Amino acids: metabolism, functions, and nutrition. Amino Acids. 2009;37:1-17. [PMID: 19301095 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0269-0]

From the lab to the field and closer to the market: Production of the biopolymer cyanophycin in plants

A range of studies has investigated the production of biopolymers in plants but a comprehensive assessment of feasibility and environmental safety and consumer acceptance is lacking. This review delivers such an assessment. It describes the establishment of the production in tobacco and potato, the analysis of lead events in the greenhouse and in the field, the establishment and upscaling of effective isolation processes and storage conditions, taking the cyanobacterial storage peptide cyanophycin (CGP) as an example. The paper lists several industrial and medical applications of CGP and its building blocks Arg-Asp-dipeptides. This production is especially interesting because the CGP content can exceed 10 % of the dry weight (dw) in the greenhouse and still deliver 4 g per plant in the field. Furthermore, risk assessment of CGP production in potatoes in vitro, in vivo, in the greenhouse, and in the field showed no relevant differences concerning environment or consumer safety compared with the near isogenic control. A consumer choice analysis in four European countries showed a preference for biodegradable CGP in food-wrapping materials over conventional plastic wrapping. Although data on economic feasibility is lacking, CGP as a renewable, biodegradable and CO2-neutrally produced compound, is preferable over fossil fuels in many applications.

Assessment of PFDA toxicity on RTgill-W1 cell line via metabolomics and lipidomics approaches

Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), a long-chain perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS), is known for its environmental persistence and potential toxicity. This study evaluated PFDA toxicity in the RTgill-W1 cell line, a model for aquatic toxicology, using a combination of cell viability assays, reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurements, and high-throughput metabolomics and lipidomics. PFDA exposure resulted in significant, dose-dependent reductions in cell viability and increased ROS production, with an EC₅₀ value of 51.9 ± 1.7 mg/L, highlighting its cytotoxic potential. Metabolomic profiling revealed dose-dependent disruptions in 168 metabolites, impacting pathways related to amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, vitamin and cofactor metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism. Furthermore, lipidomic analysis identified 102 significantly altered lipids, primary affecting glycerolipid metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism - suggesting compromised membrane integrity, energy production, and signalling processes. These findings underscore PFDA's capacity to interfere with critical cellular processes and highlight the utility of integrated omics approaches in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of PFAS toxicity. Future studies should focus on validating fish cell assays through short-term in vivo tests to enhance their reliability and ecological relevance.

L-proline supplementation in the freezing medium enhances the viability and quality of bovine blastocysts after slow freezing and thawing

L-proline (Pro) is a natural amino acid with known antioxidant and cryoprotectant activity. This study aimed to assess the impact of Pro supplementation in freezing medium on blastocyst survival and quality. In vitro fertilization (IVF) was conducted using oocytes collected from Korean cattle, and Day 7 blastocysts were cryopreserved through slow freezing. Optimal post-thaw blastocyst survival was determined by adding various Pro concentrations to the freezing medium. Additionally, the effect of Sucrose (Suc) alone or in conjunction with Pro was evaluated. To assess blastocyst quality, we analyzed reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, apoptosis, and gene expression in blastocysts that survived 24 h after slow freezing-thawing. The hatching rate at 72 h was significantly higher in the 0.3 M Pro group than that in the 0 M group (p = 0.0466). The hatching rates at 48 and 72 h were significantly higher in the Pro group than in the Suc and Suc + Pro groups (48 h: Suc, p = 0.0037; Suc + Pro, p = 0.0052; 72 h: Suc, p = 0.0024; Suc + Pro, p = 0.0009). ROS levels and the apoptosis index were significantly lower in the Pro group than in the Suc group (p = 0.0099, and 0.0098, respectively). Furthermore, mRNA expression of HSPA1A was significantly lower in the Pro and Suc + Pro groups than in the Suc group (p = 0.0074, and p = 0.01174, respectively). Additionally, GCLC mRNA expression was significantly higher in the Pro group than in the Suc group (p = 0.0308). These findings indicate that Pro supplementation in a slow freezing medium enhances the viability and quality of embryos.

Serum branched-chain amino acids are mainly associated with body mass index and waist circumference

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

To assess the associations between serum concentrations of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)-valine, leucine, and isoleucine-and different anthropometric markers, including leptin and adiponectin levels, as well as body composition.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This cross-sectional study used data from the CoLaus|PsyCoLaus and the OsteoLaus studies in Lausanne, Switzerland. Anthropometric markers included the conicity index (CI), body roundness index (BRI), a body shape index (ABSI), body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference, among others. Grip strength was used as a proxy for muscle mass. Bivariate analysis revealed that most anthropometric markers were positively correlated with BCAA, while adiponectin levels was negatively correlated with BCAA. These correlations were generally stronger in males than in females, with the exceptions of CI, ABSI, and adiponectin. After multivariable analysis, weight and BMI showed the strongest association coefficients with BCAA in males, while in females the strongest associations were found for waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio. No significant associations were found between the ABSI and BCAA levels in males, or between grip strength and BCAA levels in females. Stepwise linear regression identified BMI in males, and waist circumference in females as the anthropometric markers most strongly positively associated with BCAA.

CONCLUSION

We observed a significant difference in the association between BCAA levels and anthropometric markers by sex. BMI displayed the strongest positive association with BCAA levels in males while in females, waist circumference exhibited the strongest association.

The associations between circulating amino acids and arterial aneurysms and dissection: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

Background

Circulating amino acid levels can be altered in arterial aneurysms and dissection, but the relationships between them is unclear. The present study investigated the causal relationship between circulating amino acid levels and arterial aneurysms and dissection via bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR).

Methods

A bidirectional two-sample MR analysis was used. Forward analysis was performed with amino acid levels as the exposure and arterial aneurysms and dissection as outcomes. Reverse analysis was performed with arterial aneurysms and dissection as exposures and circulating amino acid levels as outcomes. MR data were analyzed using five analytical methods: the inverse-variance weighted (IVW), MR‒Egger, weighted median, simple, and weighted methods. IVW was used as the main analytical method, and the other methods were used for supplementary analyses. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran's Q test, and horizontal pleiotropy was assessed using intercepts from MR‒Egger regression. The genome-wide association study (GWAS) data for circulating amino acids were obtained from the IEU open GWAS database and the GWAS Catalog database. The GWAS data for arterial aneurysms and dissection were obtained from the Finngen consortium database version R10.

Results

The tyrosine level was negatively correlated with other aneurysms (P = 0.00211, OR: 0.57, 95 % CI: 0.40, 0.82). Aortic dissection decreased the circulating glycine level (P = 0.00168, OR: 0.98, 95 % CI: 0.98, 0.99).

Conclusion

Through bidirectional MR analysis, we found that tyrosine level was negatively correlated with other aneurysms and that aortic dissection reduced circulating glycine. Our findings support a possible interaction between circulating amino acid levels and arterial aneurysms and dissection.

Optimizing dietary crude protein, branched-chain amino acids, and energy levels for broiler performance using a Box-Behnken design

This study aimed to investigate the limitations and interactive effects of dietary crude protein (CP; 15%, 17% and 19%), excess branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) inclusions (0%, 20% and 40%), and net energy (NE; 9.0, 9.7 and 10.4 MJ/kg) on performance and nutrient utilization for Cobb 500 mix-sex broilers, using a Box-Behnken design. The study consisted of 2 experiments: Exp. 1 involved 1092 chickens, and their performance was measured from d 19 to 35, and Exp. 2 employed 156 birds for NE measurements from d 25 to 28. Both experiments used the same diets (n = 13), each replicated 7 times for Exp. 1 and 6 times for Exp. 2. On d 35, 4 birds per pen (2 males and 2 females) were sampled to collect ileal digesta and weigh carcass parts. Feed intake (FI), NE intake (NEi), weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and breast yield were affected by CP × NE (P < 0.001) and CP × BCAA (P = 0.041). Diluting NE in the reduced CP (RP)-diets led to a higher FI (P < 0.001) and breast yield (P < 0.001) than high NE, but the NE levels had no effect (P > 0.05) on FI and breast yield in high CP (HCP)-diets. Breast yield increased (P = 0.041) with BCAA in HCP-diets, whereas in the RP-diets, the yield lowered (P = 0.041) with increased BCAA. A similar trend was observed with fat content: in HCP-diets, fat content increased (P = 0.007) with BCAA, while in RP-diets, fat content decreased (P = 0.007) with higher BCAA levels. In addition, increasing BCAA in the RP-diets decreased (P < 0.001) FI, NEi, WG and increased FCR (P = 0.001) than low BCAA. However, BCAA levels had no effect (P > 0.05) on these measurements in HCP-diets. High NE increased (P < 0.001) NEi and decreased (P < 0.001) FCR compared to low NE in the HCP-diets. However, the NE effect on both measurements did not differ (P > 0.05) in RP-diets. These results indicate that increasing BCAA levels beyond the recommended amounts in RP-diets impairs energy utilization, leading to poor performance.

Evaluating the impact of essential amino acid-rich nutrition intervention on children with autism spectrum disorder: A randomized trial protocol

Background

Emerging evidence highlights the role of essential amino acids in brain function and behavior modulation, with deficiencies observed in children with autism. Amino acid supplementation appears to be effective in the autism management. This study aims to assess the effect of plant based amino acid intervention on plasma amino acid profile and behavior aspects in children with autism spectrum disorder.

Methods

•The study involves parallel, randomized controlled trial that will include 68 children (age 3-6 years) with mild to moderate ASD. Children will be randomly assigned (1:1) to intervention group receiving nutritional intervention or a control group continuing standard care.•The intervention will be carried out over 16 weeks, with a dosage based on the child's weight and dietary needs.•Primary outcomes include changes in plasma amino acid concentrations Secondary outcomes include changes in Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) scores which would be measured pre- and post-intervention.

Results

Plasma amino acid levels and behavioral assessments will be compared between the groups to determine the effectiveness of the nutritional intervention in improving symptoms.

Conclusion

This trial seeks to establish a sustainable, non-pharmacological approach to managing autism symptoms. Findings would contribute to autism dietary management strategies and the role of essential amino acids in neurodevelopmental health.

The cystathionine-γ-lyase inhibitor DL-propargylglycine augments the ability of L-cysteine ethyl ester to overcome the adverse effects of morphine on breathing

l-cysteine ethyl ester (l-CYSee) overcomes adverse effects elicited by systemic injection of morphine on ventilatory parameters and arterial blood-gas chemistry in rats. l-CYSee or l-cysteine, resulting from the deesterification of l-CYSee, may enter enzymatic cascades that produce the ventilatory stimulant molecule, hydrogen sulfide (H2S). dl-propargylglycine (dl-PROP) is an inhibitor of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE)-mediated conversion of l-cysteine to H2S and has been widely used in vivo. We examined whether l-CYSee (2 injections × 500 µmol/kg, IV)-induced reversal of the changes in ventilation elicited by morphine (10 mg/kg, IV) in freely moving male Sprague Dawley rats was altered by prior administration of dl-PROP (25 mg/kg, IV). The major findings were 1) the effects of morphine on ventilatory parameters were not affected by subsequent injection of dl-PROP; 2) first injection of l-CYSee elicited a prompt reversal of the adverse effects of morphine that was more pronounced in dl-PROP-treated than vehicle-treated rats; and 3) the actions of the second injection of l-CYSee were dramatically augmented in dl-PROP-treated rats. In addition, the changes in many of the ventilatory parameters during a subsequent hypoxic-hypercapnic (HH) gas challenge were augmented substantially by dl-PROP. This study demonstrates that 1) inhibition of CSE with dl-PROP does not affect the ventilatory actions of morphine, 2) reversal effects of l-CYSee were augmented by blockade of CSE, and 3) blockade of CSE augments the ventilatory responses to HH gas challenge in morphine-treated rats. These unexpected findings suggest that the CSE-dependent production of H2S from l-CYSee countermands l-CYSee reversal of morphine-induced respiratory depression in rats.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The ability of l-cysteine ethyl ester (l-CYSee) to overcome the adverse effects of morphine on breathing is exaggerated by inhibition of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), suggesting that conversion of l-CYSee or l-cysteine to H2S countermands the effects of l-CYSee against morphine.

Carbazole Framework as Functional Scaffold for the Design of Synthetic Receptors

Carbazole serves as a prominent framework in the design of synthetic receptors, being a valuable scaffold for supramolecular chemistry, thanks to its planarity, fluorescence and versatility. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of notable examples of carbazole-based receptors, highlighting the impact of structural modifications on binding affinity and selectivity toward different guests.

Effects of early feeding technologies providing methionine supplementation on performance, lipid oxidation, and some immune-related gene expression in broiler chicken

In ovo administration of DL-methionine and post-hatch Hydrogel® supplements were tested to examine the impact of early feeding on performance and immune-related traits in a commercial broiler stock. One thousand one hundred and twenty Ross 308 eggs were incubated and assigned to seven treatment groups: intact (no in ovo administration) and immediate feed access (C1), in ovo saline treatment and immediate feed access (C2), intact and delayed feeding (ID), in ovo saline treatment and delayed feeding (IoS), in ovo DL-Methionine treatment and delayed feeding (IoM), intact and delayed access to feed, but immediate access to commercial Hydrogel® without (Hyd) or with 5mg/kg (HydM) DL-methionine post-hatch. The results showed, that the in-ovo methionine may have positive effects on the weight gain of the birds (p < 0.001) compared to the commercial Hydrogel® however, it cannot compete with the immediate feeding. The number of heterophils decreased significantly (p < 0.001) by day 21 in ID and IoS compared to the immediately fed control (C1). The number of lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils, increased in treatments supplemented with methionine (p < 0.05) (IoM,HydM) indicating enhanced immune protection. There were no differences in the total antioxidant capacity (FRAP) and malonaldehyde concentration (MDA) (p = 0.07) in the examined groups. The Cytochrome P450 H1 (CYP2H1) gene was downregulated in all treatment groups (on days 21 and 35) indicating a slower metabolism, particularly in the ID group compared to C1 and C2 (p < 0.001). The HydM treatment could upregulate the IL2 expression as the immediate feeding, while only IoM treatment resulted in significant downregulation by day 35 (p < 0.001). IL6 was upregulated in all treatment groups (p < 0.001) except for HydM, where the gene expression did not differ from the housekeeping gene. Early administration of dietary methionine has a positive effect on performance and the immune system, however, none of the early feeding methods can compete with immediate feed access. The possible positive effects of early nutrition and its epigenetic impact should be examined in further studies.

Nonessential amino acid is not nonessential in geriatric patients: implications for maxillofacial wound healing and bone repair

BACKGROUND

Nonessential amino acids (NEAAs) are traditionally regarded as dispensable because they can be synthesized endogenously from glucose-derived intermediates. Emerging evidence, however, shows that the capacity for de novo NEAA biosynthesis declines in aged tissues, rendering several of these molecules conditionally essential during periods of stress such as surgery or fracture repair.

MAIN BODY

In the cranio-maxillofacial arena - where bone and soft-tissue regeneration must occur in an environment already compromised by osteoporosis, multimorbidity, and restricted oral intake - insufficient NEAA supply may translate into delayed union, wound dehiscence, and heightened infection risk. This narrative review integrates biochemical, preclinical, and clinical data to map age-dependent changes in the serine/glycine, glutamine/glutamate, arginine/citrulline, cysteine/trans-sulfuration, and alanine cycles, examines their impact on osteogenesis and mucosal healing, and evaluates nutritional or pharmacological strategies to restore NEAA sufficiency. Particular attention is paid to serine-one-carbon metabolism, the intestinal-renal arginine axis, and redox-sensitive cysteine pathways, all of which are intimately linked to collagen deposition, osteoblast differentiation, and immune modulation.

CONCLUSION

We conclude that proactive optimization of NEAA status - through targeted supplementation or metabolic activation - represents a low-risk, biologically rational adjunct to enhance postoperative outcomes in geriatric maxillofacial patients.

The Molecular Basis of Amino Acids Sensing

Amino acids are organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins and peptides. Additionally, they function as bioactive molecules that play important roles in metabolic regulation and signal transduction. The ability of cells to sense fluctuations in intracellular and extracellular amino acid levels is vital for effectively regulating protein synthesis and catabolism, maintaining homeostasis, adapting to diverse nutritional environments and influencing cell fate decision. In this review, the recent molecular insights into amino acids sensing are discussed, along with the different sensing mechanisms in distinct organisms.

Abrogating the adenine methylation ability of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei improves its freeze-drying and storage resistance

Freeze-drying is a widely adopted method for the long-term storage of starter cultures in the food industry but can cause cell instability and a decline in post-storage viability. We used an unmethylated Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Zhang mutant lacking adenine-specific DNA-methyltransferase. This mutant was subjected to freeze-drying and stored at 30 °C for two distinct durations (30 and 60 days), Our analysis revealed the unmethylated mutant outperformed the wild-type in cell viability and survival following freeze-drying and post-freeze-drying storage. And significant metabolic pathway differences between the stored mutant and wild-type bacteria. These differences were evident in the phosphotransferase system, carbohydrate, and amino acid metabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis, and were consistent across transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses. This is achieved by modulating key metabolic pathways within the bacteria. This study contributes to the limited literature on the role of bacterial adenine methylation in industrial strain application and starter culture storage.

Programming Effects of Maternal Nutrition on Intestinal Development and Microorganisms of Offspring: A Review on Pigs

Intestinal development is a critical determinant of growth and overall health in pigs. Accumulating evidence underscores the significant influence of intestinal microbiota on essential physiological functions and systemic health. Dietary nutrients play a pivotal role in regulating both intestinal development and the composition of intestinal microbiota. Optimal early-life nutrient provision ensures proper intestinal growth and functional maturation, with maternal nutrition emerging as a key factor shaping intestinal development during fetal and neonatal stages. This review synthesizes recent studies on maternal nutrient intake-encompassing protein, energy, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, probiotics, and prebiotics-and their effects on intestinal growth and health of offspring. Emerging multi-omics evidence has revealed that gestational and lactational nutrition dynamically coordinates offspring intestinal development through vertical microbial transmission and epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation. These processes further regulate intestinal barrier maturation, mucosal immunity, and enteroendocrine signaling. Collectively, this review emphasizes that enhancing maternal nutrition can promote postnatal growth by enhancing intestinal development and early microbial colonization in piglets. Further research is crucial to determining the optimal nutritional strategies during the perinatal period.

A teicoplanin-cyclodextrin bilayer chiral stationary phase boosts chiral separation of native amino acids

Separating enantiomers is crucial for advancing scientific research. Teicoplanin-based columns exhibit unique advantages in the chiral separation of native amino acids, and its further improvement for better separation performance is valuable. This work reports double-layer bridged columns, in which different amounts of cyclodextrin (CD) were directly bridged onto teicoplanin (TK) molecules on the chiral stationary phase (TK CSP) to prepare TK-CD-2 CSP and TK-CD-6 CSP. Additionally, a column with the two chiral selectors (TK and CD) arranged in a single layer on the silica gel surface (TK + CD CSP) was prepared, which served as a control group. The results revealed that TK-CD-6 CSP exhibited better chiral separation ability for native amino acids and a wider range of separable chiral molecules than TK, TK + CD, and TK-CD-2 CSPs. The possible mechanism is that the dual-layer structure of the TK-CD-6 CSP effectively reduces the competition between the different chiral selectors and provides more chiral recognition sites, which enhances the separation ability and achieves broad-spectrum chiral separation. This work offers valuable insights for enhancing the chiral separation ability of teicoplanin-based columns and developing liquid chromatographic strategies with separation diversity.

Long-Term Supplementation of GABA Regulates Growth, Food Intake, Locomotion, and Lipid Metabolism by Increasing Ghrelin and Growth Hormone in Adolescent Mice

Background/Objectives: The amino acid γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the primary neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) and acts as an autocrine and/or paracrine signaling molecule in various types of non-neuronal cells. On the other hand, GABA is a nutrient found in a variety of foods and is marketed as a health supplement based on a growing number of studies reporting health benefits in humans and recuperations in animal models of diseases. The present study sought to examine whether supplementation of GABA to young mice regulates their growth as well as glucose and lipid metabolism during physiological adolescence. Methods: Mice were supplemented with GABA over a 16-week period with subsequent anthropometric, metabolic, and endocrine measurements. Results: Results showed that 16-week oral supplementation of GABA increased food consumption and body length while attenuating weight gain in male mice but not females. In addition, GABA treatment lowered the index of body fat (Lee index) and increased the expression of lipolytic enzymes in adipose and liver tissues of male mice without affecting blood glucose levels. Remarkably, supplementation of GABA significantly increased the protein expression of growth hormone (GH) in the pituitary gland of both male and female mice. However, it only substantially increased GH levels in the sera of male mice but not females. Moreover, GABA significantly increased the expression of the GH secretagogue peptide ghrelin in the stomachs of male mice only. Conclusions: Together these novel findings suggest that long-term GABA supplementation fundamentally influences the growth and lipid metabolism of males during adolescent development by stimulating ghrelin-GH production and secretion. The mechanisms of GABA-induced sex-dependent upregulations of ghrelin and GH, as well as lipid metabolism in adolescence, await further studies.

Targeted metabolomic evaluation of peripheral blood mononucleated cells from patients with PMM2-CDG

Phosphomannomutase-2 (PMM2) deficiency represents the most common congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG). Currently, little is known about cell metabolic alterations occurring in these patients. Here, we quantified compounds connected to protein glycosylation (GDP-mannose, UDP-derivatives), energy metabolism (high-energy phosphates, nicotinic coenzymes, oxypurines), oxidative/nitrosative stress (GSH, nitrite, nitrate) and free amino acids in extracts of peripheral blood mononucleated cells (PBMCs), of seven PMM2-CDG patients and ten control healthy donors. Besides marked GDP-mannose decrease, PBMCs of PMM2-CDG patients had higher UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc), UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal) and UDP-Glucuronic levels, lower ATP, GTP and UTP levels, abnormal ATP/ADP, ATP/AMP and NAD+/NADH ratios, increased xanthine, uric acid and nitrite + nitrate levels, and decreased GSH and free amino acids concentrations. These results suggest a new, conceivable metabolic route leading to the increase of specific UDP-derivatives (UDP-Glc, UDP-Gal and UDP-Glucuronic), also potentially explaining the glycogen abnormalities recently found in PMM2-CDG patients. Altogether, this study highlighted various metabolic changes caused by PMM2 deficiency, illustrating the widespread effects of PMM2 mutations (beyond N-glycan biosynthesis) that may significantly vary depending on the cell line considered. Using PBMCs, as a cellular model of lower invasiveness than skin fibroblast, may advantage cell metabolism studies to investigate new therapies specifically targeted to PMM2 deficiency.

Dietary resistant starch supplementation improves the fish growth, lipid metabolism and intestinal barrier in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) fed high-fat diets

Resistant starch (RS) is a novel type of prebiotic that exerts positive effects on lipid metabolism and intestinal flora. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary RS on lipid metabolism and the intestinal barrier in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The experimental fish were fed either a control diet (C), a high-fat diet (H), or H diets supplemented with 0.5 %, 1.5 %, and 3 % RS (HRS0.5, HRS1.5, and HRS3.0). Dietary supplementation with 1.5 % and 3.0 % RS increased the final weight and feed utilization. Moreover, the hepatic crude protein content and the expression of genes related to lipid lipolysis were significantly higher in the HRS1.5 group compared to the H group, whereas hepatic crude lipid content and the expression of genes related to lipid synthesis were considerably lower in the HRS1.5 and HRS3.0 groups than in the H group. Additionally, hepatocyte vacuolation was alleviated in the HRS1.5 and HRS3.0 groups, and the number of liver lipid droplets was significantly decreased. Dietary supplementation with 1.5 % and 3.0 % RS downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory factors while upregulating the expression of anti-inflammatory factors. Furthermore, analysis of gut microbiota composition revealed that RS supplementation increased the population of beneficial bacteria and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) contents, decreased the abundance of pathogenic bacteria, and enhanced the diversity and richness of the intestinal flora. Non-targeted metabolomics analysis indicated that the levels of L-arginine and betaine were significantly higher in the HRS1.5 group, while levels of L-methionine and taurocholic acid were notably elevated in the HRS3.0 group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 1.5-3.0 % RS improved the balance of intestinal flora, promoted the growth of beneficial bacteria, adjusted the metabolites profile, and increased the SCFA levels. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with 1.5-3.0 % RS can restore the intestinal protective barrier, reduce hepatic lipid accumulation, and regulate lipid metabolism in largemouth bass.

Transcriptome Profiling Analysis Reveals Changes in the Antioxidant Defense System, Morphology, and Gene Expression in the Gills of Macrobrachium nipponense Caused by Alkalinity Exposure

The median lethal concentration value of alkalinity tolerance for Macrobrachium nipponense over 96 h is only 14.42 mmol/L with a safety value of 4.71 mmol/L, which is insufficient to perform the aquaculture program in a water environment with high alkalinity. Thus, the present study aims to explore the effects of alkalinity exposure on the gills of M. nipponense through identifying the changes in antioxidant enzymes, morphology, and gene expressions after 1 day, 4 days, and 7 days of exposure under an alkalinity of 10 mmol/L. The activities of MDA, GSH-PX, CAT, T-AOC, and Ca2+Mg2+-ATPase are significantly stimulated by 62.6%, 6.57%, 32.1%, 33.3%, and 14.9%, compared to those from Day 0 (control group), indicating that these antioxidant enzymes play essential roles in the protection of prawns from the damage of reactive oxygen species caused by alkalinity exposure. In addition, alkalinity exposure results in an increase in the hemolymph vessels, affecting the normal respiratory function of the gills. Transcriptome profiling analysis reveals that short-term alkali exposure (4 days) does not result in significant changes in gene expression in the present study. Furthermore, metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of amino acids, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, lysosomes, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and phagosomes represent the main enriched metabolic pathways of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between Day 4 and Day 7. Biosynthesis of amino acids, lysosomes, and phagosomes are immune-related metabolic pathways, while amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis are energy metabolism-related metabolic pathways, indicating that the processes of immune response and energy metabolism play essential roles in the response to alkalinity exposure in M. nipponense. Thus, the DEGs from these metabolic pathways are considered as candidate genes involved in the regulation of alkaline acclimation in M. nipponense. The present study provides valuable evidence for analysis of the adaptive mechanism when exposed to alkalinity, contributing to the survival rate and aquaculture of this species under water environments with high alkalinity.

A Preliminary Study on the Qualitative and Quantitative Changes of Amino Acids in Whole Apple, Apple Peel, and Flesh Samples Grown in Lithuania

Amino acids are vital gradient compounds involved in protein synthesis and the regulation of physiological functions. Ten essential amino acids cannot be produced endogenously and must be obtained through dietary sources of animal or plant origin. Apples are among the most widely consumed fruits globally and contain not only vital nutrients such as carbohydrates, fatty acids, organic acids, and amino acids but also a rich variety of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and phenolic and triterpenic acids. Due to their diverse range of health-promoting compounds, apples could serve as a potential plant-based source of amino acids. Scientific literature provides fragmented data describing the qualitative and quantitative variation of amino acid composition in apples and their different parts. The purpose of this study was to determine the variation in the qualitative and quantitative composition of amino acids in whole apples, as well as in their peel and flesh samples, grown under Lithuanian climatic conditions. This study investigated 10 different apple cultivars, grown in Lithuania. A total of 15 free amino acids were identified using the UHPLC-MS/MS methodology, including 7 essential and 8 nonessential amino acids. In the apple sample, the predominant amino acid was aspartic acid (Asp). The highest content of Asp was found in apple flesh (742.73 ± 37.14 μg/g dw, p < 0.05), followed by whole apple (705.32 ± 35.27 μg/g dw, p < 0.05), and apple peel (370.78 ± 18.54 μg/g dw, p < 0.05) samples of the 'Lodel' cultivar. The distribution of total amino acid content (TAAC) in different apple parts is presented in descending order: apple flesh > whole apple > apple peel. The Lithuanian apple cultivars-'Alva' (547.26 ± 27.36 μg/g dw-998.13 ± 49.91 μg/g dw), 'Lodel' (561.85 ± 28.09 μg/g dw-954.24 ± 47.62 μg/g dw), and 'Rubin' (132.92 ± 6.65 μg/g dw-835.08 ± 41.75 μg/g dw)-were identified as those that accumulated the highest TAAC in their fruit samples.

Transcriptomic Insights into the Degradation Mechanisms of Fomitopsis pinicola and Its Host Preference for Coniferous over Broadleaf Deadwood

The degradation of deadwood is a vital ecological process for geochemical cycling and biodiversity conservation, with two main routes of fungal degradation: brown and white rot. Brown rot fungi cause severe destruction of wood cellulose and lead to brown and modified lignin residue. Fomitopsis pinicola is a typical brown rot fungus with a distinct host preference for coniferous trees. The mechanisms through which this fungus degrades coniferous and broadleaf wood remain poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, a 60-day cultivation experiment involving F. pinicola growing on deadwood strips of Pinus koraiensis and Betula platyphylla separately was performed. A comparative transcriptome analysis was carried out to explore the mechanisms underlying the differences in degradation, in terms of both physicochemical properties and transcriptomic data. The findings revealed that the host preference of F. pinicola resulted in the more efficient degradation of coniferous wood than broadleaf wood, accompanied by higher gene expression levels. GO enrichment analysis indicated that this preference was primarily associated with the hydrolytic enzyme family and processes related to the Fenton reaction, which is characteristic of brown rot fungi. Furthermore, the KEGG pathways showed that the DEGs were enriched in mainly included histidine metabolism, fatty acid degradation, and so on, indicating underlying carbohydrate and lipid metabolism processes. These results support P. pinicola's strong ability to degrade the deadwood lignin of P. koraiensis, reflecting its adaptive evolution in host selection and choice of different ecological niches.

Nutritional interventions to counteract the detrimental consequences of early-life stress

Exposure to stress during sensitive developmental periods comes with long term consequences for neurobehavioral outcomes and increases vulnerability to psychopathology later in life. While we have advanced our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the programming effects of early-life stress (ES), these are not yet fully understood and often hard to target, making the development of effective interventions challenging. In recent years, we and others have suggested that nutrition might be instrumental in modulating and possibly combatting the ES-induced increased risk to psychopathologies and neurobehavioral impairments. Nutritional strategies are very promising as they might be relatively safe, cheap and easy to implement. Here, we set out to comprehensively review the existing literature on nutritional interventions aimed at counteracting the effects of ES on neurobehavioral outcomes in preclinical and clinical settings. We identified eighty six rodent and ten human studies investigating a nutritional intervention to ameliorate ES-induced impairments. The human evidence to date, is too few and heterogeneous in terms of interventions, thus not allowing hard conclusions, however the preclinical studies, despite their heterogeneity in terms of designs, interventions used, and outcomes measured, showed nutritional interventions to be promising in combatting ES-induced impairments. Furthermore, we discuss the possible mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of nutrition on the brain after ES, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation and the microbiome-gut-brain axis. Lastly, we highlight the critical gaps in our current knowledge and make recommendations for future research to move the field forward.

Biophysical-Inspired Interpenetrated Fibrillar and Reticular Collagen Scaffold with Vascular Endothelial Cell Membrane Incorporation for Guided In Situ Spleen Tissue Regeneration

The spleen's complex structure and limited regenerative ability hinder its regrowth at the site of injure, affecting patient quality of life and risk severe complications. The spleen's stroma primarily consists of reticular and fibrillar collagen, supporting its microvascular network. Inspired by such biophysical environment, this work develops an inducible scaffold featuring an interpenetrating network structure of fibrous and reticular collagen, which is loaded with vascular endothelial cell membranes to facilitate in situ regeneration. The regenerated parenchyma includes red pulp, white pulp, and a vascular system. The scaffold effectively reduces oxidative stress at the injury site, recruits cells to degrade the scaffold, and promotes tissue integration, thereby accelerating spleen regeneration. Additionally, the regenerated tissue compensates for the spleen's functions, enhancing its ability to clear abnormal red blood cells and platelets. Proteomics and RNA sequencing analyses reveal that the scaffold induced the upregulation of key pathways, including the Wnt signalling pathway, Statin pathway, and amino acid metabolism pathway. This activation mobilizes splenic cells metabolism, enhances immune cell activity, and facilitates the remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Moreover, the incorporated cell membrane components promote splenic blood vessels regeneration by upregulating the neural crest cell differentiation pathway within the tissue.

UPLC-QqQMS based targeted metabolomics reveal combination impact on metabolism caused by bisphenol AF and fructose combined exposure in male mice

Bisphenol AF (BPAF), a fluorinated alternative to the plasticizer bisphenol A (BPA), is found in both the environment and the human body. Fructose is one of the sweeteners that has been widely used in recent years. Prior research has verified that the combined exposure to fructose and BPA considerably worsened the impact on glycolipid metabolism. However, it is currently unclear whether BPAF have a combination effect on health with fructose. Serum glucose and insulin, liver biochemistry, histology of the liver and adipose tissue, serum profiles of amino acids, vitamins, bile acids, steroid hormones, catecholamines, and adipocytokines like leptin, omentin-1, adiponectin, asprosin, and adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP) of male mice were all investigated in this study following a week of combined exposure to two doses of BPAF (lower dose: 0.25, and higher dose: 25 μg/kg daily). The results showed that simultaneous exposure to lower doses of BPAF and fructose considerably increased blood insulin and liver coefficient, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and glucose while significantly decreasing body weight, food intake, liver creatinine, and serum leptin, asprosin, and A-FABP. According to histology analysis, adipocyte enlargement may result from lower dose BPAF and fructose combined exposure, while bile duct dilatation may result from both lower and higher doses of BPAF combined with fructose. Concurrently, the combination of lower doses of BPAF and fructose increased the release of adrenocortical hormones and catecholamines, worsened metabolic disorders in amino acids such as histidine, arginine and proline, branched chain amino acid (isoleucine), and aromatic amino acids (tryptophan and phenylalanine), and aggravated the depletion of vitamin B12 and A. Interestingly, following the combined exposure to BPAF and fructose, bile acids including taurocholic acid, deoxycholic acid, cholic acid, and taurine ursodeoxycholic acid rose in a dose-dependent manner. According to these results, exposure to fructose and BPAF together may have a more detrimental effect on metabolism than either substance alone. Further research should be conducted to verify the impact of joint exposure to BPAF and fructose on human.

Portable arginine sensing on polyvinyl alcohol membrane based on aggregation-induced emission enhancement of carbon dots

Carbon dots (CDs) were highly promised nanomaterials for application in food analysis, owing to their exceptional optical properties, superior photostability, and negligible biological toxicity. N-doped CDs (NCDs) were synthesized via a straightforward hydrothermal method utilizing folic acid as only one precursor material. NCDs exhibited deep blue fluorescence under an ultraviolet lamp with a quantum yield (QY) of 14.54 %. In the presence of arginine (Arg), there was a noticeable redshift of 10 nm in the maximum emission wavelength of NCDs, accompanied by fluorescence transition from dark blue to bright blue. The QY of NCDs was 16.71 % in the presence of Arg. In other words, NCDs showed aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) in the presence of Arg. The fluorescence enhancement exhibited a strong linear correlation with Arg concentration within the range of 0-300 μM, and the limit of detection was 0.31 μM. Furthermore, to facilitate Arg detection, a portable Arg sensor was developed using a polyvinyl alcohol membrane-assisted design. The sensor demonstrated satisfactory performance in detecting Arg in real samples. These findings highlighted the versatile capabilities of NCDs with AIEE properties, paving the way for their potential applications in food analysis.

Plant Secondary Metabolites-Central Regulators Against Abiotic and Biotic Stresses

As global climates shift, plants are increasingly exposed to biotic and abiotic stresses that adversely affect their growth and development, ultimately reducing agricultural productivity. To counter these stresses, plants produce secondary metabolites (SMs), which are critical biochemical and essential compounds that serve as primary defense mechanisms. These diverse compounds, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and nitrogen/sulfur-containing compounds, act as natural protectants against herbivores, pathogens, and oxidative stress. Despite the well-documented protective roles of SMs, the precise mechanisms by which environmental factors modulate their accumulation under different stress conditions are not fully understood. This review provides comprehensive insights into the recent advances in understanding the functions of SMs in plant defense against abiotic and biotic stresses, emphasizing their regulatory networks and biosynthetic pathways. Furthermore, we explored the unique contributions of individual SM classes to stress responses while integrating the findings across the entire spectrum of SM diversity, providing a comprehensive understanding of their roles in plant resilience under multiple stress conditions. Finally, we highlight the emerging strategies for harnessing SMs to improve crop resilience through genetic engineering and present novel solutions to enhance agricultural sustainability in a changing climate.

Preparation and Characterization of Vitamin D3-Based Binary Amorphous Systems

Vitamin D3 (VD3) is an essential nutrient for human health that plays a key role in bone health and immune regulation. However, VD3 deficiency has become a common issue worldwide due to insufficient daily intake and inadequate conversion from sunlight exposure. The relatively poor aqueous solubility of VD3 is one of the major challenges in the development of oral supplements and functional foods, since it usually results in low oral absorption. In this study, a total of 11 potential binary systems were prepared by solvent evaporation. The binary amorphous system of VD3 and L-arginine (ARG) has been found to be the most promising binary system, since the VD3-ARG system can significantly improve the solubility of VD3, with an 80-fold enhancement relative to neat crystalline VD3. The amorphization of the VD3-ARG binary system was confirmed and the morphology was observed. Molecular interactions between VD3 and ARG were mainly attributed to hydrogen bonding, and three specific bonding sites were revealed. Furthermore, superior dissolution behavior was observed in the VD3-ARG binary amorphous system compared to the neat VD3. A significantly higher saturation level was achieved and the saturation maintained for the desired period. Overall, this study developed a promising formulation strategy to enhance the solubility of VD3, which can be further applied in functional foods for VD3 supplements.

Estimation of optimal culture conditions for Gedaniella panicellus GPYS21 (Fragilariaceae) as a high-yield bioresource for palmitoleic acid and fucoxanthin production

Gedaniella panicellus, a marine diatom belonging to the family Fragilariaceae, has not yet been explored for its biotechnological potential. This study aimed to optimize the growth of G. panicellus using response surface methodology and assess its cellular biochemical composition to verify the production of value-added compounds. The strain was identified through morphological and phylogenetic analyses, with optimal conditions of 20.50 °C, pH 7.33, and 42.32 PSU salinity. Its biochemical profile revealed 24.38 % proteins, 33.05 % carbohydrates, and 37.28 % lipids. Fatty acid analysis showed that the G. panicellus produces a high level of palmitoleic acid (62.37 %), exceeding the yields from macadamia nut and other microalgae. Pigment analysis indicated significant fucoxanthin production (9.21 mg/g), along with diadinoxanthin (2.21 mg/g), and β-carotene (0.49 mg/g) contents. Additionally, the strain synthesises various essential and nonessential amino acids. These findings highlight G. panicellus-first recorded in South Korea-as a promising bioresource for palmitoleic acid and carotenoid production, with potential applications in cosmetics and nutraceuticals.

A specific metabolomic and lipidomic signature reveals the postpartum resolution of gestational diabetes mellitus or its evolution to type 2 diabetes in rat

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) represents a major public health concern due to adverse maternal postpartum and long-term outcomes. Current strategies to manage GDM fail to reduce the maternal risk to develop later impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). In a rodent model of diet-induced GDM without obesity, we explored the perinatal metabolic adaptations in dams with gestational IGT followed by either persistent or resolved postpartum IGT. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) or a chow [control group (CTL)] diet, 1 wk before mating and throughout gestation (G). Following parturition, HFHS dams were randomized to two subgroups: one switched to a chow diet and the other one maintained on an HFHS diet throughout lactation (L). Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were performed, and plasma metabolome-lipidome were characterized at G12 and L12. We found that 1) in GDM-pregnant dams, IGT was associated with incomplete fatty acid oxidation (FAO), enhanced gluconeogenesis, altered insulin signaling, and oxidative stress; 2) improved glucose tolerance postpartum seemed to restore complete FAO along with elevation of nervonic acid-containing sphingomyelins, assumed to impart β-cell protection; and 3) persistence of IGT after delivery was associated with metabolites known to predict the early onset of insulin and leptin resistance, with maintained liver dysfunction. Our findings shed light on the impact of postpartum IGT evolution on maternal metabolic outcome after an episode of GDM. They suggest innovative strategies, implemented shortly after delivery and targeted on these biomarkers, should be explored to curb or delay the transition from GDM to T2D in these mothers.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Specific metabolomic/lipidomic features are associated with GDM postpartum outcomes. GDM-pregnant dams exhibit partial fatty acid oxidation and boosted gluconeogenesis. Resolution of postpartum IGT relies on nervonic acid-sphingomyelin, a β-cell protector. Postpartum IGT persistence suggests muscle insulin resistance and liver dysfunction.

A metabolomic study uncovering key amino acids and amines in Duroc boar semen as biomarkers of sexual maturity

Metabolomic analysis of boar semen associated with sexual maturation is essential for improving fertility management and breeding, with amino acids and amines playing key roles in the reproductive process. This study aimed to explore changes in amino acids and amines in boar spermatozoa and seminal plasma during puberty to sexual maturity and identify potential biomarkers of sexual maturity. Semen was collected from the same 15 Duroc boars over time at approximately 7 months (Age 1), 8.5 months (Age 2), and 10 months (Age 3). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyse amino acids and amines in spermatozoa and seminal plasma separately. Multivariate analysis (PLS-DA) revealed pronounced age-dependent changes in amino acids and amines in spermatozoa between Age 1 and Age 3, and more subtle shifts in seminal plasma. Univariate analysis (Repeated measure ANOVA/Friedman) revealed that glutamate and taurine had significant pairwise differences in seminal plasma (P < 0.05). In sperm, 15 amino acids (glutamate, alanine, aspartate, choline, taurine, histidine, methionine, tryptophan, leucine, cystine, tyrosine, arginine, lysine, valine and glycine) exhibited significant pairwise differences (P < 0.05). VIP scoring (>1.5) prioritised glutamate, alanine, aspartate, and choline as key contributors to the variations and pathway analysis implicated alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and histidine metabolism linked to sexual maturity. Our study highlights metabolic changes during sexual maturation, identifying potential biomarkers for assessing reproductive maturity. These findings are initial steps toward optimising younger boars' usage in breeding, enhancing genetic gain, and reducing costs associated with their non-productive days at AI centres.

Identification of Diagnostic Biomarkers for Colorectal Polyps Based on Noninvasive Urinary Metabolite Screening and Construction of a Nomogram

PURPOSE/BACKGROUNDS

Colorectal polyps (CRPs) are precursors to colorectal cancer (CRC), and early detection is crucial for prevention. Traditional diagnostic methods are invasive, prompting a need for noninvasive biomarkers. This study aimed to identify urinary metabolite biomarkers for diagnosing CRPs and construct a diagnostic nomogram based on noninvasive urinary metabolite screening.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 192 participants, including 64 CRP patients and 128 healthy controls, were recruited. Urine samples were analyzed using untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Metabolite screening was performed using weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE). A diagnostic nomogram was developed based on identified metabolites, and its performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration plots, and decision curve analysis (DCA).

RESULTS

A total of 350 metabolites were identified, with 7 key metabolites significantly associated with CRP. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified Saccharin (OR = 48.3, 95% CI: 4.44-525.32) and N-omega-acetylhistamine (OR = 27.91, 95% CI: 2.31-337.06) as significant risk factors for CRP, while N-methyl-L-proline, trimethylsilyl ester (OR = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.01-0.8) was a protective factor. A nomogram incorporating these metabolites demonstrated strong discriminatory power, with AUC values of 0.974 and 0.960 in the training and validation sets, respectively. Calibration plots and DCA confirmed the model's accuracy and clinical utility.

CONCLUSIONS

This study successfully identified seven urinary metabolites as potential noninvasive biomarkers for CRP. The constructed diagnostic nomogram, based on these metabolites, offers high predictive accuracy and clinical applicability, providing a promising tool for the early detection of CRP.

A novel boronic acid-based fluorescent sensor for the selective detection of l-lysine in food samples and cells

A novel probe DFC (2-(dicyanomethylene)-2,5-dihydro-5,5-dimethyl-4-((E)-2-(5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)furan-2-yl)vinyl)furan-3-carbonitrile) was successfully designed and synthesized for the detection of l-lysine (l-Lys). The sensing behavior was characterized using absorption and fluorescence emission spectra. Upon addition of l-Lys to DFC, a rapid response time of 5 seconds was observed, accompanied by a significant 4-fold enhancement in fluorescence intensity. Additionally, DFC exhibits an impressively low detection limit of 0.14 μMol L-1. Furthermore, the applicability of DFC was demonstrated through successful detection of l-Lys in water samples, food samples, and imaging of l-lys in live HeLa cells.

Investigation of anti-inflammatory effect of essential oil extracted from Achillea alpina L. through multi-omics analysis in zebrafish tail fin amputation model

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Achillea alpina L. is a traditional herbal medicine with a long history, which is often used to detoxify and relieve pain. Achillea alpina L. essential oil (AHO) is extracted from the aboveground part of the Achillea alpina L. The role of AHO on the in vivo anti-inflammatory effects remains unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To explore the anti-inflammatory effect and interaction mechanism of AHO in zebrafish tail fin model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The chemical components of AHO were first identified utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A zebrafish tail fin model was employed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of AHO by observing the numbers of neutrophils and the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The combined application of transcriptomics and metabolomics helped us to explore the potential anti-inflammatory mechanism of AHO, and the expression of core gene was verified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

RESULTS

The principal constituents of the AHO included bicyclo sesquiphellandrene (11.99%), α-thujene (6.19%), 1-methyl-7-isopropyl naphthalene (5.90%), and β-elemene (5.58%). AHO exhibited potent anti-inflammatory properties by dramatically inhibiting the migration of neutrophils to the tail fin amputation site, along with autophagy linked to inflammation. Moreover, AHO had an excellent regulatory influence on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6, and interleukin 1β. Furthermore, transcriptome and metabolomic analyses identified a crucial gene and fourteen significant metabolites influenced by AHO in relation to inflammation. The investigation demonstrated that AHO modulated the inflammatory response via influencing amino acid and glucose metabolism.

CONCLUSION

In this study, AHO has excellent anti-inflammatory effects and shown remarkable regulatory effects on the expression of immune cells and pro-inflammatory factors in vivo, which is highlighting the necessity for more research and development as a potential anti-inflammatory drug.

Soft, wearable, microfluidic system for fluorometric analysis of loss of amino acids through eccrine sweat

Amino acids are essential for protein synthesis and metabolic processes in support of homeostatic balance and healthy body functions. This study quantitatively investigates eccrine sweat as a significant channel for loss of amino acids during exercise, to improve an understanding of amino acid turnover and to provide feedback to users on the need for supplement intake. The measurement platform consists of a soft, skin-interfaced microfluidic system for real-time analysis of amino acid content in eccrine sweat. This system relies on integrated fluorometric assays and smartphone-based imaging techniques for quantitative analysis, as a simple, cost-effective approach that does not require electrochemical sensors, electronics or batteries. Human subject studies reveal substantial amino acid losses in sweat from working muscle regions during prolonged physical activities, thereby motivating the need for dietary supplementation. The findings suggest potential applications in healthcare, particularly in athletic and clinical settings, where maintaining amino acid balance is critical for ensuring proper homeostasis.

Changes of plasma amino acid levels and metabolic pathways in isotretinoin therapy: ınsights into managing acne vulgaris side effects

Acne vulgaris can be effectively treated with isotretinoin, however, there are several side effects both during and after the treatment. Preventing these side effects is important for continued treatment. This study focused on the relationship between the changes in the levels of plasma amino acids of patients with acne vulgaris after three months of isotretinoin treatment and the side effects. A pre- and post-treatment plasma sample of 35 patients was collected. Samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. After treatment, the plasma levels of 15 amino acids changed statistically. While L-arginine, taurine, L-asparagine, and L-proline levels decreased, L-serine, L-alanine, and L-cystine levels also increased. (p < 0.05) When the amino acid profiles of male and female patients before and after treatment were compared, the plasma levels of L-arginine (p = 0.0017), L-cystine (p = 0.0224) and L-histidine (p = 0.0167) were statistically different. Additionally, the correlation matrix analysis revealed a strong correlation (R > 0.8) between L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-norvaline, and L-valine. The effect of isotretinoin treatment on eighteen metabolic pathways such as cysteine and methionine metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism is strongly related to the treatment of therapeutic and side effects of isotretinoin. According to the results of the study, the use of L-arginine, L-asparagine, N-acetylcysteine and taurine supplements during isotretinoin treatment may help avoid side effects of skin dryness, blepharitis, nail fragility, and fatigue. As a result, the study provided useful information for enhancing the safety and efficacy of isotretinoin treatment, as well as lowering isotretinoin-related side effects.

Function of Amino Acids and Neuropeptides in Feeding Behavior in Chicks

Regulation of food intake, especially during the neonatal period, is important to ensure optimal nutrition and meet the metabolic requirements of growing and healthy animals. However, many problems associated with neonatal chicks remain unsolved. Feeding behavior during the neonatal stage is characterized by short resting periods between very brief times spent taking up food. Accordingly, neuropeptides, which take time to synthesize and release, as well as nutrients that are taken up via feeding, may be involved in feeding regulation. The present review summarizes current knowledge about the role of amino acids and their interaction with neuropeptides on the regulation of food intake in neonatal chicks with special emphasis on L-arginine metabolism and neuropeptide Y. Fasting and subsequent short-term refeeding influence amino acid metabolism in the brain. Short-term refeeding induces a rapid increase in the concentrations of several amino acids, which may contribute to satiety signals in the neonatal chick brain. The function of L-arginine is related to its metabolite, L-ornithine, which acts as an innate satiety signal in the control of food intake. Co-injection with L-ornithine attenuates the orexigenic effect of neuropeptide Y in a dose-dependent manner. This implies a potent interaction in the brain between the regulation of food intake by neuropeptide Y and acute satiety signals by L-ornithine. The roles of other amino acids in feeding and their relationship with the stress response are also discussed in this review. In conclusion, endogenous neuropeptides and endogenous and/or exogenous nutrients such as amino acids are believed to coordinate the feeding behavior of neonatal chicks.

Metabolic regulation of amino acids provides an important basis for individualized nutritional therapy for patients with gastric cancer during the perioperative period

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer is a prevalent malignancy worldwide, with early detection and treatment being vital to improving patient outcomes. Amino acids (AAs), as essential regulators in cancer cell metabolism, are implicated in the progression and response to treatment.

METHODS

This study aimed to investigate the dynamics of plasma AA levels in gastric cancer patients preoperatively, postoperatively, and following nutritional intervention, comparing them to healthy controls. We analyzed 22 AAs in plasma samples from 66 gastric cancer patients and 55 healthy individuals.

RESULTS

The results show that significant preoperative elevation of AAs, such as threonine (Thr), serine (Ser), proline (Pro), lysine (Lys), arginine (Arg), citrulline (Cit), glutamine (Gln), glycine(Gly), and alanine (Ala), with reductions in taurine (Tau), phenylalanine (Phe) and hydroxylysine (Hylys). Post-surgery, levels of many AAs decreased markedly, but were partially restored following nutritional intervention, with some exceeding preoperative values. Nevertheless, specific AAs, including methionine (Met) and Gln, remained lower than in healthy controls, suggesting potential benefit from targeted supplementation. Correlations between AA changes and postoperative recovery indicators were observed; notably, increased postoperative Thr, Ser, Tau, tyrosine (Tyr), glutamic acid (Glu), and Hylys levels were associated with quicker gastrointestinal recovery. Additionally, several AAs, such as Pro, Lys, Tyr, Met, Cit, and Glu, were linked to reduced inflammation, as reflected by C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell (WBC) levels, suggesting roles in the postoperative immune response. Pathway enrichment analysis highlighted metabolic pathways involving Gly, Ser, Phe, Tyr, Lys, and Met as critical in the recovery process.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings underscore the potential of AA profiles as biomarkers for postoperative recovery and suggest nutritional interventions targeting specific AAs may improve outcomes.

Use of Natural Biomolecules in Animal Feed to Enhance Livestock Reproduction

Feed additives are crucial in livestock production, enhancing performance, health, and reproductive efficiency. Recently, there has been a shift toward natural biomolecules as feed additives, specifically targeting improved reproductive outcomes and sperm quality. This transition arises from concerns about antibiotic misuse, antimicrobial resistance, and consumer preferences for eco-friendly products, along with the superior bioavailability, lower toxicity, and reduced environmental impact of natural biomolecules compared to synthetic alternatives. Collaboration among researchers, veterinarians, nutritionists, and regulators is essential to ensure safe and effective livestock management. The review explores advancements in using vital biomolecules in reproductive processes, including plant-derived bioactives such as phytochemicals and antioxidants. It investigates not only the mechanisms but also the intricate interactions of these compounds with animals' hormonal and physiological systems. Additionally, the review critically assesses challenges and prospects related to incorporating natural biomolecules into livestock practices. The potential benefits include enhanced reproductive efficiency and improved sperm quality. However, successful implementation requires understanding factors like precise dosing, potential interactions, and long-term health impacts. Overall, this comprehensive review highlights recent research, technological strides, and the future potential of integrating natural biomolecules into animal diets.

Model-assisted CRISPRi/a library screening reveals central carbon metabolic targets for enhanced recombinant protein production in yeast

Production of recombinant proteins is regarded as an important breakthrough in the field of biomedicine and industrial biotechnology. Due to the complexity of the protein secretory pathway and its tight interaction with cellular metabolism, the application of traditional metabolic engineering tools to improve recombinant protein production faces major challenges. A systematic approach is required to generate novel design principles for superior protein secretion cell factories. Here, we applied a proteome-constrained genome-scale protein secretory model of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (pcSecYeast) to simulate α-amylase production under limited secretory capacity and predict gene targets for downregulation and upregulation to improve α-amylase production. The predicted targets were evaluated using high-throughput screening of specifically designed CRISPR interference/activation (CRISPRi/a) libraries and droplet microfluidics screening. From each library, 200 and 190 sorted clones, respectively, were manually verified. Out of them, 50% of predicted downregulation targets and 34.6% predicted upregulation targets were confirmed to improve α-amylase production. By simultaneously fine-tuning the expression of three genes in central carbon metabolism, i.e. LPD1, MDH1, and ACS1, we were able to increase the carbon flux in the fermentative pathway and α-amylase production. This study exemplifies how model-based predictions can be rapidly validated via a high-throughput screening approach. Our findings highlight novel engineering targets for cell factories and furthermore shed light on the connectivity between recombinant protein production and central carbon metabolism.

Estimation of Metabolizable Amino Acids and Energy Requirements and Development of Mathematical Models to Predict Average Daily Gain for Beef Cattle

This study aimed to estimate metabolizable energy (ME), protein (MP) and amino acids (MAA) requirements for maintenance and growth, and to develop a mathematical model to predict ADG for beef cattle using a meta-regression approach. A data set including 91 sources of literature with 385 treatments was assembled after data collection and screening. To estimate nutrient requirements for maintenance and growth, metabolizable nutrient intakes were regressed on metabolic body weight (MBW) and ADG using a mixed model with a random study effect. A multiple linear regression model was derived to predict ADG using MBW and nutrient intakes as independent variables. The random forest analysis was used to identify the importance of independent variables associated with ADG and compare it with the multiple linear regression model. The accuracy of the model was evaluated by Monte-Carlo cross-evaluation. The ME and MP requirements for maintenance were 0.56 MJ/BW0.75 and 4.31 g/BW0.75. The maintenance requirements of metabolizable arginine (Arg), histidine (His), isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), threonine (Thr), tryptophan (Trp), phenylalanine (Phe), valine (Val) and total AA were 0.044, 0.073, 0.013, 0.13, 0.10, 0.024, 0.075, 0.026, 0.088, 0.11 and 0.76 g/BW0.75. The estimated ME and MP requirements for growth were 45.8 MJ/kg ADG and 398.7 g/kg ADG. The growth requirements of metabolizable Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Phe, Val and total AA were 4.5, 6.4, 7.3, 24.0, 2.9, 2.4, 6.1, 1.7, 9.5, 9.3 and 74.5 g/kg ADG. The multiple linear regression analysis showed that ADG was positively correlated with intakes of ME, ether extract, starch and Trp (p < 0.05). The results of the Monte-Carlo cross-evaluation showed that the multiple regression model was more accurate in predicting ADG than the random forest model. ME and MP requirements for maintenance are consistent with previous studies, but requirements for growth tend to be overestimated. Future studies are needed to evaluate MAA requirements. An accurate model was developed to predict ADG, offering a theoretical basis and guidance to improve growth performance and feed conversion efficiency for beef cattle.

Effect of different Lys/Met ratios in a low-protein diet on the meat quality of Tibetan sheep: A transcriptomics- and metabolomics-based analysis

This study integrated the the effects of dietary Lys/Met ratio in a low protein diet on the meat quality in Tibetan sheep. A total of 90 weaned Tibetan sheep, 2 months old with initial weight of 15.37 ± 0.92 kg were randomly divided into 3 treatments, which were supplemented with Lys/Met ratio at 3 (LP-H), 2 (LP-M), and 1 (LP-L) in the basal diet (10 % crude protein), respectively. After slaughter (150 days of age), the growth performances and meat quality of longissimus dorsi muscle were evaluated. The LP-L group showed significantly higher final body weight compared to the LP-M group (P < 0.05). Serum albumin and total protein levels were significantly higher in the LP-L group than in the LP-H group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, meat from the LP-L group had significantly higher protein, calcium, and vitamin E content compared to the LP-M group (P < 0.05). Transcriptomic analysis revealed 3,479 differentially expressed genes enriched in pathways related to muscle growth, energy metabolism, and signaling transduction. Metabolomic analysis identified 771 differential metabolites, significantly enriched in ABC transporters, beta-alanine metabolism, and taste transduction pathways. Integrated analysis highlighted the upregulation of the ABCD4 gene and L-valine metabolite in the LP-L group, contributing to improved phenotypic traits. These findings provide molecular insights into the regulatory mechanisms underlying the effects of dietary Lys/Met ratios on Tibetan sheep meat quality and offer a basis for developing nutritional strategies to enhance premium meat production.

Effect of diet changes in benthic ecosystems owing to climate change on the physiological responses of Turbo sazae in waters around Jeju Island, Korea

The benthic ecosystem in temperate regions is becoming barren owing to the replacement of macroalgae by calcareous algae as a result of climate change-induced increases in water temperature. The aim of this study was to observe how the top shell, Turbo sazae, an invertebrate that feeds on macroalgae, adapts to a benthic environment with a reduced macroalgae population owing to replacement by calcareous algae. Using tank experiments, the top shells were cultured for 18 weeks. Within this period, they were fed a diet comprising either Eclonia cava or Corallina officinalis. Thereafter, hemocyte response, reproductive development, and the levels of biochemical compounds in the individuals under investigation were analyzed. The results obtained showed no significant differences in immunological responses, gonad development, and general body weight between the two feeding groups. However, amino acid profiling showed a decreasing trend in amino acid contents in both feeding groups, but no significant differences were observed with respect to overall protein content. These findings indirectly suggested that even in a macroalgae-depleted environment, the top shells can survive by consuming crustose calcareous algae, but with the change in diet affecting the levels of some amino acids in their bodies. Therefore, this study provides valuable insights into the adaptability of the top shells inhabiting the waters around Jeju Island to changes in their feeding environment and may also serve as basis for enhancing resource management strategies in response to climate change-induced changes in the benthic ecosystem.

Recent advances in protein and amino acid nutritional dynamics in relation to performance, health, welfare, and cost of production

Amino acids are the foundation of numerous metabolic and physiological pathways for skeletal muscle accretion, internal organ development, skeletal development, and immune function. One widely studied subject in monogastric nutrition is dietary crude protein. However, birds do not have a crude protein requirement but have a clear requirement for essential amino acids. As individual amino acid requirements of swine and poultry are investigated and modern feed formulation tools and feed-grade amino acids are available cost-effectively, the dynamics of how we look at crude protein in the feed have evolved. With the modern tools available, nutritionists are able to formulate the feed to meet the amino acids required for optimal performance of animals. This approach reduces the excess nitrogen in the feed, making the diets friendlier for the gut, reducing substrates for harmful proliferating bacteria, reducing nitrogen excretion in manure, and improving the ecology and sustainability. Apart from growth, amino acids have a functional role in the metabolic and physiological pathways. Amino acids like threonine and arginine have additional functional roles in intestinal turnover, immune function, wound healing, vasodilation and oxidative, and heat stress alleviation. Such specific amino acids can be increased in the diet to support the physiological needs during the growth of animals without increasing the unwanted dietary nitrogen content. As the industry moves toward reducing crude protein while meeting the essential amino acid needs, more research is needed to understand the requirement of specific lower limiting and non-limiting amino acids as well as the dynamics of those amino acids in health, welfare, cost of production and ecological impact in poultry and swine production.

Evaluating the effects of dietary glutamine on performance, carcass traits, blood biochemistry, and intestine morphology in laying quail

This study investigated the effects of dietary glutamine (Gln) supplementation on the performance, carcass characteristics, blood biochemistry, intestinal morphology, and gut microbiota of laying quail over a 12-week period, with analyses conducted after 6 and 12 weeks of supplementation. Seven-week-old dual-purpose female quails at the onset of laying were assigned to diets containing 0% (control), 0.5%, 1%, or 1.5% Gln. Performance metrics included laying rate, daily feed intake, and feed efficiency. Supplementation with 0.5% Gln significantly enhanced the laying rate after 12 weeks; daily feed intake and feed efficiency varied over time but were not consistently affected by Gln. Breast muscle weight was highest in quail supplemented with 1.5% Gln after 6 weeks. Blood serum analyses showed that total protein and albumin concentrations were highest in quail receiving 0% and 1% Gln after 12 weeks, while supplementation with 0.5% Gln decreased triacylglycerol levels after 12 weeks. Glucose and creatinine levels varied with Gln supplementation and between the two time points; enzyme activities (alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase) were affected by both Gln dose and length of supplementation. Intestinal morphology was significantly influenced by Gln dose and supplementation period. The longest villi were observed in quail supplemented with 1% Gln after 6 weeks, decreasing by 12 weeks. The widest villi were recorded in quail receiving 1.5% Gln after 6 weeks, with villus width decreasing over time. Crypt depth varied significantly, with the deepest crypts observed at 6 weeks in quail supplemented with 1% and 1.5% Gln, becoming shallower after 12 weeks. Microbial analysis of digesta samples revealed Lactobacillaceae as the predominant bacterial family, followed by Enterobacteriaceae and genera including Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. Overall, dietary Gln supplementation influenced performance, carcass characteristics, blood biochemical parameters, intestinal morphology, and gut microbiota composition in laying quail, with effects varying between 6 and 12 weeks of supplementation. These findings suggest that Gln supplementation has the potential to enhance quail performance and health over time.

Nitrogen metabolism of the highly ureolytic bacterium Proteus penneri S99 isolated from the rumen

BACKGROUND

The model rumen-dominant ureolytic bacterium P. penneri S99 exhibits high urease activity. It was cultivated using ammonia, urea, amino acids, or their combination as nitrogen sources. To identify differences in gene expression, the transcript abundances of various genes involved in nitrogen metabolism were analyzed by harvesting mRNA from cells during the exponential growth phases on different nitrogen sources.

RESULTS

P. penneri S99 can utilize ammonia, urea, or amino acids as the sole nitrogen sources for growth and shows a preference for utilizing urea. It exhibits similar growth rates and maximum biomass on ammonia and urea, but showed higher growth rates and maximum biomass on amino acids. Transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed different transcription patterns in response to different nitrogen sources. The urease gene expression was detected in all three different nitrogen sources, and complete hydrolysis of urea was also observed when other nitrogen sources were added to the medium containing urea. The regulation of urease in P. penneri S99 was characterized by constitutive expression, not by urea. The growth of P. penneri S99 on ammonia, ammonium acid, and urea was similar, with the only observed difference being an increase in urease transcript abundance.

CONCLUSIONS

The transcription patterns of nitrogen metabolism genes offer insights into how nitrogen is utilized in the rumen.

Interplay Between Diet, Branched-Chain Amino Acids, and Myokines in Children: Vegetarian Versus Traditional Eating Habits

Background/Objectives: The quality and composition of dietary proteins are crucial during growth, particularly in children who follow vegetarian diets. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs: leucine, isoleucine, and valine) and lysine play essential roles in muscle growth, repair, and metabolism and are involved in the regulation of muscle-derived proteins known as myokines. This study aimed to compare the dietary intake and circulating levels of BCAAs, lysine, and myokines-follistatin-like protein 1 (FSTL-1), myostatin, and myonectin-between vegetarian and omnivorous prepubertal children and to explore the impact of diet on muscle metabolism. Methods: Sixty-four healthy Caucasian children aged 4-9 years (forty-two vegetarians and twenty-two omnivores) were assessed for dietary intake using the Dieta 5® (extended version Dieta 5.0) software. Circulating BCAAs and lysine were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography, while myokine concentrations were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: Vegetarian children showed significantly lower intakes of total protein, animal protein, BCAAs, and lysine than omnivores. Correspondingly, the circulating levels of isoleucine, valine, lysine, and albumin were significantly reduced in vegetarians. Among myokines, serum myostatin and myonectin levels were comparable between the groups, but vegetarians had significantly lower median FSTL-1 levels 7.7 (6.5-9.4) ng/mL than omnivores 9.7 (7.5-13.9) ng/mL (p = 0.012). In the entire group of children, positive correlations were observed between dietary total and animal protein intake and circulating valine and lysine levels. Dietary animal protein intake was also positively associated with the serum levels of all myokines, whereas plant protein intake was negatively correlated with myonectin concentration. Conclusions: In conclusion, vegetarian diets in prepubertal children are associated with reduced dietary protein quality and lower circulating BCAAs, lysine, and FSTL-1 levels, which may impact muscle metabolism. Optimizing vegetarian diets using high-quality plant proteins with proper essential amino acids could mitigate their deficiencies and support muscle development during critical growth periods.

Genetic and metabolic insights into sexual dimorphism in the flexor carpi radialis of Asiatic toads (Bufo gargarizans) associated with amplexus behavior

BACKGROUND

Sexual dimorphism, a widespread phenomenon across the animal kingdom, encompasses differences between sexes in size, morphology, and physiological traits. In this study, we investigated sexual dimorphism in the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscle, which is critical for amplexus in Asiatic toads (Bufo gargarizans), using integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches.

RESULTS

Male toads exhibited significantly larger FCR muscles, reflecting enhanced muscle function required for sustained amplexus. Transcriptomic analysis identified 818 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between sexes, with 389 upregulated and 429 downregulated in males, predominantly associated with muscle contraction, sarcomere organization, and energy metabolism. Metabolomic profiling revealed 69 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs), with male-biased enrichment in pathways involved in protein synthesis and degradation, energy metabolism, and material transport. Integrated analysis pinpointed key metabolic pathways-such as glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; fatty acid degradation; and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle-as central to the observed sexual dimorphism. Among these, the genes AGXT, ACADL, ACAT1, MDH2, and SUCLG2 emerged as pivotal regulators.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, these findings provide novel insights into the genetic and metabolic basis of sexual dimorphism in B. gargarizans, offering a deeper understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms driving sex-specific traits in vertebrates.

Ensiling characteristics, in vitro digestibility and bacterial community structure of mulberry leaf silage with or without the addition of cellulase, protease, and starch

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the effects of cellulase, protease, and starch on the fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility, and microbial community of mulberry leaf silage after 30d of ensiling.

Methods

Mulberry leaves (376 g/kg dry matter (DM)) were ensiled with four experimental treatments: i) CON, no additives; ii) CEL, added cellulase (120 U/g fresh matter [FM]); iii) CPR, added cellulase (120 U/g FM) and protease (50 U/g FM); and iv) CPS, added cellulase (120 U/g FM), protease (50 U/g FM), and starch (2% FM).

Results

All treatments with additives improved fermentation quality, showing higher DM (353 ~ 378 vs. 341 g/kg DM), lactic acid (LA) content (51.6 ~ 64.6 vs. 40.2 g/kg DM), lactic acid bacteria (LAB) counts (7.63 ~ 7.73 vs. 7.49 log10 CFU /g of FM), along with lower pH values (4.29 ~ 4.60 vs. 5.09), and DM losses (124 ~ 130 vs. 134 g/kg DM) compared to the CON group. All the additive treated groups showed higher in vitro digestibility of DM (698 ~ 720 vs. 618 g/kg DM), in vitro digestibility of NDF (395 ~ 412 vs. 336 g/kg DM), and ADF (277 ~ 298 vs. 232 g/kg DM) than CON. Among all the groups, the CPS group exhibited the highest DM content (378 g/kg DM), LA content (64.6 g/kg DM) and LAB counts (7.73 log10 CFU /g of FM), with the lowest pH value (4.29) and DM losses (124 g/kg DM). Additionally, the additive treatments increased abundance of bacteria like Firmicutes and Enteroccocus, while reducing Proteobacteria abundance, and resulted in lower diversity and richness of the microbial community. Specifically, CPR and CPS silages showed increased Pediococcus and decreased Enterobacter compared to CON and CEL, and CPS silage had a relatively high abundance of favorable Bacteroidota. Furthermore, the CPS silage exhibited upregulated genetic functions, energy and lipid metabolism, as well as metabolism of cofactors and vitamins compared to the other groups.

Conclusion

The combined application of cellulase, protease, and starch effectively improved the fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility, and microbial community of mulberry leaf silage over the 30-day ensiling period.

Dietary Arginine Supplementation Modulates the Proteome of Boar Seminal Plasma

This study investigated the impact of an increased arginine (ARG) level in a boar diet on semen production, sperm quality, and seminal plasma proteome. Adult Nebraska Index Line boars were assigned to two groups, one receiving a control diet with 0.77% arginine (n = 4) and the other a high-arginine diet with 1.77% arginine (n = 5). Semen was collected twice a week over the whole experiment, including one week before, six weeks during, and six weeks after the supplementation. Parameters such as semen volume and concentration were assessed immediately after collection, alongside sperm motility and morphology. Centrifugation of raw semen samples yielded seminal plasma for a gel-based proteome analysis. The seminal plasma proteins were extracted, quantified, and separated via 2D gel electrophoresis, allowing protein identification through mass spectrometry. Data analysis involved two-way ANOVA for comparisons (p < 0.05). Results showed that arginine supplementation improved semen volume and total sperm counts, with averages of 21 ± 3 doses in the control group versus 24 ± 2 in the ARG group (p = 0.05). Although sperm motility and morphology remained unaffected (p > 0.05), dietary arginine upregulated ten proteins and downregulated two. In summary, increased dietary arginine did not significantly alter key parameters of semen output or sperm quality but significantly impacted seminal plasma proteome, warranting further research on sperm viability.

L-Arginine and Nitric Oxide in Vascular Regulation-Experimental Findings in the Context of Blood Donation

This narrative review provides an analysis of the role of nitric oxide (NO) and its precursors, particularly L-arginine, in vascular regulation and health, with an emphasis on findings from our experimental research in animal models. NO serves as a critical mediator of vascular function, contributing to vasodilation, the regulation of blood flow, and the prevention of thrombosis. As a primary precursor of NO, L-arginine is essential for maintaining endothelial integrity, modulating mitochondrial function, and reducing oxidative damage. This review synthesises the data and contextualises these findings within the physiological challenges faced by blood donors, such as repeated blood donation and associated oxidative stress. It examines the effects of L-arginine supplementation on mitochondrial respiration, lipid peroxidation, and microsomal oxidation in different conditions, including differences in age, gender, and dietary interventions. The mechanisms by which L-arginine enhances NO production, improves vascular elasticity, and alleviates endothelial dysfunction caused by reduced NO bioavailability are also investigated. By integrating experimental findings with insights from the existing literature, this review provides a perspective on the potential of L-arginine supplementation to address the specific physiological needs of blood donors. It highlights the importance of personalised nutritional approaches in enhancing donor recovery and vascular resilience. In addition, this review assesses the wider implications of L-arginine supplementation in mitigating oxidative stress and preserving vascular function. The interplay between NO bioavailability, dietary factors, and physiological adaptation in blood donors is highlighted, along with the identification of current knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research. By presenting both original experimental evidence and a critical synthesis of the literature, this article highlights the therapeutic potential of NO precursors, particularly L-arginine, in promoting vascular health in the context of blood donation.