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Li WW, Shi XY, Wei T, Guo TZ, Kingery WS, Clark JD. Alpha-7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Activation Inhibits Trauma Induced Pronociceptive Autoimmune Responses. J Pain 2024; 25:104422. [PMID: 37951284 PMCID: PMC11058031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Both autonomic nervous system dysfunction and immune system activation are characteristic of chronic pain after limb injuries. Cholinergic agonists reduce immune system activation in many settings. We hypothesized, therefore, that alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) agonist administration would reduce nociceptive and immune changes after tibia fracture and cast immobilization in mice. Fracture mice were treated with either vehicle, a low (.2 mg/kg) dose, or a high (1 mg/kg) dose of the selective α7nAChR agonist PNU-282987 for 4 weeks. We assessed hindpaw allodynia and weight bearing as behavioral outcomes. The assessment of adaptive immune responses included regional lymph node hypertrophy, germinal center formation, α7nAChR expression, and IgM deposition. Assessment of innate immune system activation focused on IL-1β and IL-6 generation in fractured hindlimb skin. We observed that mechanical allodynia and unweighting were alleviated by PNU-282987 treatment. Drug treatment also reduced popliteal lymph node hypertrophy and germinal center formation. Immunohistochemical studies localized α7nAChR to germinal center B lymphocytes, and this expression increased after fracture. Analysis of fracture limb hindpaw skin demonstrated increased inflammatory mediator (IL-1β and IL-6) levels and IgM deposition, which were abrogated by PNU-282987. Serum analyses demonstrated fracture-induced IgM reactivity against keratin 16, histone 3.2, GFAP, and NMDAR-2B. Administration of PNU-282987 reduced the enhancement of IgM reactivity. Collectively, these data suggest that the α7nAChR is involved in regulating posttraumatic innate and adaptive immune responses and the associated nociceptive sensitization. PERSPECTIVE: These studies evaluate the effects of a selective α7nAChR agonist in a tibial fracture/cast immobilization model of limb pain. Administration of the drug reduced nociceptive and functional changes 4 weeks after injury. These novel findings suggest that well-tolerated α7nAChR agonists may be viable analgesics for chronic pain after limb injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-wu Li
- Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Xiao-you Shi
- Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Tzuping Wei
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, 3801 Miranda Ave, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Tian-Zhi Guo
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, 3801 Miranda Ave, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Wade S Kingery
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, 3801 Miranda Ave, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - J. David Clark
- Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Anesthesiology Service Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
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2
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Bjørklund G, Đorđević AB, Hamdan H, Wallace DR, Peana M. Metal-induced autoimmunity in neurological disorders: A review of current understanding and future directions. Autoimmun Rev 2024; 23:103509. [PMID: 38159894 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmunity is a multifaceted disorder influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, and metal exposure has been implicated as a potential catalyst, especially in autoimmune diseases affecting the central nervous system. Notably, metals like mercury, lead, and aluminum exhibit well-established neurotoxic effects, yet the precise mechanisms by which they elicit autoimmune responses in susceptible individuals remain unclear. Recent studies propose that metal-induced autoimmunity may arise from direct toxic effects on immune cells and tissues, coupled with indirect impacts on the gut microbiome and the blood-brain barrier. These effects can activate self-reactive T cells, prompting the production of autoantibodies, inflammatory responses, and tissue damage. Diagnosing metal-induced autoimmunity proves challenging due to nonspecific symptoms and a lack of reliable biomarkers. Treatment typically involves chelation therapy to eliminate excess metals and immunomodulatory agents to suppress autoimmune responses. Prevention strategies include lifestyle adjustments to reduce metal exposure and avoiding occupational and environmental risks. Prognosis is generally favorable with proper treatment; however, untreated cases may lead to autoimmune disorder progression and irreversible organ damage, particularly in the brain. Future research aims to identify genetic and environmental risk factors, enhance diagnostic precision, and explore novel treatment approaches for improved prevention and management of this intricate and debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway.
| | | | - Halla Hamdan
- Department of Pharmacology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - David R Wallace
- Department of Pharmacology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, United States
| | - Massimiliano Peana
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, Italy.
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Zani F, Blagih J, Gruber T, Buck MD, Jones N, Hennequart M, Newell CL, Pilley SE, Soro-Barrio P, Kelly G, Legrave NM, Cheung EC, Gilmore IS, Gould AP, Garcia-Caceres C, Vousden KH. The dietary sweetener sucralose is a negative modulator of T cell-mediated responses. Nature 2023; 615:705-711. [PMID: 36922598 PMCID: PMC10033444 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Artificial sweeteners are used as calorie-free sugar substitutes in many food products and their consumption has increased substantially over the past years1. Although generally regarded as safe, some concerns have been raised about the long-term safety of the consumption of certain sweeteners2-5. In this study, we show that the intake of high doses of sucralose in mice results in immunomodulatory effects by limiting T cell proliferation and T cell differentiation. Mechanistically, sucralose affects the membrane order of T cells, accompanied by a reduced efficiency of T cell receptor signalling and intracellular calcium mobilization. Mice given sucralose show decreased CD8+ T cell antigen-specific responses in subcutaneous cancer models and bacterial infection models, and reduced T cell function in models of T cell-mediated autoimmunity. Overall, these findings suggest that a high intake of sucralose can dampen T cell-mediated responses, an effect that could be used in therapy to mitigate T cell-dependent autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Zani
- p53 and Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| | - Julianna Blagih
- p53 and Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
- University of Montreal, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Tim Gruber
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael D Buck
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Jones
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Marc Hennequart
- p53 and Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Clare L Newell
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
- Laboratory of Physiology and Metabolism, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Steven E Pilley
- p53 and Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Pablo Soro-Barrio
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Gavin Kelly
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Nathalie M Legrave
- Metabolomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Eric C Cheung
- p53 and Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Alex P Gould
- Laboratory of Physiology and Metabolism, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Cristina Garcia-Caceres
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Karen H Vousden
- p53 and Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
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Robinson JI, Md Yusof MY, Davies V, Wild D, Morgan M, Taylor JC, El-Sherbiny Y, Morris DL, Liu L, Rawstron AC, Buch MH, Plant D, Cordell HJ, Isaacs JD, Bruce IN, Emery P, Barton A, Vyse TJ, Barrett JH, Vital EM, Morgan AW. Comprehensive genetic and functional analyses of Fc gamma receptors influence on response to rituximab therapy for autoimmunity. EBioMedicine 2022; 86:104343. [PMID: 36371989 PMCID: PMC9663864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rituximab is widely used to treat autoimmunity but clinical response varies. Efficacy is determined by the efficiency of B-cell depletion, which may depend on various Fc gamma receptor (FcγR)-dependent mechanisms. Study of FcγR is challenging due to the complexity of the FCGR genetic locus. We sought to assess the effect of FCGR variants on clinical response, B-cell depletion and NK-cell-mediated killing in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS A longitudinal cohort study was conducted in 835 patients [RA = 573; SLE = 262]. Clinical outcome measures were two-component disease activity score in 28-joints (2C-DAS28CRP) for RA and British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG)-2004 major clinical response (MCR) for SLE at 6 months. B-cells were evaluated by highly-sensitive flow cytometry. Single nucleotide polymorphism and copy number variation for genes encoding five FcγRs were measured using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Ex vivo studies assessed NK-cell antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and FcγR expression. FINDINGS In RA, carriage of FCGR3A-158V and increased FCGR3A-158V copies were associated with greater 2C-DAS28CRP response (adjusted for baseline 2C-DAS28CRP). In SLE, MCR was associated with increased FCGR3A-158V, OR 1.64 (95% CI 1.12-2.41) and FCGR2C-ORF OR 1.93 (95% CI 1.09-3.40) copies. 236/413 (57%) patients with B-cell data achieved complete depletion. Homozygosity for FCGR3A-158V and increased FCGR3A-158V copies were associated with complete depletion in combined analyses. FCGR3A genotype was associated with rituximab-induced ADCC, and increased NK-cell FcγRIIIa expression was associated with improved clinical response and depletion in vivo. Furthermore, disease status and concomitant therapies impacted both NK-cell FcγRIIIa expression and ADCC. INTERPRETATION FcγRIIIa is the major low affinity FcγR associated with rituximab response. Increased copies of the FCGR3A-158V allele (higher affinity for IgG1), influences clinical and biological responses to rituximab in autoimmunity. Enhancing FcγR-effector functions could improve the next generation of CD20-depleting therapies and genotyping may stratify patients for optimal treatment protocols. FUNDING Medical Research Council, National Institute for Health and Care Research, Versus Arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Robinson
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - Md Yuzaiful Md Yusof
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - Vinny Davies
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Dawn Wild
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - Michael Morgan
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - John C Taylor
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - Yasser El-Sherbiny
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, UK; Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - David L Morris
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Andy C Rawstron
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - Maya H Buch
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; Versus Arthritis Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester BRC, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Darren Plant
- Versus Arthritis Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester BRC, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | - John D Isaacs
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and Musculoskeletal Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Ian N Bruce
- Versus Arthritis Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester BRC, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Paul Emery
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; NIHR Leeds Medtech and In vitro Diagnostics Co-operative, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - Anne Barton
- Versus Arthritis Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester and NIHR Manchester BRC, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Timothy J Vyse
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - Jennifer H Barrett
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - Edward M Vital
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
| | - Ann W Morgan
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK; NIHR Leeds Medtech and In vitro Diagnostics Co-operative, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK.
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5
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Levack RC, Newell KL, Cabrera-Martinez B, Cox J, Perl A, Bastacky SI, Winslow GM. Adenosine receptor 2a agonists target mouse CD11c +T-bet + B cells in infection and autoimmunity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:452. [PMID: 35064115 PMCID: PMC8782827 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD11c+T-bet+ B cells are recognized as an important component of humoral immunity and autoimmunity. These cells can be distinguished from other B cells by their higher expression of the adenosine receptor 2a. Here we address whether A2A receptor activation can affect CD11c+T-bet+ B cells. We show that administration of the A2A receptor agonist CGS-21680 depletes established CD11c+T-bet+ B cells in ehrlichial-infected mice, in a B cell-intrinsic manner. Agonist treatment similarly depletes CD11c+T-bet+ B cells and CD138+ B cells and reduces anti-nuclear antibodies in lupus-prone mice. Agonist treatment is also associated with reduced kidney pathology and lymphadenopathy. Moreover, A2A receptor stimulation depletes pathogenic lymphocytes and ameliorates disease even after disease onset, highlighting the therapeutic potential of this treatment. This study suggests that targeting the adenosine signaling pathway may provide a method for the treatment of lupus and other autoimmune diseases mediated by T-bet+ B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell C Levack
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Krista L Newell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | | | - Justin Cox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Andras Perl
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Sheldon I Bastacky
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Gary M Winslow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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Rajasinghe LD, Bates MA, Benninghoff AD, Wierenga KA, Harkema JR, Pestka JJ. Silica Induction of Diverse Inflammatory Proteome in Lungs of Lupus-Prone Mice Quelled by Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation. Front Immunol 2022; 12:781446. [PMID: 35126352 PMCID: PMC8813772 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.781446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated short-term intranasal instillation of lupus-prone mice with crystalline silica (cSiO2) induces inflammatory gene expression and ectopic lymphoid neogenesis in the lung, leading to early onset of systemic autoimmunity and rapid progression to glomerulonephritis. These responses are suppressed by dietary supplementation with the ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Here, we tested the hypothesis that dietary DHA supplementation suppresses cSiO2-induced inflammatory proteins in bronchoalveolar alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and plasma of lupus-prone mice. Archived tissue fluid samples were used from a prior investigation in which 6 wk-old lupus-prone female NZBWF1 mice were fed isocaloric diets containing 0 or 10 g/kg DHA for 2 wks and then intranasally instilled with 1 mg cSiO2 or vehicle once weekly for 4 wks. Cohorts were terminated at 1, 5, 9 or 13 wk post-instillation (PI). BALF and plasma from each cohort were analyzed by high density multiplex array profiling of 200 inflammatory proteins. cSiO2 time-dependently induced increases in the BALF protein signatures that were highly reflective of unresolved lung inflammation, although responses in the plasma were much less robust. Induced proteins in BALF included chemokines (e.g., MIP-2, MCP-5), enzymes (e.g., MMP-10, granzyme B), adhesion molecules (e.g., sE-selectin, sVCAM-1), co-stimulatory molecules (e.g., sCD40L, sCD48), TNF superfamily proteins (e.g., sTNFRI, sBAFF-R), growth factors (e.g., IGF-1, IGFBP-3), and signal transduction proteins (e.g., MFG-E8, FcgRIIB), many of which were blocked or delayed by DHA supplementation. The BALF inflammatory proteome correlated positively with prior measurements of gene expression, pulmonary ectopic lymphoid tissue neogenesis, and induction of autoantibodies in the lungs of the control and treatment groups. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) revealed that IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 were among the top upstream regulators of the cSiO2-induced protein response. Furthermore, DHA's effects were associated with downregulation of cSiO2-induced pathways involving i) inhibition of ARE-mediated mRNA decay, ii) bacterial and viral pattern recognition receptor activation, or iii) TREM1, STAT3, NF-κB, and VEGF signaling and with upregulation of PPAR, LXR/RXR and PPARα/RXRα signaling. Altogether, these preclinical findings further support the contention that dietary DHA supplementation could be applicable as an intervention against inflammation-driven autoimmune triggering by cSiO2 or potentially other environmental agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichchavi D. Rajasinghe
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Melissa A. Bates
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Abby D. Benninghoff
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Kathryn A. Wierenga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Jack R. Harkema
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - James J. Pestka
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Koutaki D, Paltoglou G, Vourdoumpa A, Charmandari E. The Impact of Bisphenol A on Thyroid Function in Neonates and Children: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010168. [PMID: 35011041 PMCID: PMC8746969 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical widely used in plastic products that may have an adverse effect on several physiologic functions in children. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize the current knowledge of the impact of BPA concentrations on thyroid function in neonates, children, and adolescents. Methods: A systematic search of Medline, Scopus, Clinical Trials.gov, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials CENTRAL, and Google Scholar databases according to PRISMA guidelines was performed. Only case–control, cross-sectional, and cohort studies that assessed the relationship between Bisphenol A and thyroid function in neonates and children aged <18 years were included. Initially, 102 articles were assessed, which were restricted to 73 articles after exclusion of duplicates. A total of 73 articles were assessed by two independent researchers based on the title/abstract and the predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. According to the eligibility criteria, 18 full-text articles were selected for further assessment. Finally, 12 full-text articles were included in the present systematic review. Results: The presented studies offer data that suggest a negative correlation of BPA concentrations with TSH in children, a gender-specific manner of action, and a potential effect on proper neurodevelopment. However, the results are inconclusive with respect to specific thyroid hormone concentrations and the effect on thyroid autoimmunity. Conclusion: The potential negative effect of BPA in the developing thyroid gland of children that may affect proper neurodevelopment, suggesting the need to focus future research on designing studies that elucidate the underlying mechanisms and the effects of BPA in thyroid function in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diamanto Koutaki
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.K.); (G.P.); (A.V.)
| | - George Paltoglou
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.K.); (G.P.); (A.V.)
| | - Aikaterini Vourdoumpa
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.K.); (G.P.); (A.V.)
| | - Evangelia Charmandari
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.K.); (G.P.); (A.V.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +30-213-2013-384
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Abstract
Chronic inflammatory disorders (CID), such as autoimmune diseases, are characterized by overactivation of the immune system and loss of immune tolerance. T helper 17 (Th17) cells are strongly associated with the pathogenesis of multiple CID, including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. In line with the increasingly recognized contribution of innate immune cells to the modulation of dendritic cell (DC) function and DC-driven adaptive immune responses, we recently showed that neutrophils are required for DC-driven Th17 cell differentiation from human naive T cells. Consequently, recruitment of neutrophils to inflamed tissues and lymph nodes likely creates a highly inflammatory loop through the induction of Th17 cells that should be intercepted to attenuate disease progression. Tolerogenic therapy via DCs, the central orchestrators of the adaptive immune response, is a promising strategy for the treatment of CID. Tolerogenic DCs could restore immune tolerance by driving the development of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the periphery. In this review, we discuss the effects of the tolerogenic adjuvants vitamin D3 (VD3), corticosteroids (CS), and retinoic acid (RA) on both DCs and neutrophils and their potential interplay. We briefly summarize how neutrophils shape DC-driven T-cell development in general. We propose that, for optimization of tolerogenic DC therapy for the treatment of CID, both DCs for tolerance induction and the neutrophil inflammatory loop should be targeted while preserving the potential Treg-enhancing effects of neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Esther C. de Jong
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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9
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Dalakas MC. Update on Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Neurology: Modulating Neuro-autoimmunity, Evolving Factors on Efficacy and Dosing and Challenges on Stopping Chronic IVIg Therapy. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:2397-2418. [PMID: 34766257 PMCID: PMC8585501 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last 25 years, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) has had a major impact in the successful treatment of previously untreatable or poorly controlled autoimmune neurological disorders. Derived from thousands of healthy donors, IVIg contains IgG1 isotypes of idiotypic antibodies that have the potential to bind pathogenic autoantibodies or cross-react with various antigenic peptides, including proteins conserved among the "common cold"-pre-pandemic coronaviruses; as a result, after IVIg infusions, some of the patients' sera may transiently become positive for various neuronal antibodies, even for anti-SARS-CoV-2, necessitating caution in separating antibodies derived from the infused IVIg or acquired humoral immunity. IVIg exerts multiple effects on the immunoregulatory network by variably affecting autoantibodies, complement activation, FcRn saturation, FcγRIIb receptors, cytokines, and inflammatory mediators. Based on randomized controlled trials, IVIg is approved for the treatment of GBS, CIDP, MMN and dermatomyositis; has been effective in, myasthenia gravis exacerbations, and stiff-person syndrome; and exhibits convincing efficacy in autoimmune epilepsy, neuromyelitis, and autoimmune encephalitis. Recent evidence suggests that polymorphisms in the genes encoding FcRn and FcγRIIB may influence the catabolism of infused IgG or its anti-inflammatory effects, impacting on individualized dosing or efficacy. For chronic maintenance therapy, IVIg and subcutaneous IgG are effective in controlled studies only in CIDP and MMN preventing relapses and axonal loss up to 48 weeks; in practice, however, IVIg is continuously used for years in all the aforementioned neurological conditions, like is a "forever necessary therapy" for maintaining stability, generating challenges on when and how to stop it. Because about 35-40% of patients on chronic therapy do not exhibit objective neurological signs of worsening after stopping IVIg but express subjective symptoms of fatigue, pains, spasms, or a feeling of generalized weakness, a conditioning effect combined with fear that discontinuing chronic therapy may destabilize a multi-year stability status is likely. The dilemmas of continuing chronic therapy, the importance of adjusting dosing and scheduling or periodically stopping IVIg to objectively assess necessity, and concerns in accurately interpreting IVIg-dependency are discussed. Finally, the merit of subcutaneous IgG, the ineffectiveness of IVIg in IgG4-neurological autoimmunities, and genetic factors affecting IVIg dosing and efficacy are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinos C Dalakas
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Dept. of Pathophysiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
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10
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McCall JL, Blair HC, Blethen KE, Hall C, Elliott M, Barnett JB. Prenatal cadmium exposure does not induce greater incidence or earlier onset of autoimmunity in the offspring. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249442. [PMID: 34478449 PMCID: PMC8415597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that exposure of adult mice to environmental levels of cadmium (Cd) alters immune cell development and function with increases in anti-streptococcal antibody levels, as well as decreases in splenic natural regulatory T cells (nTreg) in the adult female offspring. Based on these data, we hypothesized that prenatal Cd exposure could predispose an individual to developing autoimmunity as adults. To test this hypothesis, the effects of prenatal Cd on the development of autoimmune diabetes and arthritis were investigated. Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice were exposed to Cd in a manner identical to our previous studies, and the onset of diabetes was assessed in the offspring. Our results showed a similar time-to-onset and severity of disease to historical data, and there were no statistical differences between Cd-exposed and control offspring. Numerous other immune parameters were measured and none of these parameters showed biologically-relevant differences between Cd-exposed and control animals. To test whether prenatal Cd-exposure affected development of autoimmune arthritis, we used SKG mice. While the levels of arthritis were similar between Cd-exposed and control offspring of both sexes, the pathology of arthritis determined by micro-computed tomography (μCT) between Cd-exposed and control animals, showed some statistically different values, especially in the female offspring. However, the differences were small and thus, the biological significance of these changes is open to speculation. Overall, based on the results from two autoimmune models, we conclude that prenatal exposure to Cd did not lead to a measurable propensity to develop autoimmune disease later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L. McCall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Harry C. Blair
- Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh VA Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, the and the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Kathryn E. Blethen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Casey Hall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Meenal Elliott
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - John B. Barnett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
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11
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Abstract
Systemic autoimmune disorders are complex heterogeneous chronic diseases involving many different immune cells. A significant proportion of patients respond poorly to therapy. In addition, the high burden of adverse effects caused by "classical" anti-rheumatic or immune modulatory drugs provides a need to develop more specific therapies that are better tolerated. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a crucial signaling protein that directly links B-cell receptor (BCR) signals to B-cell activation, proliferation, and survival. BTK is not only expressed in B cells but also in myeloid cells, and is involved in many different signaling pathways that drive autoimmunity. This makes BTK an interesting therapeutic target in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The past decade has seen the emergence of first-line BTK small-molecule inhibitors with great efficacy in the treatment of B-cell malignancies, but with unfavorable safety profiles for use in autoimmunity due to off-target effects. The development of second-generation BTK inhibitors with superior BTK specificity has facilitated the investigation of their efficacy in clinical trials with autoimmune patients. In this review, we discuss the role of BTK in key signaling pathways involved in autoimmunity and provide an overview of the different inhibitors that are currently being investigated in clinical trials of systemic autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, as well as available results from completed trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F H Neys
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Rip
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Odilia B J Corneth
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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Ou P, Stanek A, Huan Z, Roman CAJ, Huan C. SMS2 deficiency impairs PKCδ-regulated B cell tolerance in the germinal center. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109624. [PMID: 34469734 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell tolerance prevents autoimmunity by deleting or deactivating autoreactive B cells that otherwise may cause autoantibody-driven disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus). Lupus is characterized by immunoglobulin Gs carrying a double-stranded (ds)-DNA autospecificity derived mainly from somatic hypermutation in the germinal center (GC), pointing to a checkpoint breach of GC B cell tolerance that leads to lupus. However, tolerance mechanisms in the GC remain poorly understood. Here, we show that upregulated sphingomyelin synthase 2 (SMS2) in anti-dsDNA GC B cells induces apoptosis by directly activating protein kinase C δ (PKCδ)'s pro-apoptotic activity. This tolerance mechanism prevents lupus autoimmunity in C57/BL6 mice and can be stimulated pharmacologically to inhibit lupus pathogenesis in lupus-prone NZBWF1 mice. Patients with lupus consistently have substantially reduced SMS2 expression in B cells and to an even greater extent in autoimmune-prone, age-associated B cells, suggesting that patients with lupus have insufficient SMS2-regulated B cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqi Ou
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, The School of Graduate Studies, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Albert Stanek
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Zack Huan
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Christopher A J Roman
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
| | - Chongmin Huan
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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13
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Monnet C, Jacque E, de Romeuf C, Fontayne A, Abache T, Fournier N, Dupont G, Derache D, Engrand A, Bauduin A, Terrier A, Seifert A, Beghin C, Longue A, Masiello N, Danino L, Nogre M, Raia A, Dhainaut F, Fauconnier L, Togbe D, Reitinger C, Nimmerjahn F, Stevens W, Chtourou S, Mondon P. The Dual Targeting of FcRn and FcγRs via Monomeric Fc Fragments Results in Strong Inhibition of IgG-Dependent Autoimmune Pathologies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:728322. [PMID: 34512662 PMCID: PMC8427755 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.728322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel molecules that directly target the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) and/or Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) are emerging as promising treatments for immunoglobulin G (IgG)-dependent autoimmune pathologies. Mutated Fc regions and monoclonal antibodies that target FcRn are currently in clinical development and hold promise for reducing the levels of circulating IgG. Additionally, engineered structures containing multimeric Fc regions allow the dual targeting of FcRn and FcγRs; however, their tolerance needs to first be validated in phase I clinical studies. Here, for the first time, we have developed a modified monomeric recombinant Fc optimized for binding to all FcRns and FcγRs without the drawback of possible tolerance associated with FcγR cross-linking. A rational approach using Fc engineering allowed the selection of LFBD192, an Fc with a combination of six mutations that exhibits improved binding to human FcRn and FcγR as well as mouse FcRn and FcγRIV. The potency of LFBD192 was compared with that of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), an FcRn blocker (Fc-MST-HN), and a trimeric Fc that blocks FcRn and/or immune complex-mediated cell activation through FcγR without triggering an immune reaction in several in vitro tests and validated in three mouse models of autoimmune disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antirheumatic Agents/metabolism
- Antirheumatic Agents/pharmacology
- Arthritis, Experimental/genetics
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Arthritis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Autoimmunity/drug effects
- Binding, Competitive
- Complement C5a/metabolism
- Female
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Jurkat Cells
- Kinetics
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Phagocytosis/drug effects
- Platelet Aggregation/drug effects
- Protein Binding
- Protein Engineering
- Receptors, Fc/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Fc/genetics
- Receptors, Fc/immunology
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Secretory Pathway
- Signal Transduction
- THP-1 Cells
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Monnet
- LFB Biotechnologies, Innovation Department, Les Ulis, France
| | - Emilie Jacque
- LFB Biotechnologies, Innovation Department, Les Ulis, France
| | | | | | - Toufik Abache
- LFB Biotechnologies, Innovation Department, Les Ulis, France
| | | | - Gilles Dupont
- LFB Biotechnologies, Innovation Department, Les Ulis, France
| | | | - Anais Engrand
- LFB Biotechnologies, Innovation Department, Les Ulis, France
| | - Aurélie Bauduin
- LFB Biotechnologies, Innovation Department, Les Ulis, France
| | - Aurélie Terrier
- LFB Biotechnologies, Innovation Department, Les Ulis, France
| | | | - Cécile Beghin
- LFB Biotechnologies, Innovation Department, Les Ulis, France
| | - Alain Longue
- LFB Biotechnologies, Innovation Department, Les Ulis, France
| | | | - Laetitia Danino
- LFB Biotechnologies, Innovation Department, Les Ulis, France
| | - Michel Nogre
- LFB Biotechnologies, Innovation Department, Les Ulis, France
| | - Anais Raia
- LFB Biotechnologies, Innovation Department, Les Ulis, France
| | | | | | | | - Carmen Reitinger
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wil Stevens
- LFB Biotechnologies, Innovation Department, Les Ulis, France
| | - Sami Chtourou
- LFB Biotechnologies, Innovation Department, Les Ulis, France
| | - Philippe Mondon
- LFB Biotechnologies, Innovation Department, Les Ulis, France
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14
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Wagner A, Wang C, Fessler J, DeTomaso D, Avila-Pacheco J, Kaminski J, Zaghouani S, Christian E, Thakore P, Schellhaass B, Akama-Garren E, Pierce K, Singh V, Ron-Harel N, Douglas VP, Bod L, Schnell A, Puleston D, Sobel RA, Haigis M, Pearce EL, Soleimani M, Clish C, Regev A, Kuchroo VK, Yosef N. Metabolic modeling of single Th17 cells reveals regulators of autoimmunity. Cell 2021; 184:4168-4185.e21. [PMID: 34216539 PMCID: PMC8621950 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism is a major regulator of immune cell function, but it remains difficult to study the metabolic status of individual cells. Here, we present Compass, an algorithm to characterize cellular metabolic states based on single-cell RNA sequencing and flux balance analysis. We applied Compass to associate metabolic states with T helper 17 (Th17) functional variability (pathogenic potential) and recovered a metabolic switch between glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation, akin to known Th17/regulatory T cell (Treg) differences, which we validated by metabolic assays. Compass also predicted that Th17 pathogenicity was associated with arginine and downstream polyamine metabolism. Indeed, polyamine-related enzyme expression was enhanced in pathogenic Th17 and suppressed in Treg cells. Chemical and genetic perturbation of polyamine metabolism inhibited Th17 cytokines, promoted Foxp3 expression, and remodeled the transcriptome and epigenome of Th17 cells toward a Treg-like state. In vivo perturbations of the polyamine pathway altered the phenotype of encephalitogenic T cells and attenuated tissue inflammation in CNS autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allon Wagner
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Johannes Fessler
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David DeTomaso
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - James Kaminski
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sarah Zaghouani
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elena Christian
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Brandon Schellhaass
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Elliot Akama-Garren
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kerry Pierce
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Noga Ron-Harel
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biology, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Vivian Paraskevi Douglas
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lloyd Bod
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexandra Schnell
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Puleston
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Raymond A Sobel
- Palo Alto Veteran's Administration Health Care System and Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marcia Haigis
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manoocher Soleimani
- Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87121, USA
| | - Clary Clish
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Nir Yosef
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from the loss of immune tolerance to pancreatic beta-cells leading to their destruction. Immune intervention therapies tested in T1D so far delayed progression but failed to restore tolerance, which partly explains their lack of durable clinical efficacy. RECENT FINDINGS The role of beta-cells and islets themselves in dialogue with their micro- and macro-environment including the immune system and the intestinal microbiome is increasingly evident. Indeed, islets can both maintain and break immune tolerance. Some recent immune therapies in cancer that block immune regulation also break tolerance. Induction of immune tolerance requires activating immune activation too, whereas immune suppression precludes this process. Immunotherapy alone my not suffice without engaging islets to restore tolerance and preserve beta-cell function. SUMMARY New insight into the role of islet tissue and its interaction with its environment in preserving or breaking tolerance has contributed to understand the development of islet autoimmunity and T1D. Knowing which factors in islets and the immune system contribute to maintaining, breaking, and restoring the balance in the immune system is critical to prevent initiation and reverse disease progression, and guides the design of novel tolerogenic strategies for durable therapeutic intervention and remission that target both the immune system and distressed islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Erdem
- The Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute at the Beckman Research Institute
- Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Enrique Montero
- The Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute at the Beckman Research Institute
| | - Bart O Roep
- The Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute at the Beckman Research Institute
- Department Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Current therapies for autoimmune disorders often employ broad suppression of the immune system. Antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASI) seeks to overcome the side-effects of immunosuppressive therapy by specifically targeting only disease-related autoreactive T and B cells. Although it has been in development for several decades, ASI still is not in use clinically to treat autoimmunity. Novel ways to deliver antigen may be effective in inducing ASI. Here we review recent innovations in antigen delivery. RECENT FINDINGS New ways to deliver antigen include particle and nonparticle approaches. One main focus has been the targeting of antigen-presenting cells in a tolerogenic context. This technique often results in the induction and/or expansion of regulatory T cells, which has the potential to be effective against a complex, polyclonal immune response. SUMMARY Whether novel delivery approaches can help bring ASI into general clinical use for therapy of autoimmune diseases remains to be seen. However, preclinical work and early results from clinical trials using these new techniques show promising signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Neef
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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17
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Bareke H, Juanes-Velasco P, Landeira-Viñuela A, Hernandez AP, Cruz JJ, Bellido L, Fonseca E, Niebla-Cárdenas A, Montalvillo E, Góngora R, Fuentes M. Autoimmune Responses in Oncology: Causes and Significance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158030. [PMID: 34360795 PMCID: PMC8347170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific anti-tumor immune responses have proven to be pivotal in shaping tumorigenesis and tumor progression in solid cancers. These responses can also be of an autoimmune nature, and autoantibodies can sometimes be present even before the onset of clinically overt disease. Autoantibodies can be generated due to mutated gene products, aberrant expression and post-transcriptional modification of proteins, a pro-immunogenic milieu, anti-cancer treatments, cross-reactivity of tumor-specific lymphocytes, epitope spreading, and microbiota-related and genetic factors. Understanding these responses has implications for both basic and clinical immunology. Autoantibodies in solid cancers can be used for early detection of cancer as well as for biomarkers of prognosis and treatment response. High-throughput techniques such as protein microarrays make parallel detection of multiple autoantibodies for increased specificity and sensitivity feasible, affordable, and quick. Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatments and has made a considerable impact on reducing cancer-associated morbidity and mortality. However, immunotherapeutic interventions such as immune checkpoint inhibition can induce immune-related toxicities, which can even be life-threatening. Uncovering the reasons for treatment-induced autoimmunity can lead to fine-tuning of cancer immunotherapy approaches to evade toxic events while inducing an effective anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halin Bareke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul 34722, Turkey;
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (P.J.-V.); (A.L.-V.); (A.-P.H.); (E.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Pablo Juanes-Velasco
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (P.J.-V.); (A.L.-V.); (A.-P.H.); (E.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Alicia Landeira-Viñuela
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (P.J.-V.); (A.L.-V.); (A.-P.H.); (E.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Angela-Patricia Hernandez
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (P.J.-V.); (A.L.-V.); (A.-P.H.); (E.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Juan Jesús Cruz
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca-IBSAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (J.J.C.); (L.B.); (E.F.)
| | - Lorena Bellido
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca-IBSAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (J.J.C.); (L.B.); (E.F.)
| | - Emilio Fonseca
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca-IBSAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (J.J.C.); (L.B.); (E.F.)
| | - Alfonssina Niebla-Cárdenas
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Enrique Montalvillo
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (P.J.-V.); (A.L.-V.); (A.-P.H.); (E.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Rafael Góngora
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (P.J.-V.); (A.L.-V.); (A.-P.H.); (E.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Manuel Fuentes
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (P.J.-V.); (A.L.-V.); (A.-P.H.); (E.M.); (R.G.)
- Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Center (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-923-294-811
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18
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Abstract
Upon antigenic stimulation, naïve CD4+T cells differentiate into different subsets and secrete various cytokines to exert biological effects. Th22 cells, a newly identified CD4+T cell subset,are distinct from the Th1, Th2 and Th17 subsets. Th22 cells secrete certain cytokines such as IL-22, IL-13 and TNF-α, but not others, such as IL-17, IL-4, or interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and they express chemokine receptors CCR4, CCR6 and CCR10. Th22 cells were initially found to play a role in skin inflammatory diseases, but recent studies have demonstrated their involvement in the development of various autoimmune diseases. Here, we review research advances in the origin, characteristics and effector mechanisms of Th22 cells, with an emphasis on the role of Th22 cells and their main effector cytokine IL-22 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. The findings presented here may facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies for targeting these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jiang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shaoxing People’s Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Guocan Yang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Shaoxing People’s Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Fan Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong; Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing, China
| | - Jue Xie
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong; Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing, China
| | - Dawei Cui
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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19
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Hiltensperger M, Beltrán E, Kant R, Tyystjärvi S, Lepennetier G, Domínguez Moreno H, Bauer IJ, Grassmann S, Jarosch S, Schober K, Buchholz VR, Kenet S, Gasperi C, Öllinger R, Rad R, Muschaweckh A, Sie C, Aly L, Knier B, Garg G, Afzali AM, Gerdes LA, Kümpfel T, Franzenburg S, Kawakami N, Hemmer B, Busch DH, Misgeld T, Dornmair K, Korn T. Skin and gut imprinted helper T cell subsets exhibit distinct functional phenotypes in central nervous system autoimmunity. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:880-892. [PMID: 34099917 PMCID: PMC7611097 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00948-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Multidimensional single-cell analyses of T cells have fueled the debate about whether there is extensive plasticity or 'mixed' priming of helper T cell subsets in vivo. Here, we developed an experimental framework to probe the idea that the site of priming in the systemic immune compartment is a determinant of helper T cell-induced immunopathology in remote organs. By site-specific in vivo labeling of antigen-specific T cells in inguinal (i) or gut draining mesenteric (m) lymph nodes, we show that i-T cells and m-T cells isolated from the inflamed central nervous system (CNS) in a model of multiple sclerosis (MS) are distinct. i-T cells were Cxcr6+, and m-T cells expressed P2rx7. Notably, m-T cells infiltrated white matter, while i-T cells were also recruited to gray matter. Therefore, we propose that the definition of helper T cell subsets by their site of priming may guide an advanced understanding of helper T cell biology in health and disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Autoimmunity/drug effects
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling
- Cell Lineage
- Cerebrospinal Fluid/immunology
- Cerebrospinal Fluid/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Fingolimod Hydrochloride/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Intestines/drug effects
- Intestines/immunology
- Intravital Microscopy
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Prospective Studies
- RNA-Seq
- Receptors, CXCR6/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR6/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X7/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X7/metabolism
- Single-Cell Analysis
- Skin/drug effects
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/transplantation
- Transcriptome
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hiltensperger
- Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eduardo Beltrán
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ravi Kant
- Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sofia Tyystjärvi
- Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gildas Lepennetier
- Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helena Domínguez Moreno
- Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Isabel J Bauer
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Simon Grassmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Jarosch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Veit R Buchholz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Selin Kenet
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christiane Gasperi
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rupert Öllinger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TranslaTUM Cancer Center, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, TranslaTUM Cancer Center, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Muschaweckh
- Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christopher Sie
- Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lilian Aly
- Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Benjamin Knier
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Garima Garg
- Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ali M Afzali
- Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Ann Gerdes
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sören Franzenburg
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Naoto Kawakami
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Misgeld
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Dornmair
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital and Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Korn
- Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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20
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Assar S, Khazaei H, Naseri M, El-Senduny F, Momtaz S, Farzaei MH, Echeverría J. Natural Formulations: Novel Viewpoint for Scleroderma Adjunct Treatment. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:9920416. [PMID: 34258301 PMCID: PMC8253639 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9920416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scleroderma is a complex disease involving autoimmune, vascular, and connective tissues, with unknown etiology that can progress through any organ systems. OBJECTIVE Yet, no cure is available; the thorough treatment of scleroderma and current treatments are based on controlling inflammation. Nowadays, medicinal plants/natural-based formulations are emerging as important regulators of many diseases, including autoimmune diseases. Here, we provided an overview of scleroderma, also focused on recent studies on medicinal plants/natural-based formulations that are beneficial in scleroderma treatment/prevention. METHODS This study is the result of a search in PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library with "scleroderma", "systemic sclerosis", "plant", "herb", and "phytochemical" keywords. Finally, 22 articles were selected from a total of 1513 results entered in this study. RESULTS Natural products can modulate the inflammatory and/or oxidative mediators, regulate the production or function of the immune cells, and control the collagen synthesis, thereby attenuating the experimental and clinical manifestation of the disease. CONCLUSION Natural compounds can be considered an adjunct treatment for scleroderma to improve the quality of life of patients suffering from this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Assar
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hosna Khazaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Maryam Naseri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Fardous El-Senduny
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Saeideh Momtaz
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
- Gastrointestinal Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Javier Echeverría
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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21
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Cherian S, Paul A, Ahmed S, Alias B, Manoj M, Santhosh AK, Varghese DR, Krishnan N, Shenoy P. Safety of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and the BBV152 vaccines in 724 patients with rheumatic diseases: a post-vaccination cross-sectional survey. Rheumatol Int 2021; 41:1441-1445. [PMID: 34142203 PMCID: PMC8211311 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-021-04917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal (RMD) diseases may be at higher risks for COVID-19 infection. Data on the safety of the adenoviral vector-borne ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and the heat-inactivated BBV152 Vaccines in this group are limited. 724 patients with RMD who had received at least one dose of either the ChAdOx1 or the BBV152 were audited to find out post-vaccination adverse effect (AE) or disease flares. The AE rates in patients with autoimmune rheumatic disease (AIRD) were compared with those with non-AIRD RMDs. The mean age of the cohort was 59.9 (± 10.43) years with a female (n = 581; 80.24%) majority. 523 (70.8%) had AIRD. The ChAdOx1 and the BBV152 vaccines were received by 624 (86.18%) and 77 (10.63%), respectively. 23 (3.17%) were unaware of which vaccine they had received. 238 (32.87%) of patients had at least one comorbidity. 436 (60.22%) participants [306 (59.64%) of those with AIRD and 130 (61.61%) with other RMDs] had at least one adverse effect (AE). Four patients reported flare of arthritis that resolved within 5 days. No patient had any severe AE or required hospitalization. All AEs were self-limiting. Both the ChAdOx1 and the BBV152 vaccines appear safe in RMDs. AEs do not differ between patients with AIRD or non-AIRD. This information can help negate vaccine hesitancy amongst all stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somy Cherian
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatism Excellence (CARE), Nettoor, Kochi, Kerala, 682040, India
| | - Aby Paul
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatism Excellence (CARE), Nettoor, Kochi, Kerala, 682040, India
| | - Sakir Ahmed
- Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Bazil Alias
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatism Excellence (CARE), Nettoor, Kochi, Kerala, 682040, India
| | - Manesh Manoj
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatism Excellence (CARE), Nettoor, Kochi, Kerala, 682040, India
| | - Ansu K Santhosh
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatism Excellence (CARE), Nettoor, Kochi, Kerala, 682040, India
| | - Delcey Rachel Varghese
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatism Excellence (CARE), Nettoor, Kochi, Kerala, 682040, India
| | - Narayanan Krishnan
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatism Excellence (CARE), Nettoor, Kochi, Kerala, 682040, India
| | - Padmanabha Shenoy
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatism Excellence (CARE), Nettoor, Kochi, Kerala, 682040, India.
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22
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Kobayashi A, Ito A, Shirakawa I, Tamura A, Tomono S, Shindou H, Hedde PN, Tanaka M, Tsuboi N, Ishimoto T, Akashi-Takamura S, Maruyama S, Suganami T. Dietary Supplementation With Eicosapentaenoic Acid Inhibits Plasma Cell Differentiation and Attenuates Lupus Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:650856. [PMID: 34211460 PMCID: PMC8240640 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.650856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that cholesterol accumulation in leukocytes is causally associated with the development of autoimmune diseases. However, the mechanism by which fatty acid composition influences autoimmune responses remains unclear. To determine whether the fatty acid composition of diet modulates leukocyte function and the development of systemic lupus erythematosus, we examined the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on the pathology of lupus in drug-induced and spontaneous mouse models. We found that dietary EPA supplementation ameliorated representative lupus manifestations, including autoantibody production and immunocomplex deposition in the kidneys. A combination of lipidomic and membrane dynamics analyses revealed that EPA remodels the lipid composition and fluidity of B cell membranes, thereby preventing B cell differentiation into autoantibody-producing plasma cells. These results highlight a previously unrecognized mechanism by which fatty acid composition affects B cell differentiation into autoantibody-producing plasma cells during autoimmunity, and imply that EPA supplementation may be beneficial for therapy of lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ayaka Ito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Immunometabolism, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ibuki Shirakawa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Immunometabolism, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tamura
- Department of Organic Biomaterials, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Tomono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Hideo Shindou
- Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medical Lipid Science, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Per Niklas Hedde
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Miyako Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Immunometabolism, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naotake Tsuboi
- Department of Nephrology, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Takuji Ishimoto
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sachiko Akashi-Takamura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Shoichi Maruyama
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Suganami
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Immunometabolism, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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23
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Rasouli J, Casella G, Ishikawa LLW, Thome R, Boehm A, Ertel A, Melo-Silva CR, Mari ER, Porazzi P, Zhang W, Xiao D, Sigal LJ, Fortina P, Zhang GX, Rostami A, Ciric B. IFN-β Acts on Monocytes to Ameliorate CNS Autoimmunity by Inhibiting Proinflammatory Cross-Talk Between Monocytes and Th Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:679498. [PMID: 34149716 PMCID: PMC8213026 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.679498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IFN-β has been the treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) for almost three decades, but understanding the mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects remains incomplete. We have shown that MS patients have increased numbers of GM-CSF+ Th cells in circulation, and that IFN-β therapy reduces their numbers. GM-CSF expression by myelin-specific Th cells is essential for the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. These findings suggested that IFN-β therapy may function via suppression of GM-CSF production by Th cells. In the current study, we elucidated a feedback loop between monocytes and Th cells that amplifies autoimmune neuroinflammation, and found that IFN-β therapy ameliorates central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity by inhibiting this proinflammatory loop. IFN-β suppressed GM-CSF production in Th cells indirectly by acting on monocytes, and IFN-β signaling in monocytes was required for EAE suppression. IFN-β increased IL-10 expression by monocytes, and IL-10 was required for the suppressive effects of IFN-β. IFN-β treatment suppressed IL-1β expression by monocytes in the CNS of mice with EAE. GM-CSF from Th cells induced IL-1β production by monocytes, and, in a positive feedback loop, IL-1β augmented GM-CSF production by Th cells. In addition to GM-CSF, TNF and FASL expression by Th cells was also necessary for IL-1β production by monocyte. IFN-β inhibited GM-CSF, TNF, and FASL expression by Th cells to suppress IL-1β secretion by monocytes. Overall, our study describes a positive feedback loop involving several Th cell- and monocyte-derived molecules, and IFN-β actions on monocytes disrupting this proinflammatory loop.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Autoimmunity/drug effects
- Cell Communication/genetics
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/biosynthesis
- Interferon-beta/metabolism
- Interferon-beta/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Rasouli
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Giacomo Casella
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Rodolfo Thome
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alexandra Boehm
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Adam Ertel
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Carolina R. Melo-Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elisabeth R. Mari
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Patrizia Porazzi
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dan Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Luis J. Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Paolo Fortina
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Translation and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bogoljub Ciric
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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24
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Husain B, Kirchberger MC, Erdmann M, Schüpferling S, Abolhassani AR, Fröhlich W, Berking C, Heinzerling L. Inflammatory markers in autoimmunity induced by checkpoint inhibitors. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:1623-1630. [PMID: 33837821 PMCID: PMC8076116 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03550-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are highly effective in several cancer entities, but also invoke a variety of immune-related adverse events (irAE). These are mostly reversible, but can be life-threatening or even fatal. Currently, the pathogenesis is not fully understood, but crucial for effective treatment. Prediction and early detection of irAE could be facilitated and treatment optimized if relevant biomarkers and effector mechanisms were better characterized. METHODS This study included a total of 45 irAE in patients with metastatic melanoma who were treated with ICI. All patients underwent a complete work-up with exclusion of other causes. Longitudinal blood samples were analyzed for a panel of soluble markers and compared to baseline and to patients who did not experience any irAE. Measurements included LDH, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-17, C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha as well as tumor markers S100 and melanoma inhibitory activity (MIA). RESULTS During the early onset of irAE increases in serum IL-6 (from mean 24.4 pg/ml at baseline to 51.0 pg/ml; p = 0.003) and CRP (from mean 7.0 mg/l at baseline to 17.7 mg/l; p = 0.001) and a decrease in MIA (from mean 5.4 pg/ml at baseline to 4.8 pg/ml; p = 0.035) were detected. No changes in IL-17 were noted. These effects were observed for irAE of different organ systems. CONCLUSION Increases of a combination of IL-6 and CRP serum levels can be used for the early detection of irAE and tailored management. Interestingly, changes in MIA serum levels also correlate with irAE onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Husain
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Constantin Kirchberger
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Erdmann
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Schüpferling
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Waltraud Fröhlich
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carola Berking
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lucie Heinzerling
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
- Deutsches Zentrum Für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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Li X, Zhang Y, Zhang WF, Xiao D, Ciric B, Rostami A, Zhang GX. P7C3 attenuates CNS autoimmunity by inhibiting Th17 cell differentiation. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1565-1567. [PMID: 32647376 PMCID: PMC8166969 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0497-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei-Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dan Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bogoljub Ciric
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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26
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Li LY, Wang X, Zhang TC, Liu ZJ, Gao JQ. Cardioprotective effects of omega 3 fatty acids from fish oil and it enhances autoimmunity in porcine cardiac myosin-induced myocarditis in the rat model. Z NATURFORSCH C 2021; 76:407-415. [PMID: 34049426 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2021-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This experiment proposed to investigate the efficiency of omega 3 fatty acids from fish that improves autoimmune against myocarditis in the rat. Fish oil was extracted from fresh Tuna fish and performed FAME analysis and mice bioassay. The autoimmune myocarditis was induced by subcutaneous injection of porcine cardiac myosin (PCM) into the footpads of rats on the first and seventh day. Rats were dissected on the 21st day to analyze the histopathological, hemodynamic, echocardiographic factors, and immunohistochemistry expressions. In the study, 73.90% of total fatty acids were recorded. Histological analysis revealed that omega 3 fatty acids administrated groups showed tremendous development in the multifocal myocardia hyaline degeneration and necrosis with inflammatory changes. Moreover, omega 3 fatty acids inhabited the expressions of inflammatory cells (CD4, CD8 and CD11b) and suppressed the level of NF-κB. The echocardiographic factors such as heartbeat, SBP, DBP, levels of LVDs, LVDd, LVPW percentage of LVFS, EF, expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-1β, IFN-ɤ, IL-2, and IL-6) also significantly suppressed by omega 3 fatty acids. Hence, the present study proved that consuming fatty acid-enriched fish might be a successful therapy for improving the inflammatory profile, regenerates the heart tissues, and controlled the production of inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Chuan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Zong-Jun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Qing Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200062, People's Republic of China
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Wang H, Banerjee N, Liang Y, Wang G, Hoffman KL, Khan MF. Gut microbiome-host interactions in driving environmental pollutant trichloroethene-mediated autoimmunity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 424:115597. [PMID: 34051218 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Trichloroethene (TCE), a widely used industrial solvent, is associated with the development of autoimmune diseases (ADs), including systemic lupus erythematosus and autoimmune hepatitis. Increasing evidence support a linkage between altered gut microbiome composition and the onset of ADs. However, it is not clear how gut microbiome contributes to TCE-mediated autoimmunity, and initial triggers for microbiome-host interactions leading to systemic autoimmune responses remain unknown. To achieve this, female MRL+/+ mice were treated with 0.5 mg/ml TCE for 52 weeks and fecal samples were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing to determine the microbiome composition. TCE exposure resulted in distinct bacterial community revealed by β-diversity analysis. Notably, we observed reduction in Lactobacillaceae, Rikenellaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae families, and enrichment of Akkermansiaceae and Lachnospiraceae families after TCE exposure. We also observed significantly increased colonic oxidative stress and inflammatory markers (CD14 and IL-1β), and decreased tight junction proteins (ZO-2, occludin and claudin-3). These changes were associated with increases in serum antinuclear and anti-smooth muscle antibodies and cytokines (IL-6 and IL-12), together with increased PD1 + CD4+ T cells in TCE-exposed spleen and liver tissues. Importantly, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) using feces from TCE-treated mice to antibiotics-treated mice induced increased anti-dsDNA antibodies and hepatic CD4+ T cell infiltration in the recipient mice. Our studies thus delineate how imbalance in gut microbiome and mucosal redox status together with gut inflammatory response and permeability changes could be the key factors in contributing to TCE-mediated ADs. Furthermore, FMT studies provide a solid support to a causal role of microbiome in TCE-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, TX, United States of America
| | - Nivedita Banerjee
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, TX, United States of America
| | - Yuejin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, TX, United States of America
| | - Gangduo Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, TX, United States of America
| | - Kristi L Hoffman
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - M Firoze Khan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, TX, United States of America.
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28
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Brown LJ, Weppler A, Bhave P, Allayous C, Patrinely JR, Ott P, Sandhu S, Haydon A, Lebbe C, Johnson DB, Long GV, Menzies AA, Carlino MS. Combination anti-PD1 and ipilimumab therapy in patients with advanced melanoma and pre-existing autoimmune disorders. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-002121. [PMID: 33963010 PMCID: PMC8108669 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical trials of immunotherapy have excluded patients with pre-existing autoimmune disease. While the safety and efficacy of single agent ipilimumab and anti-PD1 antibodies in patients with autoimmune disease has been examined in retrospective studies, no data are available for combination therapy which has significantly higher toxicity risk. We sought to establish the safety and efficacy of combination immunotherapy for patients with advanced melanoma and pre-existing autoimmune diseases. Methods We performed a retrospective study of patients with advanced melanoma and pre-existing autoimmune disease who received combination ipilimumab and anti-PD1 at 10 international centers from March 2015 to February 2020. Data regarding the autoimmune disease, treatment, toxicity and outcomes were examined in patients. Results Of the 55 patients who received ipilimumab and anti-PD1, the median age was 63 years (range 23–83). Forty-six were treated with ipilimumab and nivolumab and nine with ipilimumab and pembrolizumab. Eighteen patients (33%) had a flare of their autoimmune disease including 4 of 7 with rheumatoid arthritis, 3 of 6 with psoriasis, 5 of 10 with inflammatory bowel disease, 3 of 19 with thyroiditis, 1 of 1 with Sjogren’s syndrome, 1 of 1 with polymyalgia and 1 of 1 with Behcet’s syndrome and psoriasis. Eight (44%) patients ceased combination therapy due to flare. Thirty-seven patients (67%) had an unrelated immune-related adverse event (irAE), and 20 (36%) ceased combination immunotherapy due to irAEs. There were no treatment-related deaths. Patients on immunosuppression (OR 4.59; p=0.03) had a higher risk of flare. The overall response rate was 55%, with 77% of responses ongoing. Median progression free survival and overall survival were 10 and 24 months, respectively. Patients on baseline immunosuppression had an overall survival of 11 months (95% CI 3.42 to 18.58) compared with 31 months without (95% CI 20.89 to 41.11, p=0.005). Conclusions In patients with pre-existing autoimmune disease, not on immunosuppression and advanced melanoma, combination ipilimumab and anti-PD1 has similar efficacy compared with previously reported trials. There is a risk of flare of pre-existing autoimmune disorders, particularly in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatologic conditions, and patients on baseline immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Westmead and Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alison Weppler
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Prachi Bhave
- Department of Medical Oncology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clara Allayous
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | | | - Patrick Ott
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shahneen Sandhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Haydon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Celeste Lebbe
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Douglas B Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater and Royal North Shore Hospitals, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexander A Menzies
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater and Royal North Shore Hospitals, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matteo S Carlino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Westmead and Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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29
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Assfalg R, Knoop J, Hoffman KL, Pfirrmann M, Zapardiel-Gonzalo JM, Hofelich A, Eugster A, Weigelt M, Matzke C, Reinhardt J, Fuchs Y, Bunk M, Weiss A, Hippich M, Halfter K, Hauck SM, Hasford J, Petrosino JF, Achenbach P, Bonifacio E, Ziegler AG. Oral insulin immunotherapy in children at risk for type 1 diabetes in a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 2021; 64:1079-1092. [PMID: 33515070 PMCID: PMC8012335 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Oral administration of antigen can induce immunological tolerance. Insulin is a key autoantigen in childhood type 1 diabetes. Here, oral insulin was given as antigen-specific immunotherapy before the onset of autoimmunity in children from age 6 months to assess its safety and immune response actions on immunity and the gut microbiome. METHODS A phase I/II randomised controlled trial was performed in a single clinical study centre in Germany. Participants were 44 islet autoantibody-negative children aged 6 months to 2.99 years who had a first-degree relative with type 1 diabetes and a susceptible HLA DR4-DQ8-containing genotype. Children were randomised 1:1 to daily oral insulin (7.5 mg with dose escalation to 67.5 mg) or placebo for 12 months using a web-based computer system. The primary outcome was immune efficacy pre-specified as induction of antibody or T cell responses to insulin and measured in a central treatment-blinded laboratory. RESULTS Randomisation was performed in 44 children. One child in the placebo group was withdrawn after the first study visit and data from 22 insulin-treated and 21 placebo-treated children were analysed. Oral insulin was well tolerated with no changes in metabolic variables. Immune responses to insulin were observed in children who received both insulin (54.5%) and placebo (66.7%), and the trial did not demonstrate an effect on its primary outcome (p = 0.54). In exploratory analyses, there was preliminary evidence that the immune response and gut microbiome were modified by the INS genotype Among children with the type 1 diabetes-susceptible INS genotype (n = 22), antibody responses to insulin were more frequent in insulin-treated (72.7%) as compared with placebo-treated children (18.2%; p = 0.03). T cell responses to insulin were modified by treatment-independent inflammatory episodes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The study demonstrated that oral insulin immunotherapy in young genetically at-risk children was safe, but was not associated with an immune response as predefined in the trial primary outcome. Exploratory analyses suggested that antibody responses to oral insulin may occur in children with a susceptible INS genotype, and that inflammatory episodes may promote the activation of insulin-responsive T cells. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02547519 FUNDING: The main funding source was the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Assfalg
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
- Forschergruppe Diabetes, Technical University Munich, at Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Knoop
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kristi L Hoffman
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Markus Pfirrmann
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jose Maria Zapardiel-Gonzalo
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna Hofelich
- Forschergruppe Diabetes, Technical University Munich, at Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Eugster
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marc Weigelt
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Matzke
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julia Reinhardt
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yannick Fuchs
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Melanie Bunk
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Weiss
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Markus Hippich
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Halfter
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Hasford
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Joseph F Petrosino
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter Achenbach
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
- Forschergruppe Diabetes, Technical University Munich, at Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Ezio Bonifacio
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anette-Gabriele Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.
- Forschergruppe Diabetes, Technical University Munich, at Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany.
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Esmaeili P, Rostami E, Akbarijavar A, Akbari Meyestani A, Bashiri H, Rezaee MA, Fakhari S. Effects of Gliadin on Autoimmune Responses of Central Nervous System of C57BL/6 Mice. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2021; 20:188-197. [PMID: 33904677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gluten sensitivity contributes to various degrees of neurological manifestations and neurodegenerative immunological changes. We investigated the experimental features of anti-gliadin immune responses in the central nervous system (CNS) of mice. Female C57BL6 mice were divided into three groups. Mice immunized with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or gliadin emulsified in CFA, and the control group received phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Immunohistochemistry, hematoxylin-eosin, and Luxol fast blue staining were performed on the sections. The serum levels of interleukin (IL)-17 and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to assess the mRNA levels of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand-2 (CXCL-2), C-C motif chemokine ligand-2 (CCL-2), and CXCL-10. In gliadin+CFA immunized mice, the microscopic lesions included perivascular edema, focal-microgliosis, and acute neuronal necrosis in the cortex, subcortical, Purkinje cell layer, and ventral horn of the spinal cord. While extravasation of anti-IgG antibodies and selective targeting of Purkinje cells were observed in gliadin+CFA immunized mice. A significant increase in serum IL-17 and IFN-g levels (p<0.05), as well as expression of CXCL-2, CCL-2, and CXCL-10 in mice immunized with gliadin+CFA, were monitored versus controls. Our findings indicated that the immune responses directed against gliadin peptides might contribute to blood-brain barrier breakdown, extravasation of serum anti-IgG, gliosis, and acute neuronal necrosis in the cortex and cerebellar Purkinje cells. Anti-IgG antibodies may cause extravasation of blood-born anti-gliadin antibodies and selective targeting of Purkinje cells observed in mice immunized with peptide tryptic (pt) -gliadin in CFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Esmaeili
- Department of Immunology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran AND Department of Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Elham Rostami
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Arefeh Akbarijavar
- Graduated from Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
| | | | - Hamed Bashiri
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ali Rezaee
- Zoonoses Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran AND Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Shohreh Fakhari
- Department of Immunology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran AND Cancer and Immunology Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
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31
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Christopoulos PF, Gjølberg TT, Krüger S, Haraldsen G, Andersen JT, Sundlisæter E. Targeting the Notch Signaling Pathway in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:668207. [PMID: 33912195 PMCID: PMC8071949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.668207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway regulates developmental cell-fate decisions and has recently also been linked to inflammatory diseases. Although therapies targeting Notch signaling in inflammation in theory are attractive, their design and implementation have proven difficult, at least partly due to the broad involvement of Notch signaling in regenerative and homeostatic processes. In this review, we summarize the supporting role of Notch signaling in various inflammation-driven diseases, and highlight efforts to intervene with this pathway by targeting Notch ligands and/or receptors with distinct therapeutic strategies, including antibody designs. We discuss this in light of lessons learned from Notch targeting in cancer treatment. Finally, we elaborate on the impact of individual Notch members in inflammation, which may lay the foundation for development of therapeutic strategies in chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Torleif T. Gjølberg
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Eye Research and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stig Krüger
- Department of Pathology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Guttorm Haraldsen
- Department of Pathology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirik Sundlisæter
- Department of Pathology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Ottolenghi A, Bolel P, Sarkar R, Greenshpan Y, Iraqi M, Ghosh S, Bhattacharya B, Taylor ZV, Kundu K, Radinsky O, Gazit R, Stepensky D, Apte RN, Voronov E, Porgador A. Life-extended glycosylated IL-2 promotes Treg induction and suppression of autoimmunity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7676. [PMID: 33828163 PMCID: PMC8027413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-2 is the master-regulator cytokine for T cell dependent responses and is crucial for proliferation and survival of T cells. However, IL-2-based treatments remained marginal, in part due to short half-life. Thus, we aimed to extend IL-2 half-life by flanking the IL-2 core with sequences derived from the extensively glycosylated hinge region of the NCR2 receptor. We termed this modified IL-2: "S2A". Importantly, S2A blood half-life was extended 14-fold compared to the clinical grade IL-2, Proleukin. Low doses inoculation of S2A significantly enhanced induction of Tregs (CD4+ Regulatory T cells) in vivo, as compared to Proleukin, while both S2A and Proleukin induced low levels of CD8+ T cells. In a B16 metastatic melanoma model, S2A treatment was unable to reduce the metastatic capacity of B16 melanoma, while enhancing induction and recruitment of Tregs, compared to Proleukin. Conversely, in two autoimmune models, rheumatoid arthritis and DSS-induced colitis, S2A treatment significantly reduced the progression of disease compared to Proleukin. Our results suggest new avenues for generating long-acting IL-2 for long-standing treatment and a new technique for manipulating short-life proteins for clinical and research uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aner Ottolenghi
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Priyanka Bolel
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Rhitajit Sarkar
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yariv Greenshpan
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Muhammed Iraqi
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Susmita Ghosh
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Baisali Bhattacharya
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Zoe V Taylor
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Kiran Kundu
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Olga Radinsky
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Roi Gazit
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - David Stepensky
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ron N Apte
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Elena Voronov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Angel Porgador
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel.
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer Sheva, Israel.
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Mammen AL. Statin-Associated Myalgias and Muscle Injury-Recognizing and Managing Both While Still Lowering the Low-Density Lipoprotein. Med Clin North Am 2021; 105:263-272. [PMID: 33589101 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Although statins are generally safe and well tolerated, some patients experience muscle complaints that can be attributed to their use. Those with muscle discomfort but no demonstrable muscle weakness or creatine kinase (CK) elevations may have statin-associated muscle symptoms. Individuals with elevated CK levels, with or without muscle discomfort or weakness, may have statin-associated myotoxicity. Rare patients have statin-associated autoimmune myopathy, a disease characterized by proximal muscle weakness, elevated CK levels, and autoantibodies recognizing hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase. In this review, the author provides the clinician with a practical approach to diagnosing and managing patients with each of these statin side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Mammen
- Muscle Disease Unit, Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 1141, Building 50, MSC 8024, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Sala E, Vived C, Luna J, Saavedra-Ávila NA, Sengupta U, Castaño AR, Villar-Pazos S, Haba L, Verdaguer J, Ropero AB, Stratmann T, Pizarro J, Vázquez-Carrera M, Nadal A, Lahti JM, Mora C. CDK11 Promotes Cytokine-Induced Apoptosis in Pancreatic Beta Cells Independently of Glucose Concentration and Is Regulated by Inflammation in the NOD Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2021; 12:634797. [PMID: 33664748 PMCID: PMC7923961 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.634797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic islets are exposed to strong pro-apoptotic stimuli: inflammation and hyperglycemia, during the progression of the autoimmune diabetes (T1D). We found that the Cdk11(Cyclin Dependent Kinase 11) is downregulated by inflammation in the T1D prone NOD (non-obese diabetic) mouse model. The aim of this study is to determine the role of CDK11 in the pathogenesis of T1D and to assess the hierarchical relationship between CDK11 and Cyclin D3 in beta cell viability, since Cyclin D3, a natural ligand for CDK11, promotes beta cell viability and fitness in front of glucose. Methods We studied T1D pathogenesis in NOD mice hemideficient for CDK11 (N-HTZ), and, in N-HTZ deficient for Cyclin D3 (K11HTZ-D3KO), in comparison to their respective controls (N-WT and K11WT-D3KO). Moreover, we exposed pancreatic islets to either pro-inflammatory cytokines in the presence of increasing glucose concentrations, or Thapsigargin, an Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)-stress inducing agent, and assessed apoptotic events. The expression of key ER-stress markers (Chop, Atf4 and Bip) was also determined. Results N-HTZ mice were significantly protected against T1D, and NS-HTZ pancreatic islets exhibited an impaired sensitivity to cytokine-induced apoptosis, regardless of glucose concentration. However, thapsigargin-induced apoptosis was not altered. Furthermore, CDK11 hemideficiency did not attenuate the exacerbation of T1D caused by Cyclin D3 deficiency. Conclusions This study is the first to report that CDK11 is repressed in T1D as a protection mechanism against inflammation-induced apoptosis and suggests that CDK11 lies upstream Cyclin D3 signaling. We unveil the CDK11/Cyclin D3 tandem as a new potential intervention target in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Sala
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Lleida (IRB-LLeida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Celia Vived
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Lleida (IRB-LLeida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Júlia Luna
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Lleida (IRB-LLeida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Noemí Alejandra Saavedra-Ávila
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Lleida (IRB-LLeida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Upasana Sengupta
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Lleida (IRB-LLeida), Lleida, Spain
| | - A. Raúl Castaño
- Departament of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sabrina Villar-Pazos
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche, IDiBE, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Spain
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Laura Haba
- Experimental Diabetes Laboratory, Institute for Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Verdaguer
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Lleida (IRB-LLeida), Lleida, Spain
| | - Ana B. Ropero
- Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Thomas Stratmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Pizarro
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)—Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Research Institute, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)—Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Research Institute, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Angel Nadal
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche, IDiBE, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Spain
- Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders CIBERDEM, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Jill M. Lahti
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Conchi Mora
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Lleida (IRB-LLeida), Lleida, Spain
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Okawa T, Nagai M, Hase K. Dietary Intervention Impacts Immune Cell Functions and Dynamics by Inducing Metabolic Rewiring. Front Immunol 2021; 11:623989. [PMID: 33613560 PMCID: PMC7890027 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.623989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that nutrient metabolism is closely associated with the differentiation and functions of various immune cells. Cellular metabolism, including aerobic glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation, plays a key role in germinal center (GC) reaction, B-cell trafficking, and T-cell-fate decision. Furthermore, a quiescent metabolic status consolidates T-cell-dependent immunological memory. Therefore, dietary interventions such as calorie restriction, time-restricted feeding, and fasting potentially manipulate immune cell functions. For instance, intermittent fasting prevents the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Meanwhile, the fasting response diminishes the lymphocyte pool in gut-associated lymphoid tissue to minimize energy expenditure, leading to the attenuation of Immunoglobulin A (IgA) response. The nutritional status also influences the dynamics of several immune cell subsets. Here, we describe the current understanding of the significance of immunometabolism in the differentiation and functionality of lymphocytes and macrophages. The underlying molecular mechanisms also are discussed. These experimental observations could offer new therapeutic strategies for immunological disorders like autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Okawa
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Motoyoshi Nagai
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koji Hase
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- International Research and Developmental Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Wang R, Campbell S, Amir M, Mosure SA, Bassette MA, Eliason A, Sundrud MS, Kamenecka TM, Solt LA. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of the nuclear receptor RORα regulates T H17 driven inflammatory disorders. Nat Commun 2021; 12:76. [PMID: 33397953 PMCID: PMC7782731 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20385-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Full development of IL-17 producing CD4+ T helper cells (TH17 cells) requires the transcriptional activity of both orphan nuclear receptors RORα and RORγt. However, RORα is considered functionally redundant to RORγt; therefore, the function and therapeutic value of RORα in TH17 cells is unclear. Here, using mouse models of autoimmune and chronic inflammation, we show that expression of RORα is required for TH17 cell pathogenicity. T-cell-specific deletion of RORα reduces the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and colitis. Reduced inflammation is associated with decreased TH17 cell development, lower expression of tissue-homing chemokine receptors and integrins, and increased frequencies of Foxp3+ T regulatory cells. Importantly, inhibition of RORα with a selective small molecule antagonist mostly phenocopies our genetic data, showing potent suppression of the in vivo development of both chronic/progressive and relapsing/remitting EAE, but with no effect on overall thymic cellularity. Furthermore, use of the RORα antagonist effectively inhibits human TH17 cell differentiation and memory cytokine secretion. Together, these data suggest that RORα functions independent of RORγt in programming TH17 pathogenicity and identifies RORα as a safer and more selective therapeutic target for the treatment of TH17-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Sean Campbell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Mohammed Amir
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Sarah A Mosure
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Molly A Bassette
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Amber Eliason
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Mark S Sundrud
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Theodore M Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Laura A Solt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
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Russo F, Citro A, Squeri G, Sanvito F, Monti P, Gregori S, Roncarolo MG, Annoni A. InsB9-23 Gene Transfer to Hepatocyte-Based Combined Therapy Abrogates Recurrence of Type 1 Diabetes After Islet Transplantation. Diabetes 2021; 70:171-181. [PMID: 33122392 DOI: 10.2337/db19-1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The induction of antigen (Ag)-specific tolerance represents a therapeutic option for autoimmune diabetes. We demonstrated that administration of a lentiviral vector enabling expression of insulin B chain 9-23 (InsB9-23) (LV.InsB) in hepatocytes arrests β-cell destruction in prediabetic NOD mice by generating InsB9-23-specific FoxP3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs). LV.InsB in combination with a suboptimal dose of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (combined therapy [CT], 1 × 5 μg [CT5]) reverts diabetes and prevents recurrence of autoimmunity after islet transplantation in ∼50% of NOD mice. We investigated whether CT optimization could lead to abrogation of recurrence of autoimmunity. Therefore, alloislets were transplanted after optimized CT tolerogenic conditioning (1 × 25 μg [CT25]). Diabetic NOD mice conditioned with CT25 when glycemia was <500 mg/dL remained normoglycemic for 100 days after alloislet transplantation and displayed reduced insulitis, but independently from the graft. Accordingly, cured mice showed T-cell unresponsiveness to InsB9-23 stimulation and increased Treg frequency in islet infiltration and pancreatic lymph nodes. Additional studies revealed a complex mechanism of Ag-specific immune regulation driven by CT25, in which both Tregs and PDL1 costimulation cooperate to control diabetogenic cells, while transplanted islets play a crucial role, although transient, recruiting diabetogenic cells. Therefore, CT25 before alloislet transplantation represents an Ag-specific immunotherapy to resolve autoimmune diabetes in the presence of residual endogenous β-cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Russo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Citro
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Squeri
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Sanvito
- Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Monti
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Gregori
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Annoni
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Kong M, Xie K, Lv M, Li J, Yao J, Yan K, Wu X, Xu Y, Ye D. Anti-inflammatory phytochemicals for the treatment of diabetes and its complications: Lessons learned and future promise. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 133:110975. [PMID: 33212375 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (type 1 and type 2) and its various complications continue to place a huge burden on global medical resources, despite the availability of numerous drugs that successfully lower blood glucose levels. The major challenging issue in diabetes management is the prevention of various complications that remain the leading cause of diabetes-related mortality. Moreover, the limited long-term durability of monotherapy and undesirable side effects of currently used anti-diabetic drugs underlie the urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches. Phytochemicals represent a rich source of plant-derived molecules that are of pivotal importance to the identification of compounds with therapeutic potential. In this review, we aim to discuss recent advances in the identification of a large array of phytochemicals with immense potential in the management of diabetes and its complications. Given that metabolic inflammation has been established as a key pathophysiological event that drives the progression of diabetes, we focus on the protective effects of representative phytochemicals in metabolic inflammation. This paper also discusses the potential of phytochemicals in the development of new drugs that target the inflammation in the management of diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Kong
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minghui Lv
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jufei Li
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianyu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaixuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital/School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dewei Ye
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Lui DTW, Hung IFN, Lee CH, Lee ACH, Tam AR, Pang P, Ho TY, Cheung CYY, Fong CHY, Law CY, To KKW, Lam CW, Chow WS, Woo YC, Lam KSL, Tan KCB. The Impact of Interferon Beta-1b Therapy on Thyroid Function and Autoimmunity Among COVID-19 Survivors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:746602. [PMID: 34659128 PMCID: PMC8515032 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.746602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some studies have indicated that interferon (IFN) may be valuable in COVID-19. We aimed to evaluate the impact of short-term IFN on incident thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity among COVID-19 survivors. METHODS We included consecutive adults without known thyroid disorder admitted to Queen Mary Hospital for COVID-19 from July 2020 to January 2021 who had thyroid function tests (TFTs) and anti-thyroid antibodies measured both on admission and at three months. RESULTS 226 patients were included (median age 55.0 years; 49.6% men): 135 were IFN-treated. There tended to be more abnormal TFTs upon reassessment in IFN-treated patients (8.1% vs 2.2%, p=0.080). 179 patients (65.4% IFN-treated) had a complete reassessment of anti-thyroid antibodies. There were significant increases in titres of both anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO: baseline 29.21 units [IQR: 14.97 - 67.14] vs reassessment 34.30 units [IQR: 18.82 - 94.65], p<0.001) and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (anti-Tg: baseline 8.23 units [IQR: 5.40 - 18.44] vs reassessment 9.14 units [IQR: 6.83 - 17.17], p=0.001) in the IFN-treated group but not IFN-naïve group. IFN treatment (standardised beta 0.245, p=0.001) was independently associated with changes in anti-TPO titre. Of the 143 patients negative for anti-TPO at baseline, 8 became anti-TPO positive upon reassessment (seven IFN-treated; one IFN-naïve). Incident anti-TPO positivity was more likely to be associated with abnormal TFTs upon reassessment (phi 0.188, p=0.025). CONCLUSION IFN for COVID-19 was associated with modest increases in anti-thyroid antibody titres, and a trend of more incident anti-TPO positivity and abnormal TFTs during convalescence. Our findings suggest that clinicians monitor the thyroid function and anti-thyroid antibodies among IFN-treated COVID-19 survivors, and call for further follow-up studies regarding the clinical significance of these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tak Wai Lui
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Ivan Fan Ngai Hung
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Chi Ho Lee
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Alan Chun Hong Lee
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Anthony Raymond Tam
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Polly Pang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Tip Yin Ho
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Chloe Yu Yan Cheung
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Carol Ho Yi Fong
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Chun Yiu Law
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Kelvin Kai Wang To
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Ching Wan Lam
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Wing Sun Chow
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Yu Cho Woo
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Karen Siu Ling Lam
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Kathryn Choon Beng Tan
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
- *Correspondence: Kathryn Choon Beng Tan,
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Zhan T, Wang B, Fu J, Shao Y, Ye L, Shi H, Zheng L. Artesunate inhibits Sjögren's syndrome-like autoimmune responses and BAFF-induced B cell hyperactivation via TRAF6-mediated NF-κB signaling. Phytomedicine 2021; 80:153381. [PMID: 33086170 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperactivation of B cells by activators has been demonstrated to play a central role in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS). In this study, we found that artesunate (ART) can attenuate BAFF-induced B cell hyperactivation and SS-like symptoms in NOD/Ltj mice. PURPOSE To determine the efficacy of ART in attenuating SS-like symptoms in vivo and explore the underlying mechanism in vitro. STUDY DESIGN ART was intragastrically injected into SS-like NOD/Ltj mice. The cytokine hsBAFF was used to activate Raji and Daudi B cells to mimic B cell hyperactivation in vitro. METHODS The efficacy of ART in inhibiting SS progression was studied in NOD/Ltj mice. Salivary flow rate, the number of lymphocytic infiltration foci, the level of autoantibodies and the extent of B cell infiltration were measured in the indicated groups. CCK-8 assays, flow cytometry-based EdU staining and Annexin V/PI staining were also used to detect the effect of ART on the survival and proliferation mechanism in BAFF-induced Raji and Daudi cells. Further studies determined that TRAF6 degradation is a potential mechanism by which ART determines B cell fate. RESULTS Treatment with ART inhibited lymphocytic foci formation, B cell infiltration and autoantibody secretion in SS-like NOD/Ltj mice. In vitro assay results indicated that ART effectively inhibited BAFF-induced viability, survival and proliferation of neoplastic B cells. Mechanistically, ART targeted BAFF-activated NFκB by regulating the proteasome-mediated degradation of TRAF6 in Raji and Daudi cells. CONCLUSION ART ameliorated murine SS-like symptoms and regulated TRAF6-NFκB signaling, thus determining survival and proliferation of B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Zhan
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center of Oral Disease, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoli Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center of Oral Disease, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayao Fu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center of Oral Disease, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxiong Shao
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center of Oral Disease, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center of Oral Disease, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Shi
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center of Oral Disease, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lingyan Zheng
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center of Oral Disease, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
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Buitrago-Molina LE, Pietrek J, Noyan F, Schlue J, Manns MP, Wedemeyer H, Hardtke-Wolenski M, Jaeckel E. Treg-specific IL-2 therapy can reestablish intrahepatic immune regulation in autoimmune hepatitis. J Autoimmun 2020; 117:102591. [PMID: 33387980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease that usually requires life-long immunosuppression. Frequent relapses after discontinuation of therapy indicate that intrahepatic immune regulation is not restored by current therapies. As steroid therapy preferentially depletes intrahepatic regulatory T cell (Tregs), immune regulation might be re-established by increasing and functionally strengthening intrahepatic Tregs. In recent clinical trials with low dose IL-2, the Treg compartment was strengthened in autoimmune diseases. Therefore, we tested complexed IL-2/anti-IL-2 to increase the selectivity for Tregs. We used our model of experimental murine AIH (emAIH) and treated the mice with complexed IL-2/anti-Il-2 in the late course of the disease. The mice showed increased intrahepatic and systemic Treg numbers after treatment and a reduction in activated, intrahepatic effector T cells (Teffs). This resulted in a reduction in liver-specific ALT levels and a molecular pattern similar to that of healthy individuals. In conclusion, complexed IL-2/anti-IL-2 restored the balance between Tregs and Teffs within the liver, thereby improving the course of emAIH. Treg-specific IL-2 augmentation offers new hope for reestablishing immune tolerance in patients with AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Elisa Buitrago-Molina
- Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Julia Pietrek
- Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Fatih Noyan
- Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jerome Schlue
- Inst. of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael P Manns
- Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Hardtke-Wolenski
- Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Elmar Jaeckel
- Dept. of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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42
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Ehteshamfar S, Akhbari M, Afshari JT, Seyedi M, Nikfar B, Shapouri‐Moghaddam A, Ghanbarzadeh E, Momtazi‐Borojeni AA. Anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory impacts of berberine on activation of autoreactive T cells in autoimmune inflammation. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:13573-13588. [PMID: 33135395 PMCID: PMC7754052 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive inflammatory CD4+ T cells, such as T helper (Th)1 and Th17 subtypes, have been found to associate with the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. On the other hand, CD4+ Foxp3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells are crucial for the immune tolerance and have a critical role in the suppression of the excessive immune and inflammatory response promoted by these Th cells. In contrast, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages are immune cells that through their inflammatory functions promote autoreactive T-cell responses in autoimmune conditions. In recent years, there has been increasing attention to exploring effective immunomodulatory or anti-inflammatory agents from the herbal collection of traditional medicine. Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, is one of the main active ingredients extracted from medicinal herbs and has been shown to exert various biological and pharmacological effects that are suggested to be mainly attributed to its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Several lines of experimental study have recently investigated the therapeutic potential of berberine for treating autoimmune conditions in animal models of human autoimmune diseases. Here, we aimed to seek mechanisms underlying immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of berberine on autoreactive inflammatory responses in autoimmune conditions. Reported data reveal that berberine can directly suppress functions and differentiation of pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cells, and indirectly decrease Th cell-mediated inflammation through modulating or suppressing other cells assisting autoreactive inflammation, such as Tregs, DCs and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed‐Morteza Ehteshamfar
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineBuAli Research InstituteMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Masoume Akhbari
- Department of Molecular MedicineSchool of MedicineQazvin University of Medical SciencesQazvinIran
| | - Jalil Tavakol Afshari
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineBuAli Research InstituteMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | | | - Banafsheh Nikfar
- Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research CenterPars HospitalIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Abbas Shapouri‐Moghaddam
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineBuAli Research InstituteMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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Cai EP, Ishikawa Y, Zhang W, Leite NC, Li J, Hou S, Kiaf B, Hollister-Lock J, Yilmaz NK, Schiffer CA, Melton DA, Kissler S, Yi P. Genome-scale in vivo CRISPR screen identifies RNLS as a target for beta cell protection in type 1 diabetes. Nat Metab 2020; 2:934-945. [PMID: 32719542 PMCID: PMC7502486 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Pluripotent stem cells can now be differentiated into beta cells, thus raising the prospect of a cell replacement therapy for T1D. However, autoimmunity would rapidly destroy newly transplanted beta cells. Using a genome-scale CRISPR screen in a mouse model for T1D, we show that deleting RNLS, a genome-wide association study candidate gene for T1D, made beta cells resistant to autoimmune killing. Structure-based modelling identified the U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drug pargyline as a potential RNLS inhibitor. Oral pargyline treatment protected transplanted beta cells in diabetic mice, thus leading to disease reversal. Furthermore, pargyline prevented or delayed diabetes onset in several mouse models for T1D. Our results identify RNLS as a modifier of beta cell vulnerability and as a potential therapeutic target to avert beta cell loss in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica P Cai
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuki Ishikawa
- Section for Immunobiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Section for Immunobiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nayara C Leite
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shurong Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Badr Kiaf
- Section for Immunobiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Hollister-Lock
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nese Kurt Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Douglas A Melton
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephan Kissler
- Section for Immunobiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Peng Yi
- Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Harui A, McLachlan SM, Rapoport B, Zarembinski TI, Roth MD. Peri-tumor administration of controlled release anti-CTLA-4 synergizes with systemic anti-PD-1 to induce systemic antitumor immunity while sparing autoimmune toxicity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:1737-1749. [PMID: 32333082 PMCID: PMC11027619 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Combination immunotherapy targeting the PD-1 and CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibitor pathways provides substantial clinical benefit in patients with advanced-stage cancer but at the risk of dose-limiting inflammatory and autoimmune toxicity. The delicate balance that exists between unleashing tumor killing and promoting systemic autoimmune toxicity represents a major clinical challenge. We hypothesized that targeting anti-CTLA-4 so that it perfuses tumor-draining lymph nodes would provide a significant therapeutic advantage and developed an injectable hydrogel with controlled antibody release characteristics for this purpose. Injection of hydrogel-encapsulated anti-CTLA-4 at a peri-tumor location (MC-38 tumor model) produced dose-dependent antitumor responses and survival that exceeded those by anti-CTLA-4 alone (p < 0.05). Responses to 100 µg of targeted anti-CTLA-4 also equaled or exceeded those observed with a series of systemic injections delivering 600 µg (p < 0.05). While preserving antitumor activity, this approach resulted in serum anti-CTLA-4 exposure (area under the curve) that averaged only 1/16th of that measured with systemic therapy. Consistent with the marked differences in systemic exposure, systemic anti-CTLA-4 stimulated the onset of autoimmune thyroiditis in iodide-exposed NOD.H-2h4 mice, as measured by anti-thyroglobulin antibody titer, while hydrogel-encapsulated anti-CTLA-4 had a minimal effect (p ≤ 0.01). At the same time, this targeted low-dose anti-CTLA-4 approach synergized well with systemic anti-PD-1 to control tumor growth and resulted in a high frequency of complete responders that were immune to tumor re-challenge at a distant site. We conclude that targeted and controlled delivery of low-dose anti-CTLA-4 has the potential to improve the benefit-risk ratio associated with combination checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airi Harui
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sandra M McLachlan
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Basil Rapoport
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Michael D Roth
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Bianco A, Nicoletti T, Traini E, Del Giacomo P, Del Gatto V, Lucchini M, Rota CA, Mirabella M. Dominus effect: challenging complications of alemtuzumab-related thyroid autoimmunity. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:1159-1161. [PMID: 32130689 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01204-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Bianco
- Istituto di Neurologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
- UOC di Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Tommaso Nicoletti
- Istituto di Neurologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- UOC di Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Traini
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Endocrina e Metabolica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Endocrina e Metabolica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Del Giacomo
- UOC di Malattie Infettive, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Del Gatto
- Dipartimento di Endocrinologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- UOC di Endocrinologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Lucchini
- Istituto di Neurologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- UOC di Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo A Rota
- Dipartimento di Endocrinologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- UOC di Endocrinologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Mirabella
- Istituto di Neurologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- UOC di Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Lu G, Rausell-Palamos F, Zhang J, Zheng Z, Zhang T, Valle S, Rosselot C, Berrouet C, Conde P, Spindler MP, Graham JG, Homann D, Garcia-Ocaña A. Dextran Sulfate Protects Pancreatic β-Cells, Reduces Autoimmunity, and Ameliorates Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2020; 69:1692-1707. [PMID: 32381645 PMCID: PMC7372066 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A failure in self-tolerance leads to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells and type 1 diabetes (T1D). Low-molecular-weight dextran sulfate (DS) is a sulfated semisynthetic polysaccharide with demonstrated cytoprotective and immunomodulatory properties in vitro. However, whether DS can protect pancreatic β-cells, reduce autoimmunity, and ameliorate T1D is unknown. In this study, we report that DS, but not dextran, protects human β-cells against cytokine-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. DS also protects mitochondrial function and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and reduces chemokine expression in human islets in a proinflammatory environment. Interestingly, daily treatment with DS significantly reduces diabetes incidence in prediabetic NOD mice and, most importantly, reverses diabetes in early-onset diabetic NOD mice. DS decreases β-cell death, enhances islet heparan sulfate (HS)/HS proteoglycan expression, and preserves β-cell mass and plasma insulin in these mice. DS administration also increases the expression of the inhibitory costimulatory molecule programmed death-1 (PD-1) in T cells, reduces interferon-γ+CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and enhances the number of FoxP3+ cells. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that the action of one single molecule, DS, on β-cell protection, extracellular matrix preservation, and immunomodulation can reverse diabetes in NOD mice, highlighting its therapeutic potential for the treatment of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geming Lu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Francisco Rausell-Palamos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jiamin Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Shanghai Blood Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zihan Zheng
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Tuo Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Shelley Valle
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Carolina Rosselot
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Cecilia Berrouet
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Matthew P Spindler
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - John G Graham
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Dirk Homann
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Ocaña
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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Willems LM, Bauer S, Jahnke K, Voss M, Rosenow F, Strzelczyk A. Therapeutic Options for Patients with Refractory Status Epilepticus in Palliative Settings or with a Limitation of Life-Sustaining Therapies: A Systematic Review. CNS Drugs 2020; 34:801-826. [PMID: 32705422 PMCID: PMC8316215 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-020-00747-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refractory status epilepticus (RSE) represents a serious medical condition requiring early and targeted therapy. Given the increasing number of elderly or multimorbid patients with a limitation of life-sustaining therapy (LOT) or within a palliative care setting (PCS), guidelines-oriented therapy escalation options for RSE have to be omitted frequently. OBJECTIVES This systematic review sought to summarize the evidence for fourth-line antiseizure drugs (ASDs) and other minimally or non-invasive therapeutic options beyond guideline recommendations in patients with RSE to elaborate on possible treatment options for patients undergoing LOT or in a PCS. METHODS A systematic review of the literature in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, focusing on fourth-line ASDs or other minimally or non-invasive therapeutic options was performed in February and June 2020 using the MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases. The search terminology was constructed using the name of the specific ASD or therapy option and the term 'status epilepticus' with the use of Boolean operators, e.g. "(brivaracetam) AND (status epilepticus)". The respective Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and Emtree terms were used, if available. RESULTS There is currently no level 1, grade A evidence for the use of ASDs in RSE. The best evidence was found for the use of lacosamide and topiramate (level 3, grade C), followed by brivaracetam, perampanel (each level 4, grade D) and stiripentol, oxcarbazepine and zonisamide (each level 5, grade D). Regarding non-medicinal options, there is little evidence for the use of the ketogenic diet (level 4, grade D) and magnesium sulfate (level 5, grade D) in RSE. The broad use of immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive treatment options in the absence of a presumed autoimmune etiology cannot be recommended; however, if an autoimmune etiology is assumed, steroid pulse, intravenous immunoglobulins and plasma exchange/plasmapheresis should be considered (level 4, grade D). Even if several studies suggested that the use of neurosteroids (level 5, grade D) is beneficial in RSE, the current data situation indicates that there is formal evidence against it. CONCLUSIONS RSE in patients undergoing LOT or in a PCS represents a challenge for modern clinicians and epileptologists. The evidence for the use of ASDs in RSE beyond that in current guidelines is low, but several effective and well-tolerated options are available that should be considered in this patient population. More so than in any other population, advance care planning, advance directives, and medical ethical aspects have to be considered carefully before and during therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent M Willems
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kolja Jahnke
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Voss
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neuro-Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Felix Rosenow
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Adam Strzelczyk
- Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Center of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Schleusenweg 2-16, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Center Hessen, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg (Lahn), Germany
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Aljawhar NM, Sharquie IK. Is hyaluronic acid filler still a potential risk factor for an autoimmune reaction? Med J Malaysia 2020; 75:363-367. [PMID: 32723995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rejuvenation of the skin with hyaluronic acid (HA) filler is considered to be one of the most favourable procedures in the field of aesthetics. Nevertheless, some adverse effects still occur though infrequently, and are associated with its use. Previous research has suggested that HA filler may stimulate antibodies. Consequently, an investigation of the immune interactions associated with use of HA filler is an important area for investigation. OBJECTIVES The aim of this research is to investigate whether HA filler influences the initiation of an autoimmune reaction in healthy women who had received HA filler by screening for autoantibodies in the blood. Results will be compared with agematched apparently healthy control women who did not receive the filler. METHODS Serum samples were obtained from 44 females who had received HA filler and 44 females who had not as a control group. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was utilised to measure serum concentrations of anti- Thyroglobulin (Tg), anti -thyroid peroxidase (TPO), rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) and anticentromeres. RESULTS The number of women who tested positive for the measured autoantibodies was not statistically significant (p=0.803) between those who had received HA filler (n=10/44, 25%) and the control group (n=11/44, 22.7%). CONCLUSION Based on our result HA filler procedures do not induce an autoimmune reaction in women who received HA filler compared to controls. And consequently, HA filler procedures are relatively safe, and these results contradict the findings of other non-controlled works.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Aljawhar
- University of Baghdad, College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - I K Sharquie
- University of Baghdad, College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Baghdad, Iraq.
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Burberry A, Wells MF, Limone F, Couto A, Smith KS, Keaney J, Gillet G, van Gastel N, Wang JY, Pietilainen O, Qian M, Eggan P, Cantrell C, Mok J, Kadiu I, Scadden DT, Eggan K. C9orf72 suppresses systemic and neural inflammation induced by gut bacteria. Nature 2020; 582:89-94. [PMID: 32483373 PMCID: PMC7416879 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A hexanucleotide-repeat expansion in C9ORF72 is the most common genetic variant that contributes to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia1,2. The C9ORF72 mutation acts through gain- and loss-of-function mechanisms to induce pathways that are implicated in neural degeneration3-9. The expansion is transcribed into a long repetitive RNA, which negatively sequesters RNA-binding proteins5 before its non-canonical translation into neural-toxic dipeptide proteins3,4. The failure of RNA polymerase to read through the mutation also reduces the abundance of the endogenous C9ORF72 gene product, which functions in endolysosomal pathways and suppresses systemic and neural inflammation6-9. Notably, the effects of the repeat expansion act with incomplete penetrance in families with a high prevalence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or frontotemporal dementia, indicating that either genetic or environmental factors modify the risk of disease for each individual. Identifying disease modifiers is of considerable translational interest, as it could suggest strategies to diminish the risk of developing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or frontotemporal dementia, or to slow progression. Here we report that an environment with reduced abundance of immune-stimulating bacteria10,11 protects C9orf72-mutant mice from premature mortality and significantly ameliorates their underlying systemic inflammation and autoimmunity. Consistent with C9orf72 functioning to prevent microbiota from inducing a pathological inflammatory response, we found that reducing the microbial burden in mutant mice with broad spectrum antibiotics-as well as transplanting gut microflora from a protective environment-attenuated inflammatory phenotypes, even after their onset. Our studies provide further evidence that the microbial composition of our gut has an important role in brain health and can interact in surprising ways with well-known genetic risk factors for disorders of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Burberry
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael F Wells
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Francesco Limone
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Couto
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kevin S Smith
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James Keaney
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, New Medicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Gaëlle Gillet
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, New Medicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Nick van Gastel
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jin-Yuan Wang
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Olli Pietilainen
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Menglu Qian
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pierce Eggan
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Cantrell
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joanie Mok
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Irena Kadiu
- Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, New Medicines, UCB Biopharma SPRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - David T Scadden
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Eggan
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Park HB, Goddard TN, Oh J, Patel J, Wei Z, Perez CE, Mercado BQ, Wang R, Wyche TP, Piizzi G, Flavell RA, Crawford JM. Bacterial Autoimmune Drug Metabolism Transforms an Immunomodulator into Structurally and Functionally Divergent Antibiotics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7871-7880. [PMID: 32097515 PMCID: PMC7200298 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tapinarof is a stilbene drug that is used to treat psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, and is thought to function through regulation of the AhR and Nrf2 signaling pathways, which have also been linked to inflammatory bowel diseases. It is produced by the gammaproteobacterial Photorhabdus genus, which thus represents a model to probe tapinarof structural and functional transformations. We show that Photorhabdus transforms tapinarof into novel drug metabolism products that kill inflammatory bacteria, and that a cupin enzyme contributes to the conversion of tapinarof and related dietary stilbenes into novel dimers. One dimer has activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE), and another undergoes spontaneous cyclizations to a cyclopropane-bridge-containing hexacyclic framework that exhibits activity against Mycobacterium. These dimers lack efficacy in a colitis mouse model, whereas the monomer reduces disease symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Bong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Hyun Bong Park, Tyler N. Goddard
| | - Tyler N. Goddard
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Hyun Bong Park, Tyler N. Goddard
| | - Joonseok Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Jaymin Patel
- Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Corey E. Perez
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Brandon Q. Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Chemical and Biophysical Instrumentation Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Rurun Wang
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas P. Wyche
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Grazia Piizzi
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jason M. Crawford
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Chemical Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA
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