malaria immunity, host genetic factors, and parasite strain variations. Objective The aim of the study was to determine the profiles of hematologic parameters in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria infections at Tercha General Hospital, Dawuro Zone, South Ethiopia. Methodology A total of 340 study participants were included in the study, out of which 170 were malaria cases, and the remaining 170 were malaria negatives. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Malaria diagnosis was based on thick and thin blood films microscopy. Hematological parameters were determined by using an automated, CELL-DYN 1800 hematology analyzer. Malaria parasite density was determined by counting the asexual parasites against 200 WBCs, and then calculated by using the standard formula. The diagnostic accuracy of hematological parameters was measured by computing sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios. Results The mean values of Hgb, Hct, platelet, WBC, RBC, and lymphocyte were significantly lower in malaria patients than malaria negatives. The prevalence of thrombocytopenia and anemia in malaria patients was 84% and 67%, respectively. There was an inverse correlation between P. falciparum and P. vivax parasite density and lymphocyte count, as well as platelet count. Conclusion and recommendation Thrombocytopenia and anemia were the two common hematological abnormalities observed in malaria cases. The platelet count during malaria infection was inversely correlated with the asexual stage parasite density. Patients with acute febrile illness having thrombocytopenia should alert the treating physician about the possibility of malaria infection. Malaria patients should be checked for the presence of hematological abnormalities such as anemia and have to be managed for those abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nefsu Awoke
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia,
| | - Amsalu Arota
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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