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Steen CJ, Niklas J, Poluektov OG, Schaller RD, Fleming GR, Utschig LM. EPR Spin-Trapping for Monitoring Temporal Dynamics of Singlet Oxygen during Photoprotection in Photosynthesis. Biochemistry 2024; 63:1214-1224. [PMID: 38679935 PMCID: PMC11080054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.4c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
A central goal of photoprotective energy dissipation processes is the regulation of singlet oxygen (1O2*) and reactive oxygen species in the photosynthetic apparatus. Despite the involvement of 1O2* in photodamage and cell signaling, few studies directly correlate 1O2* formation to nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) or lack thereof. Here, we combine spin-trapping electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopies to track in real time the involvement of 1O2* during photoprotection in plant thylakoid membranes. The EPR spin-trapping method for detection of 1O2* was first optimized for photosensitization in dye-based chemical systems and then used to establish methods for monitoring the temporal dynamics of 1O2* in chlorophyll-containing photosynthetic membranes. We find that the apparent 1O2* concentration in membranes changes throughout a 1 h period of continuous illumination. During an initial response to high light intensity, the concentration of 1O2* decreased in parallel with a decrease in the chlorophyll fluorescence lifetime via NPQ. Treatment of membranes with nigericin, an uncoupler of the transmembrane proton gradient, delayed the activation of NPQ and the associated quenching of 1O2* during high light. Upon saturation of NPQ, the concentration of 1O2* increased in both untreated and nigericin-treated membranes, reflecting the utility of excess energy dissipation in mitigating photooxidative stress in the short term (i.e., the initial ∼10 min of high light).
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin J. Steen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jens Niklas
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Oleg G. Poluektov
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Richard D. Schaller
- Center
for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National
Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Graham R. Fleming
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lisa M. Utschig
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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2
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Havshøi NW, Nielsen J, Fuglsang AT. The mechanism behind tenuazonic acid-mediated inhibition of plant plasma membrane H +-ATPase and plant growth. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107167. [PMID: 38490436 PMCID: PMC11002603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of herbicide-resistant weeds has led to a search for new herbicides that target plant growth processes differing from those targeted by current herbicides. In recent years, some studies have explored the use of natural compounds from microorganisms as potential new herbicides. We previously demonstrated that tenuazonic acid (TeA) from the phytopathogenic fungus Stemphylium loti inhibits the plant plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase, representing a new target for herbicides. In this study, we further investigated the mechanism by which TeA inhibits PM H+-ATPase and the effect of the toxin on plant growth using Arabidopsis thaliana. We also studied the biochemical effects of TeA on the PM H+-ATPases from spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and A. thaliana (AHA2) by examining PM H+-ATPase activity under different conditions and in different mutants. Treatment with 200 μM TeA-induced cell necrosis in larger plants and treatment with 10 μM TeA almost completely inhibited cell elongation and root growth in seedlings. We show that the isoleucine backbone of TeA is essential for inhibiting the ATPase activity of the PM H+-ATPase. Additionally, this inhibition depends on the C-terminal domain of AHA2, and TeA binding to PM H+-ATPase requires the Regulatory Region I of the C-terminal domain in AHA2. TeA likely has a higher binding affinity toward PM H+-ATPase than the phytotoxin fusicoccin. Finally, our findings show that TeA retains the H+-ATPase in an inhibited state, suggesting that it could act as a lead compound for creating new herbicides targeting the PM H+-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Weise Havshøi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - John Nielsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Thoe Fuglsang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Vajjiravel P, Nagarajan D, Pugazhenthi V, Suresh A, Sivalingam MK, Venkat A, Mahapatra PP, Razi K, Al Murad M, Bae DW, Notaguchi M, Seth CS, Muneer S. Circadian-based approach for improving physiological, phytochemical and chloroplast proteome in Spinacia oleracea under salinity stress and light emitting diodes. Plant Physiol Biochem 2024; 207:108350. [PMID: 38199026 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Salt stress is a recognized annihilating abiotic stress that has a significant impact on agricultural and horticulture crop productivity. Plant development faces three distinct dangers as a result of salt stress: oxidative stress, osmotic stress, and ionic toxicity. It has been shown that plants can forecast diurnal patterns using the circadian clock; moreover, they can manage their defensive mechanism for the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Circadian rhythmicity in gene expression assembles transcription and translation feedback networks to govern plant shape, physiology, cellular and molecular activities. Both external and internal variables influence the systemic rhythm via input routes. The Malav Jyoti (MJ) and Delhi Green (DG) genotypes of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) were grown in the plant growth chamber. The chamber had an optimized temperature of 25 °C and humidity of 65% containing light emitting diode (LED) having Red: Blue: white (one side) and White fluorescent (other side) under salinity stress. The samples were collected on the basis of 4 h intervals of circadian hours (0 h, 4 h, 8 h and 12 h) during Day-10 and Day-20 of salt treatments. Under salt stress, the circadian and light-emitting diode-based strategy had a substantial influence on spinach's anti-oxidative responses, stomatal movement, CO2 assimilation, PS-I and II efficiency, phytochrome pigment efficiency, and photosynthesis. Based on the findings of the free radical scavenging enzyme tests, the photoperiodic hours for the proteome analysis were set to 11 am and 3 pm on Day-20. When compared to white fluorescent, this study found that LED has the capacity to influence the entrainment cues of the circadian clock in the cultivation of salt-sensitive spinach genotypes. According to our findings, changing the cellular scavenging mechanism and chloroplast proteome has increased the survival rate of spinach genotypes under LED when compared to white fluorescent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Vajjiravel
- Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Divya Nagarajan
- Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Varsha Pugazhenthi
- Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Ajay Suresh
- Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Madhan Kumar Sivalingam
- Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Ajila Venkat
- Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India; School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Pritam Paramguru Mahapatra
- Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India; School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Kaukab Razi
- Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India; School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Musa Al Murad
- Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India; School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | - Dong Won Bae
- Central Instrument Facility, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Michitaka Notaguchi
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | | | - Sowbiya Muneer
- Horticulture and Molecular Physiology Lab, School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632 014, India.
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Zhang B, Zhang H, Lu D, Cheng L, Li J. Effects of biofertilizers on the growth, leaf physiological indices and chlorophyll fluorescence response of spinach seedlings. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294349. [PMID: 38096260 PMCID: PMC10721093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemcial fertilizer as the main strategy for improving the vegetable yields was excessively applied in recent years which led to progressively serious soil problems such as the soil acidification. According the situation, five different biofertilizer treatments [no fertilizer (CK), inoculations of Bacillus subtilis (Bs, T1), combination of Bs and Bacillus mucilaginosus (Bs+Bm, T2), Bs and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Bs+Ba, T3), and Bm+Ba (T4)] were conducted to investigate the effect of the growth, leaf physiological indices, and chlorophyll fluorescence of spinach seedlings in the growth chamber. The growth and physiological indices of the spinach seedlings attained a maximum under the T2 treatments. Under the T2 treatment, the ABS/RC (Absorption flux per RC), TR0/RC (Trapping flux per RC), and ET0/RC (Electron transport flux per RC) was significantly increased, while the DI0/RC [Dissipated energy flux per RC (at t = 0)] was decreased. The OJIP curve was improved under of the inoculations of fertilizers, and the increasing range was the largest under the T2 treatment. The leaf light response curve (LC) was also significantly increased under the T2 treatment. The plant growth characteristics [leaf length (LL), leaf weight (LW), plant height (PH)] were positively correlated with the J-I-P test chlorophyll fluorescence parameters [PIABS (Performance index for energy conservation from exciton to the reduction of intersystem electron acceptors), φP0 (Maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry), φE0 (Quantum yield of electron transport), ψ0 (The probability that a trapped exciton moved an electron in electron transport chain further than QA-), TR0/RC, and ET0/RC] while negatively correlated with φD0 (Quantum yield of energy dissipation) and DI0/RC. The leaf physiological characteristics [SP (soluble protein concentrations), SC (soluble carbohydrate concentrations), Chl a (chlorophyll a), Chl b (chlorophyll b), Chl a+b, Chl a/b, and WP (water potential)] were positively correlated with the J-I-P test chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (PIABS, φP0, φE0, ψ0, ABS/RC, TR0/RC, and ET0/RC) while negatively correlated with φD0 and DI0/RC. These results indicated that the combination of Bs+Bm inoculations promoted the growth of the spinach and improved the adaptability of the vegetable to acid soil while Ba inoculation didn't have any effects to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulating, College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, Shaanxi, China
- School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Monitoring and Mechanism Simulating, College of Geography and Environment, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji, Shaanxi, China
| | - Di Lu
- College of Tourism and Management, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan, China
| | - Liping Cheng
- College of Tourism and Management, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan, China
| | - Jiajia Li
- College of Tourism and Management, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan, China
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Ali A, Alghanem SMS, Al-Haithloul HAS, Muzammil S, Adrees M, Irfan E, Waseem M, Anayat A, Saqalein M, Rizwan M, Ali S, Abeed AHA. Co-application of copper nanoparticles and metal tolerant Bacillus sp. for improving growth of spinach plants in chromium contaminated soil. Chemosphere 2023; 345:140495. [PMID: 37865204 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) is classified as a toxic metal as it exerts harmful effects on plants and human life. Bacterial-assisted nano-phytoremediation is an emerging and environment friendly technique that can be used for the detoxification of such pollutants. In current study, pot experiment was conducted in which spinach plants were grown in soil containing chromium (0, 5, 10, 20 mgkg-1) and treated with selected strain of Bacillus sp. and Cu-O nanoparticle (CuONPs). Data related to plant's growth, physiological parameters, and biochemical tests was collected and analyzed using an appropriate statistical test. It was observed that under chromium stress, all plant's growth parameters were significantly enhanced in response to co-application of CuONPs and Bacillus sp. Similarly, higher levels of catalase, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide were also observed. However, contents of anthocyanin, carotenoid, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a & b, were lowered under chromium stress, which were raised in response to the combined application of CuONPs and Bacillus sp. Moreover, this co-application has significant positive effect on total soluble protein, free amino acid, and total phenolics. From this study, it was evident that combined application of Bacillus sp. and CuONP alleviated metal-induced toxicity in spinach plants. The findings from current study may provide new insights for agronomic research for the utilization of bacterial-assisted nano-phytoremediation of contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arslan Ali
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Saima Muzammil
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adrees
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Effa Irfan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waseem
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Alia Anayat
- Soil & Water Testing Laboratory, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saqalein
- Institute of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan; Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Amany H A Abeed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt
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Sommai S, Wanapat M, Prachumchai R, Cherdthong A. Effect of Brazilian spinach (Alternanthera sissoo) pellet supplementation and dietary ratios on rumen characteristics, microorganisms, methane production, milk yield, and milk composition in dairy cows. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:1336-1346. [PMID: 37129194 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the previous research was to evaluate the effects of Brazilian spinach pellet (BSP) supplementation and dietary ratios on rumen characteristics, methane estimation, and milk production in dairy cows. Four crossbred Thai dairy cattle, with Holstein Friesian (HF) cows with a body weight of 442 ± 50 kg were assessed in a 2 × 2 factorial in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to obtain diets; factor A was the roughage (R) to concentrate (C) ratio at 40:60 and 30:70, and factor B was level of BSP supplantation at 2% and 6% of dry matter (basis) intake (DMI). R:C ratio and supplementation of BSP had no interaction effect on DMI and nutrient digestibility. On DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) intake, the R:C ratio increased (p < 0.05). The digestibility of OM improved (p < 0.05) when cows were fed a R:C ratio of 30:70. On pH, ammonia-nitrogen, protozoal population, and blood urea-nitrogen, there were no interactions between the R:C ratio and BSP supplementation. Increasing the BSP supplementation to 6% (p < 0.01) decreased the protozoal population. The R:C ratio of 30:70 increased total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and propionate (C3) concentrations while decreasing the acetate (C2) to C3 ratio and methane (CH4 ) estimation (p < 0.01). The average concentration of total VFA has increased by 114.46 mmol/L for 6% of BSP supplementation. Increased BSP supplementation increased the C3 concentration while decreasing the C2:C3 ratio and CH4 emissions (p < 0.05). The R:C ratio and BSP supplementation had no interaction effect on milk yield, 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM), or milk composition. The R:C ratio of 30:70 increased milk yield (p < 0.05) to the highest level of 12.18 kg/day. In conclusion, the diet containing a R:C ratio of 30:70 increased feed intake, milk yield, BUN, total VFA, and C3 concentration, and decreased the C2:C3 ratio and CH4 emission. BSP supplementation at 6% could increase TVFA and C3 concentrations while decreasing the protozoal population and CH4 estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukruthai Sommai
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Rittikeard Prachumchai
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Anusorn Cherdthong
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Darko E, Gondor KO, Kovács V, Janda T. Changes in the light environment: Short-term responses of photosynthesis and metabolism in spinach. Physiol Plant 2023; 175:e13996. [PMID: 37882272 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Modification in the light environment can induce several changes even within a short time. In this article, light intensity and spectrum-dependent changes in photosynthetic and metabolic processes were investigated in spinach leaves. Short-term exposure of the youngest fully developed leaves provided an elevated CO2 assimilation capacity under red light compared with blue or white light, although the electron transport rate was lower. The stomatal opening was mainly stimulated by blue light. These spectrum-induced changes also depended on light intensity. When white light was used to activate the photosynthesis, the white light showed a similar light response to blue light regarding the electron transport processes and red light in terms of stomatal opening. In contrast, concerning CO2 assimilation characteristics, the white light resembled blue light at low and red light at high light intensities. These results indicate that the photosynthetic processes strongly interact with the light intensity and spectral composition. Furthermore, changes in spectral composition modified the primary metabolic processes as well. Red light induced the sugar accumulation, while more organic acids that belong to the respiration pathway were produced under blue and white lights. These changes occurred even within a short (30 min) time frame. These results also draw attention to the importance of the light environment used during the measurements of the photosynthetic activity of plants and/or sample collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Darko
- Department of Plant Physiology, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Agricultural Institute, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Kinga O Gondor
- Department of Plant Physiology, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Agricultural Institute, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Viktória Kovács
- Department of Plant Physiology, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Agricultural Institute, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Tibor Janda
- Department of Plant Physiology, Centre for Agricultural Research, ELKH, Agricultural Institute, Martonvásár, Hungary
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Ukwu UN, Agbo JU, Muller O, Schrey S, Nedbal L, Niu Y, Meier-Grüll M, Uguru M. Effect of organic photovoltaic and red-foil transmittance on yield, growth and photosynthesis of two spinach genotypes under field and greenhouse conditions. Photosynth Res 2023; 157:103-118. [PMID: 37314664 PMCID: PMC10485117 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-023-01028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The galloping rise in global population in recent years and the accompanying increase in food and energy demands has created land use crisis between food and energy production, and eventual loss of agricultural lands to the more lucrative photovoltaics (PV) energy production. This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of organic photovoltaics (OPV) and red-foil (RF) transmittance on growth, yield, photosynthesis and SPAD value of spinach under greenhouse and field conditions. Three OPV levels (P0: control; P1: transmittance peak of 0.11 in blue light (BL) and 0.64 in red light (RL); P2: transmittance peak of 0.09 in BL and 0.11 in RL) and two spinach genotypes (bufflehead, eland) were combined in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with 4 replications in the greenhouse, while two RF levels (RF0: control; RF1: transmittance peak of 0.01 in BL and 0.89 in RL) and two spinach genotypes were combined in a 2 × 2 factorial in randomized complete block design with four replications in the field. Data were collected on growth, yield, photosynthesis and chlorophyll content. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant reduction in shoot weight and total biomass of spinach grown under very low light intensities as a function of the transmittance properties of the OPV cell used (P2). P1 competed comparably (p > 0.05) with control in most growth and yield traits measured. In addition, shoot to root distribution was higher in P1 than control. RF reduced shoot and total biomass production of spinach in the field due to its inability to transmit other spectra of light. OPV-RF transmittance did not affect plant height (PH), leaf number (LN), and SPAD value but leaf area (LA) was highest in P2. Photochemical energy conversion was higher in P1, P2 and RF1 in contrast to control due to lower levels of non-photochemical energy losses through the Y(NO) and Y(NPQ) pathways. Photo-irradiance curves showed that plants grown under reduced light (P2) did not efficiently manage excess light when exposed to high light intensities. Bufflehead genotype showed superior growth and yield traits than eland across OPV and RF levels. It is therefore recommended that OPV cells with transmittance properties greater than or equal to 11% in BL and 64% in RL be used in APV systems for improved photochemical and land use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uchenna Noble Ukwu
- Institute of Bio-and Geosciences, Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, IBG-2, 52428 Julich, Germany
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Joy Udoka Agbo
- Institute of Bio-and Geosciences, Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, IBG-2, 52428 Julich, Germany
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Onno Muller
- Institute of Bio-and Geosciences, Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, IBG-2, 52428 Julich, Germany
| | - Silvia Schrey
- Institute of Bio-and Geosciences, Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, IBG-2, 52428 Julich, Germany
| | - Ladislav Nedbal
- Institute of Bio-and Geosciences, Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, IBG-2, 52428 Julich, Germany
| | - Yuxi Niu
- Institute of Bio-and Geosciences, Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, IBG-2, 52428 Julich, Germany
| | - Matthias Meier-Grüll
- Institute of Bio-and Geosciences, Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, IBG-2, 52428 Julich, Germany
| | - Michael Uguru
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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Sharma A, Kumar S, Singh R. Formulation of Zinc oxide/Gum acacia nanocomposite as a novel slow-release fertilizer for enhancing Zn uptake and growth performance of Spinacia oleracea L. Plant Physiol Biochem 2023; 201:107884. [PMID: 37451005 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) deficiency has caused nutritional disorders in 17% of the world's population; thus, producing Zn-enriched plants as a dietary source is necessary. Recently, nanofertilizers have gained much attention as a substitute for conventional fertilizers; however, soil application of polymer-coated Zn-based nanofertilizer has not been explored much. The present study depicts the green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using Melia azedarach L. leaf extract, whose phytoconstituents have reducing abilities. The synthesized nanoparticles were combined with gum acacia (GA) to form a ZnOGA nanocomposite. The structural and morphological properties of ZnOGA were studied using XRD, FTIR, FESEM, and EDX. A pot experiment study was carried out with Spinacia oleracea L. at various doses (3, 5, and 10 mg/kg) of the synthesized ZnOGA to evaluate its effectiveness as a slow-release fertilizer and was compared with a commercial Zn fertilizer. The plant growth studies revealed a significant increase in the phyto-morphological traits of the plants fertilized with ZnOGA compared to commercial fertilizer. The plants also displayed significantly higher contents of protein (17-47%), phenols (25-60%), proline (82-94%), total soluble sugar (20-31%), DPPH activity (70-72%), and Zn uptake (91-106%). The doses of ZnOGA played an imperative role in determining the growth and productivity of the plant. Soil column studies showed that ZnOGA reduces Zn leaching by 52% compared to commercial Zn fertilizer. This study signifies the potential of ZnOGA to be applied as an eco-friendly and sustainable substitute for conventional Zn fertilizer minimizing Zn losses and Zn deficiency-related health problems in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avimanu Sharma
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Geology, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, 226025, India
| | - Ritu Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India.
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10
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Menacherry SPM, Kodešová R, Švecová H, Klement A, Fér M, Nikodem A, Grabic R. Selective accumulation of pharmaceutical residues from 6 different soils by plants: a comparative study on onion, radish, and spinach. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:54160-54176. [PMID: 36869956 PMCID: PMC10119051 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of six pharmaceuticals of different therapeutic uses has been thoroughly investigated and compared between onion, spinach, and radish plants grown in six soil types. While neutral molecules (e.g., carbamazepine (CAR) and some of its metabolites) were efficiently accumulated and easily translocated to the plant leaves (onion > radish > spinach), the same for ionic (both anionic and cationic) molecules seems to be minor to moderate. The maximum accumulation of CAR crosses 38,000 (onion), 42,000 (radish), and 7000 (spinach) ng g-1 (dry weight) respectively, in which the most majority of them happened within the plant leaves. Among the metabolites, the accumulation of carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide (EPC - a primary CAR metabolite) was approximately 19,000 (onion), 7000 (radish), and 6000 (spinach) ng g-1 (dry weight) respectively. This trend was considerably similar even when all these pharmaceuticals applied together. The accumulation of most other molecules (e.g., citalopram, clindamycin, clindamycin sulfoxide, fexofenadine, irbesartan, and sulfamethoxazole) was restricted to plant roots, except for certain cases (e.g., clindamycin and clindamycin sulfoxide in onion leaves). Our results clearly demonstrated the potential role of this accumulation process on the entrance of pharmaceuticals/metabolites into the food chain, which eventually becomes a threat to associated living biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Paul M Menacherry
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Radka Kodešová
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Švecová
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 38925, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Klement
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Fér
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Nikodem
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Zátiší 728/II, 38925, Vodňany, Czech Republic
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11
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Sahaka M, Mateos-Diaz E, Amara S, Wattanakul J, Gray D, Lafont D, Gontero B, Launay H, Carrière F. In situ monitoring of galactolipid digestion by infrared spectroscopy in both model micelles and spinach chloroplasts. Chem Phys Lipids 2023; 252:105291. [PMID: 36918051 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2023.105291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Galactolipids are the main lipids from plant photosynthetic membranes and they can be digested by pancreatic lipase related protein 2 (PLRP2), an enzyme found in the pancreatic secretion in many animal species. Here, we used transmission Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to monitor continuously the hydrolysis of galactolipids by PLRP2, in situ and in real time. The method was first developed with a model substrate, a synthetic monogalactosyl diacylglycerol with 8-carbon acyl chains (C8-MGDG), in the form of mixed micelles with a bile salt, sodium taurodeoxycholate (NaTDC). The concentrations of the residual substrate and reaction products (monogalactosylmonoglyceride, MGMG; monogalactosylglycerol, MGG; octanoic acid) were estimated from the carbonyl and carboxylate vibration bands after calibration with reference standards. The results were confirmed by thin layer chromatography analysis (TLC) and specific staining of galactosylated compounds with thymol and sulfuric acid. The method was then applied to the lipolysis of more complex substrates, a natural extract of MGDG with long acyl chains, micellized with NaTDC, and intact chloroplasts isolated from spinach leaves. After a calibration performed with α-linolenic acid, the main fatty acid (FA) found in plant galactolipids, FTIR allowed quantitative measurement of chloroplast lipolysis by PLRP2. A full release of FA from membrane galactolipids was observed, that was not dependent on the presence of bile salts. Nevertheless, the evolution of amide vibration band in FTIR spectra suggested the interaction of membrane proteins with NaTDC and lipolysis products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moulay Sahaka
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR7281 Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Eduardo Mateos-Diaz
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR7281 Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Sawsan Amara
- Lipolytech, Zone Luminy Biotech, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Jutarat Wattanakul
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom; Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Home Economics Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Krungthep, Bangkok 10120, Thailand
| | - David Gray
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique Lafont
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique 2-GLYCO, ICBMS UMR 5246, CNRS-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, bâtiment Lederer, 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Brigitte Gontero
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR7281 Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Hélène Launay
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR7281 Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Carrière
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR7281 Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009 Marseille, France.
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12
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Grace MH, Hoskin RT, Hayes M, Iorizzo M, Kay C, Ferruzzi MG, Lila MA. Spray-dried and freeze-dried protein-spinach particles; effect of drying technique and protein type on the bioaccessibility of carotenoids, chlorophylls, and phenolics. Food Chem 2022; 388:133017. [PMID: 35468465 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The effects of protein carrier and drying technique on the concentration and bioaccessibility of lipophilic compounds (lutein, β-carotene, chlorophylls a and b) and hydrophilic flavonoids in freeze-dried (FD) or spray-dried (SD) spinach juice and protein-spinach particles were investigated. Carotenoid and chlorophyll contents were highest in FD spinach juice without protein (147 and 1355 mg/100 g, respectively). For both SD and FD protein-spinach particles, SPI best protected carotenoids and chlorophylls (123 and 1160 mg/g, respectively), although the bioaccessibility of lipophilic compounds in WPI particles was higher than SPI particles (p < 0.05). For flavonoids, the drying technique was more important than the type of carrier, since FD particles had higher total flavonoids than SD. However, SD particles had higher bioaccessibility for most flavonoids (40-90 %) compared to FD (<20 %). The drying method and protein carrier can be designed to produce protein-spinach ingredients with desired concentration of compounds and bioaccessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary H Grace
- Food Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Roberta T Hoskin
- Food Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Micaela Hayes
- Food Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Massimo Iorizzo
- Horticulture Science Department, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Colin Kay
- Food Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Mario G Ferruzzi
- Food Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | - Mary Ann Lila
- Food Bioprocessing & Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, USA.
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13
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Wang M, Ma W, Chaney RL, Green CE, Chen W. Effects of Mn 2+ on Cd accumulation and ionome in rice and spinach. J Environ Qual 2022; 51:890-898. [PMID: 35439325 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Health risks caused by food containing Cd is a concern worldwide. Interaction between Mn and Cd has been widely studied in normal hydroponic solution with high ion activities (e.g., the study on sharing of transporter Natural Resistance-Associated Macrophage Protein 5 between Mn and Cd in rice [Oryza sativa L.]). However, interaction of Mn and Cd in crops like rice and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) at field ion activity level is still unknown. Thus, an ethyleneglycoltetraacetate-buffered solution experiment was conducted to explore the effect of Mn on the uptake and accumulation of Cd and other mineral elements in rice and spinach. In rice, antagonism of Mn and Cd was only observed in roots at deficient and toxic levels of external Mn2+ . Compared with those at Mn2+ sufficiency (pMn2+ 6.7-5.3), average root Cd levels were elevated significantly by 1.85-3.05 times at Mn2+ deficiency (pMn2+ 8.2) but decreased by 1.57-2.59 times at Mn2+ toxicity (pMn2+ 4.8). The antagonism between Mn and K/Mg in rice shoots might be caused by their common role in physiological processes in plants. Antagonism of Mn/Ni in spinach in this work was consistent with their shared transporters in dicots. Results about the antagonism of root Cd/Mn at Mn2+ deficiency suggest that sufficiently available Mn2+ is significant to reduce Cd uptake in rice under field levels of ion activity, but it was not for spinach because the change of tissue Cd was insignificant with the increase of Mn2+ activity from deficiency to toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- USDA-ARS, Crop Systems and Global Change Lab., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Wankai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, Univ. of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rufus L Chaney
- USDA-ARS, Crop Systems and Global Change Lab., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Carrie E Green
- USDA-ARS, Crop Systems and Global Change Lab., Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Weiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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14
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Zharmukhamedov SK, Shabanova MS, Rodionova MV, Huseynova IM, Karacan MS, Karacan N, Aşık KB, Kreslavski VD, Alwasel S, Allakhverdiev SI. Effects of Novel Photosynthetic Inhibitor [CuL2]Br2 Complex on Photosystem II Activity in Spinach. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172680. [PMID: 36078088 PMCID: PMC9455146 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of the novel [CuL2]Br2 complex (L = bis{4H-1,3,5-triazino [2,1-b]benzothiazole-2-amine,4-(2-imidazole)}copper(II) bromide complex) on the photosystem II (PSII) activity of PSII membranes isolated from spinach were studied. The absence of photosynthetic oxygen evolution by PSII membranes without artificial electron acceptors, but in the presence of [CuL2]Br2, has shown that it is not able to act as a PSII electron acceptor. In the presence of artificial electron acceptors, [CuL2]Br2 inhibits photosynthetic oxygen evolution. [CuL2]Br2 also suppresses the photoinduced changes of the PSII chlorophyll fluorescence yield (FV) related to the photoreduction of the primary quinone electron acceptor, QA. The inhibition of both characteristic PSII reactions depends on [CuL2]Br2 concentration. At all studied concentrations of [CuL2]Br2, the decrease in the FM level occurs exclusively due to a decrease in Fv. [CuL2]Br2 causes neither changes in the F0 level nor the retardation of the photoinduced rise in FM, which characterizes the efficiency of the electron supply from the donor-side components to QA through the PSII reaction center (RC). Artificial electron donors (sodium ascorbate, DPC, Mn2+) do not cancel the inhibitory effect of [CuL2]Br2. The dependences of the inhibitory efficiency of the studied reactions of PSII on [CuL2]Br2 complex concentration practically coincide. The inhibition constant Ki is about 16 µM, and logKi is 4.8. As [CuL2]Br2 does not change the aromatic amino acids’ intrinsic fluorescence of the PSII protein components, it can be proposed that [CuL2]Br2 has no significant effect on the native state of PSII proteins. The results obtained in the present study are compared to the literature data concerning the inhibitory effects of PSII Cu(II) aqua ions and Cu(II)-organic complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey K. Zharmukhamedov
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, FRC PSCBR RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
- Correspondence: (S.K.Z.); (S.I.A.)
| | - Mehriban S. Shabanova
- Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, AZ1073 Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Margarita V. Rodionova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irada M. Huseynova
- Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, AZ1073 Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Mehmet Sayım Karacan
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Gazi University, Teknikokullar, Ankara 06500, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Karacan
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Gazi University, Teknikokullar, Ankara 06500, Turkey
| | - Kübra Begüm Aşık
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, Gazi University, Teknikokullar, Ankara 06500, Turkey
| | | | - Saleh Alwasel
- College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, FRC PSCBR RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
- Bionanotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, AZ1073 Baku, Azerbaijan
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, 127276 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (S.K.Z.); (S.I.A.)
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15
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Yamada M, Suzuki K, Tanabe N, Suzuki T, Nishizawa-Yokoi A, Shigeoka S, Yoshimura K. An oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding-fold protein enhances the alternative splicing event producing thylakoid membrane-bound ascorbate peroxidase in Nicotiana tabacum. G3 (Bethesda) 2022; 12:jkac169. [PMID: 35788847 PMCID: PMC9434269 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The stromal and thylakoid membrane-bound ascorbate peroxidase isoforms are produced by the alternative splicing event of the 3'-terminal region of the APXII gene in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), but not in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). However, all alternative splicing variants were detected in APXII gene-transformed Arabidopsis, indicating the occurrence of its regulatory mechanisms in Arabidopsis. The efficiency of this alternative splicing event in producing thylakoid membrane-bound ascorbate peroxidase mRNA is regulated by a splicing regulatory cis element, but trans splicing regulatory factor(s) for alternative splicing remain unclear. To identify this factor, we conducted a forward genetic screen using Arabidopsis in combination with a luciferase reporter system to evaluate the alternative splicing efficiency of thylakoid membrane-bound ascorbate peroxidase mRNA production. We isolated 9 mutant lines that showed low efficiency of the AS in producing thylakoid membrane-bound ascorbate peroxidase mRNA compared with that in the control plants. From one mutant [APXII alternative splicing inhibition (apsi1)], the causal gene responsible for the phenotype, AT5G38890 (oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding-fold protein, APSI1), was identified. The levels of thylakoid membrane-bound ascorbate peroxidase mRNA from the transformed APXII gene decreased and increased in APSI1 knockout and APSI1-overexpressing plants, respectively. APSI1 was localized to the nucleus and specifically bound to the splicing regulatory cis element sequence. Tobacco plants that disrupted the closest homologs of APSI1 showed low levels of endogenous thylakoid membrane-bound ascorbate peroxidase mRNA. These results indicate that APSI1 is an enhancing component of the alternative splicing event of APXII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yamada
- Department of Food and Nutritional Science, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Kanako Suzuki
- Department of Food and Nutritional Science, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Noriaki Tanabe
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Ayako Nishizawa-Yokoi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan
| | - Shigeru Shigeoka
- Experimental Farm, Kindai University, Arita, Wakayama 643-0004, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yoshimura
- Department of Food and Nutritional Science, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
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16
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Naz R, Zaman QU, Nazir S, Komal N, Chen Y, Ashraf K, Al-Huqail AA, Alfagham A, Siddiqui MH, Ali HM, Khan F, Sultan K, Khosa Q. Silicon fertilization counteracts salinity-induced damages associated with changes in physio-biochemical modulations in spinach. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267939. [PMID: 35679266 PMCID: PMC9182609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth and productivity are limited by the severe impact of salt stress on the fundamental physiological processes. Silicon (Si) supplementation is one of the promising techniques to improve the resilience of plants under salt stress. This study deals with the response of exogenous Si applications (0, 2, 4, and 6 mM) on growth, gaseous exchange, ion homeostasis and antioxidant enzyme activities in spinach grown under saline conditions (150 mM NaCl). Salinity stress markedly reduced the growth, physiological, biochemical, water availability, photosynthesis, enzymatic antioxidants, and ionic status in spinach leaves. Salt stress significantly enhanced leaf Na+ contents in spinach plants. Supplementary foliar application of Si (4 mM) alleviated salt toxicity, by modulating the physiological and photosynthetic attributes and decreasing electrolyte leakage, and activities of SOD, POD and CAT. Moreover, Si-induced mitigation of salt stress was due to the depreciation in Na+/K+ ratio, Na+ ion uptake at the surface of spinach roots, and translocation in plant tissues, thereby reducing the Na+ ion accumulation. Foliar applied Si (4 mM) ameliorates ionic toxicity by decreasing Na+ uptake. Overall, the results illustrate that foliar applied Si induced resistance against salinity stress in spinach by regulating the physiology, antioxidant metabolism, and ionic homeostasis. We advocate that exogenous Si supplementation is a practical approach that will allow spinach plants to recover from salt toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riffat Naz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qamar uz Zaman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saba Nazir
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nayab Komal
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Yinglong Chen
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, and School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Kamran Ashraf
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Government College University, Faisalabad Sahiwal Campus, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Asma A. Al-Huqail
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alanoud Alfagham
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manzer H. Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
| | - Hayssam M. Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faheema Khan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khawar Sultan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Quratulain Khosa
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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17
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Russell BP, Vinyard DJ. Chloride facilitates Mn(III) formation during photoassembly of the Photosystem II oxygen-evolving complex. Photosynth Res 2022; 152:283-288. [PMID: 34817779 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00886-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Mn4Ca oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) in Photosystem II (PSII) is assembled in situ from free Mn2+, Ca2+, and water. In an early light-driven step, Mn2+ in a protein high-affinity site is oxidized to Mn3+. Using dual-mode electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, we observed that Mn3+ accumulation increases as chloride concentration increases in spinach PSII membranes depleted of all extrinsic subunits. At physiologically relevant pH values, this effect requires the presence of calcium. When combined with pH studies, we conclude that the first Mn2+ oxidation event in OEC assembly requires a deprotonation that is facilitated by chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon P Russell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - David J Vinyard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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Zafar S, Perveen S, Kamran Khan M, Shaheen MR, Hussain R, Sarwar N, Rashid S, Nafees M, Farid G, Alamri S, Shah AA, Javed T, Irfan M, Siddiqui MH. Effect of zinc nanoparticles seed priming and foliar application on the growth and physio-biochemical indices of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) under salt stress. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263194. [PMID: 35192615 PMCID: PMC8863234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt stress is the major risk to the seed germination and plant growth via affecting physiological and biochemical activities in plants. Zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) are emerged as a key agent in regulating the tolerance mechanism in plants under environmental stresses. However, the tolerance mechanisms which are regulated by ZnNPs in plants are still not fully understood. Therefore, the observation was planned to explore the role of ZnNPs (applied as priming and foliar) in reducing the harmful influence of sodium chloride (NaCl) stress on the development of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) plants. Varying concentrations of ZnNPs (0.1%, 0.2% & 0.3%) were employed to the spinach as seed priming and foliar, under control as well as salt stress environment. The alleviation of stress was observed in ZnNPs-applied spinach plants grown under salt stress, with a reduced rise in the concentration hydrogen peroxide, melondialdehyde and anthocyanin contents. A clear decline in soluble proteins, chlorophyll contents, ascorbic acid, sugars, and total phenolic contents was observed in stressed conditions. Exogenous ZnNPs suppressed the NaCl generated reduction in biochemical traits, and progress of spinach plants. However, ZnNPs spray at 0.3% followed by priming was the most prominent treatment in the accumulation of osmolytes and the production of antioxidant molecules in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zafar
- Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Muhammad Rashid Shaheen
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Rashid Hussain
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Sarwar
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GSCAAS), Beijing, China
| | - Sahar Rashid
- Horticultural Research Institute, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nafees
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Farid
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Saud Alamri
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anis Ali Shah
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Talha Javed
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mohammad Irfan
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Manzer H. Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
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Mirahmadi SF, Hassandokht M, Fatahi R, Naghavi MR, Rezaei K. High and low oxalate content in spinach: an investigation of accumulation patterns. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:836-843. [PMID: 34233027 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxalic acid is a common antinutrient in the human diet, found in large quantities in spinach. However, spinach is highly regarded by vegetable producers because of its nutritional content and economic value. One of the primary purposes of spinach-breeding programs is to improve the nutritional value of spinach by adjusting oxalate accumulation. Knowledge of the biosynthetic patterns of oxalic acid, and its different forms, is important for a better understanding of this process. RESULTS We found three biosynthetic patterns of accumulation and concentration of oxalates. Two of them are related to the maximum type and one is related to the minimum type. We also developed a general model of variations in these compounds in the genotypes that were studied. CONCLUSION This study introduced a unique type of spinach with high oxalate accumulation, which could be particularly suitable for consumption. This had the highest ratio of insoluble oxalate to soluble oxalate. It also accumulated more ascorbic acid (AA) than other types. Our findings in this study also indicate a small role for AA as a precursor to oxalate production in spinach, possibly confirming the significant role of glyoxylate as the most critical precursor in this plant. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Fazel Mirahmadi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Hassandokht
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Reza Fatahi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Naghavi
- Division of Biotechnology, Agronomy and Plant Breeding Dept., College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Karamatollah Rezaei
- Department of Food Science, Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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20
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Ashraf H, Anjum T, Riaz S, Batool T, Naseem S, Li G. Sustainable synthesis of microwave-assisted IONPs using Spinacia oleracea L. for control of fungal wilt by modulating the defense system in tomato plants. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:8. [PMID: 34983521 PMCID: PMC8725286 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changing climate enhances the survival of pests and pathogens, which eventually affects crop yield and reduces its economic value. Novel approaches should be employed to ensure sustainable food security. Nano-based agri-chemicals provide a distinctive mechanism to increase productivity and manage phytopathogens, with minimal environmental distress. In vitro and in greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the potential of green-synthesized iron-oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) in suppressing wilt infection caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycospersici, and improving tomato growth (Solanum lycopersicum) and fruit quality. RESULTS Various microwave powers (100-1000 W) were used to modulate the properties of the green-synthesized IONPs, using spinach as a starting material. The IONPs stabilized with black coffee extract were substantively characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, dielectric and impedance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, respectively), and magnetization analysis. XRD revealed a cubic magnetite (Fe3O4) phase with super-paramagnetic nature, detected at all microwave powers. The binding energies of Fe 2p3/2 (710.9 eV) and Fe 2p1/2 (724.5 eV) of Fe3O4 NPs were confirmed using XPS analysis at a microwave power of 1000 W. Uniform, spherical/cubical-shaped particles with an average diameter of 4 nm were confirmed using SEM and TEM analysis. A significant reduction in mycelial growth and spore germination was observed upon exposure to different IONP treatments. Malformed mycelium, DNA fragmentation, alternation in the cell membrane, and ROS production in F. oxysporum indicated the anti-microbial potential of the IONPs. The particles were applied both through the root (before transplantation) and by means of foliar application (after two weeks) to the infected seedlings. IONPs significantly reduced disease severity by an average of 47.8%, resulting in increased plant growth variables after exposure to 12.5 µg/mL of IONPs. Analysis of photosynthetic pigments, phenolic compounds, and anti-oxidant enzymes in the roots and shoots showed an increasing trend after exposure to various concentrations of IONPs. Correspondingly, lycopene, vitamin C, total flavonoids, and protein content were substantially improved in tomato fruits after treatment with IONPs. CONCLUSION The findings of the current investigation suggested that the synthesized IONPs display anti-fungal and nutritional properties that can help to manage Fusarium wilt disease, resulting in enhanced plant growth and fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hina Ashraf
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables/Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Centre of Excellence in Solid-State-Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tehmina Anjum
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saira Riaz
- Centre of Excellence in Solid-State-Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tanzeela Batool
- Centre of Excellence in Solid-State-Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Naseem
- Centre of Excellence in Solid-State-Physics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Guihua Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables/Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Predeina AL, Prilepskii AY, de Zea Bermudez V, Vinogradov VV. Bioinspired In Vitro Brain Vasculature Model for Nanomedicine Testing Based on Decellularized Spinach Leaves. Nano Lett 2021; 21:9853-9861. [PMID: 34807626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Animal testing is often criticized due to ethical issues and complicated translation of the results obtained to the clinical stage of drug development. Existing alternative models for nanopharmaceutical testing still have many limitations and do not significantly decrease the number of animals used. We propose a simple, bioinspired in vitro model for nanopharmaceutical drug testing based on the decellularized spinach leaf's vasculature. This system is similar to human arterioles and capillaries in terms of diameter (300-10 μm) and branching. The model has proven its suitability to access the maneuverability of magnetic nanoparticles, particularly those composed of Fe3O4. Moreover, the thrombosis has been recreated in the model's vasculature. We have tested and compared the effects of both a single-chain urokinase plasminogen activator (scuPA) and a magnetically controlled nanocomposite prepared by heparin-mediated cross-linking of scuPA with Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Compositions were tested both in static and flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Artur Y Prilepskii
- SCAMT Institute, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 191002, Russian Federation
| | - Verónica de Zea Bermudez
- Chemistry Department and CQ-VR, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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22
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Bashir F, Rehman AU, Szabó M, Vass I. Singlet oxygen damages the function of Photosystem II in isolated thylakoids and in the green alga Chlorella sorokiniana. Photosynth Res 2021; 149:93-105. [PMID: 34009505 PMCID: PMC8382655 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00841-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) is an important damaging agent, which is produced during illumination by the interaction of the triplet excited state pigment molecules with molecular oxygen. In cells of photosynthetic organisms 1O2 is formed primarily in chlorophyll containing complexes, and damages pigments, lipids, proteins and other cellular constituents in their environment. A useful approach to study the physiological role of 1O2 is the utilization of external photosensitizers. In the present study, we employed a multiwell plate-based screening method in combination with chlorophyll fluorescence imaging to characterize the effect of externally produced 1O2 on the photosynthetic activity of isolated thylakoid membranes and intact Chlorella sorokiniana cells. The results show that the external 1O2 produced by the photosensitization reactions of Rose Bengal damages Photosystem II both in isolated thylakoid membranes and in intact cells in a concentration dependent manner indicating that 1O2 plays a significant role in photodamage of Photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Bashir
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ateeq Ur Rehman
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Milán Szabó
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Imre Vass
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary.
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23
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Kim BM, Lee HJ, Song YH, Kim HJ. Effect of salt stress on the growth, mineral contents, and metabolite profiles of spinach. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:3787-3794. [PMID: 33300600 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased soil salt concentration decreases productivity and changes the physiological and chemical properties of plants. Various omics technologies have been used to understand the salt response in plants but overall changes in the metabolite profiles of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) under salt stress have not been studied. In this article, therefore, the changes in mineral and metabolite profiles of spinach plants cultivated with different NaCl concentrations of 0-200 mmol L-1 in the irrigation water were analyzed to investigate the effect of salt stress on nutritional quality. RESULTS Increasing NaCl concentration decreased plant growth due to mineral imbalance. The amounts of minerals (K+ , Ca2+ , and Fe2+ ) were reduced with increasing NaCl concentration, resulting in altered ratios of Na+ :K+ and Na+ :Ca2+ . The change in the mineral ratios due to NaCl irrigation led to a decrease in the height and an increase in the weight of spinach. Moreover, the profiles of 32 metabolites, including flavonoids, amino acids, acidic compounds, sugars, and lipid-related compounds, were altered by NaCl irrigation; most of them showed decreased levels. In particular, at 200 mmol L-1 NaCl, the levels of sucrose, glutamic acid, hexose sugars, and acidic compounds significantly decreased upon NaCl irrigation. Based on these metabolites, a salt-stress-related spinach metabolomic pathway was proposed. CONCLUSION Sodium chloride irrigation increased mineral imbalance, resulting in decreased plant growth, and the levels of most metabolites involved in energy production, sensory quality, and health benefits decreased with NaCl irrigation. The results suggest that NaCl irrigation negatively affects the nutritional quality of spinach. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Min Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jeong Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Yeong H Song
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
- Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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24
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Ibekwe AM, Ors S, Ferreira JFS, Liu X, Suarez DL. Influence of seasonal changes and salinity on spinach phyllosphere bacterial functional assemblage. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252242. [PMID: 34061881 PMCID: PMC8168849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phyllosphere is the aerial part of plants that is exposed to different environmental conditions and is also known to harbor a wide variety of bacteria including both plant and human pathogens. However, studies on phyllosphere bacterial communities have focused on bacterial composition at different stages of plant growth without correlating their functional capabilities to bacterial communities. In this study, we examined the seasonal effects and temporal variabilities driving bacterial community composition and function in spinach phyllosphere due to increasing salinity and season and estimated the functional capacity of bacterial community16S V4 rRNA gene profiles by indirectly inferring the abundance of functional genes based on metagenomics inference tool Piphillin. The experimental design involved three sets of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L., cv. Racoon) grown with saline water during different seasons. Total bacteria DNA from leaf surfaces were sequenced using MiSeq® Illumina platform. About 66.35% of bacteria detected in the phyllosphere were dominated by four phyla- Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. Permutational analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) showed that phyllosphere microbiomes were significantly (P < 0.003) affected by season, but not salinity (P = 0.501). The most abundant inferred functional pathways in leaf samples were the amino acids biosynthesis, ABC transporters, ribosome, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, two-component system, carbon metabolism, purine metabolism, and pyrimidine metabolism. The photosynthesis antenna proteins pathway was significantly enriched in June leaf samples, when compared to March and May. Several genes related to toxin co-regulated pilus biosynthesis proteins were also significantly enriched in June leaf samples, when compared to March and May leaf samples. Therefore, planting and harvesting times must be considered during leafy green production due to the influence of seasons in growth and proliferation of phyllosphere microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abasiofiok M. Ibekwe
- US Salinity Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Riverside, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Selda Ors
- Ataturk University, Department of Agricultural Structures and Irrigation, Erzurum, Turkey
| | | | - Xuan Liu
- US Salinity Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - Donald L. Suarez
- US Salinity Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Riverside, CA, United States of America
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25
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Joshi V, Penalosa A, Joshi M, Rodriguez S. Regulation of Oxalate Metabolism in Spinach Revealed by RNA-Seq-Based Transcriptomic Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105294. [PMID: 34069886 PMCID: PMC8157348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is considered to be one of the most nutrient-rich leafy vegetables, it is also a potent accumulator of anti-nutritional oxalate. Reducing oxalate content would increase the nutritional value of spinach by enhancing the dietary bioavailability of calcium and other minerals. This study aimed to investigate the proposed hypothesis that a complex network of genes associated with intrinsic metabolic and physiological processes regulates oxalate homeostasis in spinach. Transcriptomic (RNA-Seq) analysis of the leaf and root tissues of two spinach genotypes with contrasting oxalate phenotypes was performed under normal physiological conditions. A total of 2308 leaf- and 1686 root-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the high-oxalate spinach genotype. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of DEGs identified molecular functions associated with various enzymatic activities, while KEGG pathway analysis revealed enrichment of the metabolic and secondary metabolite pathways. The expression profiles of genes associated with distinct physiological processes suggested that the glyoxylate cycle, ascorbate degradation, and photorespiratory pathway may collectively regulate oxalate in spinach. The data support the idea that isocitrate lyase (ICL), ascorbate catabolism-related genes, and acyl-activating enzyme 3 (AAE3) all play roles in oxalate homeostasis in spinach. The findings from this study provide the foundation for novel insights into oxalate metabolism in spinach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Joshi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, TX 78801, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-830-988-6137
| | - Arianne Penalosa
- College of Science, University of Texas, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; (A.P.); (S.R.)
| | - Madhumita Joshi
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, TX 78801, USA;
| | - Sierra Rodriguez
- College of Science, University of Texas, Arlington, TX 76019, USA; (A.P.); (S.R.)
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Baituti B, Odisitse S. A Computational Study of the S 2 State in the Oxygen-Evolving Complex of Photosystem II by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Molecules 2021; 26:2699. [PMID: 34064533 PMCID: PMC8125536 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The S2 state produces two basic electron paramagnetic resonance signal types due to the manganese cluster in oxygen-evolving complex, which are influenced by the solvents, and cryoprotectant added to the photosystem II samples. It is presumed that a single manganese center oxidation occurs on S1 → S2 state transition. The S2 state has readily visible multiline and g4.1 electron paramagnetic resonance signals and hence it has been the most studied of all the Kok cycle intermediates due to the ease of experimental preparation and stability. The S2 state was studied using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy at X-band frequencies. The aim of this study was to determine the spin states of the g4.1 signal. The multiline signal was observed to arise from a ground state spin ½ centre while the g4.1 signal generated at ≈140 K NIR illumination was proposed to arise from a spin 52 center with rhombic distortion. The 'ground' state g4.1 signal was generated solely or by conversion from the multiline. The data analysis methods used involved numerical simulations of the experimental spectra on relevant models of the oxygen-evolving complex cluster. A strong focus in this paper was on the 'ground' state g4.1 signal, whether it is a rhombic 52 spin state signal or an axial 32 spin state signal. The data supported an X-band CW-EPR-generated g4.1 signal as originating from a near rhombic spin 5/2 of the S2 state of the PSII manganese cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Baituti
- Department of Chemical and Forensic Science, Faculty of Science, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 16, Palapye, Botswana;
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27
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Liu Z, Lu T, Feng C, Zhang H, Xu Z, Correll JC, Qian W. Fine mapping and molecular marker development of the Fs gene controlling fruit spines in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Theor Appl Genet 2021; 134:1319-1328. [PMID: 33515081 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03772-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Fs gene, which controls spinach fruit spines, was fine mapped to a 0.27 Mb interval encompassing four genes on chromosome 3. There are two types of fruit of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), spiny and spineless, which are visually distinguishable by the spines of fruit coat. In spinach breeding, the fruit characteristic is an important agronomic trait that have impacts on "seed" treatment and mechanized sowing. However, the gene(s) controlling the fruit spiny trait have not been characterized and the genetic mechanism of this trait remained unclear. The objectives of the study were to fine map the gene controlling fruit spines and develop molecular markers for marker-assisted selection purpose. Genetic analysis of the spiny trait in segregating populations indicated that fruit spines were controlled by a single dominant gene, designated as Fs. Using a super-BSA method and recombinants analysis in a BC1 population, Fs was mapped to a 1.9-Mb interval on chromosome 3. The Fs gene was further mapped to a 0.27-Mb interval using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population with 120 lines. From this 0.27 Mb region, four candidate genes were identified in the reference genome. The structure and expression of the four genes were compared between the spiny and spineless parents. A co-dominant marker YC-15 was found to be co-segregating with the fruit spines trait, which produced a 129-bp fragment specific to spiny trait and a 108-bp fragment for spineless fruit. This marker can predict spiny trait with a 94.8% accuracy rate when tested with 100 diverse germplasm, suggesting that this marker would be valuable for marker-assisted selection in spinach breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Lu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunda Feng
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Helong Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaosheng Xu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Wei Qian
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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28
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Fatima M, Ma X, Zhou P, Zaynab M, Ming R. Auxin regulated metabolic changes underlying sepal retention and development after pollination in spinach. BMC Plant Biol 2021; 21:166. [PMID: 33823793 PMCID: PMC8022616 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02944-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pollination accelerate sepal development that enhances plant fitness by protecting seeds in female spinach. This response requires pollination signals that result in the remodeling within the sepal cells for retention and development, but the regulatory mechanism for this response is still unclear. To investigate the early pollination-induced metabolic changes in sepal, we utilize the high-throughput RNA-seq approach. RESULTS Spinach variety 'Cornel 9' was used for differentially expressed gene analysis followed by experiments of auxin analog and auxin inhibitor treatments. We first compared the candidate transcripts expressed differentially at different time points (12H, 48H, and 96H) after pollination and detected significant difference in Trp-dependent auxin biosynthesis and auxin modulation and transduction process. Furthermore, several auxin regulatory pathways i.e. cell division, cell wall expansion, and biogenesis were activated from pollination to early developmental symptoms in sepals following pollination. To further confirm the role auxin genes play in the sepal development, auxin analog (2, 4-D; IAA) and auxin transport inhibitor (NPA) with different concentrations gradient were sprayed to the spinach unpollinated and pollinated flowers, respectively. NPA treatment resulted in auxin transport weakening that led to inhibition of sepal development at concentration 0.1 and 1 mM after pollination. 2, 4-D and IAA treatment to unpollinated flowers resulted in sepal development at lower concentration but wilting at higher concentration. CONCLUSION We hypothesized that sepal retention and development might have associated with auxin homeostasis that regulates the sepal size by modulating associated pathways. These findings advanced the understanding of this unusual phenomenon of sepal growth instead of abscission after pollination in spinach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahpara Fatima
- College of Agriculture, FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, National Sugarcane Engineering Technology Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Xiaokai Ma
- College of Agriculture, FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, National Sugarcane Engineering Technology Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Ping Zhou
- College of Agriculture, FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, National Sugarcane Engineering Technology Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Madiha Zaynab
- College of Agriculture, FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, National Sugarcane Engineering Technology Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 Fujian China
| | - Ray Ming
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
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29
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Shanaa OA, Rumyantsev A, Sambuk E, Padkina M. In Vivo Production of RNA Aptamers and Nanoparticles: Problems and Prospects. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051422. [PMID: 33800717 PMCID: PMC7961669 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA aptamers are becoming increasingly attractive due to their superior properties. This review discusses the early stages of aptamer research, the main developments in this area, and the latest technologies being developed. The review also highlights the advantages of RNA aptamers in comparison to antibodies, considering the great potential of RNA aptamers and their applications in the near future. In addition, it is shown how RNA aptamers can form endless 3-D structures, giving rise to various structural and functional possibilities. Special attention is paid to the Mango, Spinach and Broccoli fluorescent RNA aptamers, and the advantages of split RNA aptamers are discussed. The review focuses on the importance of creating a platform for the synthesis of RNA nanoparticles in vivo and examines yeast, namely Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as a potential model organism for the production of RNA nanoparticles on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousama Al Shanaa
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.R.); (E.S.)
- Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, Damascus P.O.B 6091, Syria
- Correspondence: (O.A.S.); (M.P.); Tel.: +7-812-328-2822 (O.A.S.); +7-812-327-9827 (M.P.)
| | - Andrey Rumyantsev
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.R.); (E.S.)
| | - Elena Sambuk
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.R.); (E.S.)
| | - Marina Padkina
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.R.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: (O.A.S.); (M.P.); Tel.: +7-812-328-2822 (O.A.S.); +7-812-327-9827 (M.P.)
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30
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Naeem I, Masood N, Turan V, Iqbal M. Prospective usage of magnesium potassium phosphate cement combined with Bougainvillea alba derived biochar to reduce Pb bioavailability in soil and its uptake by Spinacia oleracea L. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2021; 208:111723. [PMID: 33396054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Combining biochar (BR) with other immobilizing amendments has additive effects on Pb immobilization and been recognized to be effective for the restoration of Pb polluted soils. However, the impacts of different proportions between BR and a highly efficient Pb immobilizing agent called "magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MC)" have never been earlier investigated. This work aimed to investigate the consequences of BR and MC alone and their mixtures of 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25 ratios on Pb bioavailability, Pb immobilization index (Pb-IMMi), and enzymatic activities in Pb polluted soil. Furthermore, amendments effects on Pb distribution in spinach, growth, antioxidant capacity, biochemical, and nutritional spectrum were also investigated. We found that MC alone performed well to immobilize Pb in soil and reducing its distribution in shoots, but was less efficient to improve soil enzymatic activities and plant attributes. Conversely, the application of BR alone stimulated soil enzymatic activities, plant growth, and quality but was less effective to immobilize Pb in soil and reducing shoot Pb concentrations. The combinations of BR and MC of various ratios showed variable results. Interestingly, the most promising outcomes were obtained with BR50%+MC50% treatment which resulted in enhanced Pb-IMMi (73%), activities of soil enzymes, plant growth and quality, and antioxidant capacity, compared to control. Likewise, significant reductions in Pb concentrations in shoots (85%), roots (78%), extractable Pb (73%) were also obtained with BR50%+MC50% treatment, compared to control. Such outcomes point towards a cost-effective approach for reducing Pb uptake by the plants via using MC and BR at a 50:50 ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Naeem
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Masood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sub Campus Vehari, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Veysel Turan
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Bingöl University, 12000 Bingöl, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Iqbal
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
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31
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Wang X, Cai X, Xu C, Wang Q. Identification and characterization of the NPF, NRT2 and NRT3 in spinach. Plant Physiol Biochem 2021; 158:297-307. [PMID: 33243709 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate transporters (NRTs) participate in nitrate uptake, transport and allocation within the plant. However, this gene family has not been studied thoroughly in spinach. This study provided the general information about spinach SoNRTs and their transcriptional and functional responses to different levels of nitrate supplies. Resultes showed that fifty-seven NPF (also known as NRT1), nine NRT2 and one NRT3 were identified in spinach homologous to characterized Arabidopsis NRT genes. Phylogenetic analysis organized the SoNRT family into three clades: NPF with three subclades, NRT2, and NRT3. The tested SoNRT genes showed the various expression profiles in relation to tissue specificity and nitrate supply, indicating their functional diversity in response to external nitrate supply. Among them, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing SoNPF30 showed improved biomass, decreased shoot nitrate contents but no significant difference of 15NO3- uptake rates when compared with those of the wild type in response to high N treatment. Under low N treatment, overexpressing of SoNRT3 significantly increased whole plant biomass, root nitrate contents and 15NO3- uptake rates. These demonstrated that SoNPF30 and SoNRT3 confer greater capacity for nitrate translocation or nitrate uptake, and could help to improve the ability of plant nitrogen utilization under those conditions. Our findings provide a valuable basis for future research on this family of genes in spinach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Cai
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Chenxi Xu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Quanhua Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
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32
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Amna S, Qamar S, Turab Naqvi AA, Al-Huqail AA, Qureshi MI. Role of sulfur in combating arsenic stress through upregulation of important proteins, and in-silico analysis to study the interaction between phosphate transporter (PHO1), arsenic and phosphate in spinach. Plant Physiol Biochem 2020; 157:348-358. [PMID: 33189055 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An adequate amount of Sulfur (S) is essential for proper plant growth and defence against abiotic stresses including metals and metalloids. Arsenic (As) contamination is increasing in agricultural soils rapidly due to anthropogenic activities. Sulfur deficiency and arsenic stress could be more harmful than these individual stresses alone. To understand the impact of S-deficiency and arsenic (31 ppm Na3AsO4 of soil) on ecophysiology, growth, inorganic phosphate level, and proteomic profile of spinach, the present study was conducted. Interaction of arsenic with phosphate transporters, phytochelatins, and glutathione was also analyzed in silico. Comparative 2D MS/MS proteomics helped in the identification of important proteins which might be the key players under S-deficiency and As stress. Upregulation and downregulation of 36 and 21 proteins under As stress; 19 and 36 proteins under S-deficiency; 38 and 31 proteins under combined stress, respectively was observed. A total, 87 proteins subjected to identification via MS/MS ion search were found to be associated with important plant functions. PHO1 abundance was highly influenced by As stress; hence an in-silico homology modeling based molecular docking was performed which indicated high interaction between PHO1 and As/phosphate. Varied proximity of arsenic with phosphate transporters, phytochelatin, and glutathione revealed these components as a potential target of As toxicity/detoxification in Spinach, reflecting sulfur as an important criterion for arsenic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Amna
- Proteomics and Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi, India.
| | - Sadia Qamar
- Proteomics and Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi, India.
| | - Ahmad Abu Turab Naqvi
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi, India.
| | - Asma A Al-Huqail
- Botany & Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - M Irfan Qureshi
- Proteomics and Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi, India.
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33
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Gao Y, Li H, Song Y, Zhang F, Lu Y, Peng F, Yang Z. Decisive Enzymes and Prediction Models for the Glutathione Content in Spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) Exposed to Cadmium. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:11855-11862. [PMID: 32986429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In plants, glutathione (GSH) is crucial for the detoxification and tolerance of heavy metals. However, the change characteristics and decisive enzymes involved in GSH metabolism under heavy metal exposure are still unclear. Based on long-term exposure cultivation of spinach and monitoring of the change trends of enzyme activity and GSH contents in response to cadmium (Cd) stress, these issues were clarified. Spinach goes through three statuses in sequence in response to Cd stress, that is, perception status (PS), response status (RS), and new stable status. With the increase in the Cd concentration, the durations of the PS and RS and the time to reach the peaks in the roots were shorter. However, the durations of the PS and the time to reach the peaks in the leaves were longer. The enzyme activities changed significantly in response to diverse Cd stress in RS. γ-glutamyl transpeptidase was vital to the GSH content in roots. Glutathione synthase was important for the GSH content in leaves. The results of this study provide valuable information to find an efficient way to perform GSH adjustments to fulfill the goal of ensuring food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Gao
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Haipu Li
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yang Song
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Fenglin Zhang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Fangyuan Peng
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhaoguang Yang
- Center for Environment and Water Resources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Changsha 410083, China
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34
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Kamiloglu S. Industrial freezing effects on the content and bioaccessibility of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) polyphenols. J Sci Food Agric 2020; 100:4190-4198. [PMID: 32378227 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinach is well recognized as a functional food owing to its diverse nutritional composition, including polyphenols. Freezing is an efficient preservation method that is used to maintain the physical and nutritional characteristics and extend the shelf life of spinach. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in polyphenols in the samples taken from various production steps of the industrial freezing process of spinach, and to evaluate the bioaccessibility of these bioactive compounds for raw material, by-product, and frozen product using the standardized in vitro digestion model simulating the digestion in the mouth, stomach, and intestine. RESULTS Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with photodiode array detection analysis of spinach samples led to the identification of eight flavonoids and two phenolic acids. The changes occurring in flavonoids after blanching, chopping, and freezing steps were statistically not significant compared with the raw material (P > 0.05). On the other hand, by-product was found to contain significantly lower amounts of flavonoids (98% in total) and phenolic acids (90% in total) (P < 0.05) compared with the raw material. Furthermore, after in vitro digestion, frozen spinach was found to contain higher amounts of bioaccessible flavonoids (15% in total) and phenolic acids (16% in total) compared with fresh spinach. CONCLUSION Overall, the current study highlighted that industrial freezing might be a good strategy to preserve the polyphenol content of fresh spinach as well as to enhance the total amount of bioaccessible polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senem Kamiloglu
- Mevsim Gida Sanayi ve Soguk Depo Ticaret A.S. (MVSM Foods), Bursa, Turkey
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35
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Bhaduri S, Singh SK, Cohn W, Hasan SS, Whitelegge JP, Cramer WA. A novel chloroplast super-complex consisting of the ATP synthase and photosystem I reaction center. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237569. [PMID: 32817667 PMCID: PMC7444523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several 'super-complexes' of individual hetero-oligomeric membrane protein complexes, whose function is to facilitate intra-membrane electron and proton transfer and harvesting of light energy, have been previously characterized in the mitochondrial cristae and chloroplast thylakoid membranes. We report the presence of an intra-membrane super-complex dominated by the ATP-synthase, photosystem I (PSI) reaction-center complex and the ferredoxin-NADP+ Reductase (FNR) in the thylakoid membrane. The presence of the super-complex has been documented by mass spectrometry, clear-native PAGE and Western Blot analyses. This is the first documented presence of ATP synthase in a super-complex with the PSI reaction-center located in the non-appressed stromal domain of the thylakoid membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satarupa Bhaduri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sandeep K Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Whitaker Cohn
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California/Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - S. Saif Hasan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Julian P. Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California/Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - William A. Cramer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
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36
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Shevela D, Do HN, Fantuzzi A, Rutherford AW, Messinger J. Bicarbonate-Mediated CO 2 Formation on Both Sides of Photosystem II. Biochemistry 2020; 59:2442-2449. [PMID: 32574489 PMCID: PMC7467574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The effect of bicarbonate (HCO3-) on photosystem II (PSII) activity was discovered in the 1950s, but only recently have its molecular mechanisms begun to be clarified. Two chemical mechanisms have been proposed. One is for the electron-donor side, in which mobile HCO3- enhances and possibly regulates water oxidation by acting as proton acceptor, after which it dissociates into CO2 and H2O. The other is for the electron-acceptor side, in which (i) reduction of the QA quinone leads to the release of HCO3- from its binding site on the non-heme iron and (ii) the Em potential of the QA/QA•- couple increases when HCO3- dissociates. This suggested a protective/regulatory role of HCO3- as it is known that increasing the Em of QA decreases the extent of back-reaction-associated photodamage. Here we demonstrate, using plant thylakoids, that time-resolved membrane-inlet mass spectrometry together with 13C isotope labeling of HCO3- allows donor- and acceptor-side formation of CO2 by PSII to be demonstrated and distinguished, which opens the door for future studies of the importance of both mechanisms under in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Shevela
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hoang-Nguyen Do
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andrea Fantuzzi
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - A. William Rutherford
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Messinger
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Molecular
Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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37
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Joshi V, Joshi M, Penalosa A. Comparative analysis of tissue-specific transcriptomic responses to nitrogen stress in spinach (Spinacia oleracea). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232011. [PMID: 32374731 PMCID: PMC7202632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is critical to the growth and productivity of crops. To understand the molecular mechanisms influenced by N stress, we used RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in root and leaf tissues of spinach. N stress negatively influenced photosynthesis, biomass accumulation, amino acid profiles, and partitioning of N across tissues. RNA-seq analysis revealed that N stress caused most transcriptomic changes in roots, identifying 1,346 DEGs. High-affinity nitrate transporters (NRT2.1, NRT2.5) and glutamine amidotransferase (GAT1) genes were strongly induced in roots in response to N deplete and replete conditions, respectively. GO and KEGG analyses revealed that the functions associated with metabolic pathways and nutrient reservoir activity were enriched due to N stress. Whereas KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated the upregulation of DEGs associated with DNA replication, pyrimidine, and purine metabolism in the presence of high N in leaf tissue. A subset of transcription factors comprising bHLH, MYB, WRKY, and AP2/ERF family members was over-represented in both tissues in response to N perturbation. Interesting DEGs associated with N uptake, amino acid metabolism, hormonal pathway, carbon metabolism, along with transcription factors, were highlighted. The results provide valuable information about the underlying molecular processes in response to N stress in spinach and; could serve as a resource for functional analysis of candidate genes/pathways and enhancement of nitrogen use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Joshi
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Madhumita Joshi
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Uvalde, Texas, United States of America
| | - Arianne Penalosa
- College of Science, University of Texas, Arlington, Texas, United States of America
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38
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Mishra B, McDonald LM, Roy M, Lanzirotti A, Myneni SCB. Uptake and speciation of zinc in edible plants grown in smelter contaminated soils. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226180. [PMID: 32302305 PMCID: PMC7164604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal accumulation in edible plants grown in contaminated soils poses a major environmental risk to humans and grazing animals. This study focused on the concentration and speciation of Zn in different edible plants grown in soils contaminated with smelter wastes (Spelter, WV, USA) containing high levels of the metals Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd. Their accumulation was examined in different parts (roots, stem, and leaves) of plants and as a function of growth stage (dry seed, sprouting seed, cotyledon, and leaves) in the root vegetables radish, the leafy vegetable spinach and the legume clover. Although the accumulation of metals varied significantly with plant species, the average metal concentrations were [Zn] > [Pb] > [Cu] > [Cd]. Metal uptake studies were complemented with bulk and micro X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at Zn K-edge and micro X-ray fluorescence (μXRF) measurements to evaluate the speciation and distribution of Zn in these plant species. Dynamic interplay between the histidine and malate complexation of Zn was observed in all plant species. XRF mapping of spinach leaves at micron spatial resolution demonstrated the accumulation of Zn in vacuoles and leaf tips. Radish root showed accumulation of Zn in root hairs, likely as ZnS nanoparticles. At locations of high Zn concentration in spinach leaves, μXANES suggests Zn complexation with histidine, as opposed to malate in the bulk leaf. These findings shed new light on the dynamic nature of Zn speciation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhoopesh Mishra
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, England, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Louis M. McDonald
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mimi Roy
- Jindal School of Liberal Arts and Humanities, OP Jindal Global University, Sonipat, Haryana, India
| | - Antonio Lanzirotti
- GeoSoil CARS, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Satish C. B. Myneni
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
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39
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Turan V. Potential of pistachio shell biochar and dicalcium phosphate combination to reduce Pb speciation in spinach, improved soil enzymatic activities, plant nutritional quality, and antioxidant defense system. Chemosphere 2020; 245:125611. [PMID: 31864057 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Lead-contaminated soils are becoming an ecological risk to the environment because of producing low-quality food which is directly causing critical health issues in humans and animals. We hypothesized that incorporation of dicalcium phosphate (DCP), eggshell powder (ESP) and biochar (BH) at diverse rates into a Pb-affected soil can proficiently immobilize Pb and decline its bioavailability to spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). A soil was artificially spiked with Pb concentration (at 600 mg kg-1) and further amended with DCP, ESP, and BH (as sole treatments at 2% and in concoctions at 1% each) for immobilization of Pb in the soil. The interlinked effects of applied treatments on Pb concentrations in shoots and roots, biomass, antioxidants, biochemistry, and nutrition of spinach were also investigated. Results depicted that the highest reduction in DTPA-extractable Pb and the concentrations of Pb in shoots and roots was achieved in DCP1%+BH1% treatment that was up to 58%, 66%, and 53%, respectively over control. Likewise, the DCP1%+BH1% treatment also showed the maximum shoot and root dry weight (DW), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and chlorophyll-b (Chl-b) contents and relative water content (RWC) in spinach up to 92%, 121%, 60%, 65%, and 30%, respectively, compared to control. Likewise, DCP1%+BH1% treatment noticeably improved antioxidant enzymes, biochemistry, and nutrition in the leaves. Moreover, the DCP1%+BH1% treatment depicted mostly enhanced activities of dehydrogenase, catalase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, phosphomonoesterase, urease, protease and B-glucosidase in the post-harvested soil up to 118%, 345%, 55%, 92%, 288%, 107%, 53% and 252%, respectively over control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veysel Turan
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Bingöl University, 12000, Bingöl, Turkey.
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40
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Khan AZ, Ding X, Khan S, Ayaz T, Fidel R, Khan MA. Biochar efficacy for reducing heavy metals uptake by Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) and spinach (Spinaccia oleracea) to minimize human health risk. Chemosphere 2020; 244:125543. [PMID: 32050340 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally friendly and cost-effective techniques are required to reclaim land degraded during mining activities. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in vegetables grown on contaminated soils can increase human health risks. The potential effects of hardwood biochar (HWB) was assessed for chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and lead (Pb) bioavailability in mine-contaminated soils and their subsequently bioaccumulation in crops and associated health risk. HWB was applied to chromium-manganese mine contaminated soils at the rate of 3% to investigate the efficiency of HWB for the second crop in crop rotation technique. Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) and spinach (Spinaccia oleracea) were grown as second crop in the same pots which were already used for rice cultivation as first crop (without adding further amendments). Application of HWB decreased the concentrations of Cr, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Pb in cilantro by 25.5%, 37.1%, 42.5%, 34.3%, and 36.2%, respectively as compared to control. In spinach, the reduction in concentrations of Cr was 75.0%, Zn 24.1%, Cu 70.1%, Mn 78.0%, and Pb 50.5% as compared to control. HWB significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the HMs uptake in spinach cultivated in the amended soils as compared to the spinach in control. Bioaccumulation factor results also indicate that HWB decreased the bioaccumulation of selected HMs in cilantro and spinach, thus reducing health risks. Results of the study clearly demonstrate that the use of HWB can significantly reduce HMs in vegetables, associated health risk and improve food quality, therefore can be used as soil amendment for reclamation of mine-degraded soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Zeb Khan
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Xiaodong Ding
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Sardar Khan
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Tehreem Ayaz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan; College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, PR China
| | - Rivka Fidel
- Soil, Water and Environmental Science Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ85721, USA
| | - Muhammad Amjad Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
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41
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Singh D, Kumar A. Quantification of metal uptake in Spinacia oleracea irrigated with water containing a mixture of CuO and ZnO nanoparticles. Chemosphere 2020; 243:125239. [PMID: 31733544 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An extensive application and potential release of nanoparticles (NPs) through wastewater treatment plants to agricultural lands have created an urgent necessity to evaluate food safety. The study here grew Spinacia oleracea until maturity in the soil and irrigated with CuO and ZnO NPs (as single and as a binary mixture). The plants were grown in soil containing pots and were exposed to NPs (CuO and ZnO) and ions (Cu2+ and Zn2+) (concentration = 1.2 × 10-4, 1.2 × 10-3, 1.2 × 10-2 mol/Kg of soil); a binary mixture (CuO + ZnO and Cu2++Zn2+) concentration = 1.2 × 10-4+1.2 × 10-4 mol/Kg of soil, respectively. At maturity, plant fresh weight, root length, and elemental content (Cu and Zn) were quantified. Results showed significant adverse effects on plant biomass exposed at 1.2 × 10-2 mol/Kg of soil (percentage reduction = 36%, 26% and 45% for CuO, ZnO, and CuO + ZnO NPs, respectively). The interaction of toxicity between two NPs and ions on reduction in fresh weight was observed to be additive. Desorption studies were performed for determining root-surface adsorbed CuO and ZnO NPs using three different concentrations of Na4EDTA. The estimated internal uptake of Cu and Zn was found to be 0.4 mg Cu/g dry weight and 0.7 mg Zn/g dry weight in the shoot portion of the plant and 3.06 mg Cu/g dry weight and 3.4 mg Zn/g dry weight in the root portion of the plant, respectively. (at 1.2 × 10-2 mol/Kg of soil). Exposure of metal ions has shown a higher reduction in biomass and higher uptake in plants as compared to NPs. The projected hazard quotient values for the intake of NPs by children was found to be greater than 1 indicating risks to children. Given the importance of food safety, determination of the potential risk of consuming contaminated plants, irrigated using nanoparticles containing wastewater is advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi, India.
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi, India
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Kale R, Sallans L, Frankel LK, Bricker TM. Natively oxidized amino acid residues in the spinach PS I-LHC I supercomplex. Photosynth Res 2020; 143:263-273. [PMID: 31894498 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00698-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is an unavoidable byproduct of electron transport under aerobic conditions. Photosystem II (PS II), the cytochrome b6/f complex and Photosystem I (PS I) are all demonstrated sources of ROS. It has been proposed that PS I produces substantial levels of a variety of ROS including O2.-, 1O2, H2O2 and, possibly, •OH; however, the site(s) of ROS production within PS I has been the subject of significant debate. We hypothesize that amino acid residues close to the sites of ROS generation will be more susceptible to oxidative modification than distant residues. In this study, we have identified oxidized amino acid residues in spinach PS I which was isolated from field-grown spinach. The modified residues were identified by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. As expected, many of the modified residues lie on the surface of the complex. However, a well-defined group of oxidized residues, both buried and surface-exposed, lead from the chl a' of P700 to the surface of PS I. These residues (PsaB: 609F, 611E, 617M, 619W, 620L, and PsaF: 139L, 142A,143D) may identify a preferred route for ROS, probably 1O2, to egress the complex from the vicinity of P700. Additionally, two buried residues located in close proximity to A1B (PsaB:712H and 714S) were modified, which appears consistent with A1B being a source of O2.-. Surprisingly, no oxidatively modified residues were identified in close proximity to the 4Fe-FS clusters FX, FA or FB. These cofactors had been identified as principal targets for ROS damage in the photosystem. Finally, a large number of residues located in the hydrophobic cores of Lhca1-Lhca4 are oxidatively modified. These appear to be the result of 1O2 production by the distal antennae for the photosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Kale
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Larry Sallans
- The Rieveschl Laboratories for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Laurie K Frankel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Terry M Bricker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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Wattanakul J, Sahaka M, Amara S, Mansor S, Gontero B, Carrière F, Gray D. In vitro digestion of galactolipids from chloroplast-rich fraction (CRF) of postharvest, pea vine field residue (haulm) and spinach leaves. Food Funct 2019; 10:7806-7817. [PMID: 31793593 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01867k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The removal of intact chloroplasts from their cell wall confinement offers a novel way to obtain lipophilic nutrients from green biomass, especially carotenoids and galactolipids. These latter are the main membrane lipids in plants and they represent a major source of the essential α-linolenic acid (18:3; ALA). Nevertheless, knowledge on their digestion is still limited. We have developed a physical method of recovering a chloroplast-rich fraction (CRF) from green biomass and tested its digestibility in vitro under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Using a two-step static model, CRF from both spinach leaves and postharvest, pea vine field residue (haulm) were first exposed to enzymes from rabbit gastric extracts and then either to pancreatic enzymes from human pancreatic juice (HPJ) or to porcine pancreatic extracts (PPE). The lipolysis of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyl diacylglycerol (DGDG) was monitored by thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters. For both CRF preparations, MGDG and DGDG were converted to monogalactosylmonoacylglycerol (MGMG) and digalactosylmonoacylglycerol (DGMG), respectively, during the intestinal phase and ALA was the main fatty acid released. Galactolipids were more effectively hydrolysed by HPJ than by PPE, and PPE showed a higher activity on MGDG than on DGDG. These findings may be explained by the higher levels of galactolipase activity in HPJ compared to PPE, which mainly results from pancreatic lipase-related protein 2. Thus, we showed that CRF galactolipids are well digested by pancreatic enzymes and represent an interesting vehicle for ALA supplementation in human diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutarat Wattanakul
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK.
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Zhang T, Qiu J, Chen G, Xu J, Zhu F, Ouyang G. Uptake of pharmaceuticals acts as an abiotic stress and triggers variation of jasmonates in Malabar spinach (Basella alba. L). Chemosphere 2019; 236:124711. [PMID: 31549668 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, pharmaceuticals have received increasing attentions because of their potential risks to the environment, but researches focusing on their impacts on defense system of living plants are still lacking. As an important class of phytohormones, jasmonates play crucial roles in plant defense system against environmental stress. In order to investigate the effect of pharmaceuticals uptake on endogenous jasmonates, an in vivo solid phase microextraction (SPME) method was established to simultaneously detect and monitor both pharmaceuticals and jasmonates in living plants. The proposed method exhibited wide linear ranges, high sensitivity (limits of detection ranging 0.0043-0.035 ng g-1 for pharmaceuticals and 0.091-0.22 ng g-1 for jasmonates, respectively), and satisfactory reproducibility (relative standard deviation of intrafiber ranging 4.2%-8.6% and interfiber ranging 5.2%-8.2%, respectively). Subsequently, this method was successfully applied to track the concentrations of each pharmaceutical and corresponding jasmonates in living Malabar spinach plants (Basella alba. L) exposed to three common pharmaceuticals (i.e. gemfibrozil, mefenamic acid and tolfenamic acid) over 15 days. In result, all pharmaceuticals appeared to trigger intensive biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) (3.1-9.4 times of control) while reduced the concentration of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) (18.3%-38.1% of control). We inferred that uptake of pharmaceuticals acted as an abiotic stress and stimulated the plant defense response because of the variation of jasmonates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study applying SPME to detect and track both pharmaceuticals and phytohormones in living plants, which not only provided a glimpse to the adverse effect of pharmaceuticals on plants as well as the regulation of endogenous jasmonates, but also set a promising template for future in vivo analysis of xenobiotics and plant endogenous substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlang Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Junlang Qiu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Guosheng Chen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Jianqiao Xu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China.
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
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45
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Yamada K, Davydov II, Besnard G, Salamin N. Duplication history and molecular evolution of the rbcS multigene family in angiosperms. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:6127-6139. [PMID: 31498865 PMCID: PMC6859733 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) is considered to be the main enzyme determining the rate of photosynthesis. The small subunit of the protein, encoded by the rbcS gene, has been shown to influence the catalytic efficiency, CO2 specificity, assembly, activity, and stability of RuBisCO. However, the evolution of the rbcS gene remains poorly studied. We inferred the phylogenetic tree of the rbcS gene in angiosperms using the nucleotide sequences and found that it is composed of two lineages that may have existed before the divergence of land plants. Although almost all species sampled carry at least one copy of lineage 1, genes of lineage 2 were lost in most angiosperm species. We found the specific residues that have undergone positive selection during the evolution of the rbcS gene. We detected intensive coevolution between each rbcS gene copy and the rbcL gene encoding the large subunit of RuBisCO. We tested the role played by each rbcS gene copy on the stability of the RuBisCO protein through homology modelling. Our results showed that this evolutionary constraint could limit the level of divergence seen in the rbcS gene, which leads to the similarity among the rbcS gene copies of lineage 1 within species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Yamada
- Department of Computational Biology, Génopode, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Iakov I Davydov
- Department of Computational Biology, Génopode, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Besnard
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR5174), CNRS-UPS-IRD, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Salamin
- Department of Computational Biology, Génopode, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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46
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Chaturvedi R, Favas PJ, Pratas J, Varun M, Paul MS. Metal(loid) induced toxicity and defense mechanisms in Spinacia oleracea L.: Ecological hazard and Prospects for phytoremediation. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 183:109570. [PMID: 31442811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A pot study was conducted to assess the phytoremediation potential of Spinach plants along with their physiological and biochemical response when grown in soil contaminated with heavy metal(loid)s (HMs). Plants were grown under different doses of Pb, Cd and As; and their metal(loid) accumulation efficiency was studied upon harvest; expressed in terms of bioabsorption coefficient (BAC), bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF). Results showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) difference in physiological and biochemical mechanisms of plants as detected through decrease in concentration of cellular constituents (pigments, carbohydrates, total nitrogen content); and increase in antioxidants (both enzymatic and non-enzymatic). Despite of accumulating high amount of HMs in tissues, no visible signs of toxicity were seen; and hence the efficient survival and defense mechanism shown by spinach plants conclude that they are a viable option to be used for phytoremediation of sites contaminated with Cd and Pb. Since the content of Cd and Pb in edible part was higher than safe limits prescribed by USEPA, the present investigation also highlights the ecological hazards that may result upon cultivation of spinach in contaminated soil for agricultural purpose; or its accidental exposure to food chain when grown for phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Chaturvedi
- Department of Botany, St. John's College, Agra, 282002, India.
| | - Paulo Jc Favas
- School of Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - João Pratas
- Departmesnt of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3001-401, Coimbra, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3000-517, Coimbra, Portugal; Instituto do Petróleo e Geologia (Institute of Petroleum and Geology), Rua Delta 1, Aimutin Comoro, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Mayank Varun
- Department of Botany, Hislop College, Nagpur, 440001, India
| | - Manoj S Paul
- Department of Botany, St. John's College, Agra, 282002, India
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47
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Chen J, Xia X, Wang H, Zhai Y, Xi N, Lin H, Wen W. Uptake pathway and accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in spinach affected by warming in enclosed soil/water-air-plant microcosms. J Hazard Mater 2019; 379:120831. [PMID: 31271938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The partition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) among water-soil-air is temperature-dependent. Thus, we hypothesized that climate warming will affect the accumulation and uptake pathway of PAHs in plants. To test this hypothesis, enclosed soil/water-air-plant microcosm experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of warming on the uptake and accumulation of four PAHs in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). The results showed that root uptake was the predominant pathway and its contribution increased with temperature due to the promoted acropetal translocation. Owing to the increase in freely dissolved concentrations of PAHs in soil pore water, the four PAH concentrations in roots increased by 60.8-111.5% when temperature elevated from 15/10 to 21/16 °C. A model was established to describe the relationship between bioconcentration factor of PAHs in root and temperature. Compared with 15/10 °C, the PAH concentrations in leaves at both 18/13 and 21/16 °C elevated due to the increase in PAH concentrations in air, while slightly decreased when temperature elevated from 18/13 to 21/16 °C because the PAH concentrations in air decreased, resulting from accelerated biodegradation of PAHs in topsoil. This study suggests that warming will generally enhance the PAH accumulation in plant, but the effect will differ among different plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Xinghui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Haotian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Yawei Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Nannan Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Hui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Wu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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48
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Zaheer IE, Ali S, Rizwan M, Bareen FE, Abbas Z, Bukhari SAH, Wijaya L, Alyemeni MN, Ahmad P. Zinc-lysine prevents chromium-induced morphological, photosynthetic, and oxidative alterations in spinach irrigated with tannery wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:28951-28961. [PMID: 31385255 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities have resulted in severe environmental degradation. Untreated wastewater from tanneries is hazardous to all kinds of life on earth. Effluent from tanning industries, containing large amount of Cr, is used to irrigate the crops in Pakistan. The current experiment was carried out to study the effects of tannery wastewater on spinach and the role of lysine-Zn in mitigating the severity of stress. The plants were grown in soil and the following treatments were used: irrigation with 0%, 33%, 66%, and 100% wastewater (ww) along with two doses (0 mM, 10 mM) of Zn-lysine. Foliar application of zinc-lysine enhanced the plant growth, biomass, Zn contents, photosynthesis, and enzyme activities in different tissues of plant. Zinc-lysine (10 mM) considerably decreased the Cr content in roots and shoots, along with ameliorating the oxidative stress by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes in plants. Addition of Zn-lys (10 mM) improved the plant height by 19%, root length by 57%, leaf dry weight by 19%, and root dry weight by33% under 100% Cr treatment. Zn-lys significantly reduces the oxidative stress and concentration of Cr as compared with the Cr treatments alone. Application of Zn-lys (10 mM) reduced the Cr contents in roots by 27 and 22 under 33 and 66% Cr treatment, respectively. Taken together, Zn-lys chelates efficiently ameliorated the toxic effects of chromium. Zn-lysine has the extravagant potential of mitigating the heavy metal toxicity without harming the normal growth and development of the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Elahi Zaheer
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Firdaus-E- Bareen
- Department of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Zohaib Abbas
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | | | - Leonard Wijaya
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Botany, S.P. College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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49
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Humphrey OS, Young SD, Bailey EH, Crout NMJ, Ander EL, Hamilton EM, Watts MJ. Iodine uptake, storage and translocation mechanisms in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Environ Geochem Health 2019; 41:2145-2156. [PMID: 30848410 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00272-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Iodine is an essential micronutrient for human health; phytofortification is a means of improving humans' nutritional iodine status. However, knowledge of iodine uptake and translocation in plants remains limited. In this paper, plant uptake mechanisms were assessed in short-term experiments (24 h) using labelled radioisotopes; the speciation of iodine present in apoplastic and symplastic root solutions was determined by (HPLC)-ICP-QQQ-MS. Iodine storage was investigated in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) treated with I- and IO3-. Finally, translocation through the phloem to younger leaves was also investigated using a radioiodine (129I-) label. During uptake, spinach roots demonstrated the ability to reduce IO3- to I-. Once absorbed, iodine was present as org-I or I- with significantly greater concentrations in the apoplast than the symplast. Plants were shown to absorb similar concentrations of iodine applied as I- or IO3-, via the roots, grown in an inert growth substrate. We found that whilst leaves were capable of absorbing radioactively labelled iodine applied to a single leaf, less than 2% was transferred through the phloem to younger leaves. In this paper, we show that iodine uptake is predominantly passive (approximately two-thirds of total uptake); however, I- can be absorbed actively through the symplast. Spinach leaves can absorb iodine via foliar fertilisation, but translocation is severely limited. As such, foliar application is unlikely to significantly increase the iodine content, via phloem translocation, of fruits, grains or tubers.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Humphrey
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - S D Young
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - E H Bailey
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - N M J Crout
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - E L Ander
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - E M Hamilton
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - M J Watts
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK.
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50
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Semin BК, Davletshina LN, Rubin AB. Effect of sucrose-bound polynuclear iron oxyhydroxide nanoparticles on the efficiency of electron transport in the photosystem II membranes. Photosynth Res 2019; 142:57-67. [PMID: 31098930 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00647-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Effect of water-soluble and stable sucrose-bound iron oxyhydroxide nanoparticles [Fe[III] sucrose complex (FSC)] on the efficiency of electron transport in the photosystem II membranes was studied. FSC significantly increases (by a factor 1.5) the rate of light-induced oxygen evolution in the presence of alternative electron acceptor 2,6-dichloro-p-benzoquinone (DCBQ). Without DCBQ, FSC only slightly (5%) provides the oxygen evolution. Electron transport supported by pair DCBQ + FSC is inhibited by diuron. Maximum of stimulating effect was recorded at Fe(III) concentration 5 µM. In the case of another benzoquinone electron acceptor (2-phenyl-p-benzoquinone and 2,3-dimethyl-p-benzoquinone) and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol, stimulating effect of FSC was not observed. Incubation of PSII membranes at different concentrations with FSC is accompanied by binding of Fe(III) by membrane components but only about 50% of iron can be extracted by membranes from Fe(III) solution at pH 6.5. This result implies the heterogeneity of FSC solution in a buffer. The heterogeneity depends on pH and decreases with its rising. At pH around 9.0 Fe(III), sucrose solution is homogeneous. The study of pH effect has shown that stimulation of electron transport is induced only by iron cations which can be bound by membranes. Not extractable iron pool cannot activate electron transfer from oxygen-evolving complex to DCBQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- B К Semin
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119234.
| | - L N Davletshina
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119234
| | - A B Rubin
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119234
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