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Katsamenis OL, Basford PJ, Robinson SK, Boardman RP, Konstantinopoulou E, Lackie PM, Page A, Ratnayaka JA, Goggin PM, Thomas GJ, Cox SJ, Sinclair I, Schneider P. A high-throughput 3D X-ray histology facility for biomedical research and preclinical applications. Wellcome Open Res 2023; 8:366. [PMID: 37928208 PMCID: PMC10620852 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19666.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The University of Southampton, in collaboration with the University Hospital Southampton (UHS) NHS Foundation Trust and industrial partners, has been at the forefront of developing three-dimensional (3D) imaging workflows using X-ray microfocus computed tomography (μCT) -based technology. This article presents the outcomes of these endeavours and highlights the distinctive characteristics of a μCT facility tailored explicitly for 3D X-ray Histology, with a primary focus on applications in biomedical research and preclinical and clinical studies. Methods The UHS houses a unique 3D X-ray Histology (XRH) facility, offering a range of services to national and international clients. The facility employs specialised μCT equipment explicitly designed for histology applications, allowing whole-block XRH imaging of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens. It also enables correlative imaging by combining μCT imaging with other microscopy techniques, such as immunohistochemistry (IHC) and serial block-face scanning electron microscopy, as well as data visualisation, image quantification, and bespoke analysis. Results Over the past seven years, the XRH facility has successfully completed over 120 projects in collaboration with researchers from 60 affiliations, resulting in numerous published manuscripts and conference proceedings. The facility has streamlined the μCT imaging process, improving productivity and enabling efficient acquisition of 3D datasets. Discussion & Conclusions The 3D X-ray Histology (XRH) facility at UHS is a pioneering platform in the field of histology and biomedical imaging. To the best of our knowledge, it stands out as the world's first dedicated XRH facility, encompassing every aspect of the imaging process, from user support to data generation, analysis, training, archiving, and metadata generation. This article serves as a comprehensive guide for establishing similar XRH facilities, covering key aspects of facility setup and operation. Researchers and institutions interested in developing state-of-the-art histology and imaging facilities can utilise this resource to explore new frontiers in their research and discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestis L. Katsamenis
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Philip J. Basford
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Computational Engineering and Design, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences,, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Stephanie K. Robinson
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Richard P. Boardman
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Elena Konstantinopoulou
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Peter M. Lackie
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, SO16 6YD, UK
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Anton Page
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - J. Arjuna Ratnayaka
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, SO16 6YD, UK
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, SO16 6YD, UK
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Patricia M. Goggin
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, SO16 6YD, UK
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, SO16 6YD, UK
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Gareth J. Thomas
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Simon J. Cox
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Computational Engineering and Design, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences,, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ian Sinclair
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Philipp Schneider
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, England, SO17 1BJ, UK
- High-Performance Vision Systems, Center for Vision, Automation & Control, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria
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Coles JL, Thompson J, Horton KL, Hirst RA, Griffin P, Williams GM, Goggin P, Doherty R, Lackie PM, Harris A, Walker WT, O’Callaghan C, Hogg C, Lucas JS, Blume C, Jackson CL. A Revised Protocol for Culture of Airway Epithelial Cells as a Diagnostic Tool for Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3753. [PMID: 33233428 PMCID: PMC7700393 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Air-liquid interface (ALI) culture of nasal epithelial cells is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and research of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). Ex vivo samples often display secondary dyskinesia from cell damage during sampling, infection or inflammation confounding PCD diagnostic results. ALI culture enables regeneration of healthy cilia facilitating differentiation of primary from secondary ciliary dyskinesia. We describe a revised ALI culture method adopted from April 2018 across three collaborating PCD diagnostic sites, including current University Hospital Southampton COVID-19 risk mitigation measures, and present results. Two hundred and forty nasal epithelial cell samples were seeded for ALI culture and 199 (82.9%) were ciliated. Fifty-four of 83 (63.9%) ex vivo samples which were originally equivocal or insufficient provided diagnostic information following in vitro culture. Surplus basal epithelial cells from 181 nasal brushing samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen; 39 samples were ALI-cultured after cryostorage and all ciliated. The ciliary beat patterns of ex vivo samples (by high-speed video microscopy) were recapitulated, scanning electron microscopy demonstrated excellent ciliation, and cilia could be immuno-fluorescently labelled (anti-alpha-tubulin and anti-RSPH4a) in representative cases that were ALI-cultured after cryostorage. In summary, our ALI culture protocol provides high ciliation rates across three centres, minimising patient recall for repeat brushing biopsies and improving diagnostic certainty. Cryostorage of surplus diagnostic samples was successful, facilitating PCD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice L. Coles
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (J.L.C.); (J.T.); (A.H.); (W.T.W.)
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (K.L.H.); (P.M.L.)
| | - James Thompson
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (J.L.C.); (J.T.); (A.H.); (W.T.W.)
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (K.L.H.); (P.M.L.)
| | - Katie L. Horton
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (K.L.H.); (P.M.L.)
| | - Robert A. Hirst
- Centre for PCD Diagnosis and Research, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK; (R.A.H.); (G.M.W.); (C.O.)
| | - Paul Griffin
- Paediatric Respiratory department, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK; (P.G.); (C.H.)
| | - Gwyneth M. Williams
- Centre for PCD Diagnosis and Research, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK; (R.A.H.); (G.M.W.); (C.O.)
| | - Patricia Goggin
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (P.G.); (R.D.)
| | - Regan Doherty
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (P.G.); (R.D.)
| | - Peter M. Lackie
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (K.L.H.); (P.M.L.)
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (P.G.); (R.D.)
| | - Amanda Harris
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (J.L.C.); (J.T.); (A.H.); (W.T.W.)
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (K.L.H.); (P.M.L.)
| | - Woolf T. Walker
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (J.L.C.); (J.T.); (A.H.); (W.T.W.)
| | - Christopher O’Callaghan
- Centre for PCD Diagnosis and Research, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK; (R.A.H.); (G.M.W.); (C.O.)
- Respiratory, Critical Care and Anaesthesia, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Claire Hogg
- Paediatric Respiratory department, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK; (P.G.); (C.H.)
| | - Jane S. Lucas
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (J.L.C.); (J.T.); (A.H.); (W.T.W.)
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (K.L.H.); (P.M.L.)
| | - Cornelia Blume
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (K.L.H.); (P.M.L.)
| | - Claire L. Jackson
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (J.L.C.); (J.T.); (A.H.); (W.T.W.)
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (K.L.H.); (P.M.L.)
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Katsamenis OL, Olding M, Warner JA, Chatelet DS, Jones MG, Sgalla G, Smit B, Larkin OJ, Haig I, Richeldi L, Sinclair I, Lackie PM, Schneider P. X-ray Micro-Computed Tomography for Nondestructive Three-Dimensional (3D) X-ray Histology. Am J Pathol 2019; 189:1608-1620. [PMID: 31125553 PMCID: PMC6680277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Historically, micro-computed tomography (μCT) has been considered unsuitable for histologic analysis of unstained formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded soft tissue biopsy specimens because of a lack of image contrast between the tissue and the paraffin. However, we recently demonstrated that μCT can successfully resolve microstructural detail in routinely prepared tissue specimens. Herein, we illustrate how μCT imaging of standard formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens can be seamlessly integrated into conventional histology workflows, enabling nondestructive three-dimensional (3D) X-ray histology, the use and benefits of which we showcase for the exemplar of human lung biopsy specimens. This technology advancement was achieved through manufacturing a first-of-kind μCT scanner for X-ray histology and developing optimized imaging protocols, which do not require any additional sample preparation. 3D X-ray histology allows for nondestructive 3D imaging of tissue microstructure, resolving structural connectivity and heterogeneity of complex tissue networks, such as the vascular network or the respiratory tract. We also demonstrate that 3D X-ray histology can yield consistent and reproducible image quality, enabling quantitative assessment of a tissue's 3D microstructures, which is inaccessible to conventional two-dimensional histology. Being nondestructive, the technique does not interfere with histology workflows, permitting subsequent tissue characterization by means of conventional light microscopy-based histology, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. 3D X-ray histology can be readily applied to a plethora of archival materials, yielding unprecedented opportunities in diagnosis and research of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestis L Katsamenis
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael Olding
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jane A Warner
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - David S Chatelet
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark G Jones
- School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Giacomo Sgalla
- National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Bennie Smit
- Nikon X-Tek Systems Ltd., Tring, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian Haig
- Nikon X-Tek Systems Ltd., Tring, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Richeldi
- National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Sinclair
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Engineering Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M Lackie
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Schneider
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Bioengineering Science Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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Robinson SK, Ramsden JJ, Warner J, Lackie PM, Roose T. Correlative 3D Imaging and Microfluidic Modelling of Human Pulmonary Lymphatics using Immunohistochemistry and High-resolution μCT. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6415. [PMID: 31015547 PMCID: PMC6478691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42794-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung lymphatics maintain fluid homoeostasis by providing a drainage system that returns fluid, cells and metabolites to the circulatory system. The 3D structure of the human pulmonary lymphatic network is essential to lung function, but it is poorly characterised. Image-based 3D mathematical modelling of pulmonary lymphatic microfluidics has been limited by the lack of accurate and representative image geometries. This is due to the microstructural similarity of the lymphatics to the blood vessel network, the lack of lymphatic-specific biomarkers, the technical limitations associated with image resolution in 3D, and sectioning artefacts present in 2D techniques. We present a method that combines lymphatic specific (D240 antibody) immunohistochemistry (IHC), optimised high-resolution X-ray microfocus computed tomography (μCT) and finite-element mathematical modelling to assess the function of human peripheral lung tissue. The initial results identify lymphatic heterogeneity within and between lung tissue. Lymphatic vessel volume fraction and fractal dimension significantly decreases away from the lung pleural surface (p < 0.001, n = 25 and p < 0.01, n = 20, respectively). Microfluidic modelling successfully shows that in lung tissue the fluid derived from the blood vessels drains through the interstitium into the lymphatic vessel network and this drainage is different in the subpleural space compared to the intralobular space. When comparing lung tissue from health and disease, human pulmonary lymphatics were significantly different across five morphometric measures used in this study (p ≤ 0.0001). This proof of principle study establishes a new engineering technology and workflow for further studies of pulmonary lymphatics and demonstrates for the first time the combination of correlative μCT and IHC to enable 3D mathematical modelling of human lung microfluidics at micrometre resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Robinson
- Bioengineering Sciences Research Group, School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Science, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, England. .,Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, England.
| | - Jonathan J Ramsden
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, England
| | - Jane Warner
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, England
| | - Peter M Lackie
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, England
| | - Tiina Roose
- Bioengineering Sciences Research Group, School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Science, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, England
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Abstract
Lung histopathology is currently based on the analysis of 2D sections of tissue samples. The use of microfocus X-ray-computed tomography imaging of unstained soft tissue can provide high-resolution 3D image datasets in the range of 2-10 μm without affecting the current diagnostic workflow. Important details of structural features such as the tubular networks of airways and blood vessels are contained in these datasets but are difficult and time-consuming to identify by manual image segmentation. Providing 3D structures permits a better understanding of tissue functions and structural interrelationships. It also provides a more complete picture of heterogeneous samples. In addition, 3D analysis of tissue structure provides the potential for an entirely new level of quantitative measurements of this structure that have previously been based only on extrapolation from 2D sections. In this paper, a workflow for segmenting such 3D images semi-automatically has been created using and extending the ImageJ open-source software and key steps of the workflow have been integrated into a new ImageJ plug-in called LungJ. Results indicate an improved workflow with a modular organization of steps facilitating the optimization for different sample and scan properties with expert input as required. This allows for incremental and independent optimization of algorithms leading to faster segmentation. Representation of the tubular networks in samples of human lung, building on those segmentations, has been demonstrated using this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Wollatz
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Steven J Johnston
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Peter M Lackie
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Simon J Cox
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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Kyriazi ME, Giust D, El-Sagheer AH, Lackie PM, Muskens OL, Brown T, Kanaras AG. Multiplexed mRNA Sensing and Combinatorial-Targeted Drug Delivery Using DNA-Gold Nanoparticle Dimers. ACS Nano 2018; 12:3333-3340. [PMID: 29557641 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The design of nanoparticulate systems which can perform multiple synergistic functions in cells with high specificity and selectivity is of great importance in applications. Here we combine recent advances in DNA-gold nanoparticle self-assembly and sensing to develop gold nanoparticle dimers that are able to perform multiplexed synergistic functions within a cellular environment. These dimers can sense two mRNA targets and simultaneously or independently deliver one or two DNA-intercalating anticancer drugs (doxorubicin and mitoxantrone) in live cells. Our study focuses on the design of sophisticated nanoparticle assemblies with multiple and synergistic functions that have the potential to advance sensing and drug delivery in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Afaf H El-Sagheer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
- Chemistry Branch, Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering , Suez University , Suez 43721 , Egypt
| | - Peter M Lackie
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , University of Southampton , Southampton SO16 6YD , United Kingdom
| | | | - Tom Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , United Kingdom
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Langwinski W, Narozna B, Lackie PM, Holloway JW, Szczepankiewicz A. Comparison of miRNA profiling during airway epithelial repair in undifferentiated and differentiated cells in vitro. J Appl Genet 2016; 58:205-212. [DOI: 10.1007/s13353-016-0370-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Faura Tellez G, Willemse BWM, Brouwer U, Nijboer-Brinksma S, Vandepoele K, Noordhoek JA, Heijink I, de Vries M, Smithers NP, Postma DS, Timens W, Wiffen L, van Roy F, Holloway JW, Lackie PM, Nawijn MC, Koppelman GH. Protocadherin-1 Localization and Cell-Adhesion Function in Airway Epithelial Cells in Asthma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163967. [PMID: 27701444 PMCID: PMC5049773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The asthma gene PCDH1 encodes Protocadherin-1, a putative adhesion molecule of unknown function expressed in the airway epithelium. Here, we characterize the localization, differential expression, homotypic adhesion specificity and function of PCDH1 in airway epithelial cells in asthma. Methods We performed confocal fluorescence microscopy to determine subcellular localization of PCDH1 in 16HBE cells and primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) grown at air-liquid interface. Next, to compare PCDH1 expression and localization in asthma and controls we performed qRT-PCR and fluorescence microscopy in PBECs and immunohistochemistry on airway wall biopsies. We examined homotypic adhesion specificity of HEK293T clones overexpressing fluorescently tagged-PCDH1 isoforms. Finally, to evaluate the role for PCDH1 in epithelial barrier formation and repair, we performed siRNA knockdown-studies and measured epithelial resistance. Results PCDH1 localized to the cell membrane at cell-cell contact sites, baso-lateral to adherens junctions, with increasing expression during epithelial differentiation. No differences in gene expression or localization of PCDH1 isoforms expressing the extracellular domain were observed in either PBECs or airway wall biopsies between asthma patients and controls. Overexpression of PCDH1 mediated homotypic interaction, whereas downregulation of PCDH1 reduced epithelial barrier formation, and impaired repair after wounding. Conclusions In conclusion, PCDH1 is localized to the cell membrane of bronchial epithelial cells baso-lateral to the adherens junction. Expression of PCDH1 is not reduced nor delocalized in asthma even though PCDH1 contributes to homotypic adhesion, epithelial barrier formation and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grissel Faura Tellez
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Experimental Pulmonology and Inflammation Research, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Brigitte W. M. Willemse
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uilke Brouwer
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Experimental Pulmonology and Inflammation Research, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susan Nijboer-Brinksma
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Experimental Pulmonology and Inflammation Research, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karl Vandepoele
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University & Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics - Hematology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacobien A. Noordhoek
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Experimental Pulmonology and Inflammation Research, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Heijink
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Experimental Pulmonology and Inflammation Research, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike de Vries
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Experimental Pulmonology and Inflammation Research, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Brooke Laboratory, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie P. Smithers
- Brooke Laboratory, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Dirkje S. Postma
- GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Timens
- GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Wiffen
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Human Development & Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Frans van Roy
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University & Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John W. Holloway
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Human Development & Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M. Lackie
- Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Martijn C. Nawijn
- Department of Pathology & Medical Biology, Experimental Pulmonology and Inflammation Research, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard H. Koppelman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- GRIAC Research Institute, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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9
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Heuer-Jungemann A, El-Sagheer AH, Lackie PM, Brown T, Kanaras AG. Selective killing of cells triggered by their mRNA signature in the presence of smart nanoparticles. Nanoscale 2016; 8:16857-16861. [PMID: 27714148 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06154k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The design of nanoparticles that can selectively perform multiple roles is of utmost importance for the development of the next generation of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems. So far most research studies are focused on the customization of nanoparticulate carriers to maximize their drug loading, enhance their optical signature for tracking in cells or provide photo-responsive effects for therapeutic purposes. However, a vital requirement of the new generation of drug carriers must be the ability to deliver their payload selectively only to cells of interest rather than the majority of various cells in the vicinity. Here we show for the first time a new design of nanoparticulate drug carriers that can specifically distinguish different cell types based on their mRNA signature. These nanoparticles sense and efficiently kill model tumour cells by the delivery of an anti-cancer drug but retain their payload in cells lacking the specific mRNA target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Afaf H El-Sagheer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK and Chemistry Branch, Department of Science and Mathematics, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, Suez University, Suez 43721, Egypt
| | - Peter M Lackie
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Tom Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Antonios G Kanaras
- Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering, UK and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO171BJ, UK.
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10
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Ong HX, Jackson CL, Cole JL, Lackie PM, Traini D, Young PM, Lucas J, Conway J. Primary Air–Liquid Interface Culture of Nasal Epithelium for Nasal Drug Delivery. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2242-52. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xin Ong
- Faculty
of Health Sciences, Southampton University, Southampton SO16 6YD, U.K
- NIHR
Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, U.K
- Respiratory
Technology, Woolcock Institite of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales 2037, Australia
- Discipline
of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Claire L. Jackson
- NIHR
Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, U.K
- Primary
Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, U.K
| | - Janice L. Cole
- NIHR
Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, U.K
- Primary
Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, U.K
| | - Peter M. Lackie
- NIHR
Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, U.K
- Primary
Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, U.K
| | - Daniela Traini
- Respiratory
Technology, Woolcock Institite of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales 2037, Australia
- Discipline
of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Paul M. Young
- Respiratory
Technology, Woolcock Institite of Medical Research, Glebe, New South Wales 2037, Australia
- Discipline
of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jane Lucas
- NIHR
Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, U.K
- Primary
Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, U.K
| | - Joy Conway
- Faculty
of Health Sciences, Southampton University, Southampton SO16 6YD, U.K
- NIHR
Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, U.K
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11
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Jones MG, Fabre A, Schneider P, Cinetto F, Sgalla G, Mavrogordato M, Jogai S, Alzetani A, Marshall BG, O'Reilly KMA, Warner JA, Lackie PM, Davies DE, Hansell DM, Nicholson AG, Sinclair I, Brown KK, Richeldi L. Three-dimensional characterization of fibroblast foci in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. JCI Insight 2016; 1. [PMID: 27275013 PMCID: PMC4889020 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.86375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the fibroblast focus is a key histological feature representing active fibroproliferation. On standard 2D pathologic examination, fibroblast foci are considered small, distinct lesions, although they have been proposed to form a highly interconnected reticulum as the leading edge of a “wave” of fibrosis. Here, we characterized fibroblast focus morphology and interrelationships in 3D using an integrated micro-CT and histological methodology. In 3D, fibroblast foci were morphologically complex structures, with large variations in shape and volume (range, 1.3 × 104 to 9.9 × 107 μm3). Within each tissue sample numerous multiform foci were present, ranging from a minimum of 0.9 per mm3 of lung tissue to a maximum of 11.1 per mm3 of lung tissue. Each focus was an independent structure, and no interconnections were observed. Together, our data indicate that in 3D fibroblast foci form a constellation of heterogeneous structures with large variations in shape and volume, suggesting previously unrecognized plasticity. No evidence of interconnectivity was identified, consistent with the concept that foci represent discrete sites of lung injury and repair. Integrated histological and microCT analyses reveal that 3D fibroblast foci are discrete structures with marked variations in shape and volume, suggesting previously unrecognized plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G Jones
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Aurélie Fabre
- Department of Histopathology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philipp Schneider
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Cinetto
- Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Padua University, Padua, Italy
| | - Giacomo Sgalla
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Mavrogordato
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay Jogai
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Aiman Alzetani
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ben G Marshall
- National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine M A O'Reilly
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jane A Warner
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M Lackie
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Donna E Davies
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - David M Hansell
- Department of Radiology, Royal Brompton Hospital and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G Nicholson
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Brompton Hospital and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Sinclair
- μ-VIS X-ray Imaging Centre, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin K Brown
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Luca Richeldi
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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12
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Ramsden JJ, Norman JL, Lackie PM, Warner JA. P104 Structural and cellular relationships in the peripheral lung: combining micro-CT and immunohistochemistry. Thorax 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207770.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Scott AE, Vasilescu DM, Seal KAD, Keyes SD, Mavrogordato MN, Hogg JC, Sinclair I, Warner JA, Hackett TL, Lackie PM. Three dimensional imaging of paraffin embedded human lung tissue samples by micro-computed tomography. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126230. [PMID: 26030902 PMCID: PMC4452358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the three-dimensional (3-D) micro-architecture of lung tissue can provide insights into the pathology of lung disease. Micro computed tomography (µCT) has previously been used to elucidate lung 3D histology and morphometry in fixed samples that have been stained with contrast agents or air inflated and dried. However, non-destructive microstructural 3D imaging of formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues would facilitate retrospective analysis of extensive tissue archives of lung FFPE lung samples with linked clinical data. Methods FFPE human lung tissue samples (n = 4) were scanned using a Nikon metrology µCT scanner. Semi-automatic techniques were used to segment the 3D structure of airways and blood vessels. Airspace size (mean linear intercept, Lm) was measured on µCT images and on matched histological sections from the same FFPE samples imaged by light microscopy to validate µCT imaging. Results The µCT imaging protocol provided contrast between tissue and paraffin in FFPE samples (15mm x 7mm). Resolution (voxel size 6.7 µm) in the reconstructed images was sufficient for semi-automatic image segmentation of airways and blood vessels as well as quantitative airspace analysis. The scans were also used to scout for regions of interest, enabling time-efficient preparation of conventional histological sections. The Lm measurements from µCT images were not significantly different to those from matched histological sections. Conclusion We demonstrated how non-destructive imaging of routinely prepared FFPE samples by laboratory µCT can be used to visualize and assess the 3D morphology of the lung including by morphometric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Scott
- μ-VIS Centre, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Dragos M. Vasilescu
- James Hogg Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Samuel D. Keyes
- μ-VIS Centre, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark N. Mavrogordato
- μ-VIS Centre, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - James C. Hogg
- James Hogg Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ian Sinclair
- μ-VIS Centre, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jane A. Warner
- Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tillie-Louise Hackett
- James Hogg Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Peter M. Lackie
- Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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14
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Jackson CL, Lucas JS, Walker WT, Owen H, Premadeva I, Lackie PM. Neuronal NOS localises to human airway cilia. Nitric Oxide 2014; 44:3-7. [PMID: 25460324 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway NO synthase (NOS) isoenzymes are responsible for rapid and localised nitric oxide (NO) production and are expressed in airway epithelium. We sought to determine the localisation of neuronal NOS (nNOS) in airway epithelium due to the paucity of evidence. METHODS AND RESULTS Sections of healthy human bronchial tissue in glycol methacrylate resin and human nasal polyps in paraffin wax were immunohistochemically labelled and reproducibly demonstrated nNOS immunoreactivity, particularly at the proximal portion of cilia; this immunoreactivity was blocked by a specific nNOS peptide fragment. Healthy human epithelial cells differentiated at an air-liquid interface (ALI) confirmed the presence of all three NOS isoenzymes by immunofluorescence labelling. Only nNOS immunoreactivity was specific to the ciliary axonemeand co-localised with the cilia marker β-tubulin in the proximal part of the ciliary axoneme. CONCLUSIONS We report a novel localisation of nNOS at the proximal portion of cilia in airway epithelium and conclude that its independent and local regulation of NO levels is crucial for normal cilia function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Jackson
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
| | - Jane S Lucas
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Woolf T Walker
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Holly Owen
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Irnthu Premadeva
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Peter M Lackie
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Centre, NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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15
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Walker WT, Jackson CL, Coles J, Lackie PM, Faust SN, Hall-Stoodley L, Lucas JS. Ciliated Cultures From Patients With Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Produce Nitric Oxide in Response to Haemophilus influenzae Infection and Proinflammatory Cytokines. Chest 2014; 145:668-669. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.13-2398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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16
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Bønnelykke K, Sleiman P, Nielsen K, Kreiner-Møller E, Mercader JM, Belgrave D, den Dekker HT, Husby A, Sevelsted A, Faura-Tellez G, Mortensen LJ, Paternoster L, Flaaten R, Mølgaard A, Smart DE, Thomsen PF, Rasmussen MA, Bonàs-Guarch S, Holst C, Nohr EA, Yadav R, March ME, Blicher T, Lackie PM, Jaddoe VWV, Simpson A, Holloway JW, Duijts L, Custovic A, Davies DE, Torrents D, Gupta R, Hollegaard MV, Hougaard DM, Hakonarson H, Bisgaard H. A genome-wide association study identifies CDHR3 as a susceptibility locus for early childhood asthma with severe exacerbations. Nat Genet 2014; 46:51-5. [PMID: 24241537 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Asthma exacerbations are among the most frequent causes of hospitalization during childhood, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We performed a genome-wide association study of a specific asthma phenotype characterized by recurrent, severe exacerbations occurring between 2 and 6 years of age in a total of 1,173 cases and 2,522 controls. Cases were identified from national health registries of hospitalization, and DNA was obtained from the Danish Neonatal Screening Biobank. We identified five loci with genome-wide significant association. Four of these, GSDMB, IL33, RAD50 and IL1RL1, were previously reported as asthma susceptibility loci, but the effect sizes for these loci in our cohort were considerably larger than in the previous genome-wide association studies of asthma. We also obtained strong evidence for a new susceptibility gene, CDHR3 (encoding cadherin-related family member 3), which is highly expressed in airway epithelium. These results demonstrate the strength of applying specific phenotyping in the search for asthma susceptibility genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Bønnelykke
- 1] Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen & Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark. [2] [3]
| | - Patrick Sleiman
- 1] Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. [2]
| | - Kasper Nielsen
- 1] Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark. [2]
| | - Eskil Kreiner-Møller
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen & Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Josep M Mercader
- Joint Institute for Research in Biomedicine and Barcelona Supercomputing Center (IRB-BSC) Program on Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Danielle Belgrave
- 1] Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK. [2] Centre for Health Informatics, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Herman T den Dekker
- 1] Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. [2] Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. [3] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anders Husby
- 1] Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen & Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark. [2] Brooke Laboratory, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Astrid Sevelsted
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen & Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Grissel Faura-Tellez
- 1] Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK. [2] Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Li Juel Mortensen
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen & Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard Flaaten
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen & Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Anne Mølgaard
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen & Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - David E Smart
- Brooke Laboratory, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Philip F Thomsen
- Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten A Rasmussen
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Silvia Bonàs-Guarch
- Joint Institute for Research in Biomedicine and Barcelona Supercomputing Center (IRB-BSC) Program on Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claus Holst
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- 1] Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Aarhus, Denmark. [2] Department of Public Health, Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rachita Yadav
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michael E March
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas Blicher
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter M Lackie
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- 1] Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. [2] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. [3] Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angela Simpson
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John W Holloway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Liesbeth Duijts
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. [2] Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. [3] Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adnan Custovic
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Donna E Davies
- Brooke Laboratory, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David Torrents
- 1] Joint Institute for Research in Biomedicine and Barcelona Supercomputing Center (IRB-BSC) Program on Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain. [2] Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramneek Gupta
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mads V Hollegaard
- Danish Centre for Neonatal Screening, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David M Hougaard
- Danish Centre for Neonatal Screening, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- 1] Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. [2]
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- 1] Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen & Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark. [2]
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17
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Szczepankiewicz A, Lackie PM, Holloway JW. Altered microRNA expression profile during epithelial wound repair in bronchial epithelial cells. BMC Pulm Med 2013; 13:63. [PMID: 24188858 PMCID: PMC4229315 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-13-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway epithelial cells provide a protective barrier against environmental particles including potential pathogens. Epithelial repair in response to tissue damage is abnormal in asthmatic airway epithelium in comparison to the repair of normal epithelium after damage. The complex mechanisms coordinating the regulation of the processes involved in wound repair requires the phased expression of networks of genes. Small non-coding RNA molecules termed microRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical role in such coordinated regulation of gene expression. We aimed to establish if the phased expression of specific miRNAs is correlated with the repair of mechanically induced damage to the epithelium. METHODS To investigate the possible involvement of miRNA in epithelial repair, we analyzed miRNA expression profiles during epithelial repair in a cell culture model using TaqMan-based quantitative real-time PCR in a TaqMan Low Density Array format. The expression of 754 miRNA genes at seven time points in a 48-hour period during the wound repair process was profiled using the bronchial epithelial cell line 16HBE14o- growing in monolayer. RESULTS The expression levels of numerous miRNAs were found to be altered during the wound repair process. These miRNA genes were clustered into 3 different patterns of expression that correlate with the further regulation of several biological pathways involved in wound repair. Moreover, it was observed that expression of some miRNA genes were significantly altered only at one time point, indicating their involvement in a specific stage of the epithelial wound repair. CONCLUSIONS In summary, miRNA expression is modulated during the normal repair processes in airway epithelium in vitro suggesting a potential role in regulation of wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Szczepankiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27/33 Szpitalna St,, 60-572 Poznan, Poland.
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18
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Premadeva I, Lenartowicz HL, Underwood J, Lackie PM, Lucas JS, Jackson CL. P256 P2X4 and nNOS Expression in Human Ciliated Airway Epithelium. Thorax 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-202678.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
Nitric oxide is continually synthesised in the respiratory epithelium and is upregulated in response to infection or inflammation. Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is characterised by recurrent sinopulmonary infections due to impaired mucociliary clearance. Despite chronic infections, nasal nitric oxide in such patients is markedly reduced and is used as a screening test for this condition. These low levels were first described >15 yrs ago but the underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated. We review epithelial nitric oxide synthesis, release and measurement in the upper airways with particular reference to PCD. The key hypotheses that have been proposed to explain the low nitric oxide levels in this condition are explored and the potential benefits of augmenting airway nitric oxide levels are considered. Further work in these patients clarifying both whether the respiratory epithelium is able to biosynthesise normal levels of nitric oxide and the role played by abnormalities in the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses is essential. While nitric oxide augmentation is unlikely to be beneficial in common PCD phenotypes, it has potential in the treatment of secondary dyskinesias and may also improve treatment of bacterial infections, particularly where biofilms are implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woolf T Walker
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Diagnostic and Research Team (MP 803) NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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Lucas JS, Adam EC, Goggin PM, Jackson CL, Powles-Glover N, Patel SH, Humphreys J, Fray MD, Falconnet E, Blouin JL, Cheeseman MT, Bartoloni L, Norris DP, Lackie PM. Static respiratory cilia associated with mutations in Dnahc11/DNAH11: a mouse model of PCD. Hum Mutat 2012; 33:495-503. [PMID: 22102620 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is an inherited disorder causing significant upper and lower respiratory tract morbidity and impaired fertility. Half of PCD patients show abnormal situs. Human disease loci have been identified but a mouse model without additional deleterious defects is elusive. The inversus viscerum mouse, mutated at the outer arm dynein heavy chain 11 locus (Dnahc11) is a known model of heterotaxy. We demonstrated immotile tracheal cilia with normal ultrastructure and reduced sperm motility in the Dnahc11(iv) mouse. This is accompanied by gross rhinitis, sinusitis, and otitis media, all indicators of human PCD. Strikingly, age-related progression of the disease is evident. The Dnahc11(iv) mouse is robust, lacks secondary defects, and requires no intervention to precipitate the phenotype. Together these findings show the Dnahc11(iv) mouse to be an excellent model of many aspects of human PCD. Mutation of the homologous human locus has previously been associated with hyperkinetic tracheal cilia in PCD. Two PCD patients with normal ciliary ultrastructure, one with immotile and one with hyperkinetic cilia were found to carry DNAH11 mutations. Three novel DNAH11 mutations were detected indicating that this gene should be investigated in patients with normal ciliary ultrastructure and static, as well as hyperkinetic cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane S Lucas
- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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Chowdhury F, Howat WJ, Phillips GJ, Lackie PM. Interactions between endothelial cells and epithelial cells in a combined cell model of airway mucosa: effects on tight junction permeability. Exp Lung Res 2010; 36:1-11. [DOI: 10.3109/01902140903026582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Jame AJ, Lackie PM, Cazaly AM, Sayers I, Penrose JF, Holgate ST, Sampson AP. Human bronchial epithelial cells express an active and inducible biosynthetic pathway for leukotrienes B4 and C4. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:880-92. [PMID: 17517102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human bronchial epithelial cells synthesize cyclooxygenase and 15-lipoxygenase products, but the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway that generates the leukotriene (LT) family of bronchoconstrictor and pro-inflammatory mediators is thought to be restricted to leucocytes. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) express a complete and active 5-LO pathway for the synthesis of LTB4 and LTC4, either constitutively or after stimulation. METHODS Flow cytometry, RT-PCR, Western blotting, enzyme immunoassays and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography were used to investigate constitutive and stimulated expression of 5-LO pathway enzymes and the synthesis of LTs B4 and C4 in primary HBECs and in the 16-HBE 14o- cell line. RESULTS Constitutive mRNA and protein expression for 5-LO, 5-LO-activating protein (FLAP), LTA4 hydrolase and LTC4 synthase were demonstrated in primary HBECs and in the 16-HBE 14o- cell line. In 16-HBE 14o- cells, treatment with calcium ionophore A23187, bradykinin or LPS up-regulated the expression of these enzymes. The up-regulation of 5-LO was blocked by the anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid dexamethasone. Human bronchial epithelial cells were shown to generate bioactive LTs, with primary HBECs generating 11-fold more LTC4 and five-fold more LTB4 than 16-HBE 14o- cells. LT production was enhanced by ionophore treatment and blocked by the FLAP inhibitor MK-886. CONCLUSIONS Expression of an active and inducible 5-LO pathway in HBEC suggests that damaged or inflamed bronchial epithelium may synthesize LTs that contribute directly to bronchoconstriction and leucocytosis in airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Jame
- Division of Infection, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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Abstract
AIMS Allergic eye disease affects up to 20% of the population with varying severity. The conjunctival epithelium plays a key role in allergic eye disease. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the conjunctival epithelium is abnormal in allergic eye disease. METHODS Conjunctival biopsy samples were taken from patients with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) 'in' and 'out of season' and nonatopic control subjects. Specimens were fixed in glycol methacrylate, 2 microm serial sections cut and Image-J used to assess the sites and areas of immuno-staining. RESULTS E-cadherin, CD44, keratins K5/6, K8, K13, K14, K18 and pan-keratin immuno-staining were all significantly lower in patients 'out of season' compared with normal controls. No structural differences in the epithelium were observed between the two groups. The epithelium of patients 'in season' was thicker and immuno-staining of the above markers similar to controls. CONCLUSIONS The expression of a wide spectrum of epithelial cell adhesion proteins and cytoskeletal elements is downregulated in the conjunctiva of SAC patients 'out of season' compared with normal controls. We suggest that this could have an important impact on the ability of the epithelium to protect itself against allergen penetration, potentially influencing the development and course of allergic eye disease and offering a novel area for therapeutic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Hughes
- Allergy and Inflammation Research, Division of Infection, Inflammation and Repair, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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Abstract
The effective repair of damage to the airway epithelium is essential to maintain the ability to exclude airborne particulates and protect against potential pathogens. Carbohydrates on the cell surface have an important role in cell-cell and cell substrate interactions. Using a model of repair with airway epithelial-derived cells of the 16HBE 14o(-) cell line, we have examined the effect of the Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL), which binds very selectively to alpha(1,6)-linked fucose residues. Addition of unconjugated or FITC-labeled AAL reduced the rate of epithelial repair to approximately one-third of control values as measured by image analysis while cell viability was maintained. Pulse labeling with AAL-FITC for 30 min followed by incubation in AAL-free medium caused similar inhibition of repair but could be reversed by addition of fucose up to 7 h after AAL removal. By confocal microscopy, AAL binding was found to be on the apical, but not basolateral, surfaces of cells, and internalization of the labeled lectin was seen. Preincubation of the lectin with fucose prevented this effect. Ulex europeaus I lectin, which is also fucose specific, resulted in similar binding to the cells and internalization, but it did not affect the speed of the repair process. We conclude that alpha(1,6)-fucose binding sites play an important role in epithelial repair. Better understanding of this process will provide a deeper insight into the crucial mechanisms of epithelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Adam
- Allergy and Inflammation Research, Division of Infection Inflammation and Repair, Univ. of Southampton, MP12, Biomedical Imaging Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Ocular allergy includes several clinical subtypes ranging from the mild seasonal allergic conjunctivitis to the potentially sight-threatening atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Current therapies, particularly for the severe forms of disease, need to be more localized and with fewer side effects. For this to be achieved, it requires a better understanding of the basic mechanisms involved. In this chapter, recent findings are discussed that suggest that it is important to take an integrated approach, including both immune and structural elements of the eye. This provides potential new strategies for therapy, addressing the influence of structural cells in disease. These might influence the immune processes that take place and, as the structural cells are precisely localized, topical application is likely to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia L Calder
- Division of Clinical Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, 11/43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The epithelial layer in the conducting airway provides a primary protective barrier. Repair of this barrier normally occurs rapidly after damage, but is compromised in diseases such as asthma. OBJECTIVE We have developed a human in vitro model system to test our hypothesis that cell surface glycoconjugate-based interactions are required for the normal repair of damaged epithelium. METHODS Lectins having narrow carbohydrate specificities were used to identify and block specific carbohydrate moieties on human airway-derived epithelial cells in culture. RESULTS The lectin wheat germ agglutinin bound to N-acetyl glucosamine and inhibited the repair of epithelial damage while having little effect on cell viability. In contrast, other N-acetyl glucosamine binding lectins had no effect even when bound to the cell surface. The involvement of glycoconjugates was confirmed by pre-incubating the lectin with its specific sugar, preventing the inhibition of repair. CONCLUSION These results indicate that lectin-binding sites are involved in epithelial repair and may be important in the repetitive cycles of injury and repair seen in asthma. This model system provides an insight into the role of glycoconjugates and will help to determine the function of specific carbohydrate groups in epithelial repair. These may present a target for therapeutic intervention in respiratory and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Adam
- Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology Division, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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Leir SH, Holgate ST, Lackie PM. Inflammatory cytokines can enhance CD44-mediated airway epithelial cell adhesion independently of CD44 expression. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 285:L1305-11. [PMID: 12909589 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00255.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In airways, the cell surface molecule CD44 is upregulated on bronchial epithelial cells in areas of damage. We have shown that a blocking standard CD44 (CD44s) antibody caused a 77% (+/- 19%) inhibition of cell migration at 3 h after mechanical damage and decreased epithelial cell repair of cells grown on cell culture filter inserts. With the use of primary human bronchial epithelial cells and the bronchial epithelial cell line 16HBE 14o-, a CD44s antibody inhibited >95% (P < 0.01) of cell binding to hyaluronic acid (HA). The cytokines TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-1 beta, and IL-4 stimulated a 2- to 3.5-fold increase in CD44-dependent cell binding to HA. IFN-gamma treatment did not increase CD44 expression as assessed by flow cytometry, although phorbol myristate acetate treatment did. This indicates that IFN-gamma-induced cell binding to HA did not require increased CD44 expression. These data indicate that CD44 is important for bronchial epithelial cell binding to HA and that cytokines known to be expressed in inflammation can increase HA binding independently of the level of CD44 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hsing Leir
- Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, Infection Immunity and Repair Division, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sharma
- Acambis PLC, Peterhouse Technology Park, Cambridge and Respiratory, Cell and Molecular Biology, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
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Howat WJ, Barabás T, Holmes JA, Holgate ST, Lackie PM. Distribution of basement membrane pores in bronchus revealed by microscopy following epithelial removal. J Struct Biol 2002; 139:137-45. [PMID: 12457843 DOI: 10.1016/s1047-8477(02)00589-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The basement membrane of the bronchial epithelium separates the epithelial and mesenchymal compartments. Basement membrane pores allow cells to cross this boundary. We present a method for preparation of samples of human basement membrane allowing us easy visualisation and characterisation of the distribution and persistence of these pores. Columnar epithelial cells were removed from airway samples with gentle scraping with a circular glass coverslip. In contrast, the underlying basal cells required incubation once in dithiothreitol and twice in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at each stage of the epithelial stripping process showed the selective removal of epithelial cells with eventual visualisation of the pores. Using confocal microscopy on blocks of viable tissue, pores were shown to persist in culture for at least 5 days, despite the presence of viable cells in the submucosa. The distribution of pores in tissues determined by SEM was compared to simulations of three distribution patterns (random, clumped, and distributed). The pattern of pores in the samples was consistent with a random distribution. We suggest that basement membrane pores can be generated by the passage of infiltrating cells into the epithelium providing a network suitable for intraepithelial surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Howat
- Respiratory, Cell and Molecular Biology, Division of Infection Inflammation and Repair, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, MP888, Level D, Centre Block, Southampton General Hospital, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK.
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Xu J, Benyon RC, Leir SH, Zhang S, Holgate ST, Lackie PM. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 from bronchial epithelial cells induces the proliferation of subepithelial fibroblasts. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32:881-8. [PMID: 12047435 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.01386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In bronchial asthma, subepithelial fibrosis in the conducting airways is associated with increased numbers of subepithelial fibroblasts. OBJECTIVE This study examined the hypothesis that MMP-2 from airway epithelial cells induces the proliferation of subepithelial fibroblasts. METHODS Using primary bronchial epithelial cells MMP-2, MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 mRNA expression were assessed by Northern blotting and RT-PCR. Primary bronchial epithelial cells transfected with constructs encoding pro-MMP-2 and MT1-MMP (MMP-14). RESULTS Transfected cells showed enhanced expression of the appropriate mRNA species by RT-PCR and enhanced MMP-2 or MT1-MMP activity by zymography. Active MMP-2 levels in epithelial supernatants were increased most by cotransfection with pro-MMP-2 and MT1-MMP encoding constructs. By measuring tritiated thymidine incorporation, supernatants from transfected cells were found to enhance DNA synthesis of primary airway fibroblast cultures compared with controls. There was a strong correlation (r = 0.9, P < 0.01) between MMP-2 levels in epithelial cell conditioned media and fibroblast proliferation as indicated by DNA synthesis. The MMP inhibitor 1,10-phenanthroline attenuated the increased proliferation, while the addition of exogenous purified MMP-2 alone also increased fibroblast proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Our results support a role for MMP-2 in mediating cross-talk between epithelial cells and myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, Division of Infection, Inflammation and Repair, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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Abstract
Restitution of an epithelial layer after environmental or biological damage is important to maintain the normal function of the respiratory tract. We have investigated the role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta isoforms in the repair of layers of 16HBE 14o(-) bronchial epithelial-derived cells after damage by multiple scoring. ELISA showed that both latent TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 were converted to their active forms 2 h after wounding. Time-lapse microscopy showed that the addition of TGF-beta1, but not TGF-beta2, progressively increased the rate of migration of damaged monolayers at concentrations down to 250 pg/ml. This increase was blocked by addition of a neutralizing TGF-beta1 antibody. Phase-contrast microscopy and inhibition of proliferation with mitomycin C showed that proliferation was not required for migration. These results demonstrate that conversion of latent to active TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 during in vitro epithelial wound repair occurs quickly and that TGF-beta1 speeds epithelial repair. A faster repair may be advantageous in preventing access of environmental agents to the internal milieu of the lung although the production of active TGF-beta molecules may augment subepithelial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Howat
- Division of Respiratory, Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
This study reports the presence of oval-shaped pores in the basement membrane of the human bronchial airway that may be used as conduits for immune cells to traffic between the epithelial and mesenchymal compartments. Human bronchial mucosa collected after surgery was stripped of epithelial cells without damaging the basement membrane. Both scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed oval-shaped pores 0.75 to 3.85 microm in diameter in the bronchial basement membrane at a density of 863 pores/mm2. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the pores spanned the full depth of the basement membrane, with a concentration of collagen-like fibers at the lateral edges of the pore. Infiltrating cells apparently moved through the pores, both in the presence and absence of the epithelium. Taken together, these results suggest that immune cells use basement membrane pores as predefined routes to move between the epithelial and mesenchymal compartments without disruption of the basement membrane. As a persistent feature of the basement membrane, pores could facilitate inflammatory cell access to the epithelium and greatly increase the frequency of intercellular contact between trafficking cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Howat
- Division of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Holgate ST, Lackie PM, Howarth PH, Roche WR, Puddicombe SM, Richter A, Wilson SJ, Holloway JW, Davies DE. Invited lecture: activation of the epithelial mesenchymal trophic unit in the pathogenesis of asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2001; 124:253-8. [PMID: 11306984 DOI: 10.1159/000053726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent NIH Workshop and an ERS Task Force concluded that more work was needed to understand mechanisms of severe and chronic asthma. This report describes a series of studies that identify aberrant epithelial mesenchymal signalling in the airways as an important event in maintaining inflammation and driving remodelling in response to environmental injury. METHODS Immunohistochemistry, genotyping and functional studies conducted on cultured asthmatic cells and mucosal biopsies were used to identify biochemical pathways involved in epithelial injury and repair in asthma and their relationship to disease severity. RESULTS Our findings suggest that the asthmatic state results from an interaction between a susceptible epithelium and Th-2-mediated inflammation to alter the communication between the epithelium and the underlying mesenchyme - the epithelial mesenchymal trophic unit - leading to disease persistence, airway remodelling and refractoriness to corticosteroid treatment. CONCLUSIONS Asthma is more than an inflammatory disorder, but requires engagement of important signalling pathways involved in epithelial repair and tissue remodelling. These pathways involving EGFRs and TGF-betaRs provide targets against which to develop novel therapies for chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Holgate
- Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology Division, School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
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Leir SH, Baker JE, Holgate ST, Lackie PM. Increased CD44 expression in human bronchial epithelial repair after damage or plating at low cell densities. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2000; 278:L1129-37. [PMID: 10835317 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2000.278.6.l1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of mechanical damage, cell density, and cell-derived soluble mediators on CD44 expression in a model of bronchial epithelial repair. CD44 (all isoforms) and variant-containing isoforms (CD44v3, CD44v6, and CD44v9) were identified with flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry with image analysis. After mechanical damage, CD44 expression increased up to 500 microm from the wound edge and for up to 48 h in two human bronchial epithelium-derived cell lines, 16HBE14o- and NCI-H292. CD44 expression was unchanged by interferon-gamma and increased by <50% by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. To exclude other soluble factors, a Vaseline spacer was used to temporarily divide petri dishes, with cells at high density on one side and those at low density on the other. After the spacer was removed, the cells at low cell density growing in the shared medium expressed up to fourfold higher CD44, although cell proliferation was unchanged. Thus increased CD44 expression at low cell density was not mediated by soluble factors and may reflect functional involvement in cell motility, dedifferentiation, or altered cell-substrate adhesion in epithelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Leir
- Southampton University Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, United Kingdom
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Papadopoulos NG, Bates PJ, Bardin PG, Papi A, Leir SH, Fraenkel DJ, Meyer J, Lackie PM, Sanderson G, Holgate ST, Johnston SL. Rhinoviruses infect the lower airways. J Infect Dis 2000; 181:1875-84. [PMID: 10837165 DOI: 10.1086/315513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/1999] [Revised: 02/08/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses are the major cause of the common cold and a trigger of acute asthma exacerbations. Whether these exacerbations result from direct infection of the lower airway or from indirect mechanisms consequent on infection of the upper airway alone is currently unknown. Lower respiratory infection was investigated in vitro by exposing primary human bronchial epithelial cells to rhinoviruses and in vivo after experimental upper respiratory infection of human volunteers. Bronchial infection was confirmed by both approaches. Furthermore, rhinoviruses induced production of interleukin-6, -8, and -16 and RANTES and were cytotoxic to cultured respiratory epithelium. This evidence strongly supports a direct lower respiratory epithelial reaction as the initial event in the induction of rhinovirus-mediated asthma exacerbations. The frequency of infection and the nature of the inflammatory response observed are similar to those of the upper respiratory tract, suggesting that rhinovirus infections may be one of the most important causes of lower in addition to upper respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Papadopoulos
- University Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Abstract
During lung development, repair, and inflammation, local production of cytokines (eg, transforming growth factor-beta) and growth factors (eg, epidermal growth factor) by epithelial and mesenchymal cells mediate bidirectional growth control effectively creating an epithelial-mesenchymal trophic unit. In asthma the bronchial epithelium is highly abnormal, with structural changes involving separation of columnar cells from their basal attachments and functional changes including increased expression and release of proinflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and mediator-generating enzymes. Beneath this damaged structure there is an increase in the number of subepithelial myofibroblasts that deposit interstitial collagens causing thickening and increased density of the subepithelial basement membrane. Our recent studies suggest that the extent of epithelial damage in asthma may be the result of impaired epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated repair. In view of the close spatial relationship between the damaged epithelium and the underlying myofibroblasts, we propose that impaired epithelial repair cooperates with the T(H)2 environment to shift the set point for communication within the trophic unit. This leads to myofibroblast activation, excessive matrix deposition, and production of mediators that propagate and amplify the remodeling responses throughout the airway wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Holgate
- Division of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
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Holgate ST, Lackie PM, Davies DE, Roche WR, Walls AF. The bronchial epithelium as a key regulator of airway inflammation and remodelling in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29 Suppl 2:90-5. [PMID: 10421830 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
While asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airways involving mediator release from mast cells and eosinophils and orchestrated by T cells, inflammation alone is insufficient to explain the chronic nature of the disease and its progression. Evidence is presented that the epithelium is fundamentally disordered in chronic asthma manifest by increased fragility, and an altered phenotype to one that secretes mucus, mediators, cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. Epithelial injury is mediated by exogenous factors such as air pollutants, viruses and allergens as well as by endogenous factors including the release of proteolytic enzymes from mast cells (tryptase, chymase) and eosinophils (MMP-9). Following injury, the normal epithelium should respond with increased proliferation driven by ligands acting on epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors or through transactivation of the receptor. The epithelial response to these stimuli in asthma appears to be impaired despite upregulation of CD44 capable of enhancing presentation of EGF ligands to epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR). Because the epithelium is 'held' in this repair phenotype, it becomes a continuous source of proinflammatory products as well as growth factors that drive airway wall remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Holgate
- University Medicine, School of Medicine, Southampton, UK
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Polosa R, Prosperini G, Leir SH, Holgate ST, Lackie PM, Davies DE. Expression of c-erbB receptors and ligands in human bronchial mucosa. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 20:914-23. [PMID: 10226061 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.20.5.3308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, c-erbB1) plays a pivotal role in maintenance and repair of epithelial tissues; however, little is known about coexpression of c-erbB receptors and their ligands in human bronchial epithelium. We therefore analyzed the expression of these molecules in cultured bronchial epithelial cells and normal bronchial mucosa, using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR), flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry. Messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding EGFR, c-erbB2, and c-erbB3, but not c-erbB4, was detected in primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells, as well as in the human bronchial epithelial-derived cell lines H292 and 16HBE 14o-. Transcripts encoding epidermal growth factor (EGF), heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF), transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), and amphiregulin (AR) were also detected, and expression of the three receptors and four ligands was confirmed by immunocytochemical staining of the cultured cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of resin- or paraffin-embedded sections from surgical specimens of bronchial mucosa revealed strong membrane staining for EGFR within the bronchial epithelium; this was particularly evident between basal cells and the basal aspect of columnar cells. The patterns of staining for c-erbB2 and c-erbB3 in the bronchial epithelium were similar to those for EGFR. Immunostaining for EGF, TGF-alpha, AR, HB- EGF, and betacellulin (BTC) was intense in the submucosal glands; with the exception of BTC, EGFR ligand immunoreactivity was also observed in the bronchial epithelium, where it paralleled EGFR staining. Colocalization of c-erbB receptors and ligands demonstrates the potential for productive c-erbB receptor interactions in bronchial epithelium. Further study of these interactions may help to define their role in maintenance and repair of the bronchial epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Polosa
- University Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Lackie PM. The impact of allergen on the airway epithelium. Clin Exp Allergy 1997; 27:1383-6. [PMID: 9433932 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1997.1190926.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Lackie PM, Baker JE, Günthert U, Holgate ST. Expression of CD44 isoforms is increased in the airway epithelium of asthmatic subjects. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1997; 16:14-22. [PMID: 8998074 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.16.1.8998074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Since shedding of columnar, but not basal, epithelial cells is common in asthma, cell adhesion molecules such as CD44, which are differentially expressed on these cell types, are likely to be important in this disease. In bronchial epithelium of asthmatic and nonasthmatic subjects, CD44 isoforms have been localized by light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry. Immunoreactivity for total CD44 (mAb Hermes-3/mAb 25.32) and for isoforms containing CD44v9 (mAb 11.24), CD44v6 (mAb 11.9), and CD44v4 (mAb 11.10) have been compared. In nonasthmatic samples, CD44s and CD44v9 were seen on basal but not columnar epithelial cells. Weak CD44v6 immunoreactivity was found infrequently in the bronchus, whereas CD44v4 immunoreactivity was absent. This indicates the presence of a distinct population of basal cells that express CD44. No CD44 was detected in areas of close cell-cell or cell-matrix contact, thus precluding the involvement of CD44 in stable adhesion in these areas. CD44 immunoreactivity was locally increased in areas showing morphologic damage to the epithelium. In epithelium from asthmatic subjects, the mean level of CD44 immunoreactivity on basal-cell membranes was doubled (4.3 versus 2.0 gold particles/microns membrane) as compared with nonasthmatic subjects. Increased expression of CD44 in asthmatic subjects, suggests that it has a significant role in the pathobiology of this disease, whereas the restricted distribution of this increase supports an association with repair rather than with inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Lackie
- Southampton University Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The immunogold silver staining method (IGSS) is widely used as a sensitive and specific immunohistochemical visualisation technique. IGSS involves the specific deposition of metallic silver at the site of immunogold labelling and provides a means of visualisation at low magnification by light or electron microscopy. Silver developers for IGSS rapidly deposit metallic silver only at the site of heavy metals, including gold and silver, because of their catalytic activity. The developing solution contains the silver ions and reducing agent necessary for this reaction. Using different silver salts as ion donors and by selecting an appropriate temperature and pH, visible amounts of silver can be deposited in a few minutes at the site of colloidal gold labelling while little non-specific background deposition occurs. Inclusion of protective colloids in the solution can also be used to control the reaction. Although studies of the chemical basis of silver deposition around unlabelled colloidal gold date back to 1939, immunogold enhancement by silver was established in 1983. The IGSS method evolved from the combination of disparate photographic, histochemical and immunogold techniques which have been effectively combined and optimised over the last 10 years to provide a visualisation system which is well suited to many immunohistochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Lackie
- Southampton University Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, England
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Scheidegger P, Papay J, Zuber C, Lackie PM, Roth J. Cellular site of synthesis and dynamics of cell surface re-expression of polysialic acid of the neural cell adhesion molecule. Eur J Biochem 1994; 225:1097-103. [PMID: 7957200 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.1097b.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Homopolymers of alpha-2,8-ketosidically linked sialic acid (polysialic acid) represent a posttranslational modification which, in mammals, appears to be unique for the neural cell adhesion molecule and the alpha subunit of sodium channels in brain. Under steady-state conditions, polysialic acid is detectable in the plasma membrane of different cell types but not in the cytoplasm. We have studied the site of synthesis and the cell surface re-expression of polysialic acid in a clonal subline of small cell lung carcinoma using the monoclonal antibody 735 and bacteriophage endosialidase, both specific reagents for polysialic acid. After enzymic removal, cell surface polysialic acid re-expression reached control levels only after 5 days. When Golgi to plasma membrane transport of endosialidase-treated cells was blocked by culture at 20 degrees C or in the presence of monensin at 37 degrees C, de-novo-synthesized polysialic acid became detectable in the Golgi apparatus. Our data show that synthesis of polysialic acid of the neural cell adhesion molecule with a degree of polymerization of at least nine occurs intracellular in the Golgi apparatus of a human small cell lung carcinoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Scheidegger
- Department of Pathology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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Lackie PM, Zuber C, Roth J. Polysialic acid of the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) is widely expressed during organogenesis in mesodermal and endodermal derivatives. Differentiation 1994; 57:119-31. [PMID: 8070624 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-0436.1994.5720119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the expression of homopolymers of alpha 2,8-linked sialic acid (polySia) and the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) during the embryonic and fetal development of rat, chicken and man using immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting. During development, polySia and N-CAM were widely expressed in mesodermally and neuro-ectodermally derived elements. In specific developmental processes, cells of endodermal and ectodermal (non-neural) origin were also immunoreactive for these molecules. Loss of polySia and N-CAM immunoreactivity often accompanied differentiation of mesodermally derived cells. In cartilage formation for instance, cells in precartilaginous mesenchymal condensations stained for N-CAM and polySia until the first appearance of specific chondrocyte function, independent of the stage of development. Transient de novo expression of polySia, in newly induced ectodermal cells, paralleled the reciprocal inductive interactions of mesodermally derived cells with cells of ectodermal origin during hair follicle formation. All ectodermally derived hair follicle cells, except the putative stem cells, later ceased expression of these molecules. Ectodermal expression of polySia and N-CAM was otherwise rare. The endodermally derived epithelium of the digestive and respiratory tracts were polySia and N-CAM immunoreactive early in organogenesis (embryonic day 12 in mouse). Cells of this derivation later all became unreactive, although decrease in immunoreactivity during development was faster in derivatives of more cranial portions of the endoderm. In general, during organogenesis, epithelial elements showed polySia and N-CAM expression before and during epithelium formation, thereafter losing immunoreactivity, irrespective of the developmental origin of the epithelial cells. PolySia and N-CAM staining in the chicken respiratory tract epithelium was more wide-spread and lasted significantly longer than in either man or rat. Cells that expressed N-CAM, but not polySia, were found during the development of both skin and pancreas, indicating independent control of polySia expression. Outside the nervous system no cells that expressed polySia but not N-CAM were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Lackie
- Department of Pathology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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Scheidegger EP, Lackie PM, Papay J, Roth J. In vitro and in vivo growth of clonal sublines of human small cell lung carcinoma is modulated by polysialic acid of the neural cell adhesion molecule. J Transl Med 1994; 70:95-106. [PMID: 8302024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polysialic acid (poly Sia) of the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) is an oncodevelopmental antigen and is found in small cell lung carcinomas (SCLC) as well as cell lines derived from these tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Cell heterogeneity in poly Sia expression was observed in primary SCLC and cell cultures of SCLC by immunostaining using a directly gold-labeled monoclonal antibody against poly Sia (MAb 735) and antibodies against N-CAM. Clonal sublines of the N-CAM-positive SCLC cell line, NCI-H69 were established to study the basis of this heterogeneity. The resulting sublines were examined for the proportion of cells expressing poly Sia, the stability of poly Sia expression, and the possible involvement of DNA methylation. Two of the sublines that expressed poly Sia on 0 and 95% of the cells were used in three independent in vitro assays to investigate the importance of poly Sia in cell-cell aggregation, disaggregation and cell to substrate adherence. Finally, clonogenic growth of these sublines was studied in soft agar and in the nude mouse. RESULTS The proportion of cells immunoreactive for poly Sia was stable in serial subculture in these clones and was not affected by reducing DNA methylation. In aggregation and disaggregation assays, poly Sia was shown to modulate both calcium-dependent and independent cell-cell adhesion. No measurable differences in the attachment rates to various substrates (collagen type IV, laminin, heparan sulfate, and poly-L-lysine) were detected between the sublines. Cells from the poly Sia-positive clonal subline formed significantly more colonies in semisolid media and more intracutaneous metastasis in the nude mouse. CONCLUSIONS Poly Sia does not occur on all N-CAM immunoreactive cells of SCLC. Poly Sia on SCLC cells is a clonable trait and high poly Sia expression correlates with reduced cell-cell adherence, a greater clonogenic ability in semisolid media, and a significantly higher incidence of intracutaneous metastases in nude mice.
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Zuber C, Lackie PM, Catterall WA, Roth J. Polysialic acid is associated with sodium channels and the neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM in adult rat brain. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:9965-71. [PMID: 1315775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied alpha 2,8-linked polysialic acid (polySia) and the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) in the adult rat brain by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Both molecules were widely distributed but not ubiquitous. Various brain regions showed colocalization of polySia and N-CAM. Strong immunoreactivity for polySia was seen in regions which were negative for N-CAM, such as the main and accessory olfactory bulbs. Immunohistochemical evidence for the heterogeneity of polySia expression in different brain regions was confirmed by immunoblotting. We present evidence that N-CAM is not the only polySia bearing protein in adult rat brain. Specifically, immunoprecipitation using the polySia-specific monoclonal antibody mAb 735 precipitated not only N-CAM isoforms carrying polySia, but also the sodium channel alpha subunit. Immunoblotting using sodium channel alpha subunit antibody (SP20) revealed a smear from 250 kDa upwards. PolySia removal using an endoneuraminidase specific for alpha 2,8-linked polysialic acid of 8 or more residues long, reduced this smear to a single band at 250 kDa. Thus both N-CAM and sodium channels carry homopolymers of alpha 2,8-linked polysialic acid in adult rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zuber
- Department of Pathology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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Komminoth P, Roth J, Lackie PM, Bitter-Suermann D, Heitz PU. Polysialic acid of the neural cell adhesion molecule distinguishes small cell lung carcinoma from carcinoids. Am J Pathol 1991; 139:297-304. [PMID: 1651057 PMCID: PMC1886085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) exists in various types of neuroendocrine cells and their tumors. A typical feature of NCAM is polysialic acid, of which the chain length is developmentally regulated. The authors have performed a comparative immunohistochemical study on small cell lung carcinomas and bronchial as well as gastrointestinal carcinoids with the monoclonal antibody (MAb) 735 reactive with the long-chain form of polysialic acid. The small cell lung carcinomas, irrespective of their histological type, were positive for polysialic acid. Metastatic tumor cell complexes also exhibited immunostaining. The tumor cell-surface-associated immunostaining for polysialic acid was sensitive to endoneuraminidase. The mature and atypical bronchial and gastrointestinal carcinoids were not immunoreactive for polysialic acid. Cytoplasmic staining in groups of cells of carcinoids (2 of 28 cases) was due to nonspecific antibody binding, which could be prevented by increased ion strength. These data indicate that neuroendocrine tumors of the lung can be distinguished by their content of highly sialylated NCAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Komminoth
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pathology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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