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Kivelä J, Parkkila S, Parkkila AK, Rajaniemi H. [Carbonic anhydrases protect teeth and upper gastrointestinal mucosa]. Duodecim 2002; 116:2105-9. [PMID: 12017731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Kivelä
- Oulun yliopiston anatomian ja solubiologian laitos PL 5000, 90014 Oulun yliopisto.
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Saarnio J, Parkkila S, Parkkila AK, Pastoreková S, Haukipuro K, Pastorek J, Juvonen T, Karttunen TJ. Transmembrane carbonic anhydrase, MN/CA IX, is a potential biomarker for biliary tumours. J Hepatol 2001; 35:643-9. [PMID: 11690711 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(01)00193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme IX (MN/CA IX) is a transmembrane protein with a suggested function in maintaining the acid-base balance and intercellular communication. Previous studies have demonstrated that MN/CA IX is expressed in the basolateral plasma membrane of normal biliary epithelial cells, but not in hepatocytes. This study was designed to examine the expression of MN/CA IX in hepatobiliary neoplasms and to elucidate its value as a marker for biliary differentiation. METHODS Fifty-seven hepatobiliary lesions were immunostained for MN/CA IX using biotin-streptavidin complex method. Twenty samples containing normal biliary epithelium and five containing normal liver tissue were used as controls. RESULTS In the biliary epithelial tumours, immunostaining for MN/CA IX was mainly localized at the basolateral surface of the epithelial cells, like in normal mucosa. All non-invasive dysplastic lesions and 57% of invasive lesions of gall-bladder expressed MN/CA IX. In liver, 78% of cholangiocellular malignant lesions showed a positive reaction for MN/CA IX, whereas only 33% of hepatocellular carcinomas showed a weak immunoreaction. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that abnormal expression of MN/CA IX may be linked to malignant transformation of hepatobiliary cells. In addition, it seems to be a promising marker for biliary differentiation in hepatobiliary neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Saarnio
- Department of Surgery, University of Oulu, Kajaanintie 52A, FIN-90220 Oulu, Finland.
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Kivela AJ, Saarnio J, Karttunen TJ, Kivelä J, Parkkila AK, Pastorekova S, Pastorek J, Waheed A, Sly WS, Parkkila TS, Rajaniemi H. Differential expression of cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrases, CA I and II, and membrane-associated isozymes, CA IX and XII, in normal mucosa of large intestine and in colorectal tumors. Dig Dis Sci 2001; 46:2179-86. [PMID: 11680594 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011910931210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study compares the localization of carbonic anhydrase isozymes (CA) I and II and that of IX and XII in normal large intestine and in colorectal tumors. Immunohistochemical studies were performed on 69 colorectal lesions. While the normal mucosa of the large intestine showed high expression for CA I and II, the intensity of the immunostaining for both isozymes decreased in benign lesions and was very weak in malignant tumors. The reciprocal pattern of expression observed for these cytoplasmic isozymes and transmembrane CA IX and XII in intestinal tissue specimens supports the suggestion that CA IX and XII may be functionally involved in tumor progression to malignancy and/or in invasion. By contrast, while CA I and II are prominent in normal colorectal mucosa, where they play a role in regulation of pH homeostasis and water and ion transport, loss of expression of these cytoplasmic isozymes consistently accompanies progression to malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Kivela
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Finland
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Parkkila S, Parkkila AK, Rajaniemi H, Shah GN, Grubb JH, Waheed A, Sly WS. Expression of membrane-associated carbonic anhydrase XIV on neurons and axons in mouse and human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:1918-23. [PMID: 11172051 PMCID: PMC29357 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.98.4.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although long suspected from histochemical evidence for carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity on neurons and observations that CA inhibitors enhance the extracellular alkaline shifts associated with synaptic transmission, an extracellular CA in brain had not been identified. A candidate for this CA was suggested by the recent discovery of membrane CA (CA XIV) whose mRNA is expressed in mouse and human brain and in several other tissues. For immunolocalization of CA XIV in mouse and human brain, we developed two antibodies, one against a secretory form of enzymatically active recombinant mouse CA XIV, and one against a synthetic peptide corresponding to the 24 C-terminal amino acids in the human enzyme. Immunostaining for CA XIV was found on neuronal membranes and axons in both mouse and human brain. The highest expression was seen on large neuronal bodies and axons in the anterolateral part of pons and medulla oblongata. Other CA XIV-positive sites included the hippocampus, corpus callosum, cerebellar white matter and peduncles, pyramidal tract, and choroid plexus. Mouse brain also showed a positive reaction in the molecular layer of the cerebral cortex and granular cellular layer of the cerebellum. These observations make CA XIV a likely candidate for the extracellular CA postulated to have an important role in modulating excitatory synaptic transmission in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parkkila
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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Parkkila S, Parkkila AK, Saarnio J, Kivelä J, Karttunen TJ, Kaunisto K, Waheed A, Sly WS, Türeci O, Virtanen I, Rajaniemi H. Expression of the membrane-associated carbonic anhydrase isozyme XII in the human kidney and renal tumors. J Histochem Cytochem 2000; 48:1601-8. [PMID: 11101628 DOI: 10.1177/002215540004801203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase isozyme XII (CA XII) is a novel membrane-associated protein with a potential role in von Hippel-Lindau carcinogenesis. Although Northern blotting has revealed positive signal for CA XII in normal human kidney, this is the first study to demonstrate its cellular and subcellular localization along the human nephron and collecting duct. Immunohistochemistry with a polyclonal antibody (PAb) raised against truncated CA XII revealed distinct staining in the basolateral plasma membrane of the epithelial cells in the thick ascending limb of Henle and distal convoluted tubules, and in the principal cells of the collecting ducts. A weak basolateral signal was also detected in the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubules. In addition to the normal kidney specimens, this immunohistochemical study included 31 renal tumors. CA XII showed moderate or strong plasma membrane-associated expression in most oncocytomas and clear-cell carcinomas. The segmental, cellular, and subcellular distribution of CA XII along the human nephron and collecting duct suggests that it may be one of the key enzymes involved in normal renal physiology, particularly in the regulation of water homeostasis. High expression of CA XII in some renal carcinomas may contribute to its role in von Hippel-Lindau carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parkkila
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) V is a mitochondrial enzyme that has been reported in several tissues of the gastrointestinal tract. In liver, it participates in ureagenesis and gluconeogenesis by providing bicarbonate ions for two other mitochondrial enzymes: carbamyl phosphate synthetase I and pyruvate carboxylase. This study presents evidence of immunohistochemical localization of CA V in the rodent nervous tissue. Polyclonal rabbit antisera against a polypeptide of 17 C-terminal amino acids of rat CA V and against purified recombinant mouse isozyme were used in western blotting and immunoperoxidase stainings. Immunohistochemistry showed that CA V is expressed in astrocytes and neurons but not in oligodendrocytes, which are rich in CA II, or capillary endothelial cells, which express CA IV on their plasma face. The specificity of the immunohistochemical results was confirmed by western blotting, which identified a major 30-kDa polypeptide band of CA V in mouse cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, spinal cord, and sciatic nerve. The expression of CA V in astrocytes and neurons suggests that this isozyme has a cell-specific, physiological role in the nervous system. In astrocytes, CA V may play an important role in gluconeogenesis by providing bicarbonate ions for the pyruvate carboxylase. The neuronal CA V could be involved in the regulation of the intramitochondrial calcium level, thus contributing to the stability of the intracellular calcium concentration. CA V may also participate in bicarbonate ion-induced GABA responses by regulating the bicarbonate homeostasis in neurons, and its inhibition could be the basis of some neurotropic effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Ghandour
- LNMIC (ER 2072), Institut de Chimie Biologique, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
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Kivelä AJ, Parkkila S, Saarnio J, Karttunen TJ, Kivelä J, Parkkila AK, Pastoreková S, Pastorek J, Waheed A, Sly WS, Rajaniemi H. Expression of transmembrane carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes IX and XII in normal human pancreas and pancreatic tumours. Histochem Cell Biol 2000; 114:197-204. [PMID: 11083462 DOI: 10.1007/s004180000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX and XII are transmembrane isoenzymes which are expressed in several epithelia and overexpressed in some carcinomas. They have recently been linked to von Hippel-Lindau gene-mediated carcinogenesis in that both isoenzymes are downregulated by the product of the wild-type von Hippel-Lindau tumour suppressor gene. This paper describes the localisation of CA IX and XII in the normal human pancreas and pancreatic tumours. Both isoenzymes showed positive reaction in the basolateral plasma membrane of the normal acinar and ductal epithelia. The hyperplastic ductal epithelium in tumour specimens generally showed an increased staining for CA IX. Of 29 malignant tumours of exocrine pancreas, 10 showed moderate or strong immunoreaction for CA IX. The signal for CA XII remained weak in most malignant lesions. The present results show that both CA IX and XII are unevenly expressed in the ductal and acinar compartments of the human pancreas. The expression of these isoenzymes in a relatively low number of malignant tumour specimens suggests that they have a limited value in diagnostic evaluation of pancreatic carcinoma. However, the increased expression of CA IX in hyperplastic ductal epithelium may contribute to the pancreatic tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Kivelä
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Finland.
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Karhumaa P, Parkkila S, Waheed A, Parkkila AK, Kaunisto K, Tucker PW, Huang CJ, Sly WS, Rajaniemi H. Nuclear NonO/p54(nrb) protein is a nonclassical carbonic anhydrase. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:16044-9. [PMID: 10821857 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.21.16044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing carbonic anhydrase (CA) gene family includes 11 enzymatically active isozymes in mammals. Each of them has a characteristic cellular and subcellular distribution pattern. In this report, we demonstrate for the first time a nuclear protein with CA activity. A polypeptide recognized by CA II antibodies was purified from several rat tissues using CA inhibitor affinity chromatography. This polypeptide of apparent 66 kDa mass was characterized using amino acid sequencing and CA activity measurements. It appeared to be identical to nonO/p54(nrb), a previously cloned and characterized RNA and DNA binding nuclear factor. Recombinant nonO generated in baculovirus bound to the CA inhibitor affinity chromatography matrix and revealed detectable CA activity (25 units/mg). Hansson's histochemical staining of rat lymph nodes followed by light and electron microscopy showed nuclear CA activity in lymphocytes, suggesting that the nuclear nonO protein is catalytically active in vivo. These results demonstrate that a previously known transcription factor is a novel, nonclassical CA. Through its CA activity, the nonO may function in the maintenance of pH homeostasis in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Karhumaa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, FIN-90014 Finland.
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Parkkila S, Parkkila AK, Waheed A, Britton RS, Zhou XY, Fleming RE, Tomatsu S, Bacon BR, Sly WS. Cell surface expression of HFE protein in epithelial cells, macrophages, and monocytes. Haematologica 2000; 85:340-5. [PMID: 10756356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Most patients with hereditary hemochromatosis are homozygous for a Cys282AETyr mutation in the HFE gene. This mutation has been shown to impair the association of the HFE gene product with b(2)-microglobulin and to prevent its cell surface presentation in transfected COS-7 and 293 cells. This study was performed to examine the expression of HFE protein in epithelial cells, macrophages, and circulating leukocytes obtained from normal subjects and patients with hereditary hemochromatosis. DESIGN AND METHODS Antisera against two different peptides of the HFE protein were used to immunostain tissue sections and isolate granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes. RESULTS Immunocytochemical staining showed that the HFE protein is expressed in gastric epithelial cells, tissue macrophages, and circulating monocytes and granulocytes. The cell surface associated signal, which was seen in normal gastric epithelial cells, monocytes and macrophages, was also present in C282Y mutant cells from patients with hereditary hemochromatosis, although at apparently reduced amounts in these cells. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS From these studies, it is clear that the C282Y mutation reduces but does not completely prevent presentation of the HFE protein on the cell surface of human monocytes, tissue macrophages, and gastric epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parkkila
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Box 5000, FIN-90401 Oulu, Finland.
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Parkkila S, Rajaniemi H, Parkkila AK, Kivela J, Waheed A, Pastorekova S, Pastorek J, Sly WS. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor suppresses invasion of renal cancer cells in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:2220-4. [PMID: 10688890 PMCID: PMC15781 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.040554897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidification of the extracellular milieu of malignant tumors is reported to increase the invasive behavior of cancer cells. In normal tissues, production of acid is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrases (CAs), some of which are known to be overexpressed in certain cancers. To investigate the functional role of CA activity in such cancer cells, we analyzed the effect of acetazolamide, a potent CA inhibitor, on the invasive capacity of four renal carcinoma cell lines (Caki-1, Caki-2, ACHN, and A-498). We found that 10 microM acetazolamide inhibited the relative invasion rate of these cell lines between 18-74%. The Caki-2 and ACHN cell lines displayed the highest responsiveness, and their responses clearly depended on the acetazolamide concentration in the culture medium. Immunocytochemical and Western blotting results identified the presence of CA isoenzyme II in the cytoplasm of all four cell lines and CA XII on the plasma membrane in three of four cell lines. Because acetazolamide alone reduced invasiveness of these cancer cells in vitro, we conclude that the CAs overexpressed in these renal cancer cells contribute to invasiveness, at least in vitro, and suggest that CA inhibitors may also reduce invasiveness in other tumors that overexpress one or more CAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parkkila
- Department of Anatomy, 90014 University of Oulu, Finland
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Abstract
The carbonic anhydrases (CAs) participate in the maintenance of pH homeostasis in various tissues and biological fluids of the human body by catalysing the reversible reaction CO2 + H2O HCO3- + H+ (Davenport & Fisher, 1938; Davenport, 1939; Maren, 1967). Carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme VI (CA VI) is the only secretory isoenzyme of the mammalian CA gene family. It is exclusively expressed in the serous acinar cells of the parotid and submandibular glands, from where it is secreted into the saliva. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in research focused on the physiological role of salivary CA VI in the oral cavity and upper alimentary canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kivela
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Parolannummi Garrison Hospital, Finnish Defence Forces, Hattula.
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Kivelä J, Parkkila S, Parkkila AK, Rajaniemi H. A low concentration of carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme VI in whole saliva is associated with caries prevalence. Caries Res 1999; 33:178-84. [PMID: 10207192 DOI: 10.1159/000016514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases maintain pH homeostasis in various tissues of the human body by catalyzing the reversible reaction CO2 + H2O <=> HCO3- + H+. Carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme VI (CA VI) is secreted into human saliva by the serous acinar cells of the parotid and submandibular glands. Although it represents about 3% of the total protein in stimulated parotid saliva, its exact physiological significance in the saliva has not been established. In the present study, saliva samples were collected under strictly controlled conditions from young, healthy men and assayed for CA VI concentrations using a specific time-resolved immunofluorometric assay. Salivary secretion rate, pH, buffering capacity, alpha-amylase activity levels, lactobacillus and Streptococcus mutans counts were also determined, and the results were correlated with the dental status of the subjects. Salivary CA VI concentration, pH and buffering capacity values correlated negatively with the numbers of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT index). The correlations between salivary CA VI concentration and DMFT index were most significant in subjects with poor oral hygiene. No correlation was found between salivary CA VI concentration and lactobacillus or Streptococcus mutans counts. As predicted, salivary lactobacillus and Streptococcus mutans counts showed a close positive correlation with the DMFT index. In contrast, no significant correlation was seen between salivary secretion rate or amylase activity and the DMFT index. The present results indicate that low salivary CA VI concentrations are associated with increased caries prevalence, particularly in subjects with neglected oral hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kivelä
- Department of Anatomy, University of Oulu, Finland.
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Leinonen J, Kivelä J, Parkkila S, Parkkila AK, Rajaniemi H. Salivary carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme VI is located in the human enamel pellicle. Caries Res 1999; 33:185-90. [PMID: 10207193 DOI: 10.1159/000016515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary carbonic anhydrase (CA VI) appears to protect teeth from caries via mechanisms other than direct regulation of salivary pH and buffering capacity. To elucidate whether CA VI acts in the local microenvironment of the tooth surface, we studied the location and activity of the enzyme in the human enamel pellicle. The study was performed using a specific rabbit antiserum to human CA VI in conjunction with immunostaining and immunoblot techniques. CA activity was demonstrated using a histochemical staining method. CA VI immunostaining of extracted teeth having in vivo formed pellicle showed that the enzyme is present in the enamel pellicle. Immunostaining for salivary alpha-amylase, which is known to be present in the pellicle, showed a similar staining pattern. The presence of CA VI in the enamel pellicle was confirmed by immunoblotting of in vivo formed pellicle proteins. In vitro studies showed that CA VI binds to polished enamel surfaces from both saliva and solutions of purified enzyme. The intensity of the CA VI immunostaining on the enamel surface was dependent on the concentration of the applied enzyme. The histochemical staining of in vitro formed enamel pellicle confirmed that the bound enzyme retains its enzymatic activity. The presence of active CA VI in the human enamel pellicle suggests that it may accelerate the removal of acid by functioning locally in the pellicle layer on dental surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Leinonen
- Department of Anatomy, University of Oulu, Finland
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Saarnio J, Parkkila S, Parkkila AK, Waheed A, Karttunen T, Sly WS. Cell-specific expression of mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase in the human and rat gastrointestinal tract. J Histochem Cytochem 1999; 47:517-24. [PMID: 10082753 DOI: 10.1177/002215549904700410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase V (CA V) in liver provides HCO3- to pyruvate carboxylase for the first step in gluconeogenesis and HCO3- to carbamyl phosphate synthetase I for the first step in ureagenesis. Because carbamyl phosphate synthetase I and ornithine transcarbamylase are also expressed in enterocytes, we tested the hypothesis that CA V is expressed in the gastrointestinal tract in addition to liver. Polyclonal rabbit antisera were raised against a polypeptide of 17 C-terminal amino acids of human CA V and against purified recombinant mouse isozyme and were used in Western blotting and immunoperoxidase staining of human and rat tissues. Immunohistochemistry showed that CA V is expressed cell-specifically in the alimentary canal mucosa from stomach to rectum. Immunoreactions for CA V were detected in the parietal cells and gastrin-producing G-cells of the stomach and in intestinal enterocytes. Western blotting of human and rat gastrointestinal tissues with isozyme-specific antibodies showed positive signals for CA V with the expected molecular mass. The findings in human tissues paralleled those in rat. The cell-specific pattern of CA V expression suggests a role for CA V in alimentary canal physiology. We propose that mitochondrial CA V participates in the detoxification of ammonia produced in the gastrointestinal tract by providing bicarbonate to carbamyl phosphate synthetase I. (J Histochem Cytochem 47:517-524, 1999)
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Affiliation(s)
- J Saarnio
- Department of Surgery, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Parkkila AK, Scarim AL, Parkkila S, Waheed A, Corbett JA, Sly WS. Expression of carbonic anhydrase V in pancreatic beta cells suggests role for mitochondrial carbonic anhydrase in insulin secretion. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:24620-3. [PMID: 9733757 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.38.24620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase V (CA-V) is a mitochondrial enzyme that provides bicarbonate for pyruvate carboxylase in liver and kidney. In the course of a survey of the tissue distribution of CA-V, we detected intense immunostaining in pancreatic islets when sections from rat and mouse pancreases were reacted with a polyclonal antibody to recombinant mouse CA-V. The distribution and large number of CA-V-positive cells in each islet suggested that they represented beta cells. Double immunofluorescence staining of tissue sections and isolated islet cells showed cellular colocalization of CA-V and insulin, confirming that beta cells contain CA-V. Western blotting of rat islets of Langerhans and primary beta cells showed 33- and 30-kDa polypeptides of precursor and mature CA-V, respectively. The CA-V expression was beta cell-specific since no CA-V immunoreaction was detected in the primary alpha cells. Immunohistochemical staining for CA-I, CA-II, CA-IV, CA-VI, and CA-IX was negative in beta cells, and Western blotting of beta cells also failed to identify any CA in beta cells except CA-V. The specific localization of CA-V in beta cells led us to hypothesize that CA-V may be functionally linked to the regulation of insulin secretion. Consistent with this hypothesis, the CA inhibitor acetazolamide was found to be a strong inhibitor of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by isolated rat pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Parkkila
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
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Saarnio J, Parkkila S, Parkkila AK, Haukipuro K, Pastoreková S, Pastorek J, Kairaluoma MI, Karttunen TJ. Immunohistochemical study of colorectal tumors for expression of a novel transmembrane carbonic anhydrase, MN/CA IX, with potential value as a marker of cell proliferation. Am J Pathol 1998; 153:279-85. [PMID: 9665489 PMCID: PMC1852958 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme IX, MN/CA IX, is a recently discovered member of the carbonic anhydrase (CA) gene family with a suggested function in acid-base balance, intercellular communication, and cell proliferation. Increased expression of MN/CA IX has been observed with certain epithelial tumors. We investigated the expression of MN/CA IX in 69 colorectal neoplasms, consisting of 1 juvenile polyp, 8 hyperplastic polyps, 39 adenomatous lesions, 21 carcinomas, and 7 metastases. Tissue sections were immunostained with a monoclonal antibody specific to MN/CA IX. The proliferative activity of the tumor cells was evaluated by Ki-67 antigen immunoreactivity. The hyperplastic polyps showed a weak or moderate reaction for MN/CA IX only in the cryptal epithelium, as did the normal intestinal mucosa. The adenomas showed immunoreactivity mainly in the superficial part of the mucosa, whereas the distribution in the carcinomas and metastases was more diffuse. Comparative immunostaining of serial sections for Ki-67, a well established marker of cell proliferation, confirmed that MN/CA IX is expressed in areas with high proliferative capacity. Our results show abnormal MN/CA IX expression in colorectal neoplasms, suggesting its involvement in their pathogenesis. The co-occurrence of MN/CA IX and Ki-67 in the same tumor cells indicates its potential for use as a marker of increased proliferation in the colorectal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Saarnio
- Department of Surgery, University of Oulu, Finland.
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Türeci O, Sahin U, Vollmar E, Siemer S, Göttert E, Seitz G, Parkkila AK, Shah GN, Grubb JH, Pfreundschuh M, Sly WS. Human carbonic anhydrase XII: cDNA cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of a carbonic anhydrase gene that is overexpressed in some renal cell cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:7608-13. [PMID: 9636197 PMCID: PMC22698 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.13.7608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the cloning and characterization of a tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase (CA) that was identified in a human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by serological expression screening with autologous antibodies. The cDNA sequence predicts a 354-amino acid polypeptide with a molecular mass of 39,448 Da that has features of a type I membrane protein. The predicted sequence includes a 29-amino acid signal sequence, a 261-amino acid CA domain, an additional short extracellular segment, a 26-amino acid hydrophobic transmembrane domain, and a hydrophilic C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of 29 amino acids that contains two potential phosphorylation sites. The extracellular CA domain shows 30-42% homology with known human CAs, contains all three Zn-binding histidine residues found in active CAs, and contains two potential sites for asparagine glycosylation. When expressed in COS cells, the cDNA produced a 43- to 44-kDa protein in membranes that had around one-sixth the CA activity of membranes from COS cells transfected with the same vector expressing bovine CA IV. We have designated this human protein CA XII. Northern blot analysis of normal tissues demonstrated a 4.5-kb transcript only in kidney and intestine. However, in 10% of patients with RCC, the CA XII transcript was expressed at much higher levels in the RCC than in surrounding normal kidney tissue. The CA XII gene was mapped by using fluorescence in situ hybridization to 15q22. CA XII is the second catalytically active membrane CA reported to be overexpressed in certain cancers. Its relationship to oncogenesis and its potential as a clinically useful tumor marker clearly merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Türeci
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Saarland, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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18
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Saarnio J, Parkkila S, Parkkila AK, Waheed A, Casey MC, Zhou XY, Pastoreková S, Pastorek J, Karttunen T, Haukipuro K, Kairaluoma MI, Sly WS. Immunohistochemistry of carbonic anhydrase isozyme IX (MN/CA IX) in human gut reveals polarized expression in the epithelial cells with the highest proliferative capacity. J Histochem Cytochem 1998; 46:497-504. [PMID: 9524195 DOI: 10.1177/002215549804600409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MN/CA IX is a recently discovered member of the carbonic anhydrase (CA) gene family that has been identified in the plasma membranes of certain tumor and epithelial cells and found to promote cell proliferation when transfected into NIH3T3 cells. This study presents localization of MN/CA IX in human gut and compares its distribution to those of CA I, II, and IV, which are known to be expressed in the intestinal epithelium. The specificity of the monoclonal antibody for MN/CA IX was confirmed by Western blots and immunostaining of COS-7 cells transfected with MN/CA IX cDNA. Immunohistochemical stainings of human gut revealed prominent polarized staining for MN/CA IX in the basolateral surfaces of the enterocytes of duodenum and jejunum, the reaction being most intense in the crypts. A moderate reaction was also seen in the crypts of ileal mucosa, whereas the staining became generally weaker in the large intestine. The results indicate isozyme-specific regulation of MN/CA IX expression along the cranial-caudal axis of the human gut and place the protein at the sites of rapid cell proliferation. The unique localization of MN/CA IX on the basolateral surfaces of proliferating crypt enterocytes suggests that it might serve as a ligand or a receptor for another protein that regulates intercellular communication or cell proliferation. Furthermore, MN/CA IX has a completely conserved active site domain of CAs suggesting that it could also participate in carbon dioxide/bicarbonate homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Saarnio
- Department of Surgery, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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19
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Kivelä J, Parkkila S, Waheed A, Parkkila AK, Sly WS, Rajaniemi H. Secretory carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme (CA VI) in human serum. Clin Chem 1997; 43:2318-22. [PMID: 9439449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase VI (CA VI) is a secretory isoenzyme that, by analogy to alpha-amylase, is produced in the salivary glands and delivered into saliva. To determine whether CA VI is transferred into the circulation and is detectable in human serum, we collected blood samples from four healthy subjects at 3-h intervals throughout a 24-h period and measured concentrations of CA VI by a specific time-resolved immunofluorometric assay. All serum samples contained CA VI, the concentrations being approximately 22 times lower in serum than in the corresponding saliva samples. The presence of CA VI in serum was confirmed by Western blotting, which under reducing conditions identified a 42-kDa polypeptide band corresponding to the monomeric CA VI. The described time-resolved immunofluorometric assay for CA VI might be useful to identify or exclude diseases of the salivary glands in the differential diagnosis of patients whose serum amylase concentrations are increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kivelä
- Department of Anatomy, University of Oulu, Finland.
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20
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Kivelä J, Parkkila S, Metteri J, Parkkila AK, Toivanen A, Rajaniemi H. Salivary carbonic anhydrase VI concentration and its relation to basic characteristics of saliva in young men. Acta Physiol Scand 1997; 161:221-5. [PMID: 9366965 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-201x.1997.00217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Two successive saliva samples were collected under strictly standardized conditions from 209 healthy, selected male soldiers prior to and after breakfast in the morning and were assayed for carbonic anhydrase (CA) VI concentrations using a specific time-resolved immunofluorometric assay. Salivary secretion rates, pH and buffer capacity pH values, and amylase activity levels were also determined. CA VI concentrations correlated positively to salivary secretion rates and amylase activity levels. By contrast, no significant correlation was seen between CA VI concentrations and pH or buffer capacity pH values, nor between amylase activity levels and salivary secretion rates, pH or buffer capacity pH values. The smokers had unaltered salivary secretion rates, CA VI and amylase activity levels, but lower salivary pH and buffer capacity pH values than the non-smokers. Present results suggest that salivary CA VI is not directly involved in the regulation of pH in saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kivelä
- Parolannummi Garrison Hospital, Finnish Defence Forces, Hattula, Finland
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21
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Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) II is the predominant CA isoenzyme in the brain of mammals. We have recently developed a dual-label time-resolved immunofluorometric assay to quantify minute amounts of CA I and II in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The present study was aimed at elucidating the clinical value of such measurements in the case of neurological disorders. Lumbar CSF samples were obtained from 111 patients suffering from various neurological diseases and from 97 control patients with no specific signs of central nervous system diseases. The highest CA II concentrations were found in patients with brain infarction (median 66.5 micrograms L-1, n = 20), whereas the control patients had markedly lower values (median 7.8 micrograms L-1, n = 97). Relative to a reference range calculated from the control material (10.2 +/- 17.2 micrograms L-1), the sensitivity of CA II measurement in differentiating brain infarction was 100%. Patients with transient ischaemic attack (median 11.2 micrograms L-1, n = 9), multiple sclerosis (median 14.7 micrograms L-1, n = 18) or epilepsy (median 20.3 micrograms L-1, n = 17) usually had CA II concentrations within the normal range, but those with central nervous system infection (n = 14), dementia (n = 19) or trigeminal neuralgia (n = 6) tended to have higher CA II levels in their CSF, the median values being 39.1 micrograms L-1, 45.5 micrograms L-1 and 44.0 micrograms L-1 respectively. The findings indicate that the concentration of CA II in the CSF marks disease activity in patients with brain damage. This finding could provide a basis for further studies estimating the value of CA II measurement as a new laboratory marker of diseases affecting the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Parkkila
- Department of Anatomy, University of Oulu, Finland
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22
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Parkkila S, Parkkila AK, Lehtola J, Reinilä A, Södervik HJ, Rannisto M, Rajaniemi H. Salivary carbonic anhydrase protects gastroesophageal mucosa from acid injury. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42:1013-9. [PMID: 9149056 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018889120034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Saliva contains several factors that protect the alimentary canal mucosa against acidity. We measured the secretory carbonic anhydrase (CA VI) levels in the saliva of patients with gastrointestinal disorders using a time-resolved immunofluorometric assay. The mean enzyme concentrations were found to be lower in patients with verified esophagitis, gastric ulcer, or duodenal ulcer than in control patients with nonacid peptic diseases. The biochemical data from the enzyme activity assays and western blots of the human gastric mucosa and gastric juice samples indicated that the swallowed CA VI probably retains its activity in the harsh environment of the gastric lumen. In the upper alimentary canal, CA VI may neutralize the acid by catalyzing the formation of carbon dioxide and water. The present findings suggest that drugs supplemented with CA VI may prove beneficial in treating acid-peptic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parkkila
- Department of Anatomy, University of Oulu, Finland
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23
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Pastoreková S, Parkkila S, Parkkila AK, Opavský R, Zelník V, Saarnio J, Pastorek J. Carbonic anhydrase IX, MN/CA IX: analysis of stomach complementary DNA sequence and expression in human and rat alimentary tracts. Gastroenterology 1997; 112:398-408. [PMID: 9024293 DOI: 10.1053/gast.1997.v112.pm9024293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS CA IX (formerly MN protein) is a carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme whose expression is associated with human tumors. However, it has also been found in normal gastric mucosa. The aim of this study was to determine differences in complementary DNAs (cDNAs), to obtain an overview of distribution in the alimentary tract, and to obtain data on expression in tumors. METHODS A CA9 cDNA isolated from a human stomach library was sequenced along with the cDNA derived from HeLa cells. Western blotting and immunohistochemical analyses of human and animal tissues were performed using CA IX-specific monoclonal antibody and rabbit antiserum to human CA II. RESULTS; Sequence analysis showed no differences between the stomach- and HeLa-derived cDNAs. CA IX was detected at the basolateral surface of gastric, intestinal, and gallbladder epithelia. In stomach tumor samples, expression of CA IX was lost or reduced. CONCLUSIONS Differential distribution of CA IX in normal and tumor tissues is not associated with cDNA mutations. Evolutionary conservation in vertebrates as well as abundant expression of CA IX protein in normal human gastric mucosa, but not in derived tumors, indicate its physiological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pastoreková
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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24
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Parkkila S, Parkkila AK, Juvonen T, Waheed A, Sly WS, Saarnio J, Kaunisto K, Kellokumpu S, Rajaniemi H. Membrane-bound carbonic anhydrase IV is expressed in the luminal plasma membrane of the human gallbladder epithelium. Hepatology 1996; 24:1104-8. [PMID: 8903383 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510240521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline hepatic bile is acidified in the gallbladder to prevent calcium precipitation and gallstone formation. Because membrane-bound carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoenzyme IV participates with cytoplasmic CA II in the acidification of urine in the kidney, we studied its expression in different regions of the human biliary tract using immunohistochemical techniques. The enzyme was expressed in the apical plasma membrane of the gallbladder epithelial cells and in the endothelium of the subepithelial capillaries. In the liver, some epithelial cells of the large bile ducts showed positive staining. Its presence in the gallbladder epithelium could be confirmed by Western blotting, which showed a single 35-kd polypeptide band, corresponding in molecular weight to the intact enzyme. The majority of the enzyme was phased to Triton X-114 detergent phase. A small amount of 35-kd polypeptide was also seen in the water phase. Smaller proteolytic fragments of the enzyme were not seen, suggesting that the tissue sample was well preserved. The results show that CA IV is expressed in abundance in the human gallbladder epithelium, where it may participate together with cytoplasmic CA II and ion transporters in acidification of the gallbladder bile via bicarbonate reabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parkkila
- Department of Anatomy, University of Oulu, Finland
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25
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Parkkila S, Parkkila AK. Carbonic anhydrase in the alimentary tract. Roles of the different isozymes and salivary factors in the maintenance of optimal conditions in the gastrointestinal canal. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996; 31:305-17. [PMID: 8726296 DOI: 10.3109/00365529609006403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Parkkila
- Laboratory of Oulu University Hospital, Finland
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26
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Abstract
We studied the location of carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoenzymes I, II, and VI in human pituitary gland using specific antisera in conjunction with immunoblotting, immunoperoxidase, and double immunofluorescence staining techniques. Stainings with anti-CA II serum showed intense cytoplasmic reaction in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Double immunofluorescence staining was used to identify the cells that expressed CA II. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that, of the anterior pituitary hormones studied, ACTH coincides mainly with CA II in these cells. Stainings with anti-CA I and VI sera were negative in the endocrine cells of the pituitary gland. Western blotting of the pituitary gland with anti-CA II revealed a distinct 29-KD polypeptide band corresponding in molecular weight to CA II, suggesting that the antiserum does not detect any nonspecific protein. Anti-CA I serum similarly showed a major 29-KD band, possibly recognizing the enzyme, which is abundantly present in erythrocytes. The results indicate that CA II is expressed in corticotrophs of human pituitary gland, in which its physiological role may be linked to the regulation of optimal pH in the secretory vesicles for the cleavage of ACTH from its precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Parkkila
- Department of Anatomy, University of Oulu, Finland
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27
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Parkkila S, Parkkila AK. [ Gastrointestinal carbonic anhydrases]. Duodecim 1996; 112:2383-8. [PMID: 10605239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Parkkila
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University, MO 63104, USA
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28
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Fleming RE, Parkkila S, Parkkila AK, Rajaniemi H, Waheed A, Sly WS. Carbonic anhydrase IV expression in rat and human gastrointestinal tract regional, cellular, and subcellular localization. J Clin Invest 1995; 96:2907-13. [PMID: 8675662 PMCID: PMC186002 DOI: 10.1172/jci118362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IV (CA IV) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked isozyme previously identified on the surface of renal tubular epithelium and certain populations of vascular endothelium. This report identifies the regional, cellular, and subcellular localization of CA IV in the rat gut. Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses demonstrated little CA IV expression in stomach or proximal small intestine, but abundant expression in distal small and large intestine. In contrast, CA II mRNA was abundant in stomach, decreased in proximal small intestine, low in distal small intestine, and abundant in large intestine. CA I mRNA was detected only in large intestine. The regional distribution of CA IV activity correlated with distribution of CA IV mRNA. Immunohistochemistry localized CA IV to the apical plasma membrane of the mucosal epithelium in distal small intestine and large intestine. Signal intensity was greatest in colon. CA IV was additionally found in submucosal capillary endothelium of all gastrointestinal regions. Immunohistochemical findings in human stomach and colon paralleled those in the rat. These studies demonstrate pre-translational isozyme-specific regulation of CA expression along the cranial-caudal axis of the gastrointestinal tract. The regional, cellular, and subcellular localizations are consistent with participation of CA IV in the extensive ion and fluid transport in the distal small and large intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Fleming
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri 63104, USA
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29
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Parkkila AK, Herva R, Parkkila S, Rajaniemi H. Immunohistochemical demonstration of human carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme II in brain tumours. Histochem J 1995; 27:974-82. [PMID: 8789398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a functionally important enzyme in the central nervous system (CNS), where it is involved in the control of the acid-base balance and regulates the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Isoenzyme II (CA II) is the most widely distributed CA in the CNS, being present in at least myelin, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and the choroid plexus. This study was undertaken to examine the presence of CA II in different brain tumours from 31 patients. Specific antibodies recognizing CA II were used in immunoperoxidase staining of tumour specimens. Anti-CA I and VI sera and normal rabbit serum were used as controls. CA II-positive staining was observed in all the astrocytic tumours (n = 9), oligodendrogliomas (n = 3) and medulloblastomas (n = 3). The most malignant tumours exhibited the strongest staining. In addition, four acoustic neurinomas, one plexiform neurofibroma, one choroid plexus papilloma, one ependymoblastoma and one subependymoma expressed the enzyme. Meningiomas (n = 4) and neuronal tumours (n = 4), including one dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum (Lhermitte-Duclos), were negative. Anti-CA I, VI and normal rabbit sera showed no specific staining in tumour cells. The presence of CA II in the astrocytomas was confirmed by Western blotting, which revealed a distinct 29 kDa polypeptide band corresponding the CA II. Anti-CA I serum showed similarly a single 29 kDa band, recognizing the enzyme which is abundantly present in the erythrocytes. The present results demonstrate that despite the malignant transformation of the cells, the expression of CA II is sustained in astrocytic tumours, oligodendrogliomas, ependymal and choroid plexus tumours and tumours of nerve sheath cell origin. Our results suggest that some tumours contain abundant CA II, which might leak into the CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Parkkila
- Department of Anatomy, University of Oulu, Finland
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30
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Abstract
Acidic epididymal fluid mainly accounts for sperm quiescence during storage in the epididymis. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is an enzyme involved in proton and bicarbonate secretion in various epithelia. Therefore, we elucidated the distribution of the cytoplasmic (CA II) and membrane-associated (CA IV) isoenzymes in rat epididymis using polyclonal rabbit antisera to these isoenzymes in conjunction with immunohistochemical and immunoblotting techniques. CA IV was localized in the apical plasma membrane of principal epithelial cells in the distal caput, corpus, and proximal cauda epididymides, the staining intensity being most intense in the corpus segment. The epithelium of the ductus deferens, seminal vesicle, and ventral prostate was devoid of staining. CA II was present in the narrow cells of the initial segment and in the epithelial cells of the distal caput, corpus, and proximal cauda epididymides. Immunoblotting of different epididymal segments for CA IV and II revealed with anti-CA IV serum a distinct 39-kDa polypeptide band in the corpus segment and with anti-CA II serum a 29-kDa polypeptide band in all segments, with the band most intense, however, in the corpus segment. Our results imply that in rat epididymis both bicarbonate reabsorption and proton secretion are involved in epididymal fluid acidification. By analogy with the kidney proximal tubule, we suggest that CA IV is involved in bicarbonate reabsorption mainly occurring in the corpus epididymidis. The presence of CA II in epididymal epithelial cells is probably involved in the supply of protons for secretion mediated by various ion transport mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kaunisto
- Department of Anatomy, University of Oulu, Finland
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31
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Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase VI (CA VI) is secreted into the saliva by the serous acinar cells of the parotid and submandibular glands. Saliva samples from six healthy male volunteers were analysed for concentrations of CA VI throughout the 24 h period by means of a specific time-resolved immunofluorometric assay and the levels were compared with amylase activity. The sleeping period was from 00.10 h to 07.30 h and the subjects had breakfast at 07.30 h and regular meals at 13.30 h and 19.30 h. Saliva secretion decreased markedly during the sleeping period in all the subjects except one. The levels of both CA VI and amylase activity varied greatly among the subjects, but in a parallel manner, and declined to a very low level during the sleeping period. Dexamethasone intake at midnight had no effect on the morning rise in either enzyme. When the sleeping period was postponed from 06.10 h to 11.30 h both enzyme concentrations declined during the night and continued to be low until the subjects awoke at 11.30 h, whereas salivary secretion was low only during the sleeping period. Our results suggest that CA VI secretion follows a circadian periodicity that is comparable to amylase secretion but independent of salivary secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parkkila
- Department of Anatomy, University of Oulu, Finland
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32
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Parkkila S, Parkkila AK, Juvonen T, Lehto VP, Rajaniemi H. Immunohistochemical demonstration of the carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I and II in pancreatic tumours. Histochem J 1995; 27:133-8. [PMID: 7775197 DOI: 10.1007/bf00243908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The location of carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoenzymes I, II and VI in normal and neoplastic pancreatic tissue was studied using polyclonal antisera and the immunoperoxidase technique. Samples were obtained from patients with well-differentiated (n = 4), moderately differentiated (n = 1) and poorly differentiated (n = 4) ductal adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma (n = 2), adenosquamous carcinoma (n = 1), acinar adenocarcinoma (n = 1), gastrinoma (n = 3), insulinoma (n = 3) and glucagonoma (n = 1). The control specimens were from a patient with traumatic laceration of the pancreas. The normal and malignant endocrine tissue showed intense positive staining for CA I localized in the cells expressing glucagon. In the exocrine pancreatic tissue, CA II was detected in the normal and neoplastic ductal epithelium. No specific staining was detected with anti-CA VI serum in either normal or malignant tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parkkila
- University of Oulu, Department of Anatomy, Finland
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33
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Parkkila AK, Parkkila S, Serlo W, Reunanen M, Vierjoki T, Rajaniemi H. A competitive dual-label time-resolved immunofluorometric assay for simultaneous detection of carbonic anhydrase I and II in cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chim Acta 1994; 230:81-9. [PMID: 7850996 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(94)90091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is functionally an important enzyme in the central nervous system (CNS) where it is involved in the control of acid-base balance and regulation of the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Isoenzyme II (CAII) is the most widely distributed CA in the CNS being specifically present in CNS glial tissue and therefore it is expected to be leaked to CSF in degenerative CNS diseases. A competitive dual-labeled time-resolved immunofluorometric assay was developed for simultaneous quantification of human CAI (HCA I) and II (HCA II) in CSF. HCA I was measured to determine the blood contamination in the samples. This solid-phase immunoassay is based on competition between europium (Eu3+)- or samarium (Sm3+)-labeled antigen and the sample antigens for polyclonal rabbit antibodies which are attached to microtiter-plate wells precoated with sheep anti-rabbit IgG. The subsequent immunoassay, including the separation of free and bound HCA I and II, requires only one incubation step, after which an enhancement solution dissociates Sm3+ and Eu3+ ions from the labeled HCA I and II, respectively, into a solution where they form highly fluorescent chelates. Spectra of the fluorescent chelates in the microtitration strip wells were run on time-resolved fluorometers equipped with filters for Eu3+ (613 nm) and Sm3+ (643 nm), the fluorescence from each sample being inversely proportional to the concentration of antigens. The detection limit of the HCA II assay was 0.3 micrograms/l and that of the HCA I assay was 5.2 micrograms/l. The intra- and inter-assay imprecisions (C.V.s) were 8.0% and 8.8% for HCA I and 6.3% and 4.8% for HCA II, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Parkkila
- Department of Anatomy, University of Oulu, Finland
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34
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Juvonen T, Parkkila S, Parkkila AK, Niemelä O, Lajunen LH, Kairaluoma MI, Perämäki P, Rajaniemi H. High-activity carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme (CA II) in human gallbladder epithelium. J Histochem Cytochem 1994; 42:1393-7. [PMID: 7930522 DOI: 10.1177/42.10.7930522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acidification of bile is one of the factors that prevents calcium precipitation and thereby gallstone formation. Carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) has previously been shown to be one of the key factors in the human alimentary tract that regulates the acid-base balance. We demonstrated CA II expression in the human gallbladder epithelium using immunohistochemical techniques, elucidated the CA II content of the epithelium by digital image analysis of the immunohistochemically stained enzyme in samples from 16 patients undergoing cholecystectomy, and correlated the results with the calcium content of the gallstones. Nine patients had symptomatic gallstone disease and seven an acalculous, histologically normal gallbladder. The patients were classified into two groups on the basis of the calcium content of their gallstones: no gallstones or gallstones containing no calcium (Group 1) and gallstones with 2-87% calcium by weight (Group 2). The immunohistochemical techniques showed distinct epithelial CA II-positive staining in most of the gallbladder samples, but digital image analysis revealed distinct variations in staining intensity among them. The median staining intensity index was significantly higher in Group 1 (0.4463) than in Group 2 (0.2376; p = 0.0262). The results suggest that CA II is abundantly expressed in the normal gallbladder epithelium and that decreased expression may be associated with the formation of calcified gallstones. These findings are relevant to the pathogenesis of gallstone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Juvonen
- Department of Surgery, University of Oulu, Finland
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35
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Abstract
The distribution of carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I, II, and VI was studied in the human alimentary tract using specific antibodies to human isoenzymes in conjunction with the immunoperoxidase technique to elucidate the physiological role and possible functional interplay of carbonic anhydrases (CAs) in alimentary canal functions. From the isoenzymes studied, CA II was found to be the most widely distributed in the various epithelia throughout the alimentary canal. In addition to the acinar cells of the parotid and submandibular glands and the duodenal Brunner's glands, it was present in the mucosal epithelium of the oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, and colon. The epithelial cells of the hepatic bile ducts, gall bladder, and pancreatic ducts also contained CA II in abundance. In contrast, CA VI was present only in the serous acinar and ductal cells of the parotid and submandibular glands, and CA I in the mucosal epithelium of the colon and the A cells of the pancreatic Langerhans's islets. These results suggest that CA II as a widely distributed isoenzyme in the epithelia of the alimentary canal and CA VI as secreted into saliva, may form a mutually complementary system protecting oesophageal, gastric, and intestinal mucosa from acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parkkila
- Department of Anatomy, University of Oulu, Finland
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36
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Parkkila S, Parkkila AK, Vierjoki T, Ståhlberg T, Rajaniemi H. Competitive time-resolved immunofluorometric assay for quantifying carbonic anhydrase VI in saliva. Clin Chem 1993; 39:2154-7. [PMID: 8403401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A competitive time-resolved immunofluorometric assay sensitive and robust enough for quantifying human salivary carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme VI (HCA VI) was developed. The solid-phase immunoassay is based on competition between Eu(3+)-labeled HCA VI and salivary HCA VI for polyclonal rabbit anti-HCA VI antibodies that are attached to microtiter plate wells precoated with sheep anti-rabbit IgG. The subsequent immunoassay including the separation of free and bound HCA VI requires only one incubation step, after which the Eu3+ of the bound labeled antigen is released into an enhancement solution. The highly fluorescent Eu chelates formed in this solution are then quantified by time-resolved fluorometry (Delfia). The time-resolution principle effectively obviates possible interferences from complex biological material such as saliva. The assay detection limit was 1.5 micrograms/L. Intra- and interassay imprecisions (CVs) were 5.1% and 5.3%, respectively. The mean analytical recovery was 93%. The mean +/- SD concentration of HCA VI in paraffin-stimulated saliva was 6.8 +/- 4.3 mg/L (n = 30) and the secretion rate was 10.2 +/- 7.9 micrograms/min. The method was useful for further investigations of the role of HCA VI in difficult matrices, e.g., saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parkkila
- University of Oulu, Department of Anatomy, Finland
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37
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Parkkila S, Parkkila AK, Vierjoki T, Ståhlberg T, Rajaniemi H. Competitive time-resolved immunofluorometric assay for quantifying carbonic anhydrase VI in saliva. Clin Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/39.10.2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A competitive time-resolved immunofluorometric assay sensitive and robust enough for quantifying human salivary carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme VI (HCA VI) was developed. The solid-phase immunoassay is based on competition between Eu(3+)-labeled HCA VI and salivary HCA VI for polyclonal rabbit anti-HCA VI antibodies that are attached to microtiter plate wells precoated with sheep anti-rabbit IgG. The subsequent immunoassay including the separation of free and bound HCA VI requires only one incubation step, after which the Eu3+ of the bound labeled antigen is released into an enhancement solution. The highly fluorescent Eu chelates formed in this solution are then quantified by time-resolved fluorometry (Delfia). The time-resolution principle effectively obviates possible interferences from complex biological material such as saliva. The assay detection limit was 1.5 micrograms/L. Intra- and interassay imprecisions (CVs) were 5.1% and 5.3%, respectively. The mean analytical recovery was 93%. The mean +/- SD concentration of HCA VI in paraffin-stimulated saliva was 6.8 +/- 4.3 mg/L (n = 30) and the secretion rate was 10.2 +/- 7.9 micrograms/min. The method was useful for further investigations of the role of HCA VI in difficult matrices, e.g., saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parkkila
- University of Oulu, Department of Anatomy, Finland
| | - A K Parkkila
- University of Oulu, Department of Anatomy, Finland
| | - T Vierjoki
- University of Oulu, Department of Anatomy, Finland
| | - T Ståhlberg
- University of Oulu, Department of Anatomy, Finland
| | - H Rajaniemi
- University of Oulu, Department of Anatomy, Finland
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38
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Parkkila S, Parkkila AK, Kaunisto K, Waheed A, Sly WS, Rajaniemi H. Location of a membrane-bound carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme (CA IV) in the human male reproductive tract. J Histochem Cytochem 1993; 41:751-7. [PMID: 8468457 DOI: 10.1177/41.5.8468457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the location of a membrane-bound carbonic anhydrase (CA IV) in the human male reproductive tract using a specific antiserum to human CA IV in conjunction with immunoblotting, immunoperoxidase, and immunofluorescence techniques. The microvilli and apical plasma membrane of the epithelial cells and the subepithelial smooth muscle layer of the epididymis, ductus deferens, and ampulla of the ductus deferens showed specific staining for CA IV. The epithelial cells of the prostate and seminal vesicle failed to stain for CA IV, however, whereas the subepithelial smooth muscle layer showed positive staining. No specific staining for CA II was seen in the epithelium of the epididymal duct or the proximal ductus deferens. The presence of CA IV in the epididymis was confirmed by immunoblotting, which revealed 35 KD and 33 KD polypeptides. The results show that the microvilli and the apical plasma membrane of the lining epithelium of the epididymal duct, ductus deferens, and ampulla of the ductus deferens contain the membrane-bound carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme IV. The presence of the enzyme in the epithelium of the epididymis and ductus deferens is probably linked to the acidification of the epididymal fluid that prevents premature sperm activation. Its physiological role in the smooth muscle cells remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Parkkila
- Department of Anatomy, University of Oulu, Finland
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39
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Parkkila AK, Parkkila S, Juvonen T, Rajaniemi H. Carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes II and I are present in the zona glomerulosa cells of the human adrenal gland. Histochemistry 1993; 99:37-41. [PMID: 8468192 DOI: 10.1007/bf00268018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Human carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I and II (HCA I and II) were purified from human erythrocytes by inhibitor affinity chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography. These isoenzymes were then located in the human adrenal gland using specific polyclonal antisera raised in rabbits and specific detection by immunohistochemical techniques. Both HCA II and I were located in the zona glomerulosa cells, although the staining for HCA I was faint. The cells of the zona fasciculata and the zona reticularis failed to stain with either antiserum. Control stainings with preimmune or anti-HCA VI sera were negative. The presence of HCA II and I in the zona glomerulosa cells may be linked to regulation of the biosynthesis or secretion of mineralocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Parkkila
- University of Oulu, Department of Anatomy, Finland
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