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Chu KB, Lee HA, Moon EK, Quan FS. Resistance against Trichinella spiralis infection in pups delivered by T. spiralis-infected dam. Vet Parasitol 2019; 273:60-66. [PMID: 31442895 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Maternal antibody transmission via placenta and breastmilk are known to confer protection in infants. In this study, we investigated the maternal immunity transmission in pups delivered by rats infected with Trichinella spiralis and assessed the resulting resistance against subsequent parasitic infection. Our results revealed that parasite-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies were present in pups prior to breastmilk ingestion (pre-milk), in which IgG and IgG1 antibodies persisted until week 8 after birth while parasite-specific IgG2a antibodies only lasted until week 4. After weaning on week 3, pups delivered by T. spiralis-infected dam and subsequently challenge-infected (immune-challenge) were found to possess higher mucosal IgG antibodies than control groups, whereas mucosal IgA levels were not significantly different across all groups. T. spiralis excretory-secretory antigen was discovered to react with pup sera until week 8, correlating with the resistance against parasitic infection which is represented by lessened worm burden. Upon T. spiralis infection at weeks 3 and 8, lower levels of eosinophil responses were detected in immune-challenge pups compared to naïve-challenge pups, indicating correlates of resistances in which ADCC may be involved. Findings from the present study demonstrate that resistances against T. spiralis infection in pups can be acquired by maternally-derived IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibody transmission through the placenta and breastmilk from T. spiralis-infected dam, which lasts until week 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Back Chu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Ahm Lee
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Graduate school, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Moon
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Graduate school, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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2
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T-bet controls intestinal mucosa immune responses via repression of type 2 innate lymphoid cell function. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:51-63. [PMID: 30356098 PMCID: PMC6548562 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) play an important role in regulating immune responses at mucosal surfaces. The transcription factor T-bet is crucial for the function of ILC1s and NCR+ ILC3s and constitutive deletion of T-bet prevents the development of these subsets. Lack of T-bet in the absence of an adaptive immune system causes microbiota-dependent colitis to occur due to aberrant ILC3 responses. Thus, T-bet expression in the innate immune system has been considered to dampen pathogenic immune responses. Here, we show that T-bet plays an unexpected role in negatively regulating innate type 2 responses, in the context of an otherwise intact immune system. Selective loss of T-bet in ILCs leads to the expansion and increased activity of ILC2s, which has a functionally important impact on mucosal immunity, including enhanced protection from Trichinella spiralis infection and inflammatory colitis. Mechanistically, we show that T-bet controls the intestinal ILC pool through regulation of IL-7 receptor signalling. These data demonstrate that T-bet expression in ILCs acts as the key transcriptional checkpoint in regulating pathogenic vs. protective mucosal immune responses, which has significant implications for the understanding of the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases and intestinal infections.
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3
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Roy A, Sawesi O, Pettersson U, Dagälv A, Kjellén L, Lundén A, Åbrink M. Serglycin proteoglycans limit enteropathy in Trichinella spiralis-infected mice. BMC Immunol 2016; 17:15. [PMID: 27267469 PMCID: PMC4897876 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0155-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serglycin proteoglycans are essential for maturation of secretory granules and for the correct granular storage of cationic proteases in hematopoietic cells, e.g. mast cells. However, little is known about the in vivo functions of serglycin proteoglycans during infection. Here we investigated the potential role of serglycin proteoglycans in host defense after infection with the nematode Trichinella spiralis. RESULTS Twelve days post infection lack of serglycin proteoglycans caused significantly increased enteropathy. The serglycin-deficient mice showed significantly increased intestinal worm burden, reduced recruitment of mast cells to the intestinal crypts, decreased levels of the mast cell proteases MCPT5 and MCPT6 in intestinal tissue, decreased serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-13, increased levels of IL-4 and total IgE in serum, and increased intestinal levels of the neutrophil markers myeloperoxidase and elastase, as compared to wild type mice. At five weeks post infection, increased larvae burden and inflammation were seen in the muscle tissue of the serglycin-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the serglycin-deficient mice were more susceptible to T. spiralis infection and displayed an unbalanced immune response compared to wild type mice. These findings point to an essential regulatory role of serglycin proteoglycans in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Roy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, Box 7028, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Osama Sawesi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, Box 7028, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Pettersson
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, The National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Dagälv
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Lundén
- Department of Microbiology, The National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, Box 7028, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Åbrink
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, Box 7028, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
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4
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Deng B, Gong P, Li J, Cheng B, Ren W, Yang J, Li H, Zhang G, Zhang X. Identification of the differentially expressed genes in SP2/0 myeloma cells from Balb/c mice infected with Trichinella spiralis. Vet Parasitol 2013; 194:179-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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5
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Giacomin PR, Siracusa MC, Walsh KP, Grencis RK, Kubo M, Comeau MR, Artis D. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin-dependent basophils promote Th2 cytokine responses following intestinal helminth infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4371-8. [PMID: 23024277 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) Th2 cytokine responses promote the development of allergic inflammation and are critical for immunity to parasitic helminth infection. Recent studies highlighted that basophils can promote Th2 cytokine-mediated inflammation and that phenotypic and functional heterogeneity exists between classical IL-3-elicited basophils and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)-elicited basophils. However, whether distinct basophil populations develop after helminth infection and their relative contributions to anti-helminth immune responses remain to be defined. After Trichinella spiralis infection of mice, we show that basophil responses are rapidly induced in multiple tissue compartments, including intestinal-draining lymph nodes. Trichinella-induced basophil responses were IL-3-IL-3R independent but critically dependent on TSLP-TSLPR interactions. Selective depletion of basophils after Trichinella infection impaired infection-induced CD4(+) Th2 cytokine responses, suggesting that TSLP-dependent basophils augment Th2 cytokine responses after helminth infection. The identification and functional classification of TSLP-dependent basophils in a helminth infection model, coupled with their recently described role in promoting atopic dermatitis, suggests that these cells may be a critical population in promoting Th2 cytokine-associated inflammation in a variety of inflammatory or infectious settings. Collectively, these data suggest that the TSLP-basophil pathway may represent a new target in the design of therapeutic intervention strategies to promote or limit Th2 cytokine-dependent immunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Giacomin
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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6
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Ierna MX, Scales HE, Schwarz H, Bunce C, McIlgorm A, Garside P, Lawrence CE. OX40 interactions in gastrointestinal nematode infection. Immunology 2006; 117:108-16. [PMID: 16423046 PMCID: PMC1782197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune expulsion of gastrointestinal nematode parasites is usually associated with T helper type 2 (Th2) responses, but the effector mechanisms directly responsible for parasite loss have not been elucidated. The intestinal inflammatory response accompanying infection with gastrointestinal helminths is thought to be a contributory factor leading to the expulsion of the parasite. However, we have shown that the intestinal inflammation, which is controlled by interleukin (IL)-4, is not required for parasite expulsion. OX40-OX40 ligand (L) signals have been shown to be important for the development of Th2 immune responses but are also involved in a number of inflammatory diseases including those of the intestine. Here, we have investigated the effect of OX40 and OX40L fusion protein treatment on the induction of protective Th2 responses and enteropathy following infection with the gastrointestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis. Treatment with an OX40-immunoglobulin (Ig) blocking fusion protein resulted in enhanced expulsion of the parasite and an increase in the accompanying mastocytosis, despite unaltered levels of Th2 cytokines. Furthermore, there was a delay in the villus atrophy and crypt hyperplasia usually associated with this infection. In contrast, levels of Th2 cytokines were greatly up-regulated in mice treated with an OX40L-Ig activating fusion protein, yet the expulsion of the parasite and the enteropathy were unaffected. Therefore, OX40 ligation potentiates the Th2 response without enhancing host protective immune responses, whereas blocking the OX40-OX40L interaction enhances host protection without promoting Th2 cytokine responses during Trichinella spiralis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle X Ierna
- Department of Immunology, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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7
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Leech MD, Grencis RK. Induction of Enhanced Immunity to Intestinal Nematodes Using IL-9-Producing Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:2505-11. [PMID: 16456011 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.4.2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells can be considered natural adjuvants and are able to act as cellular vaccines to protect against disease. Adoptive transfer of Ag-pulsed bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) enhanced expulsion of the intestinal nematode, Trichinella spiralis, from the small intestine. IL 9 is a critical cytokine in protective immunity to intestinal nematode infection and is believed to enhance Th2 immune responses. Deriving dendritic cells from an IL-9 transgenic (IL-9t) mouse has enabled a detailed investigation of the importance of IL-9 during Ag presentation. Indeed, IL-9t dendritic cells significantly enhanced T cell proliferation and Th2 responses and, after adoptive transfer, enhanced parasite-specific IgG1 and intestinal mastocytosis in vivo, leading to accelerated expulsion of adult worms from the intestine. Overall, this paper demonstrates that dendritic cell vaccination can be used to successfully protect the host against intestinal nematode infection and suggests that IL-9 can act as a potent type 2 adjuvant during Ag presentation and the early stages of Th2 activation.
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8
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McDermott JR, Humphreys NE, Forman SP, Donaldson DD, Grencis RK. Intraepithelial NK cell-derived IL-13 induces intestinal pathology associated with nematode infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:3207-13. [PMID: 16116211 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.3207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-13 is a Th2-derived cytokine associated with pathological changes in asthma and ulcerative colitis. Moreover, it plays a major role in the control of gut nematode infection and associated immunopathology. The current paradigm is that these effects are due to T cell-derived IL-13. We show in this study that an innate source of IL-13, the intraepithelial NK cell, is responsible for the disruption of intestinal tissue architecture and induction of goblet cell hyperplasia that characterizes infection with the intestinal helminth Trichinella spiralis. IL-13 or IL-4Ralpha (but not IL-4) null mice failed to induce intestinal pathology. Unexpectedly, SCID and athymic mice developed the same pathology found in immunocompetent mice following infection. Moreover, immunodeficient mice expressed IL-13 in the intestine, and abnormal mucosal pathology was reduced by in vivo administration of a soluble IL-13 antagonist. IL-13 expression was induced in non-T intraepithelial CD3- NK cells. Epithelial cells expressed the IL-13 signaling receptor, IL-13Ralpha1, and after infection, IL-4Ralpha. Furthermore, the soluble IL-13 decoy receptor IL-13Ralpha2, which regulates IL-13 responses, was also induced upon infection. These data provide the first evidence that intestinal tissue restructuring during helminth infection is an innate event dependent on IL-13 production by NK cells resident in the epithelium of the intestine.
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9
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Boitelle A, Di Lorenzo C, Scales HE, Devaney E, Kennedy MW, Garside P, Lawrence CE. Contrasting effects of acute and chronic gastro-intestinal helminth infections on a heterologous immune response in a transgenic adoptive transfer model. Int J Parasitol 2005; 35:765-75. [PMID: 15893319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2004] [Revised: 02/23/2005] [Accepted: 02/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have previously found that co-immunisation with ovalbumin (OVA) and the body fluid of the helminth Ascaris suum inhibited an OVA-specific delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response by reducing OVA-specific CD4+ T lymphocyte proliferation via an IL-4 independent mechanism. In the present study, we determined whether parasite infections themselves could induce similar changes to peripheral immunisation by examining the modulation of OVA-specific immune responses during acute and chronic helminth infections. Surprisingly, an acute infection with Trichinella spiralis, but not a chronic infection with Heligmosomoides polygyrus, inhibited the OVA-specific DTH reaction. Correspondingly, the T helper 1 (Th1) OVA-specific response was decreased in mice infected with T. spiralis, but not with H. polygyrus. Inhibition of the Th1 response may be a result of a shift in the Th1/Th2 balance as although both H. polygyrus and T. spiralis infected mice induced a Th2 OVA-specific response, that exhibited by T. spiralis was more potent. Furthermore, although IL-10 secretion upon OVA restimulation was similarly increased by both infections, production of this immunoregulatory cytokine may play a role in the suppression of immune responses observed with T. spiralis infection depending on the context of its release. Interestingly, analysis of the OVA-specific T lymphocyte division by carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) staining revealed that gastro-intestinal infection with the acute helminth T. spiralis, but not with chronic H. polygyrus, inhibited the systemic immune response by significantly inhibiting the antigen-specific T cell proliferation during the primary response, a mechanism similar to that observed when A. suum parasite extracts were directly mixed with the OVA during immunisation in our previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Boitelle
- Department of Immunology, University of Strathclyde, The Todd Wing, SIBS, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow G4 0NR, UK
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10
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Knight PA, Pemberton AD, Robertson KA, Roy DJ, Wright SH, Miller HRP. Expression profiling reveals novel innate and inflammatory responses in the jejunal epithelial compartment during infection with Trichinella spiralis. Infect Immun 2004; 72:6076-86. [PMID: 15385512 PMCID: PMC517597 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.10.6076-6086.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with intestinal nematodes induces profound pathological changes to the gut that are associated with eventual parasite expulsion. We have applied expression profiling as an initial screening process with oligonucleotide microarrays (Affymetrix MG-U74AV2 gene chips) and time course kinetics to investigate gene transcription triggered by the intraepithelial nematode Trichinella spiralis in jejunal epithelium from BALB/c mice. Of the 4,114 genes detected, 2,617 were present in all uninfected and T. spiralis-infected replicates, 8% of which were notably upregulated, whereas 12% were downregulated at the time of worm expulsion (day 14 postinfection). Upregulation of goblet cell mucin gene transcripts intestinal mucin gene 3 (MUC3), calcium chloride channel 5 (CLCA5), and goblet cell gene 4 (GOB4) is consistent with enhanced production and alteration of mucus, whereas a 60- to 70-fold upregulation of transcripts for mast cell proteases 1 and 2 (MCPT-1 and -2) is consistent with intraepithelial mucosal mast cell recruitment. Importantly, there was novel expression of sialyltransferase 4C (SIAT4C), small proline-rich protein 2A (SPRR2A), and resistin-like molecule beta (RELMbeta) on day 14 postinfection. In contrast, DNase I and regenerating protein 3 (REG3) transcripts were substantially downregulated. Time course analyses revealed early (within 48 h of infection) induction of Siat4c, Sprr2A, and Relmbeta and later (within 120 h) induction of Mcpt-1 and -2. The findings demonstrate early innate responses and later inflammatory changes within the epithelium. The early epithelial responses may be associated both with repair (Sprr2A) and with the development of innate immunity (Siat4c and Relmbeta).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Knight
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom.
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11
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Brown JK, Knight PA, Pemberton AD, Wright SH, Pate JA, Thornton EM, Miller HRP. Expression of integrin-alphaE by mucosal mast cells in the intestinal epithelium and its absence in nematode-infected mice lacking the transforming growth factor-beta1-activating integrin alphavbeta6. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 165:95-106. [PMID: 15215165 PMCID: PMC1618546 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Peak intestinal mucosal mast cell (MMC) recruitment coincides with expulsion of Trichinella spiralis, at a time when the majority of the MMCs are located within the epithelium in BALB/c mice. Although expression of integrin-alpha(E)beta(7) by MMCs has not been formally demonstrated, it has been proposed as a potential mechanism to account for the predominantly intraepithelial location of MMCs during nematode infection. Co-expression of integrin-alpha(E)beta(7) and the MMC chymase mouse mast cell protease-1, by mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells, is strictly regulated by transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta(1). However, TGF-beta(1) is secreted as part of a latent complex in vivo and subsequent extracellular modification is required to render it biologically active. We now show, for the first time, that intraepithelial MMCs express integrin-alpha(E)beta(7) in Trichinella-infected BALB/c and S129 mice. In S129 mice that lack the gene for the integrin-beta(6) subunit and, as consequence, do not express the epithelial integrin-alpha(v)beta(6), integrin-alpha(E) expression is virtually abolished and recruitment of MMCs into the intestinal epithelium is dramatically reduced despite significant overall augmentation of the MMC population. Because a major function of integrin-alpha(v)beta(6) is to activate latent TGF-beta(1,) these findings strongly support a role for TGF-beta(1) in both the recruitment and differentiation of murine MMCs during nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy K Brown
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, the University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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12
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Pemberton AD, Knight PA, Gamble J, Colledge WH, Lee JK, Pierce M, Miller HRP. Innate BALB/c Enteric Epithelial Responses to Trichinella spiralis: Inducible Expression of a Novel Goblet Cell Lectin, Intelectin-2, and Its Natural Deletion in C57BL/10 Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:1894-901. [PMID: 15265922 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.3.1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Infection of mice with the nematode parasite Trichinella spiralis induces changes in the proteome of the jejunal epithelium, including substantial up-regulation of a novel variant of interlectin. In this study we sequence this novel lectin, termed intelectin-2, and compare expression levels during T. spiralis infection of resistant (BALB/c) with susceptible (C57BL/10) mouse strains. Intelectin-2 was cloned and sequenced from BALB/c mRNA extracted on day 14 of infection, and was found to have 91% amino acid identity with intelectin (within our study termed intelectin-1). Intelectin-2 transcripts were up-regulated early (day 3) during infection with T. spiralis in BALB/c mice, suggesting an innate response, and levels remained high through to day 14 (time of parasite rejection). Immunohistochemistry of jejunal sections with a rabbit polyclonal Ab to Xenopus laevis 35-kDa cortical granule lectin (XL35; 68% identity with intelectin-2) followed a similar pattern, with intense labeling of goblet and Paneth cells at day 14. However, intelectin-2 transcripts and protein were absent, and immunohistochemistry negative when C57BL/10 mice were infected with T. spiralis. Genomic PCR and Southern blotting confirmed that the intelectin-2 gene is absent from the C57BL/10 genome. The presence of intelectin-2 in resistant BALB/c mice, its absence from the susceptible C57BL/10 strain and the kinetics of its up-regulation during T. spiralis infection suggest that this novel lectin may serve a protective role in the innate immune response to parasite infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Pemberton
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom.
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13
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Helmby H, Grencis RK. IFN-gamma-independent effects of IL-12 during intestinal nematode infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:3691-6. [PMID: 14500667 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.7.3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Expulsion of the gastrointestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis is associated with a pronounced mastocytosis mediated by a Th2-type response involving IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13. When exogenous rIL-12 was administered to T. spiralis-infected NIH mice, this resulted in significant suppression of intestinal mast cell responses, delayed worm expulsion, increased muscle larvae burdens, and a transient, but significant decrease in early Th2 cytokine secretion. rIL-12 treatment also altered chemokine expression in the jejunal mucosa. The effects of exogenous IL-12 administration were largely independent of IFN-gamma as shown by rIL-12 treatment of IFN-gamma knockout mice. Hence, IL-12 may play a significant biological role as a direct negative regulator of intestinal Th2 responses and may act to promote the survival of intestinal parasites in vivo also in the absence of IFN-gamma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Female
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Interleukin-10/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-12/physiology
- Interleukin-13/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-13/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/immunology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/pathology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Male
- Mastocytosis/immunology
- Mastocytosis/parasitology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Skeletal/immunology
- Muscle, Skeletal/parasitology
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Trichinella spiralis/growth & development
- Trichinella spiralis/immunology
- Trichinellosis/immunology
- Trichinellosis/parasitology
- Trichinellosis/pathology
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Helmby
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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14
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Pennock JL, Grencis RK. In vivo exit of c-kit+/CD49d(hi)/beta7+ mucosal mast cell precursors from the bone marrow following infection with the intestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis. Blood 2003; 103:2655-60. [PMID: 14604954 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-09-3146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used the parasite helminth Trichinella spiralis to study the generation and differentiation of mast cell progenitors in the bone marrow of mice, as this infection triggers an intestinal mastocytosis which correlates with parasite expulsion. C-kit+ mast cell progenitors have previously been defined by methylcellulose colony-forming units and by limiting dilution assays in vitro. In vivo experiments have demonstrated the essential requirement by mast cells for specific integrin expression. We have defined 2 c-kit+ populations in the bone marrow, one of which coexpresses CD49d/beta7 integrin, a marker essential for small intestine immigration. We have confirmed the phenotype of these cells by using antagonistic anti-c-kit antibody in vivo. Our data show that the loss of c-kit+/beta7+ cells from the bone marrow correlates with their appearance in the blood and precedes detection of mature mast cells in the gut by 3 days. This exit correlates with an increase in soluble stem cell factor (SCF) in the serum, suggesting that the c-kit/SCF interaction may be chemotactic or haptotactic in nature. This study shows that during infection the bone marrow environment generates mast cells destined for the intestinal mucosa before their exit into the periphery, indicating a clear interplay between infection site and hematopoietic tissue.
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15
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McDermott JR, Bartram RE, Knight PA, Miller HRP, Garrod DR, Grencis RK. Mast cells disrupt epithelial barrier function during enteric nematode infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:7761-6. [PMID: 12796512 PMCID: PMC164661 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1231488100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2003] [Accepted: 04/14/2003] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the influence of mast cells on the barrier function of intestinal epithelium during nematode infection. Trichinella spiralis infection induces a strong type 2 cytokine-mediated inflammation, resulting in a critical mucosal mastocytosis that is known to mediate expulsion of the parasites from the intestine. The host response to infection is also characterized by an increase in mucosal leakiness. We show here that intestinal epithelial permeability is markedly elevated during infection, with kinetics that mirror the adaptive immune response to primary and secondary infection. Furthermore, we have identified degradation of the tight junction protein, occludin, thereby providing a mechanism for increased paracellular permeability during helminth infection. We further demonstrate by using anti-c-kit antibody and IL-9 transgenic mice that mast cells are directly responsible for increasing epithelial paracellular permeability and that mice deficient in a mast cell-specific protease fail to increase intestinal permeability and fail to expel their parasite burden. These results provide the mechanism whereby mucosal mast cells mediate parasite expulsion from the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline R McDermott
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
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16
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Helmby H, Grencis RK. IL-18 regulates intestinal mastocytosis and Th2 cytokine production independently of IFN-gamma during Trichinella spiralis infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:2553-60. [PMID: 12193725 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.5.2553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Expulsion of the gastrointestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis is associated with pronounced mastocytosis mediated by a Th2-type response involving IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13. Here we demonstrate that IL-18 is a key negative regulator of protective immune responses against T. spiralis in vivo. IL-18 knockout mice are highly resistant to T. spiralis infection, expel the worms rapidly and subsequently develop low levels of encysted muscle larvae. The increased speed of expulsion is correlated with high numbers of mucosal mast cells and an increase in IL-13 and IL-10 secretion. When normal mice were treated with rIL-18 in vivo, worm expulsion was notably delayed, and the development of mastocytosis and Th2 cytokine production was significantly reduced. The treatment had no effect on intestinal eosinophilia or goblet cell hyperplasia but specifically inhibited the development of mastocytosis. Addition of rIL-18 to in vitro cultures of bone marrow-derived mast cells resulted in a significant reduction in cell yields as well as in the number of IL-4-secreting mast cells. In vivo treatment of T. spiralis-infected IFN-gamma knockout mice with rIL-18 demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of IL-18 on mastocytosis and Th2 cytokine secretion is independent of IFN-gamma. Hence, IL-18 plays a significant biological role as a negative regulator of intestinal mast cell responses and may promote the survival of intestinal parasites in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interferon-gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Interleukin-10/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-13/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-13/genetics
- Interleukin-13/metabolism
- Interleukin-18/deficiency
- Interleukin-18/genetics
- Interleukin-18/physiology
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Interleukin-9/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-9/genetics
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/genetics
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/immunology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/parasitology
- Jejunal Diseases/genetics
- Jejunal Diseases/immunology
- Jejunal Diseases/parasitology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Male
- Mast Cells/immunology
- Mastocytosis/genetics
- Mastocytosis/immunology
- Mastocytosis/parasitology
- Mastocytosis/prevention & control
- Mesentery
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Skeletal/immunology
- Muscle, Skeletal/parasitology
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Trichinella spiralis/growth & development
- Trichinella spiralis/immunology
- Trichinellosis/genetics
- Trichinellosis/immunology
- Trichinellosis/parasitology
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Helmby
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.
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17
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Gurish MF, Tao H, Abonia JP, Arya A, Friend DS, Parker CM, Austen KF. Intestinal mast cell progenitors require CD49dbeta7 (alpha4beta7 integrin) for tissue-specific homing. J Exp Med 2001; 194:1243-52. [PMID: 11696590 PMCID: PMC2195984 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.9.1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are centrally important in allergic inflammation of the airways, as well as in the intestinal immune response to helminth infection. A single lineage of bone marrow (BM)-derived progenitors emigrates from the circulation and matures into phenotypically distinct MCs in different tissues. Because the mechanisms of MC progenitor (MCp) homing to peripheral tissues have not been evaluated, we used limiting dilution analysis to measure the concentration of MCp in various tissues of mice deficient for candidate homing molecules. MCp were almost completely absent in the small intestine but were present in the lung, spleen, BM, and large intestine of beta7 integrin-deficient mice (on the C57BL/6 background), indicating that a beta7 integrin is critical for homing of these cells to the small intestine. MCp concentrations were not altered in the tissues of mice deficient in the alphaE integrin (CD103), the beta2 integrin (CD18), or the recombination activating gene (RAG)-2 gene either alone or in combination with the interleukin (IL)-receptor common gamma chain. Therefore, it is the alpha4beta7 integrin and not the alphaEbeta7 integrin that is critical, and lymphocytes and natural killer cells play no role in directing MCp migration under basal conditions. When MCp in BALB/c mice were eliminated with sublethal doses of gamma-radiation and then reconstituted with syngeneic BM, the administration of anti-alpha4beta7 integrin, anti-alpha4 integrin, anti-beta7 integrin, or anti-MAdCAM-1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) blocked the recovery of MCp in the small intestine. The blocking mAbs could be administered as late as 4 d after BM reconstitution with optimal inhibition, implying that the MCp must arise first in the BM, circulate in the vasculature, and then translocate into the intestine. Inasmuch as MCp are preserved in the lungs of beta7 integrin-deficient and anti-alpha4beta7 integrin-treated mice but not in the small intestine, alpha4beta7 integrin is critical for tissue specific extravasation for localization of MCp in the small intestine, but not the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Gurish
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Resolution of infection with the intestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis depends on the host mounting a T helper 2 (Th2) response. It is known that both mast cells and T cells play a crucial role. We have previously shown that efficient migration of mast cells to the gut during infection depends on their expression of the integrin beta 7. beta 7 forms a heterodimer complex with either alpha E or alpha 4 integrin chains, alpha E beta 7 binding to E-cadherin expressed by epithelial cells and alpha 4 beta 7 binding to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM-1) on the endothelium. We were interested to know whether dysfunctional mast cell localization to the gut in the absence of beta 7 was due to the failure of alpha 4 beta 7 to bind to MAdCAM-1 or the failure of alpha E beta 7 to bind to E-cadherin. We used blocking monoclonal antibodies against alpha E (M290) or alpha 4 (PS2) or beta 7 (HB293) during T. spiralis infection of C57BL/6 mice and found that all antibody treatments reduced mastocytosis. In contrast, none of the antibody treatments prevented the migration of CD3(+) T cells into the intestine. These results indicate that during inflammation (a) there is integrin redundancy for lymphocytes but not for mast cells and (b) both alpha E beta 7 and alpha 4 beta 7 are crucial either for the entry of mast cells into the gut or for their maturation once they have entered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R McDermott
- Immunology Group, School of Biological Sciences, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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19
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Knight PA, Wright SH, Lawrence CE, Paterson YY, Miller HR. Delayed expulsion of the nematode Trichinella spiralis in mice lacking the mucosal mast cell-specific granule chymase, mouse mast cell protease-1. J Exp Med 2000; 192:1849-56. [PMID: 11120781 PMCID: PMC2213497 DOI: 10.1084/jem.192.12.1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Expulsion of gastrointestinal nematodes is associated with pronounced mucosal mast cell (MMC) hyperplasia, differentiation, and activation, accompanied by the systemic release of MMC granule chymases (chymotrypsin-like serine proteases). The beta-chymase mouse mast cell protease-1 (mMCP-1) is expressed predominantly by intraepithelial MMCs, and levels in the bloodstream and intestinal lumen are maximal at the time of worm expulsion in parasitized mice. To address the in vivo functions of MMC-specific beta-chymases, we have generated transgenic mice that lack the mMCP-1 gene. They were backcrossed onto a congenic BALB/c background to investigate the response to nematode infection. The deletion of the mMCP-1 gene is associated with significantly delayed expulsion of Trichinella spiralis and increased deposition of muscle larvae in BALB/c mice despite the presence of normal and sometimes increased numbers of MMCs. Neither worm fecundity nor worm burdens were altered in Nippostrongylus-infected mMCP-1(-/)- BALB/c mice. These data demonstrate, for the first time, that the ablation of an MMC-derived effector molecule compromises the expulsion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Knight
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
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20
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Onah DN, Nawa Y. Mucosal immunity against parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2000; 38:209-36. [PMID: 11138315 PMCID: PMC2721204 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2000.38.4.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The last two decades witnessed significant advances in the efforts of immunoparasitologists to elucidate the nature and role of the host mucosal defence mechanisms against intestinal nematode parasites. Aided by recent advances in basic immunology and biotechnology with the concomitant development of well defined laboratory models of infection, immunoparasitologists have more precisely analyzed and defined the different immune effector mechanisms during the infection; resulting in great improvement in our current knowledge and understanding of protective immunity against gastrointestinal (GI) nematode parasites. Much of this current understanding comes from experimental studies in laboratory rodents, which have been used as models of livestock and human GI nematode infections. These rodent studies, which have concentrated on Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Strongyloides ratti/S. venezuelensis, Trichinella spiralis and Trichuris muris infections in mice and rats, have helped in defining the types of T cell responses that regulate effector mechanisms and the effector mechanisms responsible for worm expulsion. In addition, these studies bear indications that traditionally accepted mechanisms of resistance such as eosinophilia and IgE responses may not play as important roles in protection as were previously conceived. In this review, we shall, from these rodent studies, attempt an overview of the mucosal and other effector responses against intestinal nematode parasites beginning with the indices of immune protection as a model of the protective immune responses that may occur in animals and man.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Onah
- Department of Parasitology, Miyazaki Medical College, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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21
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Božić F, Marinculić A, Duraković E. Analysis of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte populations in experimental Trichinella spiralis infection of mice. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2000. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2000.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Onah DN, Wakelin D. Trypanosome-induced suppression of responses to Trichinella spiralis in vaccinated mice. Int J Parasitol 1999; 29:1017-26. [PMID: 10501612 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(99)00071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mice vaccinated against the gastro-intestinal (GI) nematode Trichinella spiralis by injection of muscle larval homogenate antigen express a strong immunity to subsequent infection, reflected in earlier expulsion of adult worms from the intestine and reduced female worm fecundity. Infection with Trypanosoma brucei at the time of vaccination, or at the time of infection with T. spiralis, significantly reduced the level of immunity expressed, the effect being greatest when vaccination and T. brucei infection were given together. Trypanosome infection reduced T. spiralis-specific antibody responses in vaccinated mice, the effect being most apparent against IgM, IgG1 and IgG2b, and ablated the eosinophil response to T. spiralis. In vaccinated mice infected with both trypanosomes and T. spiralis, the proliferative responses of lymphocytes to the mitogen Con A or to T. spiralis antigen were much lower than in vaccinated mice infected only with the nematode. Whereas cells from mice infected only with T. spiralis produced the cytokine IL-4 and little or no IFNgamma when stimulated in vitro, cells from animals infected with T. spiralis and with trypanosomes released large amounts of IFNgamma but no IL-4. These observations are consistent with the known, IFNgamma-dependent, nitric-oxide-mediated suppressive effects of trypanosomes on lymphocyte function and the Th1 bias associated with these infections, both of which reduce the effectiveness of the Th2-mediated responses involved in immunity against GI nematode infections. The data are discussed in the context of the possible use of vaccines against GI nematodes in ruminants in countries where concurrent trypanosome-GI nematode infections are widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Onah
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK
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23
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Bell RG. The generation and expression of immunity to Trichinella spiralis in laboratory rodents. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 1998; 41:149-217. [PMID: 9734294 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60424-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R G Bell
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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24
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Abstract
The relationship between intestinal pathology and immune expulsion of gastrointestinal nematodes remains controversial. Parasite expulsion is associated with intestinal pathology in several model systems and both of these phenomena are T cell dependent. Immune expulsion of gastrointestinal helminth parasites is usually associated with Th2 responses, but the effector mechanisms directly responsible for parasite loss have not been elucidated. In contrast, the intestinal pathology observed in many other disease models closely resembles that seen in helminth infections, but has been attributed to Th1 cytokines. We have used infection with the nematode Trichinella spiralis in mice defective for cytokines or their receptors to investigate cytokine regulation of both immunopathology and parasite rejection. Consistent with previous findings, we found that parasite expulsion is IL-4 dependent. Contrary to expectations, however, the enteropathy is not regulated by IFN-gamma but by IL-4. Moreover, abrogation of severe pathology in TNF receptor-defective animals does not prevent parasite expulsion. TNF is therefore involved in intestinal pathology in nematode infections, apparently under regulation by IL-4- and Th2-mediated responses. This work therefore not only reveals a novel interplay between IL-4 and TNF, but also that the IL-4-dependent protective response against the parasite operates by a mechanism other than merely the gross degradation of the parasite's environment brought about by the immune enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Lawrence
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, GB.
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25
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Faulkner H, Humphreys N, Renauld JC, Van Snick J, Grencis R. Interleukin-9 is involved in host protective immunity to intestinal nematode infection. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:2536-40. [PMID: 9368607 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830271011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Murine studies have demonstrated that, as with other nematodes, infection with the intestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis is associated with a pronounced intestinal mastocytosis, eosinophilia and an elevation in serum levels of total IgE. Both interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 are clearly important in the generation of IgE responses and eosinophilia, respectively, but the control of mucosal mastocytosis in vivo is not as well defined. Mucosal mast cells appear to be particularly important with regard to T. spiralis infections as there is good evidence to suggest their involvement in expulsion of the parasite from the host. In this study we examined the effect of the overproduction of the Th2 cytokine IL-9 on infection with this nematode. We demonstrate that naive IL-9-transgenic mice have an intense intestinal mastocytosis and high serum levels of mouse mast cell protease-1. Moreover, upon infection high titers of parasite-specific IgG1 were observed with a heightened mast cell response, which was associated with the rapid expulsion of T. spiralis from the gut. Furthermore, as depression of this mast cell response, using anti-c-kit antibodies, resulted in the inability of these mice to expel the parasite, this study clearly demonstrates an activity of IL-9 on mucosal mastocytosis and the host protective immune response in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Faulkner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, GB
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26
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Robinson K, Bellaby T, Wakelin D. Oral and parenteral vaccination against Trichinella spiralis infections in high- and low-responder mice. Int J Parasitol 1995; 25:989-92. [PMID: 8550299 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(94)00219-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination by different routes and with different adjuvants is known to influence profiles of immune responses and may be used to overcome genetically determined low-responsiveness to infection. A mouse model of infection with the intestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis was used to investigate the effect of mode of vaccination upon immune responsiveness and worm expulsion phenotype in high- (NIH) and low- (C57 BL/10) responder strains of mice. Muscle larval homogenate antigen was given subcutaneously in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) to induce a systemic immune response or with cholera toxin (CT) orally to stimulate mucosal immunity. Both approaches significantly protected NIH mice. Vaccination with FCA was correlated with elevated serum IgG after infection, whereas oral CT-vaccination resulted in increased levels of intestinal IgA. Neither type of vaccination successfully protected the low-responder C57 BL/10 strain and there were no effects on the low antibody levels that infection induced in this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Robinson
- Department of Life Science, University of Nottingham, U.K
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27
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Robinson K, Bellaby T, Wakelin D. Immune response profiles in vaccinated and non-vaccinated high- and low-responder mice during infection with the intestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis. Parasitology 1995; 110 ( Pt 1):71-8. [PMID: 7845715 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000081063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
NIH and C57 BL/10 (B10) mice show genetically determined differences in their response to Trichinella spiralis infection. This study examines the influence of these on parameters of the immune response to infection after vaccination using muscle-larval excretory-secretory antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant. Serum antibody levels were greatly elevated when mice of both strains were vaccinated prior to infection; however, NIH produced significantly higher-level antibody responses than B10. Vaccination accelerated and increased the capacity of mesenteric lymph node T-cells to proliferate in vitro in response to specific antigen stimulation in both mouse strains but, in general, the stimulation indices of NIH cells were higher than those of the B10. The capacity of mesenteric lymph node cells (MLNC) and spleen cells (SC) to produce IL-5 and gamma IFN was measured after specific in vitro stimulation and early gamma IFN secretion was noted in the supernatants of NIH MLNC and SC, but not in B10 SC. Concentrations of IL-5 rose steadily over the first 10-14 days after infection in cell cultures from both strains. Prior vaccination of these animals appeared to enhance cytokine levels. It is postulated that the efficacy of vaccination in NIH mice is a consequence of their genetically determined capacity to produce early and high-level responses to the antigens of T. spiralis and to express these in intestinal effector mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Robinson
- Department of Life Science, University of Nottingham
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28
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Behnke JM, Dehlawi MS, Rose R, Spyropoulos PN, Wakelin D. The response of hamsters to primary and secondary infection with Trichinella spiralis and to vaccination with parasite antigens. J Helminthol 1994; 68:287-94. [PMID: 7706673 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x00001504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The duration of primary infections with T. spiralis was dose-dependent with greater proportional loss of worms from heavily infected hamsters and longer persistence of worms in syngeneic DSN hamsters carrying initially low intensity infections. Intestinal worms were lost more rapidly from challenged immunized animals with over 80% loss of established worms by day 6 post infection, but survival of residual worms for a further 2 weeks. Hamsters carrying initially more than 140 intestinal worms began to lose weight during the second week indicating severe pathology at this stage of infection. Mucosal mast cell numbers increased from 50 cells/20 villus crypt units in uninfected animals to a peak in excess of 150 during week 4 pi, although intestinal mastocytosis persisted long after the loss of the majority of adult worms. Serum antibody responses to muscle stage larval antigen were detected in week 3 and increased subsequently. Both mastocytosis and antibody responses were more intense on secondary exposure to infection. Hamsters vaccinated with muscle stage larval antigen showed only a moderately accelerated loss of the intestinal phase but the fecundity of worms was severely suppressed. Overall it was concluded that the hamster host provided a model of trichinellosis that, in many respects was closer than mice and rats to the pattern of infection seen in economically and clinically important host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Behnke
- Department of Life Science, University of Nottingham, UK
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29
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Behnke JM, Rose R, Little J. Resistance of the hookworms Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Necator americanus to intestinal inflammatory responses induced by heterologous infection. Int J Parasitol 1994; 24:91-101. [PMID: 8021111 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(94)90062-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were carried out to ascertain whether the acute inflammatory phase of the intestinal response of hamsters to infection with Trichinella spiralis would adversely affect hookworms in concurrently infected animals. The survival and growth of hookworms were unaffected. However, the presence of hookworms reduced the establishment of T. spiralis, the initial growth of female worms and their fecundity. The expulsion of T. spiralis was also significantly slower in concurrently infected animals and there was significant depression of the serum IgG antibody response to muscle stage and adult worm antigens of T. spiralis in concurrently infected animals. These results are discussed in relation to the chronicity of human hookworm infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Behnke
- Department of Life Science, University of Nottingham, U.K
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30
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Crook K, Wakelin D. Induction of T lymphocyte subsets and levels of interleukin-2 and interleukin-3 after infection with Trichinella spiralis are similar in mice of high- and low-responder phenotypes. Int J Parasitol 1994; 24:119-26. [PMID: 8021099 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(94)90065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Various aspects of T lymphocyte responses in mice with high- and low-responder phenotypes to infection with the nematode Trichinella spiralis were compared. Mesenteric lymph node cells (MLNC) from infected NIH strain mice (high-responder) showed a much higher level of proliferation in response to parasite antigen than MLNC from infected C57.B10 mice (low-responder). Levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in the MLN remained relatively constant in both strains, ruling out the possibility that the more rapid worm expulsion in NIH mice (day 6 post-infection, as compared to day 12-15 in B10 mice) was due to quantitative differences in levels of CD4+ T helper cells. To examine any variation in the recruitment of Th1 v Th2 cell subsets, the production of the cytokines interleukins-2, -3, and -4 (IL-2, -3, and -4) by MLNC in response to parasite antigen was measured throughout the course of infection. Amounts of IL-2 and IL-3 were broadly similar in both strains, while almost background levels of IL-4 were detected. However, NIH strain mice produced IL-2 and IL-3 more rapidly than B10 mice. These data support the conclusion from other authors that the response to T. spiralis is not dependent on the absolute levels of cytokines produced, but rather on timing of production and rapidity of recruitment of effector cells at the level of bone marrow precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Crook
- Department of Life Science, University of Nottingham, U.K
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31
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Grencis RK, Else KJ, Huntley JF, Nishikawa SI. The in vivo role of stem cell factor (c-kit ligand) on mastocytosis and host protective immunity to the intestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis in mice. Parasite Immunol 1993; 15:55-9. [PMID: 7679484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1993.tb00572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The role of stem cell factor (SCF) in the generation of intestinal mast cell hyperplasia and host protective immunity following helminth infection was investigated using the Trichinella spiralis/mouse model. In vivo administration of a monoclonal antibody specific for the receptor for SCF (c-kit) was found to completely prevent the generation of intestinal mastocytosis normally observed following T. spiralis infection. This was reflected by markedly reduced intestinal mast cell protease (IMCP) levels in both tissue and serum. Moreover, animals treated with anti-c-kit antibody failed to show any evidence of worm expulsion from the gut. The data demonstrate for the first time, a critical role for the SCF in the generation of mucosal mastocytosis and host protective immunity following an intestinal helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Grencis
- Department of Cell and Structural Biology, University of Manchester, UK
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32
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Jarvis LM, Pritchard DI. An evaluation of the role of carbohydrate epitopes in immunity to Trichinella spiralis. Parasite Immunol 1992; 14:489-501. [PMID: 1279505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1992.tb00023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A study is described in which the role of carbohydrate epitopes in the generation of protective immunity to Trichinella spiralis was investigated. Antigen preparations were treated with increasing molar concentrations of sodium periodate, which is known to degrade carbohydrate moieties by cleaving one side of the hexose ring, and a suitable protocol was established for the selective degradation of carbohydrates with the retention of protein integrity. Using excretory/secretory (ES) proteins, both sodium periodate treated and in their native form, vaccination experiments have shown that sodium periodate treated antigens are as effective as native ES proteins in the generation of both active and passive immunity. This indicates that peptide epitopes alone can induce protective immunity to T. spiralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Jarvis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK
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Garside P, Grencis RK, Mowat AM. T lymphocyte dependent enteropathy in murine Trichinella spiralis infection. Parasite Immunol 1992; 14:217-25. [PMID: 1570173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1992.tb00462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mice infected with Trichinella spiralis developed significant enteropathy, comprising villus atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, goblet cell hyperplasia and a decrease in intra-epithelial lymphocyte numbers by 10 days post-infection, when most of the parasites had been expelled from the gut. However, worm expulsion was prevented by treatment with cyclosporin A and, despite a continued parasite burden, cyclosporin A treated animals had no villus atrophy or changes in inflammatory cell numbers. These results confirm that the expulsion of T. spiralis from the mouse gut is accompanied by a significant intestinal lesion and that both of these phenomena are T-cell mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Garside
- Immunology Department, University of Glasgow, Western Infirmary
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Ahmad A, Wang CH, Korenaga M, Bell RG, Adams LS. Synergistic interaction between immune serum and thoracic duct cells in the adoptive transfer of rapid expulsion of Trichinella spiralis in adult rats. Exp Parasitol 1990; 71:90-9. [PMID: 2354718 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(90)90011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rapid expulsion of Trichinella spiralis could be transferred to naive adult rats with thoracic duct lymphocytes and immune serum. Thoracic duct cells collected from Days 3-5 and immune serum collected on Day 28, respectively, after infection were effective. Both cells and serum were unable to transfer rapid expulsion when given alone, even in large volumes. Recipients of immune serum and cells eliminated a significantly higher number of larvae than control rats by 1 hr after challenge with muscle larvae. Rapid expulsion produced 30-80% larval worm rejection but could not be increased by the transfer of more cells or immune serum. Mucus trappings did not appear to play a role in the rejection process. After transfer of 2 x 10(8) cells and 4.0 ml immune serum, rapid expulsion persisted for less than 1 week. However, after adoptive transfer of cells alone, the gut remained functionally receptive to the passive transfer of immune serum for 7 weeks. Therefore, the changes effected by transfer of cells were long lived in contrast to the 1 week, or less, of functional persistence by transferred immune serum. The data indicate that two separate processes, one cell mediated and the other immune serum mediated, interact synergistically in the intestine and lead to the expression of rapid expulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ahmad
- James A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853
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Huntley JF, Gooden C, Newlands GF, Mackellar A, Lammas DA, Wakelin D, Tuohy M, Woodbury RG, Miller HR. Distribution of intestinal mast cell proteinase in blood and tissues of normal and Trichinella-infected mice. Parasite Immunol 1990; 12:85-95. [PMID: 2179829 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1990.tb00938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for mouse intestinal mast cell proteinase (IMCP). Specificity was demonstrated by the absence of immunoreactivity with extracts of isolated serosal mast cells (SMC), or with high concentrations (50 micrograms/ml) of the antigenically similar rat mast cell proteinases I or II. The small and large intestines in normal mice were the major sources of IMCP, there being little or no IMCP in non-mucosal tissues. Concentrations of IMCP in normal (non-parasitized) mice were low, but were increased 100-1000-fold intestines of mice infected 10 days earlier with Trichinella spiralis. The kinetic response of secreted IMCP into the blood of mice following infection with T. spiralis was also studied. Systemic release of IMCP coincided with the immune expulsion of adult worms from the intestine, and peak concentrations (9.45 micrograms/ml IMCP) occurred 9 days after infection. The tissue distribution of IMCP, its secretion into blood, and its enteric accumulation during parasite infection, are consistent with a mucosal mast cell (MMC) source for IMCP. The results are discussed in the context of similar findings for rat mast cell proteinase II.
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Bolas-Fernandez F, Wakelin D. Infectivity of Trichinella isolates in mice is determined by host immune responsiveness. Parasitology 1989; 99 Pt 1:83-8. [PMID: 2797874 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000061059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A comparison was made of the development, survival and reproduction of 5 isolates of Trichinella spiralis in inbred mice. Low responder C57BL/10 mice allowed worms of all isolates to survive longer and reproduce more successfully than did high responder NIH mice, suggesting that host immunity exerted a dominant influence upon infectivity. One isolate (Is-5 (W) -an arctic isolate) had a markedly lower infectivity than all other isolates, and was selected for more detailed study, together with isolate Is-1 (S) (a temperate isolate) which showed high infectivity. The lower infectivity of Is-5 (W) reflected a more rapid onset of immunity in mice infected with this parasite, immunity reducing the reproductive potential of female worms and causing an early expulsion from the intestine. No evidence of a dose-dependent suppression of immunity was found to explain the higher infectivity of Is-1 (S). Is-5 (W) provided a very rapid mucosal mastocytosis Is-1 (S) elicited higher levels of circulating parasite-specific antibodies than did Is-5 (W). These results are discussed in relation to the interplay of parasite immunogenicity and host immune responsiveness in determining infectivity, and point to the importance of identifying those immunodominant parasite molecules which control the balance of the host-parasite relationship.
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Dehlawi MS, Wakelin D. Suppression of mucosal mastocytosis by Nematospiroides dubius results from an adult worm-mediated effect upon host lymphocytes. Parasite Immunol 1988; 10:85-95. [PMID: 3353130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1988.tb00205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Infections with the nematode Nematospiroides dubius fail to elicit mucosal mast cell (MMC) responses in the intestines of host mice, and suppress MMC responses generated by heterologous infection. Larval N. dubius have the capacity to prime for mastocytosis, and to elicit this response in primed mice during a challenge, but only if adult worms are prevented from developing, either by anthelmintic treatment or by irradiation of the larvae themselves. The suppressive effect of the adult stage was confirmed in experiments where such worms were implanted directly into the intestines of mice primed by exposure to irradiated N. dubius larvae or concurrently infected with Trichinella spiralis. Data on the mechanisms underlying this suppressive effect were obtained from experiments involving the adoptive transfer of mastocytosis by mesenteric lymph node cells (MLNC) from T. spiralis infected mice. When MLNC were taken from mice infected concurrently with both T. spiralis and N. dubius no enhanced mastocytosis was seen in recipients after challenge with T. spiralis. Exposure of MLNC from T. spiralis infected donors to the presence of adult N. dubius after transfer did not reduce the adoptively transferred response. The response was also unaffected when MLNC from adult N. dubius infected mice were simultaneously transferred with MLNC from T. spiralis donors. It is concluded that the suppressive effect of adult N. dubius upon the expression of mucosal mastocytosis acts upon the generation of lymphocytes capable of promoting the development of MMC from precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Dehlawi
- Department of Zoology, University of Nottingham, UK
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Bolas-Fernandez F, Grencis RK, Wakelin D. Cyclosporin A and Trichinella spiralis: anthelminthic effects in immunosuppressed mice. Parasite Immunol 1988; 10:111-6. [PMID: 3258420 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1988.tb00207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Bolas-Fernandez
- MRC Experimental Parasitology Group, Department of Zoology, Nottingham, UK
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Dehlawi MS, Wakelin D, Behnke JM. Suppression of mucosal mastocytosis by infection with the intestinal nematode Nematospiroides dubius. Parasite Immunol 1987; 9:187-94. [PMID: 3574974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1987.tb00499.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mice exposed to primary infections with the parasite intestinal nematode Nematospiroides dubius failed to show the mucosal mast cell (MMC) response which is characteristic of infections with other species of intestinal nematode and which was readily induced in these mice by infections with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis or Trichinella spiralis. The failure to generate a mucosal mastocytosis was independent of host strain or sex. When infections with N. dubius were established before, or concurrently with, T. spiralis or N. brasiliensis, the MMC response elicited by these species was delayed and/or depressed as was expulsion of the worms themselves. Infection with N. dubius given when a MMC response was already established, by exposure to T. spiralis, had no effect on MMC numbers. The possibility that the effects of N. dubius upon MMC responses reflect a lack of mastocytopoietic potential, rather than an active interference, was excluded by showing that SJL mice, which expel primary infections with N. dubius and express strong immunity to reinfection, developed marked mastocytosis during secondary infections. The depression of MMC responses by N. dubius is discussed in relation to the known immunosuppressive properties of this parasite and in relation to the T cell mediated control of MMC development.
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Gabriele F, Ecca AR, Wakelin D, Palmas C. Blast cell activity in mice infected with Hymenolepis nana, H. diminuta and Trichinella spiralis: in vivo uptake of 125IUdR in lymphoid tissues and gut. J Helminthol 1986; 60:313-21. [PMID: 3794296 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x00008555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of the lymphoblast response in mice during the course of a primary infection with Hymenolepis nana was measured by the in vivo uptake of 125IUdR. The response was most marked in tissues local to the site of infection, involving the nodes draining the small intestine but not other areas, e.g., inguinal lymph nodes. A close correlation between these responses and the course of infection was observed. Uptake of 125IUdR was greatest in the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) but the peak reached in this organ was later than that in Peyer's patches (PP), small intestine (SI) and spleen (S). The increase in lymphoblast activity of the MLN was similar with Trichinella spiralis; no significant blast cell response to infection with H. diminuta was found till day 9 after injection, the results being similar to those obtained when H. nana infections were established using cysticercoids rather than eggs. It has been shown that the increase in lymphoblast activity was closely correlated with the presence of cells which are most effective in adoptive transfer immunity. A dose-dependent effect was detected in blast cell activity of MLN in different infection levels with T. spiralis and H. nana.
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Grencis RK, Crawford C, Pritchard DI, Behnke JM, Wakelin D. Immunization of mice with surface antigens from the muscle larvae of Trichinella spiralis. Parasite Immunol 1986; 8:587-96. [PMID: 2433672 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1986.tb00872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Surface antigens of muscle larvae of Trichinella spiralis were stripped from the cuticle of live worms by the cationic detergent cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Such antigen preparations were shown to contain surface antigens of approximate molecular weights 100,000, 90,000, 69,000, 55,000, 46,000 and 35,000. Immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that the surface of muscle larvae share antigenic epitopes with antigens contained within and secreted by the stichosome. CTAB antigen preparations were shown to be protective in NIH mice against a challenge infection as assessed by reduction in intestinal worm burden, worm fecundity, worm length and muscle larvae burden. The role of surface antigens in protective immunity to T. spiralis is discussed.
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Wakelin D, Mitchell LA, Donachie AM, Grencis RK. Genetic control of immunity to Trichinella spiralis in mice. Response of rapid- and slow-responder strains to immunization with parasite antigens. Parasite Immunol 1986; 8:159-70. [PMID: 3085052 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1986.tb00842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Slow-responder C57BL/10 (B10) mice responded poorly to immunization with muscle larval antigen of Trichinella spiralis showing no accelerated loss of worms from a subsequent challenge infection. In contrast, rapid-responder NIH mice and (B10 X NIH) F1 mice developed high levels of immunity after immunization. Lymphocyte proliferation studies showed that immunized B10 mice did respond to in vitro restimulation with antigen, though less well than NIH mice. Failure of B10 mice to respond to immunization did not therefore reflect a failure to recognize larval antigen, a view confirmed by the fact that immunization was achieved using abbreviated enteral infections and, to a smaller extent, by parenterally administered muscle larvae.
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Kamath VR, Menon S, Renapurkar DM. Effect of UV-irradiation, spleen cells and MLN cells on protective immunity against Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in mice. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PARASITENKUNDE (BERLIN, GERMANY) 1986; 72:221-6. [PMID: 3705711 DOI: 10.1007/bf00931149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The UV-irradiated larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis were used for inducing immunity in mice. A single oral dose of 100 infective UV-irradiated larvae exposed for 5 min or 15 min induced 91% and 97% protection against subsequent infection. Adoptive protection against A. cantonensis could also be transferred by spleen and mesenteric lymph node cells obtained from vaccinated mice.
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Palmas C, Wakelin D, Cabaj W. Immune responses to Trichinella pseudospiralis and Trichinella spiralis in mice. Int J Parasitol 1985; 15:321-5. [PMID: 4030207 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(85)90070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Grencis RK, Lee TD, Wakelin D. Adoptive transfer of immunity to Trichinella spiralis in mice: generation of effective cells by different life cycle stages. Int J Parasitol 1985; 15:195-202. [PMID: 4039708 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(85)90087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Smith W, Jackson F, Jackson E, Williams J, Willadsen S, Fehilly C. Resistance to Haemonchus contortus transferred between genetically histocompatible sheep by immune lymphocytes. Res Vet Sci 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)31905-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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47
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Miller HR. The protective mucosal response against gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants and laboratory animals. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1984; 6:167-259. [PMID: 6377673 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(84)90051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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48
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Reuben JM, Tanner CE. Protection against experimental echinococcosis by non-specifically stimulated peritoneal cells. Parasite Immunol 1983; 5:61-6. [PMID: 6338457 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1983.tb00723.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Infection of cotton rats with Echinococcus multilocularis or vaccination with BCG, or its cell walls, activates peritoneal cells to kill the protoscolices of the parasite in vitro and protects laboratory animals against the cestode. To determine whether other 'non-specific' stimuli would also protect against the parasite, cotton rat peritoneal cells were activated in vivo with PHA and transferred to recipients 3 days later. The recipients, controls and PHA-treated animals were then inoculated with the parasite; 3 days after inoculation other untreated infected animals received cells activated in vivo with PHA. PHA-activated cells, the PHA treatment itself and immunization with a homogenate of the parasite stimulated a leucocytosis and protected against infection by E. multilocularis; carrageenan abrogated protection in PHA-treated animals. The results of this study confirm that protection against echinococcosis can be induced non-specifically; these results suggest that immunity in hydatid disease may have an important component in the inflammatory reaction.
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Hagan P, Wakelin D. Nematospiroides dubius: effect of infect on lymphocyte responses to Trichinella spiralis in mice. Exp Parasitol 1982; 54:157-65. [PMID: 7128714 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(82)90122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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50
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Yong WK, Dobson C. The passive transfer of protective immunity against Angiostronglyus cantonensis with immune lymph node cells from different lymphoid tissues in rats. Int J Parasitol 1982; 12:423-5. [PMID: 7141780 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(82)90071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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