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Wang P, Jia Y, Liu T, Jan YN, Zhang W. Visceral Mechano-sensing Neurons Control Drosophila Feeding by Using Piezo as a Sensor. Neuron 2020; 108:640-650.e4. [PMID: 32910893 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Animal feeding is controlled by external sensory cues and internal metabolic states. Does it also depend on enteric neurons that sense mechanical cues to signal fullness of the digestive tract? Here, we identify a group of piezo-expressing neurons innervating the Drosophila crop (the fly equivalent of the stomach) that monitor crop volume to avoid food overconsumption. These neurons reside in the pars intercerebralis (PI), a neuro-secretory center in the brain involved in homeostatic control, and express insulin-like peptides with well-established roles in regulating food intake and metabolism. Piezo knockdown in these neurons of wild-type flies phenocopies the food overconsumption phenotype of piezo-null mutant flies. Conversely, expression of either fly Piezo or mammalian Piezo1 in these neurons of piezo-null mutants suppresses the overconsumption phenotype. Importantly, Piezo+ neurons at the PI are activated directly by crop distension, thus conveying a rapid satiety signal along the "brain-gut axis" to control feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yinjun Jia
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ting Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuh-Nung Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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2
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Abstract
Upon receiving injury signals, neurons can activate various pathways to reduce harm, initiate neuroprotection, and repair damaged neurite without cell death. Here, we review recent progresses in the study of neurite repair focusing on neuronal cell-autonomous mechanisms, including new findings on ion channels that serve as key regulators to initiate neurite repair and intrinsic signaling pathways and transcriptional and post-transcriptional factors that facilitate neurite repair. We also touch upon reports on how dendrites may be affected upon axotomy and how the regeneration potential in injured neurites might be maximized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Hsuan Liu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yuh-Nung Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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3
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Abstract
Activation of mechanosensitive ion channels underlies a variety of fundamental physiological processes that require sensation of mechanical force. Different mechanosensitive channels adapt distinctive structures and mechanotransduction mechanisms to fit their biological roles. How mechanosensitive channels work, especially in animals, has been extensively studied in the past decade. Here we review key findings in the functional and structural characterizations of these channels and highlight the structural features relevant to the mechanotransduction mechanism of each specific channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jin
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA;
| | - Lily Yeh Jan
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA; .,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Yuh-Nung Jan
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA; .,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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4
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Zhu S, Chen R, Soba P, Jan YN. JNK signaling coordinates with ecdysone signaling to promote pruning of Drosophila sensory neuron dendrites. Development 2019; 146:dev.163592. [PMID: 30936183 DOI: 10.1242/dev.163592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Developmental pruning of axons and dendrites is crucial for the formation of precise neuronal connections, but the mechanisms underlying developmental pruning are not fully understood. Here, we have investigated the function of JNK signaling in dendrite pruning using Drosophila class IV dendritic arborization (c4da) neurons as a model. We find that loss of JNK or its canonical downstream effectors Jun or Fos led to dendrite-pruning defects in c4da neurons. Interestingly, our data show that JNK activity in c4da neurons remains constant from larval to pupal stages but the expression of Fos is specifically activated by ecdysone receptor B1 (EcRB1) at early pupal stages, suggesting that ecdysone signaling provides temporal control of the regulation of dendrite pruning by JNK signaling. Thus, our work not only identifies a novel pathway involved in dendrite pruning and a new downstream target of EcRB1 in c4da neurons, but also reveals that JNK and Ecdysone signaling coordinate to promote dendrite pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijun Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA .,Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 20251, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Peter Soba
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 20251, USA.,Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yuh-Nung Jan
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 20251, USA
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5
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Meltzer S, Bagley JA, Perez GL, O'Brien CE, DeVault L, Guo Y, Jan LY, Jan YN. Phospholipid Homeostasis Regulates Dendrite Morphogenesis in Drosophila Sensory Neurons. Cell Rep 2018; 21:859-866. [PMID: 29069593 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions in lipid homeostasis have been observed in many neurodevelopmental disorders that are associated with dendrite morphogenesis defects. However, the molecular mechanisms of how lipid homeostasis affects dendrite morphogenesis are unclear. We find that easily shocked (eas), which encodes a kinase with a critical role in phospholipid phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) synthesis, and two other enzymes in this synthesis pathway are required cell autonomously in sensory neurons for dendrite growth and stability. Furthermore, we show that the level of Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein (SREBP) activity is important for dendrite development. SREBP activity increases in eas mutants, and decreasing the level of SREBP and its transcriptional targets in eas mutants largely suppresses the dendrite growth defects. Furthermore, reducing Ca2+ influx in neurons of eas mutants ameliorates the dendrite morphogenesis defects. Our study uncovers a role for EAS kinase and reveals the in vivo function of phospholipid homeostasis in dendrite morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Meltzer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Joshua A Bagley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gerardo Lopez Perez
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Caitlin E O'Brien
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Laura DeVault
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yanmeng Guo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lily Yeh Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yuh-Nung Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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6
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Orr BO, Gorczyca D, Younger MA, Jan LY, Jan YN, Davis GW. Composition and Control of a Deg/ENaC Channel during Presynaptic Homeostatic Plasticity. Cell Rep 2018; 20:1855-1866. [PMID: 28834749 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeostatic control of presynaptic neurotransmitter release stabilizes information transfer at synaptic connections in the nervous system of organisms ranging from insect to human. Presynaptic homeostatic signaling centers upon the regulated membrane insertion of an amiloride-sensitive degenerin/epithelial sodium (Deg/ENaC) channel. Elucidating the subunit composition of this channel is an essential step toward defining the underlying mechanisms of presynaptic homeostatic plasticity (PHP). Here, we demonstrate that the ppk1 gene encodes an essential subunit of this Deg/ENaC channel, functioning in motoneurons for the rapid induction and maintenance of PHP. We provide genetic and biochemical evidence that PPK1 functions together with PPK11 and PPK16 as a presynaptic, hetero-trimeric Deg/ENaC channel. Finally, we highlight tight control of Deg/ENaC channel expression and activity, showing increased PPK1 protein expression during PHP and evidence for signaling mechanisms that fine tune the level of Deg/ENaC activity during PHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian O Orr
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David Gorczyca
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Meg A Younger
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lily Y Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yuh-Nung Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Graeme W Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Jin P, Bulkley D, Guo Y, Zhang W, Guo Z, Huynh W, Wu S, Meltzer S, Cheng T, Yeh Jan L, Jan YN, Cheng Y. Cryo-EM structure of the Mechanotransduction Channel NOMPC. Biophys J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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8
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Yadav S, Oses-Prieto JA, Peters CJ, Zhou J, Pleasure SJ, Burlingame AL, Jan LY, Jan YN. TAOK2 Kinase Mediates PSD95 Stability and Dendritic Spine Maturation through Septin7 Phosphorylation. Neuron 2017; 93:379-393. [PMID: 28065648 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities in dendritic spines are manifestations of several neurodevelopmental and psychiatric diseases. TAOK2 is one of the genes in the 16p11.2 locus, copy number variations of which are associated with autism and schizophrenia. Here, we show that the kinase activity of the serine/threonine kinase encoded by TAOK2 is required for spine maturation. TAOK2 depletion results in unstable dendritic protrusions, mislocalized shaft-synapses, and loss of compartmentalization of NMDA receptor-mediated calcium influx. Using chemical-genetics and mass spectrometry, we identified several TAOK2 phosphorylation targets. We show that TAOK2 directly phosphorylates the cytoskeletal GTPase Septin7, at an evolutionary conserved residue. This phosphorylation induces translocation of Septin7 to the spine, where it associates with and stabilizes the scaffolding protein PSD95, promoting dendritic spine maturation. This study provides a mechanistic basis for postsynaptic stability and compartmentalization via TAOK2-Sept7 signaling, with implications toward understanding the potential role of TAOK2 in neurological deficits associated with the 16p11.2 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Yadav
- Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Juan A Oses-Prieto
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Christian J Peters
- Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Programs in Neuroscience and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Samuel J Pleasure
- Department of Neurology, Programs in Neuroscience and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lily Y Jan
- Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yuh-Nung Jan
- Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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9
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Meltzer S, Yadav S, Lee J, Soba P, Younger SH, Jin P, Zhang W, Parrish J, Jan LY, Jan YN. Epidermis-Derived Semaphorin Promotes Dendrite Self-Avoidance by Regulating Dendrite-Substrate Adhesion in Drosophila Sensory Neurons. Neuron 2016; 89:741-55. [PMID: 26853303 PMCID: PMC4760923 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Precise patterning of dendritic arbors is critical for the wiring and function of neural circuits. Dendrite-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion ensures that the dendrites of Drosophila dendritic arborization (da) sensory neurons are properly restricted in a 2D space, and thereby facilitates contact-mediated dendritic self-avoidance and tiling. However, the mechanisms regulating dendrite-ECM adhesion in vivo are poorly understood. Here, we show that mutations in the semaphorin ligand sema-2b lead to a dramatic increase in self-crossing of dendrites due to defects in dendrite-ECM adhesion, resulting in a failure to confine dendrites to a 2D plane. Furthermore, we find that Sema-2b is secreted from the epidermis and signals through the Plexin B receptor in neighboring neurons. Importantly, we find that Sema-2b/PlexB genetically and physically interacts with TORC2 complex, Tricornered (Trc) kinase, and integrins. These results reveal a novel role for semaphorins in dendrite patterning and illustrate how epidermal-derived cues regulate neural circuit assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Meltzer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Smita Yadav
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jiae Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Peter Soba
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University of Hamburg Medical School, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susan H Younger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Peng Jin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jay Parrish
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lily Yeh Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yuh-Nung Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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10
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Lin T, Pan PY, Lai YT, Chiang KW, Hsieh HL, Wu YP, Ke JM, Lee MC, Liao SS, Shih HT, Tang CY, Yang SB, Cheng HC, Wu JT, Jan YN, Lee HH. Spindle-F Is the Central Mediator of Ik2 Kinase-Dependent Dendrite Pruning in Drosophila Sensory Neurons. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005642. [PMID: 26540204 PMCID: PMC4634852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, certain Drosophila sensory neurons undergo dendrite pruning that selectively eliminates their dendrites but leaves the axons intact. How these neurons regulate pruning activity in the dendrites remains unknown. Here, we identify a coiled-coil protein Spindle-F (Spn-F) that is required for dendrite pruning in Drosophila sensory neurons. Spn-F acts downstream of IKK-related kinase Ik2 in the same pathway for dendrite pruning. Spn-F exhibits a punctate pattern in larval neurons, whereas these Spn-F puncta become redistributed in pupal neurons, a step that is essential for dendrite pruning. The redistribution of Spn-F from puncta in pupal neurons requires the phosphorylation of Spn-F by Ik2 kinase to decrease Spn-F self-association, and depends on the function of microtubule motor dynein complex. Spn-F is a key component to link Ik2 kinase to dynein motor complex, and the formation of Ik2/Spn-F/dynein complex is critical for Spn-F redistribution and for dendrite pruning. Our findings reveal a novel regulatory mechanism for dendrite pruning achieved by temporal activation of Ik2 kinase and dynein-mediated redistribution of Ik2/Spn-F complex in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu Lin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yuan Pan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Lai
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Wen Chiang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lun Hsieh
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ming Ke
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Myong-Chol Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Sian Liao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Tzu Shih
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Yang Tang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Bing Yang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hsu-Chen Cheng
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - June-Tai Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Nung Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hsiu-Hsiang Lee
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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11
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Yu D, Baird MA, Allen JR, Howe ES, Klassen MP, Reade A, Makhijani K, Song Y, Liu S, Murthy Z, Zhang SQ, Weiner OD, Kornberg TB, Jan YN, Davidson MW, Shu X. A naturally monomeric infrared fluorescent protein for protein labeling in vivo. Nat Methods 2015; 12:763-5. [PMID: 26098020 PMCID: PMC4521985 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.3447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Infrared fluorescent proteins (IFPs) provide an additional color to GFP and its red homologs in protein labeling. Based on structural analysis of the dimer interface, a monomeric bateriophytochrome is identified from a sequence database, and is engineered into a naturally-monomeric IFP (mIFP). We demonstrate that mIFP correctly labels proteins in live Drosophila and zebrafish requiring no exogenous cofactor, and will thus be useful in molecular, cell and developmental biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yu
- 1] Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [2] Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michelle A Baird
- 1] National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA. [2] Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - John R Allen
- 1] National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA. [2] Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Howe
- 1] National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA. [2] Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Matthew P Klassen
- 1] Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [2] Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [3] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anna Reade
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kalpana Makhijani
- 1] Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [2] Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yuanquan Song
- 1] Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [2] Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [3] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Songmei Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zehra Murthy
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shao-Qing Zhang
- 1] Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [2] Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [3] Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Orion D Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thomas B Kornberg
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yuh-Nung Jan
- 1] Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [2] Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [3] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael W Davidson
- 1] National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA. [2] Department of Biological Science, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Xiaokun Shu
- 1] Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [2] Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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12
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Ultanir SK, Yadav S, Hertz NT, Oses-Prieto JA, Claxton S, Burlingame AL, Shokat KM, Jan LY, Jan YN. MST3 kinase phosphorylates TAO1/2 to enable Myosin Va function in promoting spine synapse development. Neuron 2014; 84:968-82. [PMID: 25456499 PMCID: PMC4407996 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian Sterile 20 (Ste20)-like kinase 3 (MST3) is a ubiquitously expressed kinase capable of enhancing axon outgrowth. Whether and how MST3 kinase signaling might regulate development of dendritic filopodia and spine synapses is unknown. Through shRNA-mediated depletion of MST3 and kinase-dead MST3 expression in developing hippocampal cultures, we found that MST3 is necessary for proper filopodia, dendritic spine, and excitatory synapse development. Knockdown of MST3 in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons via in utero electroporation also reduced spine density in vivo. Using chemical genetics, we discovered thirteen candidate MST3 substrates and identified the phosphorylation sites. Among the identified MST3 substrates, TAO kinases regulate dendritic filopodia and spine development, similar to MST3. Furthermore, using stable isotope labeling by amino acids in culture (SILAC), we show that phosphorylated TAO1/2 associates with Myosin Va and is necessary for its dendritic localization, thus revealing a mechanism for excitatory synapse development in the mammalian CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sila K Ultanir
- Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Medical Research Council, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.
| | - Smita Yadav
- Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nicholas T Hertz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Juan A Oses-Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Suzanne Claxton
- Medical Research Council, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lily Y Jan
- Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yuh-Nung Jan
- Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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13
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Han C, Song Y, Xiao H, Wang D, Franc NC, Jan LY, Jan YN. Epidermal cells are the primary phagocytes in the fragmentation and clearance of degenerating dendrites in Drosophila. Neuron 2014; 81:544-560. [PMID: 24412417 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
During developmental remodeling, neurites destined for pruning often degenerate on-site. Physical injury also induces degeneration of neurites distal to the injury site. Prompt clearance of degenerating neurites is important for maintaining tissue homeostasis and preventing inflammatory responses. Here we show that in both dendrite pruning and dendrite injury of Drosophila sensory neurons, epidermal cells rather than hemocytes are the primary phagocytes in clearing degenerating dendrites. Epidermal cells act via Draper-mediated recognition to facilitate dendrite degeneration and to engulf and degrade degenerating dendrites. Using multiple dendritic membrane markers to trace phagocytosis, we show that two members of the CD36 family, croquemort (crq) and debris buster (dsb), act at distinct stages of phagosome maturation for dendrite clearance. Our finding reveals the physiological importance of coordination between neurons and their surrounding epidermis, for both dendrite fragmentation and clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Han
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, Rock Hall, 1550 4 Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yuanquan Song
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, Rock Hall, 1550 4 Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hui Xiao
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA92037, USA
| | - Denan Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, Rock Hall, 1550 4 Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nathalie C Franc
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA92037, USA
| | - Lily Yeh Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, Rock Hall, 1550 4 Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yuh-Nung Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, Rock Hall, 1550 4 Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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14
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Huang F, Wang X, Ostertag EM, Nuwal T, Huang B, Jan YN, Basbaum AI, Jan LY. TMEM16C facilitates Na(+)-activated K+ currents in rat sensory neurons and regulates pain processing. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:1284-90. [PMID: 23872594 PMCID: PMC4034143 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
TMEM16C belongs to the TMEM16 family, which includes the Ca2+-activated Cl– channels (CaCCs) TMEM16A and TMEM16B and a small conductance Ca2+-activated, non-selective cation channel (SCAN), TMEM16F. Here we report that in rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) TMEM16C is expressed mainly in the IB4 positive, non-peptidergic nociceptors that also express the sodium-activated potassium (KNa) channel Slack. Together these channel proteins promote KNa channel activity and dampen neuronal excitability. DRG from TMEM16C knock out rats have reduced Slack expression, broadened action potential and increased excitability. Moreover, the TMEM16C knock out rats as well as rats with Slack knockdown via intrathecal injection of siRNA exhibit increased thermal and mechanical sensitivity. Experiments involving heterologous expression in HEK293 cells further show that TMEM16C modulates the single channel activity of Slack channels and increases its sodium sensitivity. Our study thus reveals that TMEM16C enhances KNa channel activity in DRG neurons and regulate the processing of pain messages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Huang
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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15
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Ori-McKenney KM, Jan LY, Jan YN. Golgi outposts shape dendrite morphology by functioning as sites of acentrosomal microtubule nucleation in neurons. Neuron 2013; 76:921-30. [PMID: 23217741 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule nucleation is essential for proper establishment and maintenance of axons and dendrites. Centrosomes, the primary site of nucleation in most cells, lose their function as microtubule organizing centers during neuronal development. How neurons generate acentrosomal microtubules remains unclear. Drosophila dendritic arborization (da) neurons lack centrosomes and therefore provide a model system to study acentrosomal microtubule nucleation. Here, we investigate the origin of microtubules within the elaborate dendritic arbor of class IV da neurons. Using a combination of in vivo and in vitro techniques, we find that Golgi outposts can directly nucleate microtubules throughout the arbor. This acentrosomal nucleation requires gamma-tubulin and CP309, the Drosophila homolog of AKAP450, and contributes to the complex microtubule organization within the arbor and dendrite branch growth and stability. Together, these results identify a direct mechanism for acentrosomal microtubule nucleation within neurons and reveal a function for Golgi outposts in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassandra M Ori-McKenney
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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16
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Huang F, Zhang H, Wu M, Yang H, Kudo M, Peters CJ, Woodruff PG, Solberg OD, Donne ML, Huang X, Sheppard D, Fahy JV, Wolters PJ, Hogan BLM, Finkbeiner WE, Li M, Jan YN, Jan LY, Rock JR. Calcium-activated chloride channel TMEM16A modulates mucin secretion and airway smooth muscle contraction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:16354-9. [PMID: 22988107 PMCID: PMC3479591 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1214596109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucous cell hyperplasia and airway smooth muscle (ASM) hyperresponsiveness are hallmark features of inflammatory airway diseases, including asthma. Here, we show that the recently identified calcium-activated chloride channel (CaCC) TMEM16A is expressed in the adult airway surface epithelium and ASM. The epithelial expression is increased in asthmatics, particularly in secretory cells. Based on this and the proposed functions of CaCC, we hypothesized that TMEM16A inhibitors would negatively regulate both epithelial mucin secretion and ASM contraction. We used a high-throughput screen to identify small-molecule blockers of TMEM16A-CaCC channels. We show that inhibition of TMEM16A-CaCC significantly impairs mucus secretion in primary human airway surface epithelial cells. Furthermore, inhibition of TMEM16A-CaCC significantly reduces mouse and human ASM contraction in response to cholinergic agonists. TMEM16A-CaCC blockers, including those identified here, may positively impact multiple causes of asthma symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Huang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Hongkang Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, High Throughput Biology Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, High Throughput Biology Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Huanghe Yang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Makoto Kudo
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Christian J. Peters
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Prescott G. Woodruff
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Owen D. Solberg
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | | | - Xiaozhu Huang
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Dean Sheppard
- Lung Biology Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - John V. Fahy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Paul J. Wolters
- Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Brigid L. M. Hogan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Min Li
- Department of Neuroscience, High Throughput Biology Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Yuh-Nung Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Lily Yeh Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Jason R. Rock
- Departments of Anatomy
- Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
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17
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Han C, Wang D, Soba P, Zhu S, Lin X, Jan LY, Jan YN. Integrins regulate repulsion-mediated dendritic patterning of drosophila sensory neurons by restricting dendrites in a 2D space. Neuron 2012; 73:64-78. [PMID: 22243747 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendrites of the same neuron usually avoid each other. Some neurons also repel similar neurons through dendrite-dendrite interaction to tile the receptive field. Nonoverlapping coverage based on such contact-dependent repulsion requires dendrites to compete for limited space. Here we show that Drosophila class IV dendritic arborization (da) neurons, which tile the larval body wall, grow their dendrites mainly in a 2D space on the extracellular matrix (ECM) secreted by the epidermis. Removing neuronal integrins or blocking epidermal laminin production causes dendrites to grow into the epidermis, suggesting that integrin-laminin interaction attaches dendrites to the ECM. We further show that some of the previously identified tiling mutants fail to confine dendrites in a 2D plane. Expansion of these mutant dendrites in three dimensions results in overlap of dendritic fields. Moreover, overexpression of integrins in these mutant neurons effectively reduces dendritic crossing and restores tiling, revealing an additional mechanism for tiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Han
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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18
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Jan YN. Yoshiki Hotta's influence. J Neurogenet 2012; 26:3-4. [DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2011.642911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Type-specific dendrite morphology is a hallmark of the neuron and has important functional implications in determining what signals a neuron receives and how these signals are integrated. During the past two decades, studies on dendritic arborization neurons in Drosophila melanogaster have started to identify mechanisms of dendrite morphogenesis that may have broad applicability to vertebrate species. Transcription factors, receptor-ligand interactions, various signalling pathways, local translational machinery, cytoskeletal elements, Golgi outposts and endosomes have been identified as contributors to the organization of dendrites of individual neurons and the placement of these dendrites in the neuronal circuitry. Further insight into these mechanisms will improve our understanding of how the nervous system functions and might help to identify the underlying causes of some neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Nung Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco 94158, USA.
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21
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Bultje RS, Castaneda-Castellanos DR, Jan LY, Jan YN, Kriegstein AR, Shi SH. Mammalian Par3 regulates progenitor cell asymmetric division via notch signaling in the developing neocortex. Neuron 2009; 63:189-202. [PMID: 19640478 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division of radial glial progenitors produces neurons while allowing self-renewal; however, little is known about the mechanism that generates asymmetry in daughter cell fate specification. Here, we found that mammalian partition defective protein 3 (mPar3), a key cell polarity determinant, exhibits dynamic distribution in radial glial progenitors. While it is enriched at the lateral membrane domain in the ventricular endfeet during interphase, mPar3 becomes dispersed and shows asymmetric localization as cell cycle progresses. Either removal or ectopic expression of mPar3 prevents radial glial progenitors from dividing asymmetrically yet generates different outcomes in daughter cell fate specification. Furthermore, the expression level of mPar3 affects Notch signaling, and manipulations of Notch signaling or Numb expression suppress mPar3 regulation of radial glial cell division and daughter cell fate specification. These results reveal a critical molecular pathway underlying asymmetric cell division of radial glial progenitors in the mammalian neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald S Bultje
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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22
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Yang CH, Rumpf S, Xiang Y, Gordon MD, Song W, Jan LY, Jan YN. Control of the postmating behavioral switch in Drosophila females by internal sensory neurons. Neuron 2009; 61:519-26. [PMID: 19249273 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mating induces changes in the receptivity and egg-laying behavior in Drosophila females, primarily due to a peptide pheromone called sex peptide which is transferred with the sperm into the female reproductive tract during copulation. Whereas sex peptide is generally believed to modulate fruitless-GAL4-expressing neurons in the central nervous system to produce behavioral changes, we found that six to eight sensory neurons on the reproductive tract labeled by both ppk-GAL4 and fruitless-GAL4 can sense sex peptide to control the induction of postmating behaviors. In these sensory neurons, sex peptide appears to act through Pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins and suppression of protein kinase A activity to reduce synaptic output. Our results uncover a neuronal mechanism by which sex peptide exerts its control over reproductive behaviors in Drosophila females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hui Yang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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23
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Abstract
The Drosophila let-7-Complex (let-7-C) is a polycistronic locus encoding three ancient microRNAs: let-7, miR-100, and fly lin-4 (miR-125). We find that the let-7-C locus is principally expressed in the pupal and adult neuromusculature. let-7-C knockout flies appear normal externally but display defects in adult behaviors (e.g., flight, motility, and fertility) as well as clear juvenile features in their neuromusculature. We find that the function of let-7-C to ensure the appropriate remodeling of the abdominal neuromusculature during the larval-to-adult transition is carried out predominantly by let-7 alone. This heterochronic role of let-7 is likely just one of the ways in which let-7-C promotes adult behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Sokol
- Department of Genetics, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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24
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Yang CH, Belawat P, Hafen E, Jan LY, Jan YN. Drosophila egg-laying site selection as a system to study simple decision-making processes. Science 2008; 319:1679-83. [PMID: 18356529 DOI: 10.1126/science.1151842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to select a better option from multiple acceptable ones is important for animals to optimize their resources. The mechanisms that underlie such decision-making processes are not well understood. We found that selection of egg-laying site in Drosophila melanogaster is a suitable system to probe the neural circuit that governs simple decision-making processes. First, Drosophila females pursue active probing of the environment before depositing each egg, apparently to evaluate site quality for every egg. Second, Drosophila females can either accept or reject a sucrose-containing medium, depending on the context. Last, communication of the "acceptability" of the sucrose-containing medium as an egg-laying option to the reproductive system depends on the function of a group of insulin-like peptide 7 (ILP7)-producing neurons. These findings suggest that selection of egg-laying site involves a simple decision-making process and provide an entry point toward a systematic dissection of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hui Yang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0725, USA
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25
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Shaw RM, Fay AJ, Puthenveedu MA, von Zastrow M, Jan YN, Jan LY. Microtubule Plus-End-Tracking Proteins Target Gap Junctions Directly from the Cell Interior to Adherens Junctions. Cell 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Nung Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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27
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Li P, Yang X, Wasser M, Cai Y, Chia W, Shen CP, Jan LY, Jan YN. Breaking symmetry in the CNS. Trends Cell Biol 2007; 7:422. [PMID: 17708996 DOI: 10.1016/s0962-8924(97)88137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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28
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Rasin MR, Gazula VR, Breunig JJ, Kwan KY, Johnson MB, Liu-Chen S, Li HS, Jan LY, Jan YN, Rakic P, Sestan N. Numb and Numbl are required for maintenance of cadherin-based adhesion and polarity of neural progenitors. Nat Neurosci 2007; 10:819-27. [PMID: 17589506 DOI: 10.1038/nn1924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The polarity and adhesion of radial glial cells (RGCs), which function as progenitors and migrational guides for neurons, are critical for morphogenesis of the cerebral cortex. These characteristics largely depend on cadherin-based adherens junctions, which anchor apical end-feet of adjacent RGCs to each other at the ventricular surface. Here, we show that mouse numb and numb-like are required for maintaining radial glial adherens junctions. Numb accumulates in the apical end-feet, where it localizes to adherens junction-associated vesicles and interacts with cadherins. Numb and Numbl inactivation in RGCs decreases proper basolateral insertion of cadherins and disrupts adherens junctions and polarity, leading to progenitor dispersion and disorganized cortical lamination. Conversely, overexpression of Numb prolongs RGC polarization, in a cadherin-dependent manner, beyond the normal neurogenic period. Thus, by regulating RGC adhesion and polarity, Numb and Numbl are required for the tissue architecture of neurogenic niches and the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mladen-Roko Rasin
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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29
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Soba P, Zhu S, Emoto K, Younger S, Yang SJ, Yu HH, Lee T, Jan LY, Jan YN. Drosophila sensory neurons require Dscam for dendritic self-avoidance and proper dendritic field organization. Neuron 2007; 54:403-16. [PMID: 17481394 PMCID: PMC1963441 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Revised: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A neuron's dendrites typically do not cross one another. This intrinsic self-avoidance mechanism ensures unambiguous processing of sensory or synaptic inputs. Moreover, some neurons respect the territory of others of the same type, a phenomenon known as tiling. Different types of neurons, however, often have overlapping dendritic fields. We found that Down's syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecule (Dscam) is required for dendritic self-avoidance of all four classes of Drosophila dendritic arborization (da) neurons. However, neighboring mutant class IV da neurons still exhibited tiling, suggesting that self-avoidance and tiling differ in their recognition and repulsion mechanisms. Introducing 1 of the 38,016 Dscam isoforms to da neurons in Dscam mutants was sufficient to significantly restore self-avoidance. Remarkably, expression of a common Dscam isoform in da neurons of different classes prevented their dendrites from sharing the same territory, suggesting that coexistence of dendritic fields of different neuronal classes requires divergent expression of Dscam isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Soba
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, Rock Hall, 1550 4th street, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Sijun Zhu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, Rock Hall, 1550 4th street, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Kazuo Emoto
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, Rock Hall, 1550 4th street, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Susan Younger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, Rock Hall, 1550 4th street, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Shun-Jen Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Hung-Hsiang Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Tzumin Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Lily Yeh Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, Rock Hall, 1550 4th street, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Yuh-Nung Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, Rock Hall, 1550 4th street, San Francisco, CA 94143
- E-mail:
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30
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Shaw RM, Fay AJ, Puthenveedu MA, von Zastrow M, Jan YN, Jan LY. Microtubule plus-end-tracking proteins target gap junctions directly from the cell interior to adherens junctions. Cell 2007; 128:547-60. [PMID: 17289573 PMCID: PMC1955433 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions are intercellular channels that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. For gap junctions to properly control organ formation and electrical synchronization in the heart and the brain, connexin-based hemichannels must be correctly targeted to cell-cell borders. While it is generally accepted that gap junctions form via lateral diffusion of hemichannels following microtubule-mediated delivery to the plasma membrane, we provide evidence for direct targeting of hemichannels to cell-cell junctions through a pathway that is dependent on microtubules; through the adherens-junction proteins N-cadherin and beta-catenin; through the microtubule plus-end-tracking protein (+TIP) EB1; and through its interacting protein p150(Glued). Based on live cell microscopy that includes fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF), deconvolution, and siRNA knockdown, we propose that preferential tethering of microtubule plus ends at the adherens junction promotes delivery of connexin hemichannels directly to the cell-cell border. These findings support an unanticipated mechanism for protein delivery to points of cell-cell contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M. Shaw
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Alex J. Fay
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Manojkumar A. Puthenveedu
- Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Mark von Zastrow
- Departments of Psychiatry and Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Yuh-Nung Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lily Y. Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- *Correspondence:
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Grueber WB, Ye B, Yang CH, Younger S, Borden K, Jan LY, Jan YN. Projections of Drosophila multidendritic neurons in the central nervous system: links with peripheral dendrite morphology. Development 2007; 134:55-64. [PMID: 17164414 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Neurons establish diverse dendritic morphologies during development, and a major challenge is to understand how these distinct developmental programs might relate to, and influence, neuronal function. Drosophila dendritic arborization (da) sensory neurons display class-specific dendritic morphology with extensive coverage of the body wall. To begin to build a basis for linking dendrite structure and function in this genetic system, we analyzed da neuron axon projections in embryonic and larval stages. We found that multiple parameters of axon morphology, including dorsoventral position, midline crossing and collateral branching, correlate with dendritic morphological class. We have identified a class-specific medial-lateral layering of axons in the central nervous system formed during embryonic development, which could allow different classes of da neurons to develop differential connectivity to second-order neurons. We have examined the effect of Robo family members on class-specific axon lamination, and have also taken a forward genetic approach to identify new genes involved in axon and dendrite development. For the latter, we screened the third chromosome at high resolution in vivo for mutations that affect class IV da neuron morphology. Several known loci, as well as putative novel mutations, were identified that contribute to sensory dendrite and/or axon patterning. This collection of mutants, together with anatomical data on dendrites and axons, should begin to permit studies of dendrite diversity in a combined developmental and functional context, and also provide a foundation for understanding shared and distinct mechanisms that control axon and dendrite morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley B Grueber
- Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, Rock Hall, Room GD481, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Kuo CT, Mirzadeh Z, Soriano-Navarro M, Rašin M, Wang D, Shen J, Šestan N, Garcia-Verdugo J, Alvarez-Buylla A, Jan LY, Jan YN. Postnatal deletion of Numb/Numblike reveals repair and remodeling capacity in the subventricular neurogenic niche. Cell 2006; 127:1253-64. [PMID: 17174898 PMCID: PMC1876765 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Revised: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells are retained in the postnatal subventricular zone (SVZ), a specialized neurogenic niche with unique cytoarchitecture and cell-cell contacts. Although the SVZ stem cells continuously regenerate, how they and the niche respond to local changes is unclear. Here we generated nestin-creER(tm) transgenic mice with inducible Cre recombinase in the SVZ and removed Numb/Numblike, key regulators of embryonic neurogenesis from postnatal SVZ progenitors and ependymal cells. This resulted in severe damage to brain lateral ventricle integrity and identified roles for Numb/Numblike in regulating ependymal wall integrity and SVZ neuroblast survival. Surprisingly, the ventricular damage was eventually repaired: SVZ reconstitution and ventricular wall remodeling were mediated by progenitors that escaped Numb deletion. Our results show a self-repair mechanism in the mammalian brain and may have implications for both niche plasticity in other areas of stem cell biology and the therapeutic use of neural stem cells in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chay T. Kuo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry
| | - Zaman Mirzadeh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Mario Soriano-Navarro
- Laboratorio de Morfología Celular. Unidad Asociada Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe-Universidad de Valencia. Valencia. Spain
| | - Mladen Rašin
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Denan Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry
| | - Jie Shen
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Nenad Šestan
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Jose Garcia-Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Morfología Celular. Unidad Asociada Centro de Investigación Principe Felipe-Universidad de Valencia. Valencia. Spain
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Lily Y. Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry
| | - Yuh-Nung Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry
- *Corresponding author:
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Emoto K, Parrish JZ, Jan LY, Jan YN. The tumour suppressor Hippo acts with the NDR kinases in dendritic tiling and maintenance. Nature 2006; 443:210-3. [PMID: 16906135 DOI: 10.1038/nature05090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Precise patterning of dendritic fields is essential for neuronal circuit formation and function, but how neurons establish and maintain their dendritic fields during development is poorly understood. In Drosophila class IV dendritic arborization neurons, dendritic tiling, which allows for the complete but non-overlapping coverage of the dendritic fields, is established through a 'like-repels-like' behaviour of dendrites mediated by Tricornered (Trc), one of two NDR (nuclear Dbf2-related) family kinases in Drosophila. Here we report that the other NDR family kinase, the tumour suppressor Warts/Lats (Wts), regulates the maintenance of dendrites; in wts mutants, dendrites initially tile the body wall normally, but progressively lose branches at later larval stages, whereas the axon shows no obvious defects. We further provide biochemical and genetic evidence for the tumour suppressor kinase Hippo (Hpo) as an upstream regulator of Wts and Trc for dendrite maintenance and tiling, respectively, thereby revealing important functions of tumour suppressor genes of the Hpo signalling pathway in dendrite morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Emoto
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0725, USA
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Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized cells with some regions specified for information input--typically the dendrites--and others specialized for information output--the axons. By extending to a specific location and branching in a specific manner, the processes of neurons determine at a fundamental level how the nervous system is wired to produce behavior. Recent studies suggest that relatively small changes in neuronal morphology could conceivably contribute to striking behavioral distinctions between invertebrate species. We review recent data that begin to shed light on how neurons extend dendrites to their targets and acquire their particular branching morphologies, drawing primarily on data from genetic model organisms. We speculate about how and why the actions of these genes might facilitate the diversification of dendritic morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley B Grueber
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, New York 10032,USA
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Abstract
The recent development of automated patch clamp technology has increased the throughput of electrophysiology but at the expense of visual access to the cells being studied. To improve visualization and the control of cell position, we have developed a simple alternative patch clamp technique based on microfluidic junctions between a main chamber and lateral recording capillaries, all fabricated by micromolding of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). PDMS substrates eliminate the need for vibration isolation and allow direct cell visualization and manipulation using standard microscopy. Microfluidic integration allows recording capillaries to be arrayed 20 microm apart, for a total chamber volume of <0.5 nl. The geometry of the recording capillaries permits high-quality, stable, whole-cell seals despite the hydrophobicity of the PDMS surface. Using this device, we are able to demonstrate reliable whole-cell recording of mammalian cells on an inexpensive microfluidic platform. Recordings of activation of the voltage-sensitive potassium channel Kv2.1 in mammalian cells compare well with traditional pipette recordings. The results make possible the integration of whole-cell electrophysiology with easily manufactured microfluidic lab-on-a-chip devices.
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He Y, Emoto K, Fang X, Ren N, Tian X, Jan YN, Adler PN. Drosophila Mob family proteins interact with the related tricornered (Trc) and warts (Wts) kinases. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16:4139-52. [PMID: 15975907 PMCID: PMC1196325 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-01-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of Tricornered (Trc), the Drosophila Ndr (Nuclear Dbf2-related) serine/threonine protein kinase, is required for the normal morphogenesis of a variety of polarized outgrowths including epidermal hairs, bristles, arista laterals, and dendrites. In yeast the Trc homolog Cbk1 needs to bind Mob2 to activate the RAM pathway. In this report, we provide genetic and biochemical data that Drosophila Trc also interacts with and is activated by Drosophila Dmob proteins. In addition, Drosophila Mob proteins appear to interact with the related Warts/Lats kinase, which functions as a tumor suppressor in flies and mammals. Interestingly, the overgrowth tumor phenotype that results from mutations in Dmob1 (mats) was only seen in genetic mosaics and not when the entire animal was mutant. We conclude that unlike in yeast, in Drosophila individual Mob proteins interact with multiple kinases and that individual NDR family kinases interact with multiple Mob proteins. We further provide evidence that Mo25, the Drosophila homolog of the RAM pathway hym1 gene does not function along with Trc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- Department of Biology, Center for Morphogenesis and Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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Shi SH, Cheng T, Jan LY, Jan YN. APC and GSK-3beta are involved in mPar3 targeting to the nascent axon and establishment of neuronal polarity. Curr Biol 2005; 14:2025-32. [PMID: 15556865 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2004.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2004] [Revised: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 09/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In developing hippocampal neurons in culture, the evolutionarily conserved polarity complex mPar3/mPar6/aPKC selectively accumulates at the tip of one, and only one, of the immature neurites of a neuron and thus specifies the axon and generates neuronal polarity. How mPar3/mPar6 is enriched at the tip of the nascent axon, but not the dendrites, is not fully understood. Here, we report that mPar3 forms a complex with adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and kinesin superfamily (KIF) 3A, proteins that move along microtubules. In polarizing hippocampal neurons, APC selectively accumulates at the nascent axon tip and colocalizes with mPar3. Expression of dominant-negative C terminus deletion mutants of APC or ectopic expression of APC leads to dislocalization of mPar3 and defects in axon specification and neuronal polarity. In addition to spatial polarization of APC, the selective inactivation of the GSK-3beta activity at the nascent axon tip is required for mPar3 targeting and polarization and establishing neuronal polarity. These results suggest that mPar3 is polarized in developing neurons through APC- and kinesin-mediated transport to the plus ends of rapidly growing microtubules at the nascent axon tip, a process that involves a spatially regulated GSK-3beta activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Hai Shi
- Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94143-0725, USA
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Goldstein AYN, Jan YN, Luo L. Function and regulation of Tumbleweed (RacGAP50C) in neuroblast proliferation and neuronal morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:3834-9. [PMID: 15738386 PMCID: PMC553341 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0500748102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila RacGAP50C and its homologues act as part of a complex with a kinesin-like protein (Pavarotti/Zen-4) that is essential for the formation of the central spindle and completion of cytokinesis [Mishima, M., Kaitna, S. & Glotzer, M. (2002) Dev. Cell 2, 41-54; Somers, W. G. & Saint, R. (2003) Dev. Cell 4, 29-39; Jantsch-Plunger et al. (2000) J. Cell Biol. 149, 1391-1404]. We report here that RacGAP50C corresponds to the tumbleweed (tum) gene previously identified based on its defects in dendrite development of sensory neurons [Gao, F. B., Brenman, J. E., Jan, L. Y. & Jan, Y. N. (1999) Genes Dev. 13, 2549-2561]. Using mushroom body neurogenesis and morphogenesis as a model, we show that Tumbleweed (Tum), Pavarotti, and their association are required for neuroblast proliferation. Tum with a mutation predicted to disrupt the GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity still largely retains its activity in regulating cell division but is impaired in its activity to limit axon growth. We also provide evidence that Tum and Pavarotti regulate the subcellular localization of each other in postmitotic neurons and that cytoplasmic accumulation of both proteins disrupts axon development in a GAP-dependent manner. Taken together with previous studies of RacGAP50C in regulating cytokinesis, we propose that Tum serves as a scaffolding protein in regulating cell division but acts as a GAP to limit axon growth in postmitotic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Y N Goldstein
- Department of Biological Sciences and Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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He Y, Fang X, Emoto K, Jan YN, Adler PN. The tricornered Ser/Thr protein kinase is regulated by phosphorylation and interacts with furry during Drosophila wing hair development. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 16:689-700. [PMID: 15591127 PMCID: PMC545904 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-09-0828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trc/Ndr/Sax1/Cbk1 family of ser/thr kinases plays a key role in the morphogenesis of polarized cell structures in flies, worms, and yeast. Tricornered (Trc), the Drosophila nuclear Dbf2-related (Ndr) serine/threonine protein kinase, is required for the normal morphogenesis of epidermal hairs, bristles, laterals, and dendrites. We obtained in vivo evidence that Trc function was regulated by phosphorylation and that mutations in key regulatory sites resulted in dominant negative alleles. We found that wild-type, but not mutant Trc, is found in growing hairs, and we failed to detect Trc in pupal wing nuclei, implying that in this developmental context Trc functions in the cytoplasm. The furry gene and its homologues in yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans have previously been implicated as being essential for the function of the Ndr kinase family. We found that Drosophila furry (Fry) also is found in growing hairs, that its subcellular localization is dependent on Trc function, and that it can be coimmunoprecipitated with Trc. Our data suggest a feedback mechanism involving Trc activity regulates the accumulation of Fry in developing hairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- Department of Biology, Center for Morphogenesis and Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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Emoto K, He Y, Ye B, Grueber WB, Adler PN, Jan LY, Jan YN. Control of Dendritic Branching and Tiling by the Tricornered-Kinase/Furry Signaling Pathway in Drosophila Sensory Neurons. Cell 2004; 119:245-56. [PMID: 15479641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2004.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2004] [Revised: 08/10/2004] [Accepted: 08/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To cover the receptive field completely but without redundancy, neurons of certain functional groups exhibit tiling of their dendrites via dendritic repulsion. Here we show that two evolutionarily conserved proteins, the Tricornered (Trc) kinase and Furry (Fry), are essential for tiling and branching control of Drosophila sensory neuron dendrites. Dendrites of fry and trc mutants display excessive terminal branching and fail to avoid homologous dendritic branches, resulting in significant overlap of the dendritic fields. Trc control of dendritic branching involves regulation of RacGTPase, a pathway distinct from the action of Trc in tiling. Timelapse analysis further reveals a specific loss of the ability of growing dendrites to turn away from nearby dendritic branches in fry mutants, suggestive of a defect in like-repels-like avoidance. Thus, the Trc/Fry signaling pathway plays a key role in patterning dendritic fields by promoting avoidance between homologous dendrites as well as by limiting dendritic branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Emoto
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of California San Francisco, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Shi SH, Cox DN, Wang D, Jan LY, Jan YN. Control of dendrite arborization by an Ig family member, dendrite arborization and synapse maturation 1 (Dasm1). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:13341-5. [PMID: 15340157 PMCID: PMC516568 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0405370101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of both dendrites and axons is important for the formation of neuronal circuits, because dendrites receive information and the axon is responsible for sending signals. In the past decade, extensive studies have revealed many molecules underlying axonal outgrowth and pathfinding. In contrast, much less is known about the molecular mechanisms that control dendrite development. Here we report the identification of an evolutionarily conserved Ig superfamily member, dendrite arborization and synapse maturation 1 (Dasm1), which plays a critical role in dendrite development. Dasm1 contains five Ig domains and two fibronectin III domains in the extracellular N terminus, a single transmembrane domain, and an intracellular C-terminal tail with a type I PDZ domain binding motif at the end. It is highly expressed in the brain and localized at the dendrites. Suppression of Dasm1 expression in hippocampal neurons via RNA interference or expression of Dasm1 without its cytoplasmic tail specifically impairs dendrite, but not axon, outgrowth. Together with its orthologues in other species, Dasm1 defines a family of molecules likely involved specifically in dendrite arborization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Hai Shi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of California, 1550 Fourth Street, San Francisco, CA 94143-0725, USA
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Shi SH, Cheng T, Jan LY, Jan YN. The immunoglobulin family member dendrite arborization and synapse maturation 1 (Dasm1) controls excitatory synapse maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:13346-51. [PMID: 15340156 PMCID: PMC516569 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0405371101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the developing mammalian brain, a large fraction of excitatory synapses initially contain only N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and thus are "silent" at the resting membrane potential. As development progresses, synapses acquire alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPA-Rs). Although this maturation of excitatory synapses has been well characterized, the molecular basis for this developmental change is not known. Here, we report that dendrite arborization and synapse maturation 1 (Dasm1), an Ig superfamily member, controls excitatory synapse maturation. Dasm1 is localized at the excitatory synapses. Suppression of Dasm1 expression by using RNA interference or expression of dominant negative deletion mutants of Dasm1 in hippocampal neurons at late developmental stage specifically impairs AMPA-R-mediated, but not N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated, synaptic transmission. The ability of Dasm1 to regulate synaptic AMPA-Rs requires its intracellular C-terminal PDZ domain-binding motif, which interacts with two synaptic PDZ domain-containing proteins involved in spine/synapse maturation, Shank and S-SCAM. Moreover, expression of dominant negative deletion mutants of Dasm1 leads to more immature silent synapses. These results suggest that Dasm1, as a transmembrane molecule, likely provides a link to bridge extracellular signals and intracellular signaling complexes in controlling excitatory synapse maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Hai Shi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of California, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94143-0725, USA
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Moore AW, Roegiers F, Jan LY, Jan YN. Conversion of neurons and glia to external-cell fates in the external sensory organs of Drosophila hamlet mutants by a cousin-cousin cell-type respecification. Genes Dev 2004; 18:623-8. [PMID: 15075290 PMCID: PMC387238 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1170904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila external sensory organ forms in a lineage elaborating from a single precursor cell via a stereotypical series of asymmetric divisions. HAMLET transcription factor expression demarcates the lineage branch that generates two internal cell types, the external sensory neuron and thecogen. In HAMLET mutant organs, these internal cells are converted to external cells via an unprecedented cousin-cousin cell-fate respecification event. Conversely, ectopic HAMLET expression in the external cell branch leads to internal cell production. The fate-determining signals NOTCH and PAX2 act at multiple stages of lineage elaboration and HAMLET acts to modulate their activity in a branch-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian W Moore
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Abstract
Dendrite development is an important and unsolved problem in neuroscience. The nervous system is composed of a vast number of neurons with strikingly different morphology. Neurons are highly polarized cells with distinct subcellular compartments, including one or multiple dendritic processes arising from the cell body, and a single, extended axon. Communications between neurons involve synapses formed between axons of the presynaptic neurons and dendrites of the postsynaptic neurons. Extensive studies over the past decade have identified many molecules underlying axonal outgrowth and pathfinding. In contrast, the control of dendrite development is still much less well understood. However, recent progress has begun to shed light on the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate dendrite growth, arborization, and guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Nung Jan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Hong Y, Ackerman L, Jan LY, Jan YN. Distinct roles of Bazooka and Stardust in the specification of Drosophila photoreceptor membrane architecture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:12712-7. [PMID: 14569003 PMCID: PMC240683 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2135347100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptors form during Drosophila pupal development and acquire elaborate membrane structures, including the rhabdomeres and stalk membranes. Here, we show that the development of these cellular structures involves two distinct processes: the establishment of apical-basal polarity that requires Bazooka (Baz), and the regionalization of apical membrane into stalk membranes and rhabdomeres that requires Stardust (Sdt). In the absence of Baz, the apical-basal polarity is compromised in early pupal photoreceptors, and no identifiable apical membrane domain is formed. Sdt, in contrast, plays a more limited role in apical-basal polarity but is essential for the proper localization of transmembrane protein Crumbs (Crb), known to be required in the biogenesis of stalk membrane. Loss of Sdt causes strong defects in stalk membrane and rhabdomere resembling crb mutant phenotype. Thus, proteins required for establishing the early embryonic epithelial polarity are used later for the morphogenesis of photoreceptors, with Baz and Sdt functioning in different aspects of the formation of the apical-basal cellular architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yuh-Nung Jan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Abstract
Actin and microtubules (MTs) are tightly coordinated during neuronal growth cone navigation and are dynamically regulated in response to guidance cues; however, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, we characterize Drosophila pod-1 (dpod1) and show that purified Dpod1 can crosslink both actin and MTs. In cultured S2 cells, Dpod1 colocalizes with lamellar actin and MTs, and overexpression remodels the cytoskeleton to promote dynamic neurite-like actin-dependent projections. Consistent with these observations, Dpod1 localizes to the tips of growing axons, regions where actin and MTs interact, and is especially abundant at navigational choice points. In either the absence or overabundance of Dpod1, growth cone targeting but not outgrowth is disrupted. Taken together, these results reveal novel activities for pod-1 and show that proper levels of Dpod1, an actin/MT crosslinker, must be maintained in the growth cone for correct axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Rothenberg
- Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, 533 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Abstract
How a neuron becomes polarized remains an outstanding question. Here, we report that selection of the future axon among neurites of a cultured hippocampal neuron requires the activity of growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase), as well as atypical protein kinase C (aPKC). The PI 3-kinase activity, highly localized to the tip of the newly specified axon of stage 3 neurons, is essential for the proper subcellular localization of mPar3, the mammalian homolog of C. elegans polarity protein Par3. Polarized distribution of not only mPar3 but also mPar6 is important for axon formation; ectopic expression of mPar6 or mPar3, or just the N terminus of mPar3, leaves neurons with no axon specified. Thus, neuronal polarity is likely to be controlled by the mPar3/mPar6/aPKC complex and the PI 3-kinase signaling pathway, both serving evolutionarily conserved roles in specifying cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Hai Shi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, 533 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Abstract
Insect and vertebrate eyes differ in their formation, cellular composition, neural connectivity, and visual function. Despite this diversity, Drosophila atona and its vertebrate Ortholog in the eye, Ath5, each regulate determination of the first retinal neuron class-R8 photo-receptors and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)-in their respective organisms. We have performed a cross-species functional comparison of these genes. In ato mutant Drosophila, ectopic Xenopus Ath5 (Xath5) rescues photoreceptor cell development comparably with atonaI. In contrast, mouse Ath5 (Math5) induces formation of very few ommatidia, and most of these lack R8 cells. In the developing frog eye, ectopic atonal, like Xath5, promotes the differentiation RGCs. Despite strong conservation of atonaI, Xath5, and Math5 structure and shared function, other factors must contribute to the species specificity of retinal neuron determination. These observations suggest that the atonaI family may occupy a position in a gene hierarchy where differences in gene regulation or function can be correlated with evolutionary diversity of eye development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Shami L. Kanekar
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Monica L. Vetter
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Sharon Gorski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yuh-Nung Jan
- HHMI and Departments of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tom Glaser
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nadean L. Brown
- Department of Pediatrics at Children’s Memorial Institute for Education and Research, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
- * Author for correspondence (e-mail: )
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