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Yuan R, Ma H, Min Y, Ding L, Li B, Wang K. LAMP-visualized photofuel cell self-powered dual-mode sensing platform for detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Talanta 2024; 274:126024. [PMID: 38583330 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is of great significance to reduce the loss of pig industry. A LAMP-visualization/PFC self-powered dual-mode output sensor platform was constructed to detect TGEV by combining a simple and intuitive photoelectrochromic material with a highly sensitive PFC self-powered sensing platform without external power supply. The PFC sensing substrate was constructed using CdS nanoparticles modified ZnO NRs (CdS/ZnO NRs) as the photoanode, which exhibited high photoactivity, and Prussian blue (PB) as the cathode. After LAMP reaction on the optical anode, visual signals caused by PB discolorimetry can be detected semi-quantitatively, or PFC power density electrical signals collected by electrochemical workstation can be used. The output power density value is logarithm of TGEV concentration. The linear relationship was good within the detection range of 0.075 fg/μL-7.5 ng/μL, with a detection limit of 0.025 fg/μL (S/N = 3). This multi-signal output sensing platform provides more choices for quantifying TGEV detection results, and the two methods can be mutually verified, which meets the needs of different scenarios and improves the reliability of detection. It has a good effect in the actual sample detection, without the use of expensive and complex instruments, and has a broad application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruishuang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology (Jiangsu University), Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Hanyu Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Yinmin Min
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Lijun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology (Jiangsu University), Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology (Jiangsu University), Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
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Luo L, Chen J, Li X, Qiao D, Wang Z, Wu X, Du Q, Tong D, Huang Y. Establishment of method for dual simultaneous detection of PEDV and TGEV by combination of magnetic micro-particles and nanoparticles. J Infect Chemother 2020; 26:523-526. [PMID: 32147375 PMCID: PMC7128872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) are the main pathogens causing viral diarrhea in pig, mixed infections of these two viruses are very common in intensive pig rearing. However, there is a lack of a method to simultaneously detect and distinguish PEDV and TGEV in preclinical levels. In this study, we aimed to establish a dual ultrasensitive nanoparticle DNA probe-based PCR assay (dual UNDP-PCR) based on functionalized magnetic bead enrichment and specific nano-technology amplification for simultaneous detection and distinguish diagnosis of PEDV and TGEV. The detection limit of dual UNDP-PCR for single or multiple infections of PEDV and TGEV is 25 copies/g, which is 400 times more sensitive than the currently known duplex RT-PCR, showing better specificity and sensitivity without cross-reaction with other viruses. For pre-clinical fecal samples, the dual UNDP-PCR showed a markedly higher positive detection rate (52.08%) than conventional duplex RT-PCR (13.21%), can rapidly and accurately identify targeted pathogens whenever simple virus infection or co-infection. In summary, this study provides a technique for detecting and distinguishing PEDV and TGEV in preclinical levels, which is high sensitivity, specificity, repeatability, low cost and broad application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Dan Qiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xingchen Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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3
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Jia S, Feng B, Wang Z, Ma Y, Gao X, Jiang Y, Cui W, Qiao X, Tang L, Li Y, Wang L, Xu Y. Dual priming oligonucleotide (DPO)-based real-time RT-PCR assay for accurate differentiation of four major viruses causing porcine viral diarrhea. Mol Cell Probes 2019; 47:101435. [PMID: 31415867 PMCID: PMC7127266 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2019.101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Currently in China, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine rotavirus (PoRV), and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) are the major causes of porcine viral diarrhea, and mixed infections in clinics are common, resulting in significant economic losses in pig industry. Here, a dual priming oligonucleotide (DPO)-based multiplex real-time SYBR Green RT-PCR assay were developed for accurately differentiating PEDV, TGEV, PoRV, and PDCoV in clinical specimens targeting the N gene of TGEV, PEDV, and PDCoV, and the VP7 gene of PoRV. Results showed that the DPO primer allowed a wider annealing temperature range (40–65 °C) and had a higher priming specificity compared to conventional primer, in which more than 3 nucleotides in the 3′- or 5′-segment of DPO primer mismatched with DNA template, PCR amplification efficiency would decrease substantially or extension would not proceed. DPO-based multiplex real-time RT-PCR method had analytical detection limit of 8.63 × 102 copies/μL, 1.92 × 102 copies/μL, 1.74 × 102 copies/μL, and 1.76 × 102 copies/μL for PEDV, TGEV, PoRV, and PDCoV in clinical specimens, respectively. A total of 672 clinical specimens of piglets with diarrheal symptoms were collected in Northeastern China from 2017 to 2018 followed by analysis using the assay, and epidemiological investigation results showed that PEDV, TGEV, PoRV, and PDCoV prevalence was 19.05%, 5.21%, 4.32%, and 3.87%, respectively. The assay developed in this study showed higher detection accuracy than conventional RT-PCR method, suggesting a useful tool for the accurate differentiation of the four major viruses causing porcine viral diarrhea in practice. DPO-based real-time RT-PCR assay for differentiating PEDV, TGEV, PoRV, and PDCoV was developed. The assay has strong specificity and high sensitivity. The test of clinical specimens showed that accuracy of the assay was higher than traditional RT-PCR. The assay is useful tool for epidemiological investigation of the four viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Jia
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Baohua Feng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yingying Ma
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xuwen Gao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Wen Cui
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xinyuan Qiao
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Lijie Tang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China; Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yijing Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China; Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China; Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Yigang Xu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, PR China; Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, PR China.
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Blanco A, Abid I, Al-Otaibi N, Pérez-Rodríguez FJ, Fuentes C, Guix S, Pintó RM, Bosch A. Glass Wool Concentration Optimization for the Detection of Enveloped and Non-enveloped Waterborne Viruses. Food Environ Virol 2019; 11:184-192. [PMID: 30903596 PMCID: PMC7090506 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
An extremely affordable virus concentration method based on adsorption-elution to glass wool and subsequent reconcentration through polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) precipitation was optimized to recover not only non-enveloped viruses but also enveloped viruses. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) were employed as surrogates for naked and enveloped viruses, respectively, to set up the methodology. Initial experimentation in small-volume samples showed that both types of particles readily adsorbed to the positively charged glass wool but were poorly detached from it through standard elution with 0.05 M glycine with 3% of beef extract buffer, pH 9.5, with elution efficiencies of 7.2% and 2.6%, for HAV and TGEV, respectively. To improve the recovery of enveloped viruses, several modifications in the elution were assayed: increasing the elution pH, extending glass wool and eluent contact time, adding a detergent, or performing the elution by recirculation or under agitation. Considering practicability and performance, recircularization of the eluent at pH 11.0 for 20 min was the elution procedure of choice, with efficiencies of 25.7% and 18.8% for HAV and TGEV in 50 L of water. Additionally, employing 20% PEG instead of 10% for virus reconcentration improved recoveries up to 47% and 51%, respectively. The optimized procedure was applied to detect naturally occurring HAV and coronaviruses in surface water of Wadi Hanifa, Riyadh. HAV was detected in 38% of the samples, while one sample was positive for an alphacoronavirus. This cheap virus detection system enables the comprehensive surveillance of viruses present in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Blanco
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA·UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Islem Abid
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal Al-Otaibi
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Francisco José Pérez-Rodríguez
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA·UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Fuentes
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA·UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Guix
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA·UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Pintó
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA·UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Bosch
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA·UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Trudeau MP, Verma H, Sampedro F, Urriola PE, Shurson GC, Goyal SM. Environmental persistence of porcine coronaviruses in feed and feed ingredients. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178094. [PMID: 28542235 PMCID: PMC5443540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV), Porcine Delta Corona Virus (PDCoV), and Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV) are major threats to swine health and contaminated feed plays a role in virus transmission. The objective of our study was to characterize inactivation of PEDV, PDCoV, and TGEV in various feed ingredient matrices. Samples of complete feed, spray dried porcine plasma, meat meal, meat and bone meal, blood meal, corn, soybean meal, and corn dried distillers grains with solubles were weighed (5 g/sample) into scintillation vials and inoculated with 1 mL of PEDV, PDCoV, or TGEV. Samples were incubated at room temperature for up to 56 days. Aliquots were removed at various time points followed by preparing serial 10-fold dilutions and inoculating in cell cultures to determine the amount of surviving virus. Inactivation kinetics were determined using the Weibull model, which estimates a delta value indicating the time necessary to reduce virus concentration by 1 log. Delta values of various ingredients were compared and analyzed as to their nutrient composition. Soybean meal had the greatest delta value (7.50 days) for PEDV (P < 0.06) as compared with all other ingredients. High delta values (P < 0.001) were observed in soybean meal for PDCoV (42.04 days) and TGEV (42.00 days). There was a moderate correlation between moisture content and the delta value for PDCoV (r = 0.49, P = 0.01) and TGEV (r = 0.41, P = 0.02). There was also a moderate negative correlation between TGEV survival and ether extract content (r = -0.51, P = 0.01). In conclusion, these results indicate that the first log reduction of PDCoV and TGEV takes the greatest amount of time in soybean meal. In addition to this, moisture and ether content appear to be an important determinant of virus survival in feed ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela P. Trudeau
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Harsha Verma
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Fernando Sampedro
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Pedro E. Urriola
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Gerald C. Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sagar M. Goyal
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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Belsham GJ, Rasmussen TB, Normann P, Vaclavek P, Strandbygaard B, Bøtner A. Characterization of a Novel Chimeric Swine Enteric Coronavirus from Diseased Pigs in Central Eastern Europe in 2016. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 63:595-601. [PMID: 27619563 PMCID: PMC7169874 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
During a severe outbreak of diarrhoea and vomiting in a pig herd in Central Eastern Europe, faecal samples were tested positive for porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) and negative for transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) using a commercial RT-qPCR assay that can detect both of these coronaviruses. However, further analyses, using other TGEV- and PEDV-specific RT-qPCR assays, provided results inconsistent with infection by either of these viruses. Sequencing of an amplicon (ca. 1.6 kb), generated by an RT-PCR specific for the PEDV S-gene, indicated a very close similarity (ca. 99% identity) to recently described chimeric viruses termed swine enteric coronaviruses (SeCoVs). These viruses (with an RNA genome of ca. 28 kb) were first identified in Italy in samples from 2009 but have not been detected there since 2012. A closely related virus was detected in archived samples in Germany from 2012, but has not been detected subsequently. Building on the initial sequence data, further amplicons were generated and over 9 kb of sequence corresponding to the 3'-terminus of the new SeCoV genome was determined. Sequence comparisons showed that the three known SeCoVs are ≥98% identical across this region and contain the S-gene and 3a sequences from PEDV within a backbone of TGEV, but the viruses are clearly distinct from each other. It is demonstrated, for the first time, that pigs from within the SeCoV-infected herd seroconverted against PEDV but tested negative in a TGEV-specific ELISA that detects antibodies against the S protein. These results indicate that SeCoV is continuing to circulate in Europe and suggest it can cause a disease that is very similar to PED. Specific detection of the chimeric SeCoVs either requires development of a new diagnostic RT-qPCR assay or the combined use of assays targeting the PEDV S-gene and another part of the TGEV genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Belsham
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - T B Rasmussen
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - P Normann
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - P Vaclavek
- Department of Virology, State Veterinary Institute Jihlava, Jihlava, Czech Republic
| | - B Strandbygaard
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - A Bøtner
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark.
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Zhu Y, Liang L, Luo Y, Wang G, Wang C, Cui Y, Ai X, Cui S. A sensitive duplex nanoparticle-assisted PCR assay for identifying porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus from clinical specimens. Virus Genes 2016; 53:71-76. [PMID: 27815750 PMCID: PMC7089489 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1405-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel duplex nanoparticle-assisted polymerase chain reaction (nanoPCR) assay was developed to detect porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). Two pairs of primers were designed based on the conserved region within the N gene of PEDV and TGEV. In a screening of 114 clinical samples from four provinces in China for PEDV and TGEV, 48.2 and 3.5 % of the samples, respectively, tested positive. Under optimized conditions, the duplex nanoPCR assay had a detection limit of 7.6 × 101 and 8.5 × 101 copies μL−1 for PEDV and TGEV, respectively. The sensitivity of the duplex nanoPCR assay was ten times higher than that of a conventional PCR assay. Moreover, no fragments were amplified when the duplex nanoPCR assay was used to test samples containing other porcine viruses. Our results indicate that the duplex nanoPCR assay described here is useful for the rapid detection of PEDV and TGEV and can be applied in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, HLJ August First Land Reclamation University, Daqing, 163319, China
- Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lin Liang
- Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yakun Luo
- Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guihua Wang
- Animal Medical Center DBN Technology Group, Beijing, 100195, China
| | - Chunren Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, HLJ August First Land Reclamation University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Yudong Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, HLJ August First Land Reclamation University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Xia Ai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, China.
| | - Shangjin Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, HLJ August First Land Reclamation University, Daqing, 163319, China.
- Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Hai Dian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Boniotti MB, Papetti A, Lavazza A, Alborali G, Sozzi E, Chiapponi C, Faccini S, Bonilauri P, Cordioli P, Marthaler D. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and Discovery of a Recombinant Swine Enteric Coronavirus, Italy. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:83-7. [PMID: 26689738 PMCID: PMC4696687 DOI: 10.3201/eid2201.150544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has been detected sporadically in Italy since the 1990s. We report the phylogenetic relationship of swine enteric coronaviruses collected in Italy during 2007-2014 and identify a drastic shift in PEDV strain variability and a new swine enteric coronavirus generated by recombination of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and PEDV.
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9
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Huang Y, Xing N, Wang Z, Zhang X, Zhao X, Du Q, Chang L, Tong D. Ultrasensitive Detection of RNA and DNA Viruses Simultaneously Using Duplex UNDP-PCR Assay. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141545. [PMID: 26544710 PMCID: PMC4636378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed infection of multiple viruses is common in modern intensive pig rearing. However, there are no methods available to detect DNA and RNA viruses in the same reaction system in preclinical level. In this study, we aimed to develop a duplex ultrasensitive nanoparticle DNA probe-based PCR assay (duplex UNDP-PCR) that was able to simultaneously detect DNA and RNA viruses in the same reaction system. PCV2 and TGEV are selected as representatives of the two different types of viruses. PCV2 DNA and TGEV RNA were simultaneously released from the serum sample by boiling with lysis buffer, then magnetic beads and gold nanoparticles coated with single and/or duplex specific probes for TGEV and PCV2 were added to form a sandwich-like complex with nucleic acids released from viruses. After magnetic separation, DNA barcodes specific for PCV2 and TGEV were eluted using DTT and characterized by specific PCR assay for specific DNA barcodes subsequently. The duplex UNDP-PCR showed similar sensitivity as that of single UNDP-PCR and was able to detect 20 copies each of PCV2 and TGEV in the serum, showing approximately 250-fold more sensitivity than conventional duplex PCR/RT-PCR assays. No cross-reaction was observed with other viruses. The positive detection rate of single MMPs- and duplex MMPs-based duplex UNDP-PCR was identical, with 29.6% for PCV2, 9.3% for TGEV and 3.7% for PCV2 and TGEV mixed infection. This duplex UNDP-PCR assay could detect TGEV (RNA virus) and PCV2 (DNA virus) from large-scale serum samples simultaneously without the need for DNA/RNA extraction, purification and reverse transcription of RNA, and showed a significantly increased positive detection rate for PCV2 (29%) and TGEV (11.7%) preclinical infection than conventional duplex PCR/RT-PCR. Therefore, the established duplex UNDP-PCR is a rapid and economical detection method, exhibiting high sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Na Xing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Zengguo Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Han JI, Kang SY, Yoon KJ, Na KJ. Nucleic acid-based differential diagnostic assays for feline coronavirus. J Virol Methods 2014; 208:21-5. [PMID: 25088974 PMCID: PMC7113662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex RT-PCR assay was developed to detect feline coronavirus. To improve primer binding, inosine was used for primer design. The assay could detect and differentiate FCoV, CCoV, and TGEV precisely.
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a pleomorphic, enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. Owing to the differences in its genotype, FCoV belongs to a separate clade along with other viruses, such as transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and canine coronavirus (CCoV), which can be isolated from cats. In this study, a PCR assay was developed to differentiate these coronaviruses concurrently. Multiplex differential RT-PCR was performed with primers based on the highly conserved coronavirus membrane protein. Three primer sets were designed: a primer pair (S1 and S2) that can bind to conserved sequences in all target coronaviruses, a CCoV-specific primer (S3), and a TGEV-specific primer (S4). Because of the high sequence homology among FCoV, CCoV, and TGEV, a nucleotide preceding the last pair of dissimilar nucleotides in S3 and S4 was substituted with an inosine to allow primer binding. This assay could detect and differentiate FCoV (n = 7), CCoV (n = 4), and TGEV (n = 8) precisely and did not show any cross-reactivity with other pathogens. These results suggest that this molecular approach provides a rapid and reliable way to detect FCoV, especially in feline clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ik Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Shien-Young Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Ki-Jeong Na
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea.
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11
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Rodríguez E, Betancourt A, Relova D, Lee C, Yoo D, Barrera M. [Development of a nested polymerase chain reaction test for the diagnosis of transmissible gastroenteritis of pigs]. REV SCI TECH OIE 2012; 31:1033-1044. [PMID: 23520755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) for the rapid detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) of pigs. The primers were designed on the basis of highly conserved regions of several TGEV sequences included in the analysis. External primers were used to amplify a fragment of the expected size (441 bp) in all the samples evaluated using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), but with very low intensity. In the second amplification (nested PCR), internal primers were used to amplify a fragment of the expected size (168 bp), with good concentration. The performance of the test based on virus isolates in tissue culture and in clinical samples was judged good for the virological diagnosis of transmissible gastroenteritis of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rodríguez
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), Apartado 10, San José de las Lajas, La Habana, Cuba.
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12
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Vemulapalli R, Gulani J, Santrich C. A real-time TaqMan RT-PCR assay with an internal amplification control for rapid detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus in swine fecal samples. J Virol Methods 2009; 162:231-5. [PMID: 19729039 PMCID: PMC7112873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Revised: 08/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A TaqMan probe-based real-time RT-PCR assay was developed for simultaneous detection of RNA of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) in pig fecal samples and RNA of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) added exogenously as an internal amplification control. The TGEV primers and probe were designed to be specific to a portion of the S gene sequence conserved in all TGEV isolates, but absent in the closely related porcine respiratory coronaviruses. The optimized TaqMan assay detected a minimum of 2.8 copies of in vitro transcribed RNA of the target S gene and RNA extracted from 1 TCID50/ml of TGEV. Using 113 clinical samples received at our diagnostic laboratory over a 4-year period, the performance of the assay was tested and compared with that of a previously described nested RT-PCR assay. All the fecal samples which tested positive for TGEV by the nested RT-PCR assay also tested positive by the TaqMan assay. However, approximately 9% of the samples that tested negative by the nested RT-PCR assay tested positive by the TaqMan assay. These results indicate that the developed TaqMan assay is a highly sensitive diagnostic test for rapid detection of TGEV in pig fecal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Vemulapalli
- Molecular Diagnostics Section, Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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13
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Casanova L, Rutala WA, Weber DJ, Sobsey MD. Survival of surrogate coronaviruses in water. Water Res 2009; 43:1893-8. [PMID: 19246070 PMCID: PMC7112071 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 01/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of a previously unknown coronavirus infection, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), demonstrated that fecally contaminated liquid droplets are a potential vehicle for the spread of a respiratory virus to large numbers of people. To assess potential risks from this pathway, there is a need for surrogates for SARS coronavirus to provide representative data on viral survival in contaminated water. This study evaluated survival of two surrogate coronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis (TGEV) and mouse hepatitis (MHV). These viruses remained infectious in water and sewage for days to weeks. At 25 degrees C, time required for 99% reduction in reagent-grade water was 22 days for TGEV and 17 days for MHV. In pasteurized settled sewage, times for 99% reduction were 9 days for TGEV and 7 days for MHV. At 4 degrees C, there was <1 log(10) infectivity decrease for both viruses after four weeks. Coronaviruses can remain infectious for long periods in water and pasteurized settled sewage, suggesting contaminated water is a potential vehicle for human exposure if aerosols are generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Casanova
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, McGavran-Greenberg Hall, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Room 3206, McGavran-Greenberg, CB #7431, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. Tel.: +1 919 966 7317; fax: +1 919 966 7911.
| | - William A. Rutala
- Department of Medicine, 1001 Old Clinic Building, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David J. Weber
- Department of Medicine, 1001 Old Clinic Building, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mark D. Sobsey
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, McGavran-Greenberg Hall, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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14
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Song ZH, Guo WZ. [Isolation and genomic sequence analysis of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2008; 24:364-368. [PMID: 19035325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A transmissible gastroenteritis virus strain was isolated from suspect samples in Sichuan province and identified by ST cell culture, direct fluorescent antibody test (FA), neutralization test (NT), TME examination and some other methods, then it was named SC-Y. The isolated strain could produce obvious cytopathic effects (CPE), The TCID50 was 10(-3.664)/0.05 mL, The neutralization index is 52.5. cDNA fragments covering the complete genome were amplified by the long reverse transcription PCR. The amplified fragments were further cloned and sequenced. The genome of SC-Y strain was assembled by BioEdit. The length of complete genome was 28590 nucletides, and was composed of 7 ORFs, which was flanked by untranslated regions (UTRs) with 315 bases at the 5'-end and 277 bases at the 3'-end. Phylogenetic analysis based on genome suggested that SC-Y might belong to same subgroup with Purdue strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hui Song
- Animal Biology Technology Center of Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China
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15
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Kim SH, Kim IJ, Pyo HM, Tark DS, Song JY, Hyun BH. Multiplex real-time RT-PCR for the simultaneous detection and quantification of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. J Virol Methods 2007; 146:172-7. [PMID: 17697717 PMCID: PMC7119650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) are major etiological agents of diarrhea and death in piglets. Multiplex real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR was developed for simultaneous differential quantification of each virus in a single reaction tube, using Cy5- and FAM-labeled TaqMan-probes based on sequences from the TGEV and PEDV nucleocapsid genes. The copy numbers for transcripts of TGEV and PEDV were quantified using this assay over a range from 9 × 107 to 9 × 101 copies and 7 × 107 to 7 × 101 copies, respectively. The variability of the intra-assay and inter-assay were evaluated using standard solutions of each transcript, with coefficients of variation (CV) less than 3.43 and 3.33%, respectively. Piglets were experimentally infected with virulent TGEV and PEDV, and the amounts of virus from the onset of diarrhea were measured. Samples obtained from farms experiencing PED or TGE were quantified between 102 and 105 RNA copies. In conclusion, this assay provides an effective etiological diagnostic tool for detecting and quantifying viral loads. The assay may also prove useful for detecting infections, ultimately leading to better disease control on farms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Corresponding author at: (430-824) 480, Anyang 6-dong, Manan-gu, Anyang-City, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. Tel.: +82 31 467 1783; fax: +82 31 467 1797.
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16
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Farnsworth JE, Goyal SM, Kim SW, Kuehn TH, Raynor PC, Ramakrishnan MA, Anantharaman S, Tang W. Development of a method for bacteria and virus recovery from heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) filters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 8:1006-13. [PMID: 17240906 DOI: 10.1039/b606132j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the work presented here is to study the effectiveness of building air handling units (AHUs) in serving as high volume sampling devices for airborne bacteria and viruses. An HVAC test facility constructed according to ASHRAE Standard 52.2-1999 was used for the controlled loading of HVAC filter media with aerosolized bacteria and virus. Nonpathogenic Bacillus subtilis var. niger was chosen as a surrogate for Bacillus anthracis. Three animal viruses; transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), avian pneumovirus (APV), and fowlpox virus were chosen as surrogates for three human viruses; SARS coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and smallpox virus; respectively. These bacteria and viruses were nebulized in separate tests and injected into the test duct of the test facility upstream of a MERV 14 filter. SKC Biosamplers upstream and downstream of the test filter served as reference samplers. The collection efficiency of the filter media was calculated to be 96.5 +/- 1.5% for B. subtilis, however no collection efficiency was measured for the viruses as no live virus was ever recovered from the downstream samplers. Filter samples were cut from the test filter and eluted by hand-shaking. An extraction efficiency of 105 +/- 19% was calculated for B. subtilis. The viruses were extracted at much lower efficiencies (0.7-20%). Our results indicate that the airborne concentration of spore-forming bacteria in building AHUs may be determined by analyzing the material collected on HVAC filter media, however culture-based analytical techniques are impractical for virus recovery. Molecular-based identification techniques such as PCR could be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Farnsworth
- Engineering Department, TSI Incorporated, 500 Cardigan Road, Saint Paul, MN 55126-3903, USA
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17
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Rodák L, Smíd B, Nevoránková Z, Valícek L, Smítalová R. Use of monoclonal antibodies in blocking ELISA detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus in faeces of piglets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:105-11. [PMID: 15876221 PMCID: PMC7165557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2005.00829.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) nucleoprotein (N) and membrane protein (M) were prepared and used for the comparative assessment of three blocking ELISA variants to detect TGEV. The competitive blocking ELISA format showed the highest sensitivity, allowing detection of 103 TCID50 TGEV/ml in culture medium. Ninety‐nine porcine field faecal samples obtained from 37 herds affected with diarrhoea were examined, and various TGEV levels were found in nine samples from six herds. However, only in three samples were significant TGEV concentrations demonstrated. The relationship between incidence of TGEV gastroenteritis and the spread of porcine respiratory coronavirus infection in pig farms is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rodák
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic.
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18
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Yin JC, Ren XF, Li YJ. Molecular cloning and phylogenetic analysis of ORF7 region of chinese isolate TH-98 from transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Virus Genes 2005; 30:395-401. [PMID: 15830158 PMCID: PMC7089185 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-004-6783-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Genomic RNA was extracted from a Chinese isolate of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) designated TH-98. Employing RT-PCR technique to amplify ORF7 sequence of TGEV, which located at the 3' end of TGEV genome and is poorly understood functionally so far. A recombinant named pPROEX HTc-hp was constructed via inserting ORF7 gene into prokaryotic expression vector pPROEX HTc. The recombinant was sequenced and compared the DNA and its deduced amino acid (aa) sequences with that of some reference strains after restriction endonuclease and PCR analysis. The ORF7 gene named hp gene (Genbank accession number: AY337931) consists of 237 bp in length encoding a hydrophobic protein (HP) of 78 aa with a molecular weight of 9.1 kDa. The sequences of hp gene and Hp protein share 89%-97% and 87%-96% homologous identities compared with 11 TGEV reference strains derived from other regions or countries respectively, which revealed that there are significant variation within-strains, even though the ORF7 region is relatively conservative. In addition, a phylogenetic tree based on these ORF7 DNA sequences was generated, and the tree topology suggests that possible recombination events happened in the evolutionary history of TGEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Chao Yin
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agriculture University, 59 Mucai Street, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Ren
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agriculture University, 59 Mucai Street, 150030 Harbin, China
- Institute for Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 17 Buentweg, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Yi-Jing Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agriculture University, 59 Mucai Street, 150030 Harbin, China
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19
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Jung K, Chae C. RT-PCR-based dot blot hybridization for the detection and differentiation between porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus in fecal samples using a non-radioactive digoxigenin cDNA probe. J Virol Methods 2005; 123:141-6. [PMID: 15620395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2004] [Revised: 09/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based dot blot hybridization was developed to increase the sensitivity for the detection and differentiation between porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) in fecal samples. Fecal samples found positive by RT-PCR-based agarose gel electrophoresis were always found positive by RT-PCR-based dot blot hybridization. In addition, 5 out of 10 fecal samples which were negative for PEDV by RT-PCR-based agarose gel electrophoresis were positive for PEDV by RT-PCR-based dot blot hybridization. This RT-PCR-based dot blot hybridization increased 1000-fold in sensitivity for PEDV and 100-fold for TGEV; weakly positive bands in the agarose gel electrophoresis gave a clear positive result with dot blot hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwonil Jung
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Kwanak-Gu 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Chen R, Huang W, Lin Z, Zhou Z, Yu H, Zhu D. Development of a novel real-time RT-PCR assay with LUX primer for the detection of swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus. J Virol Methods 2005; 122:57-61. [PMID: 15488621 PMCID: PMC7119747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2004] [Revised: 08/09/2004] [Accepted: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Real-time RT-PCR assay, based on light upon extension (LUX) fluorogenic primer and LightCycle technology, was developed for rapid detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). Viral RNA from different TGEV isolates and clinical specimens was detected. To evaluate the sensitivity of the assay, a gel-based RT-PCR method targeted at the same 101 bp sequence was also developed. Serial 10-fold dilutions of TGEV RNA were detected by the two methods. Although the real time method used only 2 μl RNA for each reaction, a 10-fold increase of sensitivity over that of the gel-based method, which used 10 μl RNA was demonstrated. The study indicates that the LUX assay reported below is rapid, reliable and sensitive and it has the potential for use as an alternative molecular method for TGEV diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Chen
- Animal Quarantine Laboratory, Guangdong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, No. 66 Huacheng Dadao, Zhujiangxincheng, Guangzhou 510623, PR China
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Taniguchi T, Taniguchi R, Takahashi A, Hayashidani H, Hanaki KI, Shirai J, Honda E. Sequence comparison of the ORF 7 region of transmissible gastroenteritis viruses isolated in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2004; 66:717-9. [PMID: 15240950 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.66.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3' end region nucleotide sequence, including ORF7, of nine Japanese and two U.S.A. isolates of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) were determined and compared. Nine Japanese TGEV strains have been isolated over the past 40 years (1956-1997). From the comparison of determined nucleotide sequences, we could divide the TGEV Japanese isolates into two groups and distinguish them from TGEV U.S.A. isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Taniguchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
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22
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Jung K, Kim J, Kim O, Kim B, Chae C. Differentiation between porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues by multiplex RT-nested PCR and comparison with in situ hybridization. J Virol Methods 2003; 108:41-7. [PMID: 12565152 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(02)00253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) were detected and differentiated in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from experimentally and naturally infected pigs by multiplex reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nPCR). The results of this new method were compared with in situ hybridization. A method based on xylene deparaffinization followed by proteinase K digestion yielded RNA of a suitable quality for reliable and consistent multiplex RT-nPCR analyses. PEDV and TGEV cDNAs were detected in jejunal tissues from experimentally and naturally infected pigs by multiplex RT-nPCR. Distinct positive signals for PEDV and TGEV were also detected in the same jejunal tissues by in situ hybridization. The rate of conformity between multiplex RT-nPCR and in situ hybridization was 100% for the detection of PEDV and TGEV in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded jejunal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwonil Jung
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Kwanak-Gu 151-742, South Korea
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Curtis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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24
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Kim B, Chae C. Experimental infection of piglets with transmissible gastroenteritis virus: a comparison of three strains (Korean, Purdue and Miller). J Comp Pathol 2002; 126:30-7. [PMID: 11814319 DOI: 10.1053/jcpa.2001.0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Eighty-four colostrum-deprived piglets aged 1 day were inoculated with either a Korean strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) or one of two American strains (Purdue and Miller). The purpose was to compare, by morphometric analysis and in-situ hybridization, the Korean strain with the two American strains in respect of pathogenicity and viral distribution over a period of 72 h. The progression of infection in pigs infected with the Korean strain was much slower than that in pigs infected with either of the two American strains. At 6 h post-inoculation (hpi), the mean score of the villous height/crypt depth (VH/CD) ratio of pigs inoculated with the Purdue or Miller strain was significantly less than that of pigs inoculated with the Korean strain or uninfected control pigs. At 12-72 hpi, however, the VH/CD ratio of all infected pigs was significantly less than that of control pigs. In-situ hybridization showed significant differences between the Korean and American strains in terms of the amount of TGEV nucleic acid at 6, 12 and 60 hpi. TGEV nucleic acid was detected in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of pigs inoculated with the Purdue or Miller strain but only in the jejunum and ileum of those inoculated with the Korean strain. The results suggested that the Korean strain was less virulent than the two American strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Suwon 441-744, Kyounggi-Do, Republic of Korea
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25
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Liu C, Kokuho T, Kubota T, Watanabe S, Inumaru S, Yokomizo Y, Onodera T. A serodiagnostic ELISA using recombinant antigen of swine transmissible gastroenteritis virus nucleoprotein. J Vet Med Sci 2001; 63:1253-6. [PMID: 11767065 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.63.1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A serodiagnostic ELISA utilizing the recombinant nucleoprotein (rN protein) of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) was developed, and evaluated by examining a panel of 141 virus neutralization (VN) positive and 101 negative sera. The rN protein-based ELISA (rnELISA) appeared to be highly sensitive and specific (98.6% and 98.0%, respectively) when it was compared to the VN test. The result was similar to that of an ELISA based on purified viral antigens with showing good correlation (R=0.829). No cross-reaction was detected with antisera against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, hog cholera virus, type A rotavirus, pseudorabies virus and swine vesicular disease virus in this ELISA. The rnELISA can be an alternative for the diagnosis of TGE with a great advantage in antigen preparation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antigens, Viral
- Base Sequence
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary
- Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine/diagnosis
- Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine/virology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleoproteins
- RNA, Viral/chemistry
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Proteins
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Swine
- Transmissible gastroenteritis virus/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liu
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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26
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Penzes Z, González JM, Calvo E, Izeta A, Smerdou C, Méndez A, Sánchez CM, Sola I, Almazán F, Enjuanes L. Complete genome sequence of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus PUR46-MAD clone and evolution of the purdue virus cluster. Virus Genes 2001; 23:105-18. [PMID: 11556396 PMCID: PMC7088808 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011147832586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The complete sequence (28580 nt) of the PUR46-MAD clone of the Purdue cluster of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) has been determined and compared with members of this cluster and other coronaviruses. The computing distances among their S gene sequences resulted in the grouping of these coronaviruses into four clusters, one of them exclusively formed by the Purdue viruses. Three new potential sequence motifs with homology to the alpha-subunit of the polymerase-associated nucleocapsid phosphoprotein of rinderpest virus, the Bowman-Birk type of proteinase inhibitors, and the metallothionein superfamily of cysteine rich chelating proteins have been identified. Comparison of the TGEV polymerase sequence with that of other RNA viruses revealed high sequence homology with the A-E domains of the palm subdomain of nucleic acid polymerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Penzes
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M. González
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Calvo
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ander Izeta
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristian Smerdou
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Méndez
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos M. Sánchez
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Sola
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Almazán
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Enjuanes
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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27
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Kim B, Chae C. In situ hybridization for the detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus in pigs and comparison with other methods. Can J Vet Res 2001; 65:33-7. [PMID: 11227192 PMCID: PMC1189639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 25 pigs naturally infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) were examined by in situ hybridization for TGEV nucleic acid using a nonradioactive digoxigenin-labeled cDNA probe that targeted the nucleocapsid sequence of TGEV strains. The results of in situ hybridization for the detection of TGEV were compared with virus isolation (VI), a fluorescent antibody test (FAT), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). VI, FAT, and TEM were tested over a course of time before the in situ hybridization was performed. Positive hybridization signals were detected in duodenal, jejunal, and ileal enterocytes from 21 pigs. Hybridization signals were confined to the cytoplasm. Intestinal specimens from 25 piglets were evaluated by 4 tests. Twenty-one of 25 were positive by in situ hybridization. Of these 21 samples, 5 (24%) were positive for TGEV by all 4 tests, 15 (71%) were positive by FAT, 14 (67%) were positive by VI, and 6 (29%) were positive by TEM. In situ hybridization for the detection of TGEV in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues provides a rapid means of confirmation of a histopathological diagnosis of TGEV without virus isolation, or when only formalin-fixed intestinal specimens were available.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Kyounggi-Do, Republic of Korea
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28
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Chae C, Kim O, Choi C, Min K, Cho WS, Kim J, Tai JH. Prevalence of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection in Korean pigs. Vet Rec 2000; 147:606-8. [PMID: 11110482 DOI: 10.1136/vr.147.21.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Chae
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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29
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Yount B, Curtis KM, Baric RS. Strategy for systematic assembly of large RNA and DNA genomes: transmissible gastroenteritis virus model. J Virol 2000; 74:10600-11. [PMID: 11044104 PMCID: PMC110934 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.22.10600-10611.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2000] [Accepted: 08/15/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A systematic method was developed to assemble functional full-length genomes of large RNA and DNA viruses. Coronaviruses contain the largest single-stranded positive-polarity RNA genome in nature. The approximately 30-kb genome, coupled with regions of genomic instability, has hindered the development of a full-length infectious cDNA construct. We have assembled a full-length infectious construct of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), an important pathogen in swine. Using a novel approach, six adjoining cDNA subclones that span the entire TGEV genome were isolated. Each clone was engineered with unique flanking interconnecting junctions which determine a precise systematic assembly with only the adjacent cDNA subclones, resulting in an intact TGEV cDNA construct of approximately 28.5 kb in length. Transcripts derived from the full-length TGEV construct were infectious, and progeny virions were serially passaged in permissive host cells. Viral antigen production and subgenomic mRNA synthesis were evident during infection and throughout passage. Plaque-purified virus derived from the infectious construct replicated efficiently and displayed similar plaque morphology in permissive host cells. Host range phenotypes of the molecularly cloned and wild-type viruses were similar in cells of swine and feline origin. The recombinant viruses were sequenced across the unique interconnecting junctions, conclusively demonstrating the marker mutations and restriction sites that were engineered into the component clones. Full-length infectious constructs of TGEV will permit the precise genetic modification of the coronavirus genome. The method that we have designed to generate an infectious cDNA construct of TGEV could theoretically be used to precisely reconstruct microbial or eukaryotic genomes approaching several million base pairs in length.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, Program of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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30
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Regula G, Lichtensteiger CA, Mateus-Pinilla NE, Scherba G, Miller GY, Weigel RM. Comparison of serologic testing and slaughter evaluation for assessing the effects of subclinical infection on growth in pigs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 217:888-95. [PMID: 10997163 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare serologic testing with slaughter evaluation in assessing effects of subclinical infection on average daily weight gain (ADG) in pigs. DESIGN Cohort study. ANIMALS 18 cohorts (30 to 35 pigs/cohort) of pigs on/farms. PROCEDURE Blood samples were collected, and pigs were weighed at 8, 16, and 24 weeks of age. Sera were tested for antibodies to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), pseudorabies virus, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. At slaughter, skin, nasal turbinates, lungs, and liver were examined. Associations between ADG and results of serologic testing and slaughter evaluation were examined by use of multiple linear regression. RESULTS Pathogens that had a significant effect on any given farm during any given year and the magnitude of that effect varied. However, at 16 and 24 weeks of age, a higher antibody titer was consistently associated with a lower ADG. Mean differences in ADG between seropositive and seronegative pigs were 18 g/d (0.04 lb/d) for SIV, 40 g/d (0.09 lb/d) for PRRSV, 38 g/d (0.08 lb/d) for M hyopneumoniae, and 116 g/d (0.26 lb/d) for TGEV. Of the evaluations performed at slaughter, only detection of lung lesions was consistently associated with a decrease in ADG. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that subclinical infection with any of a variety of pathogens commonly found in swine herds was associated with a decrease in ADG. Serologic testing was more effective than slaughter evaluation in assessing the impact of subclinical infection on ADG in these pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Regula
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana 61802, USA
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31
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Kim O, Choi C, Kim B, Chae C. Detection and differentiation of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus in clinical samples by multiplex RT-PCR. Vet Rec 2000; 146:637-40. [PMID: 10872784 DOI: 10.1136/vr.146.22.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex reverse-transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) procedure was developed for the simultaneous detection of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) in preweaning pigs with diarrhoea. The membrane gene of PEDV and the nucleocapsid gene of TGEV were chosen as targets. The PCR products of PEDV and TGEV had molecular sizes of 412 and 612 base pairs, respectively. Primers from PEDV did not react with any TGEV tested and vice versa. In addition, the primers did not react with other pig viruses. The multiplex RT-PCR was able to detect 10 tissue culture-infective doses 50 per cent (TCID50)/ml of PEDV or TGEV with each of the primer sets for PEDV and TGEV, respectively. The RNAS of PEDV and TGEV were detected directly in intestinal and faecal samples from pigs infected experimentally with either virus. The results of the assay correlated well with the results of virus isolation. None of the five control specimens was positive. PEDV was detected in 10 intestinal and nine faecal samples, and among the nine positive faecal samples two were culture-negative. TGEV was also detected in 10 intestinal and nine faecal samples, and among the nine positive faecal samples, three were culture-negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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32
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Sánchez CM, Izeta A, Sánchez-Morgado JM, Alonso S, Sola I, Balasch M, Plana-Durán J, Enjuanes L. Targeted recombination demonstrates that the spike gene of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus is a determinant of its enteric tropism and virulence. J Virol 1999; 73:7607-18. [PMID: 10438851 PMCID: PMC104288 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.9.7607-7618.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted recombination within the S (spike) gene of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) was promoted by passage of helper respiratory virus isolates in cells transfected with a TGEV-derived defective minigenome carrying the S gene from an enteric isolate. The minigenome was efficiently replicated in trans and packaged by the helper virus, leading to the formation of true recombinant and pseudorecombinant viruses containing the S proteins of both enteric and respiratory TGEV strains in their envelopes. The recombinants acquired an enteric tropism, and their analysis showed that they were generated by homologous recombination that implied a double crossover in the S gene resulting in replacement of most of the respiratory, attenuated strain S gene (nucleotides 96 to 3700) by the S gene of the enteric, virulent isolate. The recombinant virus was virulent and rapidly evolved in swine testis cells by the introduction of point mutations and in-phase codon deletions in a domain of the S gene (nucleotides 217 to 665) previously implicated in the tropism of TGEV. The helper virus, with an original respiratory tropism, was also found in the enteric tract, probably because pseudorecombinant viruses carrying the spike proteins from the respiratory strain and the enteric virus in their envelopes were formed. These results demonstrated that a change in the tropism and virulence of TGEV can be engineered by sequence changes in the S gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Sánchez
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Campus Universidad Autónoma, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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33
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Krempl C, Ballesteros ML, Enjuanes L, Herrler G. Isolation of hemagglutination-defective mutants for the analysis of the sialic acid binding activity of transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Adv Exp Med Biol 1998; 440:563-8. [PMID: 9782330 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5331-1_73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The surface protein S of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) has a sialic acid binding activity that enables the virus to agglutinate erythrocytes. A protocol is described that has been successfully applied to the isolation of hemgglutination-defective mutants. The potential of these mutants for the characterization of the sialic acid-binding site and the function of the binding activity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Krempl
- Institut für Virologie Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
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34
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Abstract
A sow infected with virulent transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) shed virulent virus in her feces for 18 months. The virus was isolated from rectal swabs beginning 2 days postexposure (PE) and continued at irregular intervals. Virus shedding was detected on 24 separate occasions. The titer of the virus shed ranged from < 1 x 10(2) pfu/ml to 7.2 x 10(3) pfu/ml, while the duration of the shedding ranged from 1 to 5 consecutive days. Inoculation of 3-day-old piglets with TGEV isolated from the sow proved the virus was virulent throughout the study. Virulent TGEV was isolated from the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and the liver of the sow 544 days PE. This study demonstrates an apparently healthy sow can be a reservoir and shed virulent TGEV for an extended period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Woods
- Virology Swine Research Unit, USDA, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
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35
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Kwon HM, Saif LJ, Jackwood DJ. Field isolates of transmissible gastroenteritis virus differ at the molecular level from the Miller and Purdue virulent and attenuated strains and from porcine respiratory coronaviruses. J Vet Med Sci 1998; 60:589-97. [PMID: 9637293 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.60.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity in selected regions of the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) genomes was analyzed among known TGEV and PRCV strains and field isolates. The N-terminal half of the spike (S) glycoprotein gene and open reading frames (ORF) 3, 3-1 and 4 were amplified by reverse transcriptase reaction and polymerase chain reaction (RT/PCR), and analyzed using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of the amplified DNA. Reference TGEV strains (Miller and Purdue) and a PRCV strain (ISU-1), and TGEV and PRCV field isolates were analyzed. Based on the size of the ORF 3, 3-1 and 4 RT/PCR products, TGEV and PRCV strains could be quickly and easily differentiated into three groups designated TGEV Miller, Purdue types and PRCV. By RFLP analysis of the N-terminal region of the S glycoprotein gene and ORFs 3, 3-1 and 4, TGEV and PRCV strains were differentiated into five groups using the restriction enzyme Sau3AI. Sequence analysis of a PCR product in the ORFs 3, 3-1 and 4 from virulent and attenuated Miller strains demonstrated additional differences in that region which have been correlated with a change in virulence of TGEV isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Kwon
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster 44691, USA
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36
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Sirinarumitr T, Paul PS, Halbur PG, Kluge JP. Rapid in situ hybridization technique for the detection of ribonucleic acids in tissues using radiolabelled and fluorescein-labelled riboprobes. Mol Cell Probes 1997; 11:273-80. [PMID: 9281413 PMCID: PMC7135625 DOI: 10.1006/mcpr.1997.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In situ hybridization (ISH) is a useful diagnostic and research tool, but is also time consuming. This study was conducted to determine if a rate enhancement hybridization (REH) buffer, developed for membrane hybridization, could be used to decrease hybridization time for ISH. Tissue from swine with an enteric disease produced by a swine coronavirus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), was used as a model to standardize hybridization conditions for a rapid ISH technique. Small intestinal sections from pigs experimentally and naturally infected with TGEV were hybridized for various times at 52 degrees C and 70 degrees C with a radiolabelled or a fluorescein-labelled RNA probe in a standard hybridization or a REH buffer. Viral RNA was detected in intestines from as early as 30 min of hybridization by using both buffers with the radiolabelled probe; however, the signal was stronger with the REH buffer. With the fluorescein-labelled probe, viral RNA was detected in virus-infected cells of the intestines after 30 min of hybridization by using the REH buffer. Signal intensity was greater with the REH buffer than with the standard hybridization buffer when compared at each hybridization time and hybridization temperature using both radiolabelled and fluorescein-labelled probes. With the REH buffer, hybridization signal intensity was greater at 70 degrees C than at 52 degrees C for both probes. The best results were obtained when small intestinal sections were hybridized at 70 degrees C for 2 h using a radiolabelled or a fluorescein-labelled probe diluted in the REH buffer. The fluorescein-labelled RNA probe with REH buffer resulted in a minimal non-specific signal when compared with the radiolabelled probe. These studies demonstrated that the REH buffer can be used to decrease the time of ISH for the detection of viral RNA. This rapid ISH technique should have broad applications in the utilization of probe technology in diagnostics and research for the detection of target ribonucleic acids in situ
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sirinarumitr
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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37
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Paton D, Ibata G, Sands J, McGoldrick A. Detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus by RT-PCR and differentiation from porcine respiratory coronavirus. J Virol Methods 1997; 66:303-9. [PMID: 9255741 PMCID: PMC7119849 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(97)00055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An RT-PCR method was developed that amplified genetic material from the 5' end of the S protein gene of both transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), but discriminated between the two by the size of the product generated. A number of restriction endonuclease enzymes were assessed for recognition of the amplicons so produced. The assay was shown to detect viral RNA from all of the 26 different TGEV and PRCV isolates examined, covering a period from 1946 to 1996. Detection of TGEV in clinical specimens was possible using a spin column method to extract RNA and sensitivity was compared to virus isolation and antigen detection ELISA. The method could provide a means of confirming positive results from immunological screening tests such as FAT and ELISA, reducing the need for virus isolation and convalescent serology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Paton
- Virology Department, Central Veterinary Laboratory (Weybridge), Surrey, UK.
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38
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Woods RD. Development of PCR-based techniques to identify porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus isolates. Can J Vet Res 1997; 61:167-72. [PMID: 9242995 PMCID: PMC1189399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen isolates of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and one isolate of porcine respiratory coronavirus were characterized using RT-PCR amplification of 4 antigenic subsites in the site A epitope on the TGEV spike gene. The PCR products were digested with restriction enzymes Sau3AI and SspI and the sizes of the fragments were determined. Three different digestion patterns were observed with each enzyme. The recognition site for Sau3AI was missing in 1 isolate, was present in 13 isolates and 3 isolates had 2 sites. PCR-products with a single site had 3 different fragment sizes and the other isolates produced 2 fragments with different sizes. The SspI recognition site was not present in 5 isolates and 12 isolates had a single site that produced 2 fragments of different sizes. Based on the restriction fragment sizes, the 17 isolates were separated into 7 groups. Direct sequencing of the 455 bp nested set fragments demonstrated greater than 96% sequence homology among the 16 isolates and 100% homology in the 4 antigenic subsites in the conserved site A epitope. The groups are discussed in relation to their sequence homology and virulence. In vitro procedures have been developed to identify several porcine enteric coronavirus isolates at the strain level.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Woods
- Virology Swine Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
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39
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Ballesteros ML, Sánchez CM, Enjuanes L. Two amino acid changes at the N-terminus of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus spike protein result in the loss of enteric tropism. Virology 1997; 227:378-88. [PMID: 9018137 PMCID: PMC7130969 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1996.8344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To study the molecular basis of TGEV tropism, a collection of recombinants between the PUR46-MAD strain of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) infecting the enteric and respiratory tracts and the PTV strain, which only infects the respiratory tract, was generated. The recombinant isolation frequency was about 10(-9) recombinants per nucleotide and was 3.7-fold higher at the 5'-end of the S gene than in other areas of the genome. Thirty recombinants were plaque purified and characterized phenotypically and genetically. All recombinant viruses had a single crossover and had inherited the 5'- and 3'-halves of their genome from the enteric and respiratory parents, respectively. Recombinant viruses were classified into three groups, named 1 to 3, according to the location of the crossover. Group 1 recombinants had the crossover in the S gene, while in Groups 2 and 3 the crossovers were located in ORF1b and ORF1a, respectively. The tropism of the recombinants was studied. Recombinants of Group 1 had enteric and respiratory tropism, while Group 2 recombinants infected the respiratory, but not the enteric, tract. Viruses of both groups differed by two nucleotide changes at positions 214 and 655. Both changes may be in principle responsible for the loss of enteric tropism but only the change in nucleotide 655 was specifically found in the respiratory isolates and most likely this single nucleotide change, which leads to a substitution in amino acid 219 of the S protein, was responsible for the loss of enteric tropism in the closely related PUR46 isolates. The available data indicate that in order to infect enteric tract cells with TGEV, two different domains of the S protein, mapping between amino acids 522 and 744 and around amino acid 219, respectively, are involved. The first domain binds to porcine aminopeptidase N, the cellular receptor for TGEV. In the other domain maps a second factor of undefined nature but which may be the binding site for a coreceptor essential for the enteric tropism of TGEV.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- Crossing Over, Genetic
- Floxuridine
- Genome, Viral
- Genotype
- Ileum/virology
- Intestine, Small/virology
- Jejunum/virology
- Lung/virology
- Male
- Mutagenesis
- Neutralization Tests
- Point Mutation
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic
- Swine
- Swine, Miniature
- Testis
- Transmissible gastroenteritis virus/genetics
- Transmissible gastroenteritis virus/isolation & purification
- Transmissible gastroenteritis virus/physiology
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Ballesteros
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Campus Universidad Autónoma,Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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40
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Kamogawa O, Tomita Y, Kaneko M, Yamada S, Kubo M, Shimizu M. Isolation of porcine respiratory coronavirus from pigs affected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. J Vet Med Sci 1996; 58:385-8. [PMID: 8741277 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.58.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Four cytopathogenic viruses were isolated in CPK cells derived from porcine kidneys from tonsils and lungs of 3 of 15 pigs affected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Physicochemically and morphologically, the isolates were similar to a coronavirus. The isolates were not distinguished from transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) by a neutralization test using polyclonal antibodies, but differentiated from TGEV by monoclonal antibodies capable of discriminating between TGEV and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), indicating that the isolates were PRCV. In a serological survey of 30 serum samples each collected from about 50 days old pigs in the 2 affected farms, 29 (97%) and 15 (50%) sera were positive for neutralizing antibody against the isolate with the titers ranging from 2 to 64, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kamogawa
- Ibaraki Kenhoku Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Japan
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41
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Shoup DI, Swayne DE, Jackwood DJ, Saif LJ. Immunohistochemistry of transmissible gastroenteritis virus antigens in fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. J Vet Diagn Invest 1996; 8:161-7. [PMID: 8744736 DOI: 10.1177/104063879600800204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An immunohistochemistry technique was developed using fixed tissues to study the presence and location of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) antigens in situ. Experimentally infected gnotobiotic and conventional pigs as well as pigs with natural TGEV infection were examined. The staining technique was based on detection of the major structural protein of TGEV, the nucleocapsid, by using a pool of 3 monoclonal antibodies. Formalin and periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde (PLP)-fixed intestinal tissues from a gnotobiotic pig inoculated with virulent TGEV were used to determine optimal antibody concentrations and incubation times. The intestinal tissues remained in their respective fixatives for 6 months, and serial sections were removed at sequential times and embedded in paraffin blocks. PLP and 10% neutral buffered formalin were acceptable fixatives and preserved TGEV nucleocapsid antigenicity for up to 6 months. Formalin, in comparison with PLP as a fixative, was better for preserving original tissue morphology and provided better antigen detection. Conventional crossbred pigs were inoculated with virulent TGEV, and animals were euthanized on various postexposure days. Intestinal tissues were positive for TGEV nucleocapsid antigens on postexposure days 2, 4, and 8. The immunohistochemistry technique detected TGEV antigen in stored paraffin-embedded tissues from 14 naturally infected pigs previously confirmed as positive for TGEV using a direct immunofluorescence assay on intestinal mucosal smears, whereas 9 naturally infected pigs confirmed negative for TGEV antigen by the same immunofluorescence assay showed no staining consistent with the presence of TGEV antigen. Immunohistochemistry provides a method to detect TGEV and possibly other closely related coronaviruses such as porcine respiratory coronavirus in situ. A diagnostic test using the same fixed tissues processed for histopathology provides veterinary practitioners an alternative to delivering live pigs or refrigerated fresh intestinal samples containing infectious virus to a diagnostic laboratory. Investigators can utilize this technique to retrospectively screen fixed tissues for TGEV antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Shoup
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Ohio State University, Wooster 44691, USA
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Vaughn EM, Halbur PG, Paul PS. Use of nonradioactive cDNA probes to differentiate porcine respiratory coronavirus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus isolates. J Vet Diagn Invest 1996; 8:241-4. [PMID: 8744748 DOI: 10.1177/104063879600800216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E M Vaughn
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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Sirinarumitr T, Paul PS, Kluge JP, Halbur PG. In situ hybridization technique for the detection of swine enteric and respiratory coronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. J Virol Methods 1996; 56:149-60. [PMID: 8882645 PMCID: PMC7119765 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(95)01901-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The in situ hybridization (ISH) technique was developed to detect the swine coronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), in cell culture and tissue sections from TGEV-or PRCV-infected pigs. The 35S-labeled RNA probes were generated from two plasmids pPSP.FP1 and pPSP.FP2 containing part of the S gene of TGEV. The procedure was first standardized in cell cultures. The radiolabeled pPSP.FP2 probe detected both TGEV and PRCV in virus-inoculated cell cultures, whereas pPSP.FP1 probe detected TGEV but not PRCV. The probe was then used to detect TGEV or PRCV in tissues of pigs experimentally infected with TGEV or PRCV or naturally infected with TGEV. Again, the probes detected TGEV in intestines of experimentally and naturally infected pigs and PRCV in the lungs of experimentally infected pigs. TGEV RNA was detected mainly within the enterocytes at the tips of villi and, less often, within some crypt epithelial cells. PRCV was shown to replicate mainly in the bronchiolar epithelial cells and in lesser amount in type II pneumocytes, type I pneumocytes, alveolar macrophages and bronchial epithelial cells, respectively. ISH has potential applications as a diagnostic test for the detection and differentiation of TGEV and PRCV in tissues and in studies to gain a better understanding of the mechanism of pathogenesis of enteric and respiratory coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theerapol Sirinarumitr
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, 1802 Elwood Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Prem S. Paul
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute and the Department of Microbiology Immunology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, 1802 Elwood Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 515 294 0913; fax: +1 515 294 8341.
| | - John P. Kluge
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, 1802 Elwood Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Patrick G. Halbur
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1802 Elwood Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Sueyoshi M, Tsuda T, Yamazaki K, Yoshida K, Nakazawa M, Sato K, Minami T, Iwashita K, Watanabe M, Suzuki Y. An immunohistochemical investigation of porcine epidemic diarrhoea. J Comp Pathol 1995; 113:59-67. [PMID: 7490338 PMCID: PMC7130422 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(05)80069-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A sudden outbreak of epidemic diarrhoea of piglets occurred in Japan, the principal features being watery diarrhoea, dehydration and high mortality in newborn animals. The microscopical lesions were villous atrophy in the small intestine, the villous enterocytes being vacuolated and cuboidal in shape. The villus-crypt ratio was severely reduced, varying from 1:1 to 3:1. Transmission electron microscopy showed numerous coronaviruses within the cytoplasm of enterocytes and among microvilli. Specific antigens of porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) virus were detected in the cytoplasm of enterocytes by the streptavidin-biotin (SAB) technique. Infected cells, which were most abundant in the villous epithelia of the jejunum and ileum, were present in small numbers in the large intestine, the crypt epithelia, the lamina propria and Peyer's patches. The study suggests that the SAB technique is useful for the diagnosis of PED.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sueyoshi
- Kyushu Branch Laboratory, National Institute of Animal Health, Kagoshima, Japan
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45
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Abstract
Four new porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) isolates were genetically characterized. Subgenomic mRNA patterns and the nucleotide sequences of the 5' ends of the S genes, the open reading frame (ORF) 3/3a genes, and the ORF 3-1/3b genes of these PRCV isolates were determined and compared with those of other PRCV and transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) isolates. The S, ORF 3/3a, and ORF 3-1/3b genes are under intense study because of their possible roles in determining tissue tropism and virulence. Northern (RNA) blot analysis of subgenomic mRNAs revealed that mRNA 2, which encodes for the S gene, of the PRCV isolates migrated faster than the mRNA 2 of TGEV. The PRCV isolates AR310 and LEPP produced eight subgenomic mRNA species, the same number as produced by the virulent Miller strain of TGEV. However, the PRCV isolates IA1894 and ISU-1 produced only seven subgenomic mRNA species. All four of the PRCV isolates were found to have a large in-frame deletion in the 5' end of the S gene; however, the size and location of the deletion varied. Analysis of the ORF 3/3a gene nucleotide sequences from the four PRCV isolates also showed a high degree of variability in this area. The ORF 3 gene of the PRCV isolates AR310 and LEPP was preceded by a CTAAAC leader RNA-binding site, and the ORF 3 gene was predicted to yield a protein of 72 amino acids, the same size as that of the virulent Miller strain of TGEV. The PRCV isolates AR310 and LEPP are the first PRCV isolates found to have an intact ORF 3 gene. The ORF 3a gene of the PRCV isolate IA1894 was preceded by a CTAAAC leader RNA-binding site and was predicted to yield a truncated protein of 54 amino acids due to a 23-nucleotide deletion. The CTAAAC leader RNA-binding site and ATG start codon of ORF 3 gene of the PRCV isolate ISU-1 were removed because of a 168-nucleotide deletion. Analysis of the ORF 3-1/3b gene nucleotide sequences from the four PRCV nucleotides isolates also showed variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Vaughn
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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46
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Jackwood DJ, Kwon HM, Saif LJ. Molecular differentiation of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine respiratory coronavirus strains. Correlation with antigenicity and pathogenicity. Adv Exp Med Biol 1995; 380:35-41. [PMID: 8830506 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1899-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) causes an economically important enteric disease of swine. Differences in the pathogenicity, antigenicity and tissue tropism have been observed among porcine coronaviruses. Although porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) is antigenically similar but not identical to TGEV isolates, these respiratory coronaviruses differ markedly in pathogenicity and tissue tropism compared to TGEV isolates. Using a reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RT/PCR-RFLP) assay, TGEV and PRCV isolates were assigned to several distinct groups. By RFLP analysis of the 5' region of the S gene, TGEV strains were differentiated into 4 groups using the restriction enzyme Sau3AI. A fifth Sau3AI group contained the PRCV isolates. These 5 groups correlated with antigenic groups previously defined using monoclonal antibodies in our laboratory. Several restriction enzymes could be used to differentiate the TGEV strains into Miller and Purdue types. Analysis of a PCR amplified product in the 3 and 3-1 genes indicated the RT/PCR-RFLP assay results for TGEV Miller strains could be correlated with lower virulence created by passage in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Jackwood
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio State University, Wooster 44691, USA
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Carvajal A, Lanza I, Diego R, Rubio P, Cármenes P. Evaluation of a blocking ELISA using monoclonal antibodies for the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and its antibodies. J Vet Diagn Invest 1995; 7:60-4. [PMID: 7779966 DOI: 10.1177/104063879500700109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Two blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) involving the use of monoclonal antibodies (MAb) as capture and detecting agents and an indirect fluorescence test (IFT) were used for the detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) antigen or its antibodies. In the ELISA for viral antigen detection, the blocking step is accomplished by incubation of fecal samples, in duplicate wells, with PEDV-specific positive or negative serum, whereas in the ELISA for antibody detection the blocking step is accomplished by incubation of serum samples with a gut-origin virus suspension. All the methods developed were used to monitor an experimental infection in piglets with the CV-777 strain of PEDV and a natural PED outbreak in a swine fattening unit. The antigen-detection ELISA was able to detect PEDV shedding for a longer time than have previously described methods. The blocking ELISA for antibody detection was able to detect the serum antibody response sooner after PEDV infection than did IFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carvajal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Enfermedades Infecciosas y Epidemiología), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, Spain
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Lai CH, Welter MW, Welter LM. The use of arms PCR and RFLP analysis in identifying genetic profiles of virulent, attenuated or vaccine strains of TGEV and PRCV. Adv Exp Med Biol 1995; 380:243-50. [PMID: 8830487 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1899-0_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of ARMS (amplification refractory mutation system) PCR coupled with RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis has been used to identify a unique genetic marker on the Ambico oral vaccine strain. This method was also used to characterize the genetic profiles of a number of other TGEV strains. This procedure takes advantage of the nucleotide differences between the Ambico strain, and the Miller and Purdue strains. Within the S gene there are three nucleotide differences between the Ambico strain and the published Purdue sequence. There are additional nucleotide differences in the structural and non-structural gene sequences, but we have chosen to focus on the differences contained within the S gene. The Ambico strain has a closer sequence homology to the Purdue strain than to the Miller strain. The Ambico and Purdue strains contain a six nucleotide deletion at position 1122 that is not present in the Miller published sequence or the ISU-1 strain of PRCV (based on our PCR experiments). We have designed a 5' oligo whose sequence is homologous to a region located 80 nucleotides upstream of the TGEV and PRCV S gene initiation codons to be used in conjunction with either of two 3' oligos whose sequences are identical with the exception of the last six nucleotides of their 3' ends. When utilized with the appropriate PCR conditions, these oligos can differentiate between PRCV, Miller and Purdue prototype virus strains. These PCR products were then subjected to RFLP analysis using four separate restriction enzymes (BstE II, Alw26 I, Dra III, or MspA1 I). We have used this procedure to analyze six TGEV vaccine strains, intestinal derived virulent viruses, cell cultured viruses at different cell passage numbers, and field isolates of TGEV or PRCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Lai
- Ambico West, USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles 90033, USA
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49
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Van Reeth K, Pensaert M. Prevalence of infections with enzootic respiratory and enteric viruses in feeder pigs entering fattening herds. Vet Rec 1994; 135:594-7. [PMID: 7900243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of infections with H1N1- and H3N2-influenza viruses, porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) in feeder pigs shortly after their entry into fattening units was examined. Ten groups of pigs with acute respiratory disease during the months September to October 1991 and seven groups of pigs with acute diarrhoea during the months February to March 1992 were investigated. On arrival in the fattening herds, more of the pigs were negative for antibodies against H1N1-influenza virus and against PRCV during September to October (61 and 50 per cent, respectively) than in February to March (51 and 34 per cent, respectively). There was serological evidence of a triple infection with PRCV and both influenza viruses in seven of the 17 groups; dual infections with PRCV and H1N1-influenza virus occurred in nine groups and with H1N1- and H3N2-influenza viruses in one group. Seroconversion against TGEV was not detected in any of the 17 groups, but seven of them had seroconverted to PEDV. Multiple infections with PRCV and either one or both of the influenza viruses were thus very common shortly after the introduction of feeder pigs into the fattening herds. There was no association between the type and/or multiplicity of these infections and respiratory disease, but infections with PEDV were clearly associated with outbreaks of diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Van Reeth
- Laboratory of Veterinary Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Merelbeke, Belgium
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50
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Cornaglia E, Chrétien N, Charara S, Elazhary Y. Detection of porcine respiratory coronavirus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Vet Microbiol 1994; 42:349-59. [PMID: 9133060 PMCID: PMC7117201 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(94)90066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/1993] [Accepted: 05/17/1994] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) was developed. A bovine TGEV-specific polyclonal antibody was purified by affinity chromatography with the TRIO Bioprocessing System and was used as the capture antibody, at a concentration of 1.5 micrograms/well. The F5.39 monoclonal antibody was obtained by the fusion of spleen lymphocytes from TGEV immunized mice with NS-1 myeloma cells. This mAb was used as a second antibody for the ELISA. The ELISA detected 40 ng of TGEV and 407 ng of PRCV. To study the ability of ELISA to detect TGEV in field cases, 53 intestinal samples were taken from pigs exhibiting clinical signs of transmissible gastroenteritis. All the positive samples detected by the ELISA were confirmed as positive by immunofluorescence or cell culture immunofluorescence. To study the ability of this ELISA to detect PRCV in nasal swabs and lung samples, 20 seven-day-old piglets were inoculated with a Quebec strain of PRCV. The ELISA was able to detect PRCV in both kinds of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cornaglia
- Virology Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint Hyacinthe, Que., Canada
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