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Hada A, Li L, Kandel A, Jin Y, Xiao Z. Characterization of Bovine Intraepithelial T Lymphocytes in the Gut. Pathogens 2023; 12:1173. [PMID: 37764981 PMCID: PMC10535955 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraepithelial T lymphocytes (T-IELs), which constitute over 50% of the total T lymphocytes in the animal, patrol the mucosal epithelial lining to defend against pathogen invasion while maintaining gut homeostasis. In addition to expressing T cell markers such as CD4 and CD8, T-IELs display T cell receptors (TCR), including either TCRαβ or TCRγδ. Both humans and mice share similar T-IEL subsets: TCRγδ+, TCRαβ+CD8αα+, TCRαβ+CD4+, and TCRαβ+CD8αβ+. Among these subsets, human T-IELs are predominantly TCRαβ+ (over 80%), whereas those in mice are mostly TCRγδ+ (~60%). Of note, the majority of the TCRγδ+ subset expresses CD8αα in both species. Although T-IELs have been extensively studied in humans and mice, their profiles in cattle have not been well examined. Our study is the first to characterize bovine T-IELs using flow cytometry, where we identified several distinct features. The percentage of TCRγδ+ was comparable to that of TCRαβ+ T-IELs (both ~50% of CD3+), and the majority of bovine TCRγδ+ T-IELs did not express CD8 (CD8-) (above 60%). Furthermore, about 20% of TCRαβ+ T-IELs were CD4+CD8αβ+, and the remaining TCRαβ+ T-IELs were evenly distributed between CD4+ and CD8αβ+ (~40% of TCRαβ+ T-IELs each) with no TCRαβ+CD8αα+ identified. Despite these unique properties, bovine T-IELs, similar to those in humans and mice, expressed a high level of CD69, an activation and tissue-retention marker, and a low level of CD62L, a lymphoid adhesion marker. Moreover, bovine T-IELs produced low levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IFNγ and IL17A, and secreted small amounts of the immune regulatory cytokine TGFβ1. Hence, bovine T-IELs' composition largely differs from that of human and mouse, with the dominance of the CD8- population among TCRγδ+ T-IELs, the substantial presence of TCRαβ+CD4+CD8αβ+ cells, and the absence of TCRαβ+CD8αα+ T-IELs. These results provide the groundwork for conducting future studies to examine how bovine T-IELs respond to intestinal pathogens and maintain the integrity of the gut epithelial barrier in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhengguo Xiao
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (A.H.); (L.L.); (A.K.); (Y.J.)
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2
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Wen M, Li Y, Qin X, Qin B, Wang Q. Insight into Cancer Immunity: MHCs, Immune Cells and Commensal Microbiota. Cells 2023; 12:1882. [PMID: 37508545 PMCID: PMC10378520 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells circumvent immune surveillance via diverse strategies. In accordance, a large number of complex studies of the immune system focusing on tumor cell recognition have revealed new insights and strategies developed, largely through major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs). As one of them, tumor-specific MHC-II expression (tsMHC-II) can facilitate immune surveillance to detect tumor antigens, and thereby has been used in immunotherapy, including superior cancer prognosis, clinical sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) therapy and tumor-bearing rejection in mice. NK cells play a unique role in enhancing innate immune responses, accounting for part of the response including immunosurveillance and immunoregulation. NK cells are also capable of initiating the response of the adaptive immune system to cancer immunotherapy independent of cytotoxic T cells, clearly demonstrating a link between NK cell function and the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies. Eosinophils were shown to feature pleiotropic activities against a variety of solid tumor types, including direct interactions with tumor cells, and accessorily affect immunotherapeutic response through intricating cross-talk with lymphocytes. Additionally, microbial sequencing and reconstitution revealed that commensal microbiota might be involved in the modulation of cancer progression, including positive and negative regulatory bacteria. They may play functional roles in not only mucosal modulation, but also systemic immune responses. Here, we present a panorama of the cancer immune network mediated by MHCI/II molecules, immune cells and commensal microbiota and a discussion of prospective relevant intervening mechanisms involved in cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minting Wen
- School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingjing Li
- School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaonan Qin
- School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bing Qin
- School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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3
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Al-Kadhimi Z, Callahan M, Fehniger T, Cole KE, Vose J, Hinrichs S. Enrichment of innate immune cells from PBMC followed by triple cytokine activation for adoptive immunotherapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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4
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Human γδ T Cell Subsets and Their Clinical Applications for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14123005. [PMID: 35740670 PMCID: PMC9221220 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14123005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Research into the immunotherapeutic potential of T cells has predominantly focused on conventional alpha beta (αβ) T cells, which recognize peptide antigens presented by polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules. However, innate-like T cells, such as gamma delta (γδ) T cells, also play important roles in antitumor immunity. Here, we review the current understanding of γδ T cells in antitumor immunity and discuss strategies that could potentially maximize their potential in cancer immunotherapy. Abstract Gamma delta (γδ) T cells are a minor population of T cells that share adaptive and innate immune properties. In contrast to MHC-restricted alpha beta (αβ) T cells, γδ T cells are activated in an MHC-independent manner, making them ideal candidates for developing allogeneic, off-the-shelf cell-based immunotherapies. As the field of cancer immunotherapy progresses rapidly, different subsets of γδ T cells have been explored. In addition, γδ T cells can be engineered using different gene editing technologies that augment their tumor recognition abilities and antitumor functions. In this review, we outline the unique features of different subsets of human γδ T cells and their antitumor properties. We also summarize the past and the ongoing pre-clinical studies and clinical trials utilizing γδ T cell-based cancer immunotherapy.
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5
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Rathod S. T cells in the peritoneum. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 371:15-41. [PMID: 35964999 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The peritoneal cavity is a fluid-packed area that houses most of the abdominal organs, including the omentum, a visceral adipose tissue with milky patches or groups of leukocytes organized in the same way to those observed in typical lymphoid tissues. A distinct population of leukocytes patrols the peritoneal cavity and travels in and out of the milky spots, facing antigens or pathogens in the peritoneal fluid and responding appropriately. T cells may play a crucial function in regulating adaptive immune responses to antigens in the peritoneal cavity to ensure tissue homeostasis and healing. When peritoneal homeostasis is interrupted by inflammation, infection, obesity, or tumor metastasis, the omentum's dedicated fibroblastic stromal cells and mesothelial cells control peritoneal leukocyte recruitment and activation in unique ways. T cells, which employ their T cell receptor to target specific antigens, are an important component of the acquired immune response since they are present in the peritoneal cavity. The peritoneum provides a different environment for T cells to respond to pathogens. This chapter outlines the anatomy relevant to T cell function and biology, such as antigen processing/presentation, T cell activation, and the many T cell subpopulations in the peritoneal cavity, as well as their role in cancer or other infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Rathod
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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6
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Biradar S, Lotze MT, Mailliard RB. The Unknown Unknowns: Recovering Gamma-Delta T Cells for Control of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Viruses 2020; 12:v12121455. [PMID: 33348583 PMCID: PMC7766279 DOI: 10.3390/v12121455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in γδ T cell biology have focused on the unique attributes of these cells and their role in regulating innate and adaptive immunity, promoting tissue homeostasis, and providing resistance to various disorders. Numerous bacterial and viral pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV), greatly alter the composition of γδ T cells in vivo. Despite the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in controlling HIV and restoring health in those affected, γδ T cells are dramatically impacted during HIV infection and fail to reconstitute to normal levels in HIV-infected individuals during ART for reasons that are not clearly understood. Importantly, their role in controlling HIV infection, and the implications of their failure to rebound during ART are also largely unknown and understudied. Here, we review important aspects of human γδ T cell biology, the effector and immunomodulatory properties of these cells, their prevalence and function in HIV, and their immunotherapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivkumar Biradar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Michael T. Lotze
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Robbie B. Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Correspondence:
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7
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Abstract
It could be argued that we understand the immune response to infection with Listeria monocytogenes better than the immunity elicited by any other bacteria. L. monocytogenes are Gram-positive bacteria that are genetically tractable and easy to cultivate in vitro, and the mouse model of intravenous (i.v.) inoculation is highly reproducible. For these reasons, immunologists frequently use the mouse model of systemic listeriosis to dissect the mechanisms used by mammalian hosts to recognize and respond to infection. This article provides an overview of what we have learned over the past few decades and is divided into three sections: "Innate Immunity" describes how the host initially detects the presence of L. monocytogenes and characterizes the soluble and cellular responses that occur during the first few days postinfection; "Adaptive Immunity" discusses the exquisitely specific T cell response that mediates complete clearance of infection and immunological memory; "Use of Attenuated Listeria as a Vaccine Vector" highlights the ways that investigators have exploited our extensive knowledge of anti-Listeria immunity to develop cancer therapeutics.
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8
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Glik A, Douvdevani A. T Lymphocytes: The “Cellular” Arm of Acquired Immunity in the Peritoneum. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080602600407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are an important part of the acquired immune response and target specific antigen with their T cell receptor. The peritoneum is a special milieu within which T cells react. We describe briefly the anatomy important for T cell function. T cell biology including antigen presentation, T cell activation, and the different T cell subpopulations are reviewed. We also define innate and acquired immunity and describe the role of polymorphonuclear cells and peritoneal mesothelial cells in the regulation of leukocyte population recruitment during peritonitis. We focus particularly on peritoneal lymphocytes and compare them to the regular lymphocyte populations in the circulation. We illustrate the role of PMCs in antigen presentation and discuss the changes of CD4+ helper T cell subtypes (Th1 and Th2) during peritoneal dialysis. The role of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their possible destructive role for the peritoneal membrane modified by advanced glycation end products are discussed. Polymorphonuclear cells play an important role in the regulation of inflammation and immunity. We describe their possible role in supporting T cells and particularly for generating memory CD8+ T cells by secretion of interleukin-15, a potent T cell growth factor. Light is shed on γδ T cells, a special T cell population that is able to recognize antigens without the restriction of antigen presentation. We end our review with a description of regulatory T cells. This cell population is extremely important in preventing autoimmunity and in the regulation of acquired immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Glik
- Department of Nephrology, Soroka Medical Center, and
Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University
of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Amos Douvdevani
- Department of Nephrology, Soroka Medical Center, and
Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University
of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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9
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Becattini S, Littmann ER, Carter RA, Kim SG, Morjaria SM, Ling L, Gyaltshen Y, Fontana E, Taur Y, Leiner IM, Pamer EG. Commensal microbes provide first line defense against Listeria monocytogenes infection. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1973-1989. [PMID: 28588016 PMCID: PMC5502438 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Becattini et al. provide evidence that a diverse gut microbiota antagonizes the foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes in the intestinal lumen, thereby reducing bloodstream invasion. Microbiota perturbation by antibiotic treatment increases susceptibility to listeriosis, with dramatic effects in immunocompromised hosts. Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen that causes septicemia, meningitis and chorioamnionitis and is associated with high mortality. Immunocompetent humans and animals, however, can tolerate high doses of L. monocytogenes without developing systemic disease. The intestinal microbiota provides colonization resistance against many orally acquired pathogens, and antibiotic-mediated depletion of the microbiota reduces host resistance to infection. Here we show that a diverse microbiota markedly reduces Listeria monocytogenes colonization of the gut lumen and prevents systemic dissemination. Antibiotic administration to mice before low dose oral inoculation increases L. monocytogenes growth in the intestine. In immunodeficient or chemotherapy-treated mice, the intestinal microbiota provides nonredundant defense against lethal, disseminated infection. We have assembled a consortium of commensal bacteria belonging to the Clostridiales order, which exerts in vitro antilisterial activity and confers in vivo resistance upon transfer into germ free mice. Thus, we demonstrate a defensive role of the gut microbiota against Listeria monocytogenes infection and identify intestinal commensal species that, by enhancing resistance against this pathogen, represent potential probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Becattini
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Eric R Littmann
- Lucille Castori Center for Microbes Inflammation and Cancer, Molecular Microbiology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Rebecca A Carter
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Sohn G Kim
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Sejal M Morjaria
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Lilan Ling
- Lucille Castori Center for Microbes Inflammation and Cancer, Molecular Microbiology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Yangtsho Gyaltshen
- Lucille Castori Center for Microbes Inflammation and Cancer, Molecular Microbiology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Emily Fontana
- Lucille Castori Center for Microbes Inflammation and Cancer, Molecular Microbiology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ying Taur
- Lucille Castori Center for Microbes Inflammation and Cancer, Molecular Microbiology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Ingrid M Leiner
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Eric G Pamer
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY .,Lucille Castori Center for Microbes Inflammation and Cancer, Molecular Microbiology Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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10
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Liu L, Yue Y, Xiong S. NK-derived IFN-γ/IL-4 triggers the sexually disparate polarization of macrophages in CVB3-induced myocarditis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 76:15-25. [PMID: 25123338 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a common etiology of myocarditis with an increased morbidity and mortality in males. We previously reported that differential polarization of macrophages contributed to sexually dimorphic susceptibility of mice to CVB3-induced myocarditis. However, the underlying kinetics, impetus as well as the molecular mechanism remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated that myocardial macrophages started to polarize at as early as day 5 post CVB3 infection in both genders of BALB/c mice, with M1 phenotype detected in males and M2a phenotype in females, and this trend was further amplified at day 7 when myocarditis reached peak. In addition, we identified that prevailed IFN-γ in males and dominant IL-4 in females were critical myocardial cytokines for the disparate macrophage polarization, which respectively activated JAK1-STAT1 and JAK3-STAT6 pathways. Strikingly, we found that the main source of IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokines in both genders were myocardial infiltrating NK cells, which differentially secreted cytokines in various microenvironments manifested synergistically by sex hormones and CVB3 infection. Consistently, depletion of NK cells significantly impeded the myocardial macrophage polarization in both genders of CVB3-infected mice. Collectively, these data indicated that myocardial NK-derived IFN-γ/IL-4 was critical for the differential polarization of macrophages in CVB3-induced myocarditis via activating JAK1-STAT1 and JAK3-STAT6 pathways respectively. Our study may help understand the mechanism of sexually differential polarization of macrophages and provide clues for the gender bias in CVB3-induced myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yue
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Tian BP, Zhou HB, Xia LX, Shen HH, Ying S. Balance of apoptotic cell death and survival in allergic diseases. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:811-21. [PMID: 25111826 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Allergic diseases result from over-reaction of the immune system in response to exogenous allergens, where inflammatory cells have constantly extended longevity and contribute to an on-going immune response in allergic tissues. Here, we review disequilibrium in the death and survival of epithelial cells and inflammatory cells in the pathological processes of asthma, atopic dermatitis, and other allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Ping Tian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Key Site of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Hong-Bin Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Key Site of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Li-Xia Xia
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Key Site of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Hua-Hao Shen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Key Site of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China.
| | - Songmin Ying
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Key Site of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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12
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He Y, Wu K, Hu Y, Sheng L, Tie R, Wang B, Huang H. γδ T cell and other immune cells crosstalk in cellular immunity. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:960252. [PMID: 24741636 PMCID: PMC3987930 DOI: 10.1155/2014/960252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells have been recognized as effectors with immunomodulatory functions in cellular immunity. These abilities enable them to interact with other immune cells, thus having the potential for treatment of various immune-mediated diseases with adoptive cell therapy. So far, the interactions between γδ T cell and other immune cells have not been well defined. Here we will discuss the interactivities among them and the perspective on γδ T cells for their use in immunotherapy could be imagined. The understanding of the crosstalk among the immune cells in immunopathology might be beneficial for the clinical application of γδ T cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Kangni Wu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yongxian Hu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lixia Sheng
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ruxiu Tie
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Binsheng Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, China
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13
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Viegas N, Andzinski L, Wu CF, Komoll RM, Gekara N, Dittmar KE, Weiss S, Jablonska J. IFN-γ production by CD27⁺ NK cells exacerbates Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice by inhibiting granulocyte mobilization. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2626-37. [PMID: 23818011 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are key components of the immune system involved in several immune reactions, including the clearance of intracellular pathogens. When activated, NK cells rapidly secrete particular cytokines that activate innate immunity and facilitate development of adaptive responses. Conflicting reports on the role of NK cells during infection by Listeria monocytogenes can be found in the literature. Here, we demonstrate that during lethal infection by L. monocytogenes, activation of NK cells via the costimulatory molecule CD27 leads to excessive IFN-γ production. This impairs innate anti-bacterial host defenses by inducing downregulation of CXCR2 on granulocytes and consequently inhibiting their recruitment to the sites of infection. The use of antibodies to block CD27 signaling or to deplete IFN-γ was sufficient to rescue mice from lethal challenge by L. monocytogenes. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the importance of CD27 signaling in activation of NK cells and should provide new ways of interfering with infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Viegas
- Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, HZI, Braunschweig, Germany
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14
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Hedges JF, Kimmel E, Snyder DT, Jerome M, Jutila MA. Solute carrier 11A1 is expressed by innate lymphocytes and augments their activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4263-73. [PMID: 23509347 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Solute carrier 11A1 (SLC11A1) is a divalent ion transporter formerly known as the natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP1) and the Bcg/Lsh/Ity locus. SLC11A1 was thought to be exclusively expressed in monocyte/macrophages and to have roles in phagosome maturation and cell activation. We characterized the expression of SLC11A1 in the majority of human and bovine γδ T cells and NK cells and in human CD3(+)CD45RO(+) T cells. Consistent with a role for iron-dependent inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases, SLC11A1(+) lymphocytes were more prone to activation and retained tyrosine phosphorylation. Transfection of SLC11A1 into a human γδ T cell-like line rendered the cells more prone to activation. Nonadherent splenocytes from wild-type mice expressed significantly greater IFN-γ compared with cells from Sv/129 (SLC11A1(-/-)) mice. Our data suggest that SLC11A1 has a heretofore unknown role in activation of a large subset of innate lymphocytes that are critical sources of IFN-γ. SLC11A1(+) animals have enhanced innate IFN-γ expression in response to Salmonella infection compared with SLC11A1(-) mice, which include commonly used inbred laboratory mice. Expression of SLC11A1 in innate lymphocytes and its role in augmenting their activation may account for inconsistencies in studies of innate lymphocytes in different animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi F Hedges
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.
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15
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Holderness J, Hedges JF, Ramstead A, Jutila MA. Comparative biology of γδ T cell function in humans, mice, and domestic animals. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2013; 1:99-124. [PMID: 25387013 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-031412-103639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a functionally heterogeneous population and contribute to many early immune responses. The majority of their activity is described in humans and mice, but the immune systems of all jawed vertebrates include the γδ T cell lineage. Although some aspects of γδ T cells vary between species, critical roles in early immune responses are often conserved. Common features of γδ T cells include innate receptor expression, antigen presentation, cytotoxicity, and cytokine production. Herein we compare studies describing these conserved γδ T cell functions and other, potentially unique, functions. γδ T cells are well documented for their potential immunotherapeutic properties; however, these proposed therapies are often focused on human diseases and the mouse models thereof. This review consolidates some of these studies with those in other animals to provide a consensus for the current understanding of γδ T cell function across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Holderness
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717; , , ,
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Ryan-Payseur B, Frencher J, Shen L, Chen CY, Huang D, Chen ZW. Multieffector-functional immune responses of HMBPP-specific Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in nonhuman primates inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes ΔactA prfA*. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:1285-93. [PMID: 22745375 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although Listeria monocytogenes can induce systemic infection causing spontaneous abortion, septicemia, and meningitis, studies have not been performed to investigate human anti-L. monocytogenes immune responses, including those of Ag-specific Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, a dominant human γδ T cell subset. L. monocytogenes is the only pathogen known to possess both the mevalonate and non-mevalonate isoprenoid biosynthesis pathways that produce metabolic phosphates or phosphoantigens activating human Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, making it interesting to explore in vivo anti-L. monocytogenes immune responses of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. In this study, we demonstrated that subclinical systemic L. monocytogenes infection of rhesus macaques via parenteral inoculation or vaccination with an attenuated Listeria strain induced multieffector-functional immune responses of phosphoantigen-specific Vγ2Vδ2 T cells. Subclinical systemic infection and reinfection with attenuated L. monocytogenes uncovered the ability of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells to mount expansion and adaptive or recall-like expansion. Expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells could traffic to and accumulate in the pulmonary compartment and intestinal mucosa. Expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells could evolve into effector cells producing IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-17, or perforin after L. monocytogenes infection, and some effector Vγ2Vδ2 T cells could coproduce IL-17 and IFN-γ, IL-4 and IFN-γ, or TNF-α and perforin. Surprisingly, in vivo-expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T effector cells in subclinical L. monocytogenes infection could directly lyse L. monocytogenes-infected target cells and inhibit intracellular L. monocytogenes bacteria. Thus, we present the first demonstration, to our knowledge, of multieffector-functional Vγ2Vδ2 T cell responses against L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgett Ryan-Payseur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Primate Biomedical Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Xuan L, Wu X, Zhang Y, Fan Z, Ling Y, Huang F, Zhang F, Zhai X, Liu Q. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor affects the distribution and clonality of TRGV and TRDV repertoire of T cells and graft-versus-host disease. J Transl Med 2011; 9:215. [PMID: 22171570 PMCID: PMC3261127 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The immune modulatory effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on T cells resulted in an unexpected low incidence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (allo-PBSCT). Recent data indicated that gamma delta+ T cells might participate in mediating graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, whether G-CSF could influence the T cell receptors (TCR) of gamma delta+ T cells (TRGV and TRDV repertoire) remains unclear. To further characterize this feature, we compared the distribution and clonality of TRGV and TRDV repertoire of T cells before and after G-CSF mobilization and investigated the association between the changes of TCR repertoire and GVHD in patients undergoing G-CSF mobilized allo-PBSCT. Methods The complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) sizes of three TRGV and eight TRDV subfamily genes were analyzed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 20 donors before and after G-CSF mobilization, using RT-PCR and genescan technique. To determine the expression levels of TRGV subfamily genes, we performed quantitative analysis of TRGVI~III subfamilies by real-time PCR. Results The expression levels of three TRGV subfamilies were significantly decreased after G-CSF mobilization (P = 0.015, 0.009 and 0.006, respectively). The pattern of TRGV subfamily expression levels was TRGVII >TRGV I >TRGV III before mobilization, and changed to TRGV I >TRGV II >TRGV III after G-CSF mobilization. The expression frequencies of TRGV and TRDV subfamilies changed at different levels after G-CSF mobilization. Most TRGV and TRDV subfamilies revealed polyclonality from pre-G-CSF-mobilized and G-CSF-mobilized samples. Oligoclonality was detected in TRGV and TRDV subfamilies in 3 donors before mobilization and in another 4 donors after G-CSF mobilization, distributed in TRGVII, TRDV1, TRDV3 and TRDV6, respectively. Significant positive association was observed between the invariable clonality of TRDV1 gene repertoire after G-CSF mobilization and low incidence of GVHD in recipients (P = 0.015, OR = 0.047). Conclusions G-CSF mobilization not only influences the distribution and expression levels of TRGV and TRDV repertoire, but also changes the clonality of gamma delta+ T cells. This alteration of TRGV and TRDV repertoire might play a role in mediating GVHD in G-CSF mobilized allo-PBSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xuan
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Segawa S, Goto D, Yoshiga Y, Horikoshi M, Sugihara M, Hayashi T, Chino Y, Matsumoto I, Ito S, Sumida T. Involvement of NK 1.1-positive γδT cells in interleukin-18 plus interleukin-2-induced interstitial lung disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:659-66. [PMID: 21257923 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0298oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is induced by various factors in humans. However, the exact mechanism of ILD remains elusive. This study sought to determine the role of natural killer (NK) 1.1(+) γδT cells in ILD. The injection of IL-18 plus IL-2 (IL-18/IL-2) into C57BL6 (B6) mice induced acute ILD that resembled early-stage human ILD. An accumulation of NK1.1(+) γδT cells similar to NK cells was evident in the lungs. The T Cell Receptor (TCR) Vγ and Vδ repertoires of NK1.1(+) γδT cells indicated polyclonal expansion. The expression of IL-2 receptor β (Rβ) and IL-18Rβ in NK1.1(+) γδT cells was higher than in NK1.1(-) γδT cells. IL-18/IL-2 stimulated the proliferation of NK1.1(+) γδT cells, but not NK1.1(-) γδT cells. The IL-18/IL-2-stimulated NK1.1(+) γδT cells produced higher concentrations of IFN-γ than did NK1.1(-) γδT cells. Moreover, NK1.1(+) γδT and NK1.1(-) γδT cells constituted completely different cell populations. The IL-18/IL-2-induced ILD was milder in TCRδ(-/-) and IFN-γ(-/-) mice, compared with B6 mice. Furthermore, cell-transfer experiments demonstrated that NK1.1(+) γδT cells could induce the expansion of NK cells and IFN-γ mRNA in the lung by IL-18/IL-2. Our results suggest that NK1.1(+) γδT cells function as inflammatory mediators in the early phase of IL-18/IL-2-induced ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Segawa
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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Human gammadelta T lymphocytes induce robust NK cell-mediated antitumor cytotoxicity through CD137 engagement. Blood 2010; 116:1726-33. [PMID: 20519625 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-07-234211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate effector lymphocytes that control the growth of major histocompatibility complex class I negative tumors. We show here that γδ T lymphocytes, expanded in vitro in the presence isopentenylpyrophosphate (IPP), induce NK cell-mediated killing of tumors that are usually resistant to NK cytolysis. The induction of cytotoxicity toward these resistant tumors requires priming of NK cells by immobilized human immunoglobulin G1 and costimulation through CD137L expressed on activated γδ T lymphocytes. This costimulation increases NKG2D expression on the NK-cell surface, which is directly responsible for tumor cell lysis. Moreover, culturing peripheral blood mononuclear cells with zoledronic acid, a γδ T lymphocyte activating agent, enhances NK-cell direct cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic tumors. Our data reveal a novel function of human γδ T lymphocytes in the regulation of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and provide rationale for the use of strategies to manipulate the CD137 pathway to augment innate antitumor immunity.
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Effect of hypertonic saline resuscitation on CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and gammadelta T cells after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in relation to apoptosis and iNOS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 67:975-82. [PMID: 19901657 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e3181b83b7a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation induce immunosuppression. CD4CD25 regulatory T cells and gammadeltaT cells may affect these immunosuppressive conditions. Hypertonic saline resuscitation reduces damage to organs and apoptosis and also restores immunosuppressive condition. We investigated how hypertonic saline resuscitation affected the induction of CD4CD25 regulatory T cells and gammadeltaT cells, and their apoptosis after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation, and its relationship to inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (nitric oxide production). METHODS Male inbred C57BL6/J mice 8-week to 12-week-old as wild type and iNOS gene knock out (iNOS-/-), weighing 20 g to 35 g, were used. Hemorrhagic shock model of +/-40 mm Hg for 60 minutes was setup. Animals were randomly assigned to the following four resuscitation group: (1) wild HS: resuscitation with hypertonic saline (4 mL/Kg of 7.5% NaCl) and shed blood (SB), (2) wild 2LR: resuscitation with lactated Ringer's solution (two times the volume of the SB) and SB, (3) iNOS knockout HS, and (4) iNOS knockout 2LR. Untreated groups for wild and iNOS knockout mice were designated as control groups. Samples of thymus and spleen were harvested at 2 hours, 6 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours after resuscitation. CD4CD25 regulatory T cells and gammadeltaT cells were analyzed using three-color flow cytometry. RESULTS (1) gammadelta T cells increased earlier at 24 hours and CD4CD25 regulatory T cells increased later at 48 hours compared with controls in spleen of wild type (p < 0.01). (2) Hypertonic saline resuscitation suppressed gammadelta T cells compared with 2LR at 24 hours in iNOS knockout mice in spleen (p < 0.05). Hypertonic saline resuscitation increased apoptosis of CD4CD25 regulatory T cells at 48 hours in iNOS knockout mice in spleen (p < 0.01). (3) CD4CD25 regulatory T cells of iNOS knockout both in HS and 2LR groups at 48 hours decreased compared with wild type both in HS and 2LR groups in spleen (p < 0.01). (4) Apoptotic gammadelta T cells both in spleen and thymus in iNOS knockout mice at 48 hours increased compared with those in wild type (p < 0.05, respectively, except gammadelta T cells 2LR in spleen: p = 0.058). CONCLUSION gammadelta T cells increased earlier at 24 hours, whereas CD4CD25 regulatory T cells increased later at 48 hours in spleen of wild type. Hypertonic saline was effective without the presence of iNOS, i.e., decreased gammadelta T cells at 24 hours and increased apoptosis of CD4CD25 regulatory T cells at 48 hours. CD4CD25 regulatory T cells at 48 hours without iNOS decreased compared with those of wild type. gammadelta T cells at 48 hours induced apoptosis under the condition without iNOS in spleen and thymus. iNOS worked as an accelerating factor for immunosuppressive condition, affected apoptosis, and immunoenhancing effect by hypertonic saline.
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Hoffmann JC, Pawlowski NN, Grollich K, Loddenkemper C, Zeitz M, Kühl AA. Gammadelta T lymphocytes: a new type of regulatory T cells suppressing murine 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2008; 23:909-20. [PMID: 18649083 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-008-0535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intestinal immune system is continuously challenged by antigen without becoming dysregulated. However, injury of the mucosa by, i.e. dextran sulphate sodium causes severe inflammation in gammadelta T-cell-deficient mice. We therefore asked whether gammadelta T cells have regulatory functions. MATERIALS AND METHODS gammadelta T cells were isolated from spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes of C57BL/6 wild-type (wt) mice. Proliferation and cytokine secretion of gammadelta T cells were quantified by [(3)H] thymidine incorporation and ELISA. Additionally, proliferation of carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidylester-labelled CD4(+) T cells cocultured with gammadelta T cells was analysed by flow cytometry. Finally, gammadelta T cells from wt or interleukin-10 transgenic (IL-10tg) mice were transferred into congenic mice with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. RESULTS gammadelta T cells were hyporesponsive to CD3/CD28 stimulation and suppressed CD4(+) T-cell proliferation (up to 66+/-7% suppression) in vitro. Further, the preventive transfer of wt or IL-10tg gammadelta T cells ameliorated TNBS-induced colitis resulting in prolonged survival and reduced histological damage (1.5+/-0.4 and 1.3+/-0.2, respectively vs. 3.8+/-0.3 in untransferred mice, p<0.05). This was accompanied by reduced TNF-alpha and increased IL-10 and TGF-beta secretion from intestinal and splenic lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS Murine gammadelta T cells are a new type of regulatory T cells in vitro and act protective on mouse TNBS-induced colitis in vivo. Future studies have to define the underlying mechanism and to investigate whether gammadelta T cells can be used for immunotherapy of human inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg C Hoffmann
- Medizinische Klinik I, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany.
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Immunology. PEDIATRIC ALLERGY, ASTHMA AND IMMUNOLOGY 2008. [PMCID: PMC7122665 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-33395-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The concept of forbidden foods that should not be eaten goes back to the Garden of Eden and apart from its religious meanings it may also have foreshadowed the concept of foods that can provoke adverse reactions. Thus we could say that allergic diseases have plagued mankind since the beginning of life on earth. The prophet Job was affected by a condition that following the rare symptoms described by the Holy Bible might be identified as a severe form of atopic dermatitis (AD). The earliest record of an apparently allergic reaction is 2621 B.C., when death from stinging insects was first described by hieroglyphics carved into the walls of the tomb of Pharaoh Menes depicting his death following the sting of a wasp. In 79 A.D., the death of the Roman admiral Pliny the Elder was ascribed to the SO2-rich gases emanating from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Hippocrates (460–377 B.C.) was probably the first to describe how cow’s milk (CM) could cause gastric upset and hives, proposing dietetic measures including both treatment and prevention for CM allergy.
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Schneider DF, Glenn CH, Faunce DE. Innate Lymphocyte Subsets and Their Immunoregulatory Roles in Burn Injury and Sepsis. J Burn Care Res 2007; 28:365-79. [PMID: 17438501 DOI: 10.1097/bcr.0b013e318053d40b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of clinical and basic science research on the immune consequences of burn injury and sepsis conducted during the last three decades has focused mainly on the roles of macrophages, neutrophils and, to a lesser extent, conventional T lymphocytes. During recent years, however, it has become increasingly clear that minor subsets of innate immune cells, innate regulatory lymphocytes in particular, are central to processes involved in both protective immunity and immunopathology. Recent reports by our laboratory and others have just begun to shed light on the critical roles of innate lymphocyte subsets, including natural killer T cells, natural killer cells, gamma-delta T cells, and naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells during the immune response to burn injury and sepsis. Given their emerging importance and documented upstream regulatory capacities over macrophage, dendritic cell, and T lymphocyte functions, innate regulatory lymphocytes represent attractive new targets for therapeutic intervention for the overall immune paralysis that occurs with injury and sepsis. Here, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of these particular cell subsets in the immune response to burn injury and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Schneider
- Department of Surgery, Burn and Shock Trauma Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, Bldg 110, Room 4236, 2160 South 1st Avenue, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
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Kühl AA, Pawlowski NN, Grollich K, Loddenkemper C, Zeitz M, Hoffmann JC. Aggravation of intestinal inflammation by depletion/deficiency of gammadelta T cells in different types of IBD animal models. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 81:168-75. [PMID: 17041003 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1105696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of gammadelta T cells in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is still controversial. Although gammadelta T cells induce IBD in immunodeficient animals, others suggest a protective role of gammadelta T cells. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to elucidate the effect of gammadelta T cell depletion/deficiency on different IBD animal models. Mice depleted of or deficient in gammadelta T cells were exposed to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in order to induce colitis. In addition, gammadelta T cells were depleted in mice with terminal ileitis (TNFDeltaARE) or colitis due to interleukin 2 deficiency (IL-2 ko). Finally, DSS-induced colitis was studied in mice deficient in interferon gamma (IFN-gamma ko) upon gammadelta T cell depletion. Depletion of gammadelta T cells aggravated DSS-induced colitis and terminal ileitis of TNFDeltaARE mice. Exacerbated DSS-induced colitis was also found in gammadelta T cell-deficient mice. IL-2 ko mice showed increased mortality upon early (starting at 4 wk of age) but not late depletion (starting at 8 wk of age). Early gammadelta T cell depletion or deficiency resulted in increased IFN-gamma production by both lamina propria lymphocytes and splenocytes in every model investigated herein. In IFN-gamma ko mice, gammadelta T cell depletion did not affect the development and course of DSS-induced colitis. The protective effect of gammadelta T cells in IBD was confirmed in various IBD animal models. Particularly, during the early phase of intestinal inflammation, gammadelta T cells appear to be important. The mechanism seems to involve the control of IFN-gamma production and epithelial regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja A Kühl
- Medizinische Klinik I, and Institute of Pathology, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, Berlin D-12200, Germany
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Engelmann I, Moeller U, Santamaria A, Kremsner PG, Luty AJF. Differing activation status and immune effector molecule expression profiles of neonatal and maternal lymphocytes in an African population. Immunology 2006; 119:515-21. [PMID: 16987297 PMCID: PMC2265817 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher susceptibility of newborns to infections has been attributed to the hypo-responsiveness of their cellular immune system. Here we compared the activation status and expression of cytokines and cytotoxic molecules of cord versus maternal peripheral blood mononuclear cells in an African population. Human leucocyte antigen-DR was expressed on a lower percentage of cord compared to maternal gammadelta and CD3(+) T cells. Similarly, a lower proportion of cord versus maternal gammadelta and CD3(+) T cells displayed perforin, granzyme B and cytokine activity either ex vivo or following non-specific stimulation in vitro. In contrast, comparable proportions of cord and maternal CD94(+) CD3(-) natural killer (NK) cells showed perforin and granzyme B expression ex vivo. We conclude that cord blood gammadelta and CD3(+) T cells are functionally hypo-responsive as reflected by reduced numbers of such cells expressing either an activation marker, T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokines or cytotoxic effector molecules. The similarity in numbers of cord and maternal CD94(+) CD3(-) cells expressing cytotoxic effector molecules suggests that neonatal Africans' NK cells may be functionally mature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Engelmann
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Katsuta M, Takigawa Y, Kimishima M, Inaoka M, Takahashi R, Shiohara T. NK cells and gamma delta+ T cells are phenotypically and functionally defective due to preferential apoptosis in patients with atopic dermatitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:7736-44. [PMID: 16751421 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.12.7736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune cells mediate a first line of defense against pathogens and determine the nature of subsequent acquired immune responses, mainly by producing profound amounts of cytokines. Given these diverse tasks, it is predictable that defective NK and gammadelta(+) T cell responses could be the underlying mechanism for the immunological alterations observed in atopic dermatitis (AD). Indeed, the frequencies of circulating NK cells and gammadelta(+) T cells were profoundly reduced in AD patients. They also displayed a defective ability to sustain TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma, but not IL-4, production after in vitro stimulation, and the defect was restricted to innate immune cells. Surprisingly, on the depletion of CD14(+) monocytes, this selective impairment of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma production was restored to levels comparable to that observed in controls. Release of IL-10 from monocytes was not a major mechanism of the NK and gammadelta(+) T cell dysfunction. Apoptosis as revealed by annexin V binding, was preferentially observed in NK and gammadelta(+) T cells from AD patients when stimulated in the presence of monocytes, and depletion of monocytes significantly protected these cells from apoptotic cell death. Preferential apoptosis of NK cells by activated monocytes in AD patients was cell-contact-dependent. These results indicate that, once NK and gammadelta(+) T cells in AD patients are in immediate contact with activated monocytes, these cells are specifically targeted for apoptosis, leading to the reduced type 1 cytokine production, thereby directing subsequent acquired immune responses toward a type-2 pattern and increasing susceptibility to infection.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Cell Adhesion/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology
- Dermatitis, Atopic/metabolism
- Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunophenotyping
- Interferon-gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphopenia/immunology
- Lymphopenia/pathology
- Macrophage Activation
- Male
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- Severity of Illness Index
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Michie Katsuta
- Department of Dermatology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Zachariadis O, Cassidy JP, Brady J, Mahon BP. gammadelta T cells regulate the early inflammatory response to bordetella pertussis infection in the murine respiratory tract. Infect Immun 2006; 74:1837-45. [PMID: 16495558 PMCID: PMC1418642 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.3.1837-1845.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of gammadelta T cells in the regulation of pulmonary inflammation following Bordetella pertussis infection was investigated. Using a well-characterized murine aerosol challenge model, inflammatory events in mice with targeted disruption of the T-cell receptor delta-chain gene (gammadelta TCR-/- mice) were compared with those in wild-type animals. Early following challenge with B. pertussis, gammadelta TCR-/- mice exhibited greater pulmonary inflammation, as measured by intra-alveolar albumin leakage and lesion histomorphometry, yet had lower contemporaneous bacterial lung loads. The larger numbers of neutrophils and macrophages and the greater concentration of the neutrophil marker myeloperoxidase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from gammadelta TCR-/- mice at this time suggested that differences in lung injury were mediated through increased leukocyte trafficking into infected alveoli. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis found the pattern of recruitment of natural killer (NK) and NK receptor+ T cells into airspaces differed between the two mouse types over the same time period. Taken together, these findings suggest a regulatory influence for gammadelta T cells over the early pulmonary inflammatory response to bacterial infection. The absence of gammadelta T cells also influenced the subsequent adaptive immune response to specific bacterial components, as evidenced by a shift from a Th1 to a Th2 type response against the B. pertussis virulence factor filamentous hemagglutinin in gammadelta TCR-/- mice. The findings are relevant to the study of conditions such as neonatal B. pertussis infection and acute respiratory distress syndrome where gammadelta T cell dysfunction has been implicated in the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Zachariadis
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Nomizo A, Cardillo F, Postól E, de Carvalho LP, Mengel J. V gamma 1 gammadelta T cells regulate type-1/type-2 immune responses and participate in the resistance to infection and development of heart inflammation in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected BALB/c mice. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:880-8. [PMID: 16513391 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Revised: 10/09/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Many different cell populations or lineages participate in the resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi infection. gammadelta T cells may also take part in a network of interactions that lead to control of T. cruzi infection with minimal tissue damage by controlling alphabeta T cell activation, as was previously suggested. However, the gammadelta T cell population is not homogeneous and its functions might vary, depending on T cell receptor usage or distinct stimulatory conditions. In this study, we show that the in vivo depletion of V gamma 1-bearing gammadelta T cells, prior to the infection of BALB/c mice with the Y strain of T. cruzi, induces an increased susceptibility to the infection with lower amounts of IFN-gamma being produced by conventional CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. In addition, the production of IL-4 by spleen T cells in V gamma 1-depleted mice was increased and the production of IL-10 remained unchanged. Since V gamma 1(+) gammadelta T cell depletion diminished the conversion of naive to memory/activated CD4 T cells and the production of IFN-gamma during the acute infection, these cells appear to function as helper cells for conventional CD4+ Th1 cells. Depletion of V gamma 1(+) cells also reduced the infection-induced inflammatory infiltrate in the heart and skeletal muscle. More importantly, V gamma 1(+) cells were required for up-regulation of CD40L in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during infection. These results show that a subset of gammadelta T cells (V gamma 1(+)), which is an important component of the innate immune response, up-regulates the type 1 arm of the adaptative immune response, during T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auro Nomizo
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Bromatology, FCFRP, University of São Paulo, Av. Café s/n, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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29
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Andrew EM, Newton DJ, Dalton JE, Egan CE, Goodwin SJ, Tramonti D, Scott P, Carding SR. Delineation of the function of a major gamma delta T cell subset during infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:1741-50. [PMID: 16034115 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gammadelta T cells play important but poorly defined roles in pathogen-induced immune responses and in preventing chronic inflammation and pathology. A major obstacle to defining their function is establishing the degree of functional redundancy and heterogeneity among gammadelta T cells. Using mice deficient in Vgamma1+ T cells which are a major component of the gammadelta T cell response to microbial infection, a specific immunoregulatory role for Vgamma1+ T cells in macrophage and gammadelta T cell homeostasis during infection has been established. By contrast, Vgamma1+ T cells play no significant role in pathogen containment or eradication and cannot protect mice from immune-mediated pathology. Pathogen-elicited Vgamma1+ T cells also display different functional characteristics at different stages of the host response to infection that involves unique and different populations of Vgamma1+ T cells. These findings, therefore, identify distinct and nonoverlapping roles for gammadelta T cell subsets in infection and establish the complexity and adaptability of a single population of gammadelta T cells in the host response to infection that is not predetermined, but is, instead, shaped by environmental factors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Female
- Immunophenotyping
- Listeria monocytogenes/growth & development
- Listeria monocytogenes/immunology
- Listeria monocytogenes/pathogenicity
- Listeriosis/genetics
- Listeriosis/immunology
- Listeriosis/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis/genetics
- Liver Cirrhosis/immunology
- Liver Cirrhosis/microbiology
- Macrophage Activation/genetics
- Macrophage Activation/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/microbiology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Andrew
- School of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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30
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French JD, Roark CL, Born WK, O'brien RL. {gamma}{delta} T cell homeostasis is established in competition with {alpha}{beta} T cells and NK cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:14741-6. [PMID: 16203967 PMCID: PMC1239947 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0507520102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
gammadelta T cells are a diverse population of lymphocytes that play an important role in immune regulation. The size of the gammadelta T cell pool is tightly regulated, comprising only 1-10% of total lymphoid T cells in mice and humans. We examined the homeostatic regulation of gammadelta T cells using a model of lymphopenia-induced homeostatic expansion. We found that IL-15 and, to a lesser extent, IL-7 play an important role in lymphoid gammadelta T cell homeostasis. Moreover, gammadelta T cell homeostatic expansion was limited not only by gammadelta T cells themselves but also by natural killer cells and alphabeta T cells. Our results suggest that CD8(+) alphabeta T cells are the most potent inhibitors of gammadelta T cell homeostasis and exert their effect by competing for IL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jena D French
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center and University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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31
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Freeman MM, Ziegler HK. Simultaneous Th1-type cytokine expression is a signature of peritoneal CD4+ lymphocytes responding to infection with Listeria monocytogenes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:394-403. [PMID: 15972673 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.1.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The robust murine response to infection with Listeria monocytogenes makes an excellent model to study the functional development of immune cells. We investigated the cellular immune response to i.p. infection using intracellular cytokine staining to identify Ag-specific lymphocytes. CD4(+) peritoneal exudate cells obtained 10 days postinfection predominantly coexpressed TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-2 after polyclonal or Ag stimulation. A population of cells simultaneously making TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma was also detected but at a lower frequency. By following the kinetics of the response to Listeria, we found that CD4(+) lymphocytes coexpressing TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma dominated on day 6 postinfection and then declined. From days 10-27, TNF-alpha(+)IFN-gamma(+)IL-2(+) (triple-positive) was the most prevalent cytokine phenotype, and the frequency steadily declined. These characteristic cytokine expression patterns were observed in both primary and secondary responses to Listeria infection and developed even when infection was terminated with antibiotic treatment. A cytokine-assisted immunization procedure resulted in both double- and triple-positive cells, but the clear predominance of triple-positive cells required Listeria infection. Triple-positive cells were preferentially noted in the peritoneal cavity tissue site; spleen cells displayed a predominant population of double-positive T cells (TNF-alpha(+)IFN-gamma(+)). We speculate that the appearance of triple-positive cells represents a functionally significant subset important in host defense at nonlymphoid tissue sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly M Freeman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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32
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Maeda Y, Reddy P, Lowler KP, Liu C, Bishop DK, Ferrara JLM. Critical role of host gammadelta T cells in experimental acute graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2005; 106:749-55. [PMID: 15797996 PMCID: PMC1895173 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-10-4087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Accepted: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammadelta T cells localize to target tissues of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and therefore we investigated the role of host gammadelta T cells in the pathogenesis of acute GVHD in several well-characterized allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) models. Depletion of host gammadelta T cells in wild-type (wt) B6 recipients by administration of anti-T-cell receptor (TCR) gammadelta monoclonal antibody reduced GVHD, and gammadelta T-cell-deficient (gammadelta-/-) BM transplant recipients experienced markedly improved survival compared with normal controls (63% vs 10%, P < .001). gammadelta T cells were responsible for this difference because reconstitution of gammadelta-/- recipients with gammadelta T cells restored GVHD mortality. gammadelta-/- recipients showed decreased serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), less GVHD histopathologic damage, and reduced donor T-cell expansion. Mechanistic analysis of this phenomenon demonstrated that dendritic cells (DCs) from gammadelta-/- recipients exhibited less allostimulatory capacity compared to wt DCs after irradiation. Normal DCs derived from BM caused greater allogeneic T-cell proliferation when cocultured with gammadelta T cells than DCs cocultured with medium alone. This enhancement did not depend on interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), TNF-alpha, or CD40 ligand but did depend on cell-to-cell contact. These data demonstrated that the host gammadelta T cells exacerbate GVHD by enhancing the allostimulatory capacity of host antigen-presenting cells.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/adverse effects
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/immunology
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/pathology
- CD40 Ligand/genetics
- CD40 Ligand/metabolism
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Communication
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Female
- Graft vs Host Disease/etiology
- Graft vs Host Disease/immunology
- Graft vs Host Disease/pathology
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/deficiency
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinobu Maeda
- Department of Internal Medicine, 6310 CCGC, University of Michigan Cancer Center, 1500 East Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0942, USA
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33
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Andrew EM, Carding SR. Murine γδ T cells in infections: beneficial or deleterious? Microbes Infect 2005; 7:529-36. [PMID: 15777712 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2004] [Accepted: 12/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the importance of gammadelta T cells in pathogen-induced immune responses is becoming increasingly apparent, it is not clear that their involvement is always of benefit to the host. Here we review evidence for the protective and damaging roles of gammadelta T cells in infection and discuss how these disparate findings might be resolved by considering the nature and properties of the pathogen, the sites of infection and conditions under which gammadelta T cell responses are initiated, and the involvement of different subsets of gammadelta T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Andrew
- School of Biochemistry and Microbiology, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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34
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Deng JC, Moore TA, Newstead MW, Zeng X, Krieg AM, Standiford TJ. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides stimulate protective innate immunity against pulmonary Klebsiella infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:5148-55. [PMID: 15470059 PMCID: PMC3001228 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.8.5148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia is a leading cause of mortality in the United States. Innate immune responses, including type-1 cytokine production, are critical to the effective clearance of bacterial pathogens from the lung. Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotide motifs (CpG ODN), which mimic the effects of bacterial DNA, have been shown to enhance type-1 cytokine responses during infection due to intracellular pathogens, resulting in enhanced microbial clearance. The role of CpG ODN in modulating protective innate immunity against extracellular pathogens is unknown. Using a murine model of Gram-negative pneumonia, we found that CpG ODN administration stimulated protective immunity against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Specifically, intratracheal (i.t.) administration of CpG ODN (30 microg) 48 h before i.t. K. pneumoniae challenge resulted in increased survival, compared with animals pretreated with control ODN or saline. Pretreatment with CpG ODN resulted in enhanced bacterial clearance in lung and blood, and higher numbers of pulmonary neutrophils, NKT cells, gammadelta-T cells, and activated NK1.1+ cells and gammadelta-T lymphocytes during infection. Furthermore, pretreatment with CpG ODN enhanced the production of TNF-alpha, and type-1 cytokines, including IL-12, IFN-gamma, and the IFN-gamma-dependent ELR- CXC chemokines IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10 and monokine induced by IFN-gamma in response to Klebsiella challenge, compared with control mice. These findings indicate that i.t. administration of CpG ODN can stimulate multiple components of innate immunity in the lung, and may form the basis for novel therapies directed at enhancing protective immune responses to severe bacterial infections of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane C. Deng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Thomas A. Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Michael W. Newstead
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Xianying Zeng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - Theodore J. Standiford
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Theodore J. Standiford, University of Michigan Medical Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Medical Science Research Building III 6301, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0642.
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35
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Ponomarev ED, Novikova M, Yassai M, Szczepanik M, Gorski J, Dittel BN. γδ T Cell Regulation of IFN-γ Production by Central Nervous System-Infiltrating Encephalitogenic T Cells: Correlation with Recovery from Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:1587-95. [PMID: 15265886 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.3.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma has been shown to be important for the resolution of inflammation associated with CNS autoimmunity. Because one of the roles of gamma delta T cells is the regulation of inflammation, we asked whether gamma delta T cells were able to regulate CNS inflammation using the autoimmune disease mouse model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We show that the presence of gamma delta T cells was needed to promote the production of IFN-gamma by both CD4 and CD8 T cells in the CNS before the onset of EAE. This regulation was shown to be independent of the ability of gamma delta T cells to produce IFN-gamma, and was specific to T cells in the CNS, as no alterations in IFN-gamma production were detectable in gamma delta T cell-deficient mice in the spleen and lymph nodes of mice with EAE or following immunization. Analysis of TCR gamma delta gene usage in the CNS showed that the only TCR delta V gene families present in the CNS before EAE onset are from the DV7s6 and DV105s1 gene families. We also show that the primary IFN-gamma-producing cells in the CNS are the encephalitogenic T cells, and that gamma delta T cell-deficient mice are unable to resolve EAE disease symptoms like control mice, thus exhibiting a long-term chronic disease course similar to that observed in IFN-gamma-deficient mice. These data suggest that CNS resident gamma delta T cells promote the production of IFN-gamma by encephalitogenic T cells in the CNS, which is ultimately required for the recovery from EAE.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Convalescence
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Radiation Chimera
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Spleen/pathology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene D Ponomarev
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Southeastern Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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36
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Green AE, Lissina A, Hutchinson SL, Hewitt RE, Temple B, James D, Boulter JM, Price DA, Sewell AK. Recognition of nonpeptide antigens by human V gamma 9V delta 2 T cells requires contact with cells of human origin. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 136:472-82. [PMID: 15147349 PMCID: PMC1809052 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY It is becoming apparent that gamma delta T cells form an important part of the adaptive immune response. However, the ligands recognized by gamma delta T cell receptors (TCRs) and the exact biological function of the cells that express this receptor remain unclear. Numerous studies have shown that the dominant human peripheral blood subset of gamma delta T cells, which express a V gamma 9V delta 2 TCR, can activate in response to low molecular weight nonpeptidic molecules. Some of these components have been purified from bacteria or parasites. We examined the activation of polyclonal gamma delta T cell lines, clones with V gamma 9V delta 2 and V gamma 9V delta 1 TCRs, and gamma delta T cells directly ex vivo in response to multiple phosphate, alkylamine and aminobisphosphonate (nBP) antigens and purified protein derivative from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (PPD). V gamma 9V delta 2 T cells were able to respond to multiple small organic molecules of highly variable structure whereas cells expressing a similar V gamma 9 chain paired with a V delta 1 chain failed to recognize these antigens. Thus, the TCR delta chain appears to make an important contribution to the recognition of these antigens. The kinetics of responses to alkylphosphate and alkylamine antigens differ from those of responses to the nBP pamidronate. These different classes of antigen are believed to have differed mechanisms of action. Such differences explain why nBPs can be pulsed onto antigen presenting cells (APCs) and still retain their ability to activate gamma delta T cells while alkylphosphate and alkylamine antigens cannot. We also demonstrate that a substantial proportion of the cells that produce IFN gamma directly ex vivo in response to PPD are gamma delta T cells and that gamma delta T cell activation requires contact with cells of human origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Green
- The T Cell Modulation Group, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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37
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Abstract
Vgamma2Vdelta2(+) T cells exist only in primates and constitute the majority of circulating human gammadelta T cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that this unique gammadelta T cell subpopulation can be a component of adaptive immune responses and contribute to anti-microbial immunity to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng W Chen
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, RE 113/213C, Boston MA 02115, USA.
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38
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Abstract
The role of gammadelta T cells in adaptive immunity remains uncertain. Recent studies have demonstrated that a unique subset of gammadelta T cells in primates can mount adaptive immune responses during mycobacterial infections. This Review discusses notable similarities and differences in adaptive immune responses between non-peptide-specific gammadelta T cells and peptide-specific alphabeta T cells, and discusses both the molecular basis for gammadelta T-cell responses and potential functions of these enigmatic cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Movement
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor/genetics
- Humans
- Mycobacterium bovis/immunology
- Primates/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng W Chen
- Tuberculosis Research Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, RE113/RE216, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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39
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Abstract
For a T-cell subset to be classified as immunoregulatory, it might reasonably be predicted that in its absence, animals would experience pathological immune dysregulation. Moreover, reconstitution of the subset should restore normal immune regulation. So far, these criteria have been satisfied by only a few of the candidate regulatory T-cell subsets, but among them is the intraepithelial gammadelta T-cell receptor (TCR)+ subset of mouse skin. In this article, we look at immunoregulatory gammadelta T cells, and the growing evidence for tissue-associated immunoregulation mediated by both gammadelta T cells and alphabeta T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Epithelium/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Mice
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Skin/immunology
- T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Guy's, King's and StThomas' Medical School, King's College, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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40
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Cardona AE, Teale JM. Gamma/delta T cell-deficient mice exhibit reduced disease severity and decreased inflammatory response in the brain in murine neurocysticercosis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:3163-71. [PMID: 12218134 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.6.3163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In a recently developed mouse model for neurocysticercosis, the immune response was characterized by a massive influx of gammadelta T cells and a type 1 pathway of cytokine expression. To understand the role of gammadelta T cells during this infection, the cellular and cytokine response was analyzed in mice that lack gammadelta T cells (TCRdelta(-/-)). In TCRdelta(-/-) mice, Mesocestoides corti metacestodes preferentially invaded the extraparenchymal areas of the brain. Furthermore, parasites were able to escape from the brain and establish a systemic infection with liver and peritoneal involvement. Immunopathological studies indicated that TCRdelta(-/-) mice develop little inflammatory response and less neurological symptomatology. Significantly reduced numbers of T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells were present in the brain. The cytokine response in the brain of TCRdelta(-/-) mice appears to be a mixed type1/type 2 response with low levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-15, and IFN-gamma. To further investigate the immunological significance of this cell population, gammadelta T cells were adoptively transferred into intracranially infected TCRdelta(-/-) mice. gammadelta T cells were specifically recruited into the CNS in response to this parasitic infection, and they were able to target the infected brain within 12 h after transfer. These results suggest that gammadelta T cells are key players in the immune response elicited during this CNS infection and direct a type 1 response in wild-type mice upon infection.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/parasitology
- Brain/pathology
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Female
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor delta/genetics
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/parasitology
- Inflammation/prevention & control
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Leukopenia/genetics
- Leukopenia/immunology
- Leukopenia/pathology
- Mesocestoides/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neurocysticercosis/genetics
- Neurocysticercosis/immunology
- Neurocysticercosis/pathology
- Neurocysticercosis/prevention & control
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- Severity of Illness Index
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid E Cardona
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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41
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Queiroz MLS, Bincoletto C, Valadares MC, Dantas DCM, Santos LMB. Effects of Chlorella vulgaris extract on cytokines production in Listeria monocytogenes infected mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2002; 24:483-96. [PMID: 12375742 DOI: 10.1081/iph-120014731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have investigated the effects of the unicellular-green-algae Chlorella vulgaris on the production of INF-gamma, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 in normal and Listeria monocytogenes infected mice. Our results demonstrated that in normal/non infected mice, CVE administration produced no effects in the levels of all cytokines studied. However, Listeria monocytogenes infection enhanced the production of INF-gamma and IL-2 at 48 and 72 h after the bacteria inoculation. Interestingly, the treatment with five consecutive doses of 50 mg/Kg/day of Chlorella vulgaris given previously to infection, led to further increases in INF-gamma and IL-2 levels at 48 and 72 h in relation to the presence of infection alone. No changes in IL-4 and IL-10 production were observed in Listeria monocytogenes and CVE treated/infected mice. These results are in accordance with the literature, which shows that CVE is a biological response modifier that enhances resistance to Listeria monocytogenes through augmentation of IL-2 and IFN-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L S Queiroz
- Departamento de Farmacologia/Hemocentro, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas.
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42
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Guan H, Zu G, Slater M, Elmets C, Xu H. GammadeltaT cells regulate the development of hapten-specific CD8+ effector T cells in contact hypersensitivity responses. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:137-42. [PMID: 12164936 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that gammadeltaT cells are required for transfer of contact hypersensitivity responses by hapten-primed T cells. The mechanism by which they do so, however, remains to be elucidated. To specifically investigate the role of gammadeltaT cells in the development of contact hypersensitivity, this study employed Tdelta gene knockout mice that are deficient in gammadeltaT cells but are normal in the development of alphabetaT cells. The result indicates that contact hypersensitivity responses were significantly greater in gammadeltaT cell deficient mice than in wild-type mice. Similar results were obtained when wild-type mice were depleted of gammadeltaT cells with antibody treatment before hapten sensitization. Depletion of CD4+ T cells did not affect the increased contact hypersensitivity response in gammadeltaT cell deficient mice, suggesting that the effect of gammadeltaT cells is on CD8+ T cells and does not require CD4+ T cells. Further experiments demonstrated that primed CD8+ T cells from the deficient mice exhibited significantly higher CTL activity. The cytokine profile of CD4+ T cells was not significantly altered. Transfer of primed lymph node cells from hapten-primed gammadeltaT cell deficient mice elicited a similar level of contact hypersensitivity in naive wild-type and the deficient recipient mice, indicating that gammadeltaT cells have little effect on the elicitation of primed T cells and contact hypersensitivity responses. We conclude that gammadeltaT cells downregulate contact hypersensitivity responses to hapten sensitization by limiting the development of hapten-specific CD8+ effector T cells during sensitization and that this effect is independent of CD4+ T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Dermatitis, Contact/immunology
- Haptens/immunology
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Skin/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Guan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, U.S.A
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43
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Abstract
The T cell as a bridge between innate and adaptive immune systems: Implications for the kidney. The immune system is classically divided into innate and adaptive components with distinct roles and functions. T cells are major components of the adaptive immune system. T cells are firmly established to mediate various immune-mediated kidney diseases and are current targets for therapy. Ischemic acute renal failure, a major cause of native kidney and allograft dysfunction, is mediated in part by inflammatory components of the innate immune system. However, recent data from experimental models in kidney as well as liver, intestine, brain and heart implicate T cells as important mediators of ischemia reperfusion injury. These data reveal new insights into the pathogenesis of ischemic acute renal failure, as well as identify novel and feasible therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, the identification of T cells as a mediator of early alloantigen-independent tissue injury demonstrates that the functional capacity of T cells spreads beyond adaptive immunity into the realm of the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Rabb
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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44
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Abstract
Gammadelta T cells remain an enigma. They are capable of generating more unique antigen receptors than alphabeta T cells and B cells combined, yet their repertoire of antigen receptors is dominated by specific subsets that recognize a limited number of antigens. A variety of sometimes conflicting effector functions have been ascribed to them, yet their biological function(s) remains unclear. On the basis of studies of gammadelta T cells in infectious and autoimmune diseases, we argue that gammadelta T cells perform different functions according to their tissue distribution, antigen-receptor structure and local microenvironment; we also discuss how and at what stage of the immune response they become activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Carding
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.
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45
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Kennedy HE, Welsh MD, Bryson DG, Cassidy JP, Forster FI, Howard CJ, Collins RA, Pollock JM. Modulation of immune responses to Mycobacterium bovis in cattle depleted of WC1(+) gamma delta T cells. Infect Immun 2002; 70:1488-500. [PMID: 11854237 PMCID: PMC127737 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.3.1488-1500.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is accepted that cell-mediated immune responses predominate in mycobacterial infections. Many studies have shown that CD4(+) T cells produce Th1 cytokines, such as gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), in response to mycobacterial antigens and that the cytolytic activity of CD8(+) cells toward infected macrophages is important. However, the extent and manner in which gamma delta T cells participate in this response remain unclear. In ruminants, gamma delta T cells comprise a major proportion of the peripheral blood mononuclear cell population. We have previously shown that WC1(+) gamma delta T cells are involved early in Mycobacterium bovis infection of cattle, but their specific functions are not well understood. Here we describe an in vivo model of bovine tuberculosis in which the WC1(+) gamma delta T cells were depleted from the peripheral circulation and respiratory tract, by infusion of WC1(+)-specific monoclonal antibody, prior to infection. While no effects on disease pathology were observed in this experiment, results indicate that WC1(+) gamma delta T cells, which become significantly activated (CD25(+)) in the circulation of control calves from 21 days postinfection, may play a role in modulating the developing immune response to M. bovis. WC1(+)-depleted animals exhibited decreased antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferative response, an increased antigen-specific production of interleukin-4, and a lack of specific immunoglobulin G2 antibody. This suggests that WC1(+) gamma delta TCR(+) cells contribute, either directly or indirectly, toward the Th1 bias of the immune response in bovine tuberculosis--a hypothesis supported by the decreased innate production of IFN-gamma, which was observed in WC1(+)-depleted calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary E Kennedy
- Department of Veterinary Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
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46
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Kanehiro A, Lahn M, Mäkelä MJ, Dakhama A, Fujita M, Joetham A, Mason RJ, Born W, Gelfand EW. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha negatively regulates airway hyperresponsiveness through gamma-delta T cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:2229-38. [PMID: 11751192 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.164.12.2012059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha is a potent cytokine with immunomodulatory, proinflammatory, and pathobiologic activities. Although TNF-alpha is thought to play a role in mediating airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), its function is not well defined. TNF-alpha-deficient mice and mice expressing TNF-alpha in their lungs because of a TNF-alpha transgene placed under the control of the surfactant protein (SP)-C promoter (SP-C/TNF-alpha-transgenic mice) were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) and subsequently challenged with OVA via the airways; airway function in response to inhaled methacholine was monitored. In the TNF-alpha-deficient mice, AHR was significantly increased over that in controls. In contrast, the transgenic mice failed to develop AHR. In addition, sensitized/ challenged TNF-alpha-deficient mice had significantly increased numbers of eosinophils and higher levels of interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-10 in their bronchoalveolar lavage fluid than were found for control mice. However, in SP-C/TNF-alpha-transgenic mice, both the numbers of eosinophils and levels of IL-5 and IL-10 were significantly lower than in sensitized/challenged transgene-negative mice. gammadelta T cells have been shown to be activated by TNF-alpha and to negatively regulate AHR. Depletion of gammadelta T cells in the TNF-alpha-transgenic mice in the present study increased AHR, whereas depletion of these cells had no significant effect in TNF-alpha-deficient mice. These data indicate that TNF-alpha can negatively modulate airway responsiveness, controlling airway function in allergen-induced AHR through the activation of gammadelta T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kanehiro
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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47
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Ruiz-Bravo A, Jimenez-Valera M, Moreno E, Guerra V, Ramos-Cormenzana A. Biological response modifier activity of an exopolysaccharide from Paenibacillus jamilae CP-7. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 8:706-10. [PMID: 11427415 PMCID: PMC96131 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.8.4.706-710.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An extracellular polysaccharide was purified from culture supernatants of Paenibacillus jamilae CP-7, a gram-positive bacillus that was isolated from compost prepared with olive mill wastewaters. The extracellular polysaccharide was produced under aerobic conditions in a medium containing olive mill wastewaters (80% [vol/vol]). This exopolymer had a low level of acute toxicity when it is administered to BALB/c mice by the intraperitoneal route. Interesting immunomodulatory effects were detected when mice were given 10 mg of exopolysaccharide per kg of body weight; the proliferative responses of splenocytes to B-cell and T-cell mitogens were suppressed, the in vitro levels of production of gamma interferon and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by unstimulated and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated splenocytes were enhanced, and the levels of resistance to the intracellular pathogen Listeria monocytogenes was increased in mice. Also, the exopolysaccharide was able to induce lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. We conclude that P. jamilae produces an exopolysaccharide with interesting immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruiz-Bravo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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48
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Nicolas L, Monneret G, Debard AL, Blesius A, Gutowski MC, Salles G, Bienvenu J. Human gammadelta T cells express a higher TCR/CD3 complex density than alphabeta T cells. Clin Immunol 2001; 98:358-63. [PMID: 11237559 DOI: 10.1006/clim.2000.4978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to compare CD3 expression on gammadelta T cells and alphabeta T cells in human patients. The antigen density of TCR and CD3 on both subsets was assessed by a quantitative method in eight patients. In parallel, we developed and validated a reliable direct tricolor staining protocol that we tested on samples from hospitalized and healthy individuals (n = 60). Our results demonstrate that human gammadelta T cells constitutively express approximately twofold more of the TCR/CD3 complex than alphabeta T cells. We suggest that this enhanced expression of the TCR/CD3 complex could contribute to the higher reactivity of gammadelta T cells compared to alphabeta T cells. These clinical laboratory results confirm the fundamental data described elsewhere. gammadelta T cells deserve further clinical investigations to understand their precise role in human immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nicolas
- Immunology Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Lyon, France
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49
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Weiskirch LM, Pan ZK, Paterson Y. The tumor recall response of antitumor immunity primed by a live, recombinant Listeria monocytogenes vaccine comprises multiple effector mechanisms. Clin Immunol 2001; 98:346-57. [PMID: 11237558 DOI: 10.1006/clim.2000.4987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes, a facultative intracellular bacterium, can induce a potent antitumor immune response if engineered to express a model tumor antigen also expressed by the tumor cells. The effectiveness of this approach is dependent on L. monocytogenes-induced tumor-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells. CD8(+) T-cells may mediate tumor eradication largely through direct CTL activity, but the role of CD4(+) T-cells and other cells of the immune system is less clear. Here we investigate their role and the role of the cytokines they produce in the ability of L. monocytogenes-induced antitumor immunity to protect against tumor challenge. Our results suggest that a complex cytokine response, involving type 2 as well as type 1 cytokines, is responsible for the ability of Lm-NP-immunized mice to resist tumor challenge, potentially mediating tumor cell killing through multiple effector pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Weiskirch
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-6076, USA
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50
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Nikolic B, Cooke DT, Zhao G, Sykes M. Both gamma delta T cells and NK cells inhibit the engraftment of xenogeneic rat bone marrow cells and the induction of xenograft tolerance in mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:1398-404. [PMID: 11145725 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.2.1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In murine allogeneic bone marrow transplantation recipients, treatment of the hosts with a nonmyeloablative regimen, including depleting anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 mAbs, allows establishment of long-term mixed chimerism and donor-specific tolerance. However, in the xenogeneic rat-to-mouse combination, additional anti-Thy1.2 and anti-NK1.1 mAbs are required. We have now attempted to identify the xenoresistant mouse cell populations that are targeted by anti-NK1.1 and anti-Thy1.2 mAbs. C57BL/6 (B6) wild-type, B6 TCRbeta(-/-), and B6 TCRdelta(-/-) mice received anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 mAbs, followed by 3 Gy of whole body irradiation, 7 Gy of thymic irradiation, and transplantation of T cell-depleted rat bone marrow cells. Anti-NK1.1 and anti-Thy1.2 mAbs were additionally administered to some groups. Increased rat chimerism was observed in TCRdelta(-/-) mice treated with anti-CD4, anti-CD8, and anti-NK1.1 mAbs compared with similarly treated TCRbeta(-/-) mice. In TCRbeta(-/-) mice, but not in TCR delta(-/-) mice, donor chimerism was increased by treatment with anti-Thy1.2 mAb, indicating that CD4(-)CD8(-)TCRgammadelta(+)Thy1. 2(+)NK1.1(-) cells (gammadelta T cells) are involved in the rejection of rat marrow. In addition, chimerism was enhanced in both TCRbeta(-/-) and TCRdelta(-/-) mice treated with anti-CD4, anti-CD8, and anti-Thy1.2 mAbs by the addition of anti-NK1.1 mAb to the conditioning regimen. Donor-specific skin graft prolongation was enhanced by anti-Thy1.2 and anti-NK1.1 mAbs in TCRdelta(-/-) mice. Therefore, in addition to CD4 and CD8 T cells, gammadelta T cells and NK cells play a role in resisting engraftment of rat marrow and the induction of xenograft tolerance in mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Female
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta/immunology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor delta/immunology
- Graft Rejection/genetics
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/transplantation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred A
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Radiation Chimera
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Rats, Inbred WF
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- Skin Transplantation/immunology
- Species Specificity
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
- Transplantation, Heterologous/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nikolic
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Section, Transplantation Biology Research Center, Surgical Service, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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