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Ouellette CP. La Crosse virus encephalitis in children. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2024; 37:419-424. [PMID: 39079177 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000001042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW La Crosse virus encephalitis (LACV-E) is among the most common neuroinvasive arthropod-borne viral infections of childhood in North America. Children are uniquely predisposed to symptomatic disease, whereas symptomatic adult infections remain uncommon. Infection results frequently in neurologic symptomatology including headaches, seizures, and altered mentation, often necessitating hospitalization and significant diagnostic evaluation. The purpose of this review is to provide a contemporary assessment of clinical, laboratory, and neurobehavioral outcomes of children with LACV-E. RECENT FINDINGS Common clinical manifestations at presentation, specifically seizure activity and altered mental status, are independent predictors of disease severity. Epileptiform discharges on electroencephalogram (EEG) during hospitalization may predict long-term epilepsy diagnosis. Lastly, long-term neurologic sequelae from acute infection is persistent and likely under-recognized among children with LACV-E. SUMMARY As climate change alters the geographic distribution of mosquito borne illnesses, a possibility of regional expansion of La Crosse virus (LACV) endemicity exists. The above data highlight readily identifiable features and testing modalities for clinicians who may encounter this viral infection. Importantly, an emphasis on long term neurobehavioral follow up is necessary to better identify and provide support of affected individuals. Future research in identifying host immune responses to LACV infection, as well as therapeutic options, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Ouellette
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense Program, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Šikutová S, Mendel J, Mravcová K, Kejíková R, Hubálek Z, Kampen H, Rudolf I. Detection of Usutu virus in a house martin bug Oeciacus hirundinis (Hemiptera: Cimicidae): implications for virus overwintering in a temperate zone. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:304. [PMID: 39162844 PMCID: PMC11335831 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
The family Cimicidae comprises ectoparasites feeding exclusively on the blood of endothermic animals. Cimicid swallow bugs specifically target swallow birds (Hirundinidae) and their nestlings in infested nests. Bugs of the genus Oeciacus are commonly found in mud nests of swallows and martins, while they rarely visit the homes of humans. Although-unlike other cimicid species-the house martin bug Oeciacus hirundinis has never been reported as a vector of zoonotic pathogens, its possible role in arbovirus circulation in continental Europe is unclear. Samples of O. hirundinis were therefore collected from abandoned house martin (Delichon urbicum) nests in southern Moravia (Czech Republic) during the 2021/2022 winter season and checked for alpha-, flavi- and bunyaviruses by RT-PCR. Of a total of 96 pools consisting of three adult bugs each, one pool tested positive for Usutu virus (USUV)-RNA. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the virus strain was closely related to Italian and some Central European strains and corresponded to USUV lineage 5. The detection of USUV in O. hirundinis during wintertime in the absence of swallows raises the question for a possible role of this avian ectoparasite in virus overwintering in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvie Šikutová
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kvetna 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mendel
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kvetna 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristína Mravcová
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kvetna 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Kejíková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kvetna 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Hubálek
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kvetna 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Helge Kampen
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 1749, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Ivo Rudolf
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Kvetna 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753-5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
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Baril C, Cassone BJ. Metatranscriptomic analysis of common mosquito vector species in the Canadian Prairies. mSphere 2024; 9:e0020324. [PMID: 38912793 PMCID: PMC11288045 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00203-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The microbiome plays vital roles in the life history of mosquitoes, including their development, immunity, longevity, and vector competence. Recent advances in sequencing technologies have allowed for detailed exploration into the diverse microorganisms harbored by these medically important insects. Although these meta-studies have cataloged the microbiomes of mosquitoes in several continents, much of the information currently available for North America is limited to the state of California. In this study, we collected >35,000 mosquitoes throughout Manitoba, Canada, over a 3-year period and then harnessed RNA sequencing and targeted reverse transcriptase-PCR to characterize the microbiomes of the eight most pervasive and important vector and pest species. The consensus microbiome of each species was overwhelmingly composed of viruses but also included fungi, bacteria, protozoa, and parasitic invertebrates. The microbial assemblages were heterogeneous between species, even within the same genus. We detected notable pathogens, including the causal agents of Cache Valley Fever, avian malaria, and canine heartworm. The remaining microbiome consisted largely of putatively insect-specific viruses that are not well characterized, including 17 newly discovered viruses from 10 different families. Future research should focus on evaluating the potential application of these viruses in biocontrol, as biomarkers, and/or in disrupting mosquito vectorial capacity. Interestingly, we also detected viruses that naturally infect honeybees and thrips, which were presumably acquired indirectly through nectar foraging behaviors. Overall, we provide the first comprehensive catalog of the microorganisms harbored by the most common and important mosquito vectors and pests in the Canadian Prairies. IMPORTANCE Mosquitoes are the most dangerous animals on the planet, responsible for over 800,000 deaths per year globally. This is because they carry and transmit a plethora of human disease-causing microorganisms, such as West Nile virus and the malaria parasite. Recent innovations in nucleic acid sequencing technologies have enabled researchers unparalleled opportunities to characterize the suite of microorganisms harbored by different mosquito species, including the causal agents of disease. In our study, we carried out 3 years of intensive mosquito surveillance in Canada. We collected and characterized the microorganisms harbored by >35,000 mosquitoes, including the identification of the agents of Cache Valley fever, avian malaria, and canine heartworm. We also detected insect-specific viruses and discovered 17 new viruses that have never been reported. This study, which is the first of its kind in Canada and one of only a handful globally, will greatly aid in future infectious disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Baril
- Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Bryan J. Cassone
- Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
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Jansen S, Höller P, Helms M, Lange U, Becker N, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Lühken R, Heitmann A. Mosquitoes from Europe Are Able to Transmit Snowshoe Hare Virus. Viruses 2024; 16:222. [PMID: 38399996 PMCID: PMC10893336 DOI: 10.3390/v16020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Snowshoe hare virus (SSHV) is a zoonotic arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) circulating in colder areas of the Northern Hemisphere. SSHV is maintained in an enzootic cycle between small mammals and mosquitoes, assumably of the genera Aedes and Culiseta. Symptoms of SSHV human infection can range from asymptomatic to severe neuroinvasive disease. Studies on SSHV transmission are limited, and there is no information available on whether mosquitoes of the genus Culex are able to transmit SSHV. Therefore, we investigated six mosquito species via salivation assay for their vector competence. We demonstrated that SSHV can be transmitted by the abundant European Culex species Cx. pipiens biotype pipiens, Cx. pipiens biotype molestus, and Cx. torrentium with low transmission efficiency between 3.33% and 6.67%. Additionally, the invasive species Ae. albopictus can also transmit SSHV with a low transmission efficiency of 3.33%. Our results suggest that local transmission of SSHV after introduction to Europe seems to be possible from a vector perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Jansen
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, University of Hamburg, 20148 Hamburg, Germany; (S.J.); (J.S.-C.)
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (P.H.); (M.H.); (U.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Patrick Höller
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (P.H.); (M.H.); (U.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Michelle Helms
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (P.H.); (M.H.); (U.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Unchana Lange
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (P.H.); (M.H.); (U.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Norbert Becker
- Institute for Dipterology, 67346 Speyer, Germany;
- Center for Organismal Sudies (COS), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, University of Hamburg, 20148 Hamburg, Germany; (S.J.); (J.S.-C.)
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (P.H.); (M.H.); (U.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Renke Lühken
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (P.H.); (M.H.); (U.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Anna Heitmann
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (P.H.); (M.H.); (U.L.); (R.L.)
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Hughes HR, Kenney JL, Calvert AE. Cache Valley virus: an emerging arbovirus of public and veterinary health importance. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:1230-1241. [PMID: 37862064 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Cache Valley virus (CVV) is a mosquito-borne virus in the genus Orthobunyavirus (Bunyavirales: Peribunyaviridae) that has been identified as a teratogen in ruminants causing fetal death and severe malformations during epizootics in the U.S. CVV has recently emerged as a viral pathogen causing severe disease in humans. Despite its emergence as a public health and agricultural concern, CVV has yet to be significantly studied by the scientific community. Limited information exists on CVV's geographic distribution, ecological cycle, seroprevalence in humans and animals, and spectrum of disease, including its potential as a human teratogen. Here, we present what is known of CVV's virology, ecology, and clinical disease in ruminants and humans. We discuss the current diagnostic techniques available and highlight gaps in our current knowledge and considerations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly R Hughes
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Joan L Kenney
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Amanda E Calvert
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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Fang Y, Hang T, Yang LM, Xue JB, Fujita R, Feng XS, Jiang TG, Zhang Y, Li SZ, Zhou XN. Long-distance spread of Tembusu virus, and its dispersal in local mosquitoes and domestic poultry in Chongming Island, China. Infect Dis Poverty 2023; 12:52. [PMID: 37218001 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chongming Island in China serves as a breeding and shelter point on the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. The resting frequency of migratory birds, abundance of mosquito populations, and the popular domestic poultry industry pose a potential risk of mosquito-borne zoonotic diseases. The aim of this study is to explore the role of migratory birds in the spread of mosquito-borne pathogens and their prevalent status on the island. METHODS We conducted a mosquito-borne pathogen surveillance in 2021, in Chongming, Shanghai, China. Approximately 67,800 adult mosquitoes belonging to ten species were collected to investigate the presence of flaviviruses, alphaviruses, and orthobunyaviruses by RT-PCR. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses were conducted to explore the virus genotype and potential nature source. Serological survey was performed by ELISA to characterize Tembusu virus (TMUV) infection among domestic poultry. RESULTS Two strains of TMUV and Chaoyang virus (CHAOV) and 47 strains of Quang Binh virus (QBV) were detected in 412 mosquito pools, with the infection rate of 0.16, 0.16, and 3.92 per 1000 Culex tritaeniorhynchus, respectively. Furthermore, TMUVs viral RNA was found in serum samples of domestic chickens and faecal samples of migratory birds. Antibodies against TMUV were detected in domestic avian serum samples, generally ranging from 44.07% in pigeons to 55.71% in ducks. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the TMUV detected in Chongming belonged to Cluster 3, Southeast Asia origin, and most closely related to the CTLN strain, which caused a TMUV outbreak in chickens in Guangdong Province in 2020, but distant from strains obtained previously in Shanghai, which were involved in the 2010 TMUV outbreak in China. CONCLUSIONS We speculate that the TMUV was imported to Chongming Island through long-distance spreading by migratory birds from Southeast Asia, followed by spill over and transmission in mosquitoes and domestic avian species, threatening the local domestic poultry. In addition, the expansion and prevalence of insect-specific flaviviruses and its simultaneous circulation with mosquito-borne virus are worthy of close attention and further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases,, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Hang
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Min Yang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases,, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Bo Xue
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases,, Shanghai, China
| | - Ryosuke Fujita
- Laboratory of Sanitary Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- Shanghai Chongming Dongtan National Nature Reserve, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Ge Jiang
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases,, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shi-Zhu Li
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases,, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases,, Shanghai, China.
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Schneider EF, Robich RM, Elias SP, Lubelczyk CB, Cosenza DS, Smith RP. Jamestown Canyon Virus in Collected Mosquitoes, Maine, United States, 2017–2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:2330-2333. [PMID: 36286231 PMCID: PMC9622264 DOI: 10.3201/eid2811.212382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV) is a mosquito-borne arbovirus that circulates in North America. We detected JCV in 4 pools of mosquitoes collected from midcoastal Maine, USA, during 2017–2019. Phylogenetic analysis of a JCV sequence obtained from Aedes cantator mosquitoes clustered within clade A, which also circulates in Connecticut, USA.
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Nasir S, Ahmed I, Hussain B, Ijaz MU, Hafeez F, Wadaan MA, Atique U, Mahboob S. A study on the role of aedes mosquitoes in arboviruses and SARS-CoV-2 infection: A new challenge. JOURNAL OF KING SAUD UNIVERSITY - SCIENCE 2022; 34:102179. [PMID: 36000083 PMCID: PMC9388054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya, Zika, Dengue Viruses, and now Novel Coronavirus are global health challenges that cause human diseases ranging from febrile illnesses to death. Most of these viruses are mainly vectored by Aedes mosquitoes worldwide. Molecular detection of arboviruses was made in female Aedes mosquito pools caught from all the seven districts by using a reliable molecular technique, “RT-PCR.” From 216 collections of Aedes species, arboviruses were detected in 27, including only Alphavirus genus to determine mosquito abundance and evaluate the potential role of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes in arboviruses and nvel Coronavirus transmission. 5322 mosquitoes were collected using aspirators; 35.31% (n = 2049) were identified as female Aedes using morphological keys, pooled into 216 pools, and tested for arboviruses and coronaviruses by using RT-PCR with the help of specific primers. Novel Coronavirus was not detected in this study. Only the Flavivirus genus was detected in twenty-seven pools giving an infection rate of 62.96% (n = 17) for DENV2, while DENV3 was 37.03% (n = 10). Furthermore, our results indicated no role of mosquitoes in the spread of Covid-19. Results showed a higher infection rate in urban sites than in rural ones. The detection of arboviruses indicates possible human health risk due to active role of these mosquitoes in spreading of arbovirus in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabab Nasir
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Imran Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Bilal Hussain
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad U Ijaz
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Faisal Hafeez
- Ayub Agriculture Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Ahmad Wadaan
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Usman Atique
- College of Biological Systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | - Shahid Mahboob
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Farquhar MR, Thrun NB, Tucker BJ, Bartholomay LC. Outbreak Investigation: Jamestown Canyon Virus Surveillance in Field-Collected Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) From Wisconsin, USA, 2018-2019. Front Public Health 2022; 10:818204. [PMID: 35530736 PMCID: PMC9068969 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.818204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the summers of 2017–2019, 60 human cases of Jamestown Canyon virus-associated disease were reported in the State of Wisconsin, U.S.A; by comparison, there were 28 cases in the 5 years prior. Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV, Peribunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) is a zoonotic, mosquito-borne virus that is endemic throughout North America. The proposed transmission cycle for JCV involves horizontal transmission by a variety of mammal-feeding mosquito species and deer hosts, and transseasonal maintenance by vertical transmission in Aedes mosquito species. Although some of the earliest work on JCV transmission and disease was done in Wisconsin (WI), little is known about the spectrum of mosquitoes that are currently involved in transmission and maintenance of JCV, which is key to inform the approach to control and prevent JCV transmission, and to understand why case numbers have increased dramatically in recent years. Therefore, we undertook an intensive surveillance effort in Sawyer and Washburn counties, WI between April and August of 2018 and 2019, in an area with a concentration of JCV human cases. Larval and adult stages of mosquitoes were surveyed using larval dippers and emergence traps, light traps, resting boxes, a Shannon-style trap, and backpack aspirator. In total, 14,949 mosquitoes were collected in 2018, and 28,056 in 2019; these specimens represent 26 species in 7 genera. Suspect vector species were tested for JCV by polymerase chain reaction (PCR); of 23 species that were tested, only Aedes provocans yielded JCV positive results. In 2018, a single pool of Ae. provocans tested positive. In 2019, with more focused early season surveillance, we detected JCV in 4 pools of adult mosquitoes, and one pool that consisted of lab-raised adults that were collected as larvae. Material from all of these PCR-positive samples also yielded infectious virus in cell culture. Overall, these data provide new insight into the seasonality and habitat preferences for 26 mosquito species in Northern WI, which will be useful to inform future surveillance efforts for JCV. The results underscore the importance of Ae. provocans as a vector species involved in transseasonal maintenance of JCV in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Farquhar
- Midwest Center of Excellence for Vector-Borne Disease, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Pathobiological Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nicholas B Thrun
- Midwest Center of Excellence for Vector-Borne Disease, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Pathobiological Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Bradley J Tucker
- Midwest Center of Excellence for Vector-Borne Disease, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Lyric C Bartholomay
- Midwest Center of Excellence for Vector-Borne Disease, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Pathobiological Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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10
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Barber RM, Li Q, Levine JM, Ruone SJ, Levine GJ, Kenny P, Tong S, Schatzberg SJ. Screening for Viral Nucleic Acids in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Dogs With Central Nervous System Inflammation. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:850510. [PMID: 35400093 PMCID: PMC8987525 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.850510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) inflammation is a common cause of neurological dysfunction in dogs. Most dogs with CNS inflammation are diagnosed with presumptive autoimmune disease. A smaller number are diagnosed with an infectious etiology. Additionally, at necropsy, a subset of dogs with CNS inflammation do not fit previously described patterns of autoimmune disease and an infectious cause is not readily identifiable. Because viral infection is a common cause of meningoencephalitis in people, we hypothesize that a subset of dogs presented with CNS inflammation have an occult viral infection either as a direct cause of CNS inflammation or a trigger for autoimmunity. The goal of this research was to screen cerebrospinal fluid from a large number dogs with CNS inflammation for occult viral infection. One hundred seventy-two dogs with neurological dysfunction and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis were identified. Of these, 42 had meningoencephalitis of unknown origin, six had steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis, one had eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, five had documented infection, 21 had and undetermined diagnosis, and 97 had a diagnosis not consistent with primary inflammatory disease of the CNS (e.g., neoplasia). CSF samples were subsequently screened with broadly reactive PCR for eight viral groups: adenovirus, bunyavirus, coronavirus, enterovirus, flavivirus, herpesvirus, paramyxovirus, and parechovirus. No viral nucleic acids were detected from 168 cases screened for eight viral groups, which does not support occult viral infection as a cause of CNS inflammation in dogs. La Crosse virus (LACV) nucleic acids were detected from four cases in Georgia. Subclinical infection was supported in two of these cases but LACV could not be ruled-out as a cause of infection in the other two cases, suggesting further research is warranted to determine if LACV is an occult cause of CNS inflammation in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee M. Barber
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Renee M. Barber
| | - Qiang Li
- Becker Animal Hospital, Veterinary Centers of America, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jonathan M. Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Susan J. Ruone
- Division of HIV Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Gwendolyn J. Levine
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Patrick Kenny
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Suxiang Tong
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Scott J. Schatzberg
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States
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Camp JV, Kniha E, Obwaller AG, Walochnik J, Nowotny N. The transmission ecology of Tahyna orthobunyavirus in Austria as revealed by longitudinal mosquito sampling and blood meal analysis in floodplain habitats. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:561. [PMID: 34717742 PMCID: PMC8556901 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tahyna orthobunyavirus (TAHV) is a mosquito-borne virus that may cause mild flu-like symptoms or neurological symptoms in humans. It is historically associated with floodplain habitats in Central Europe, and the mammalophilic floodwater mosquito, Aedes vexans, is thought to be the principal vector. There are few contemporary reports of TAHV transmission ecology within mosquitoes or their vertebrate hosts, and virus infections are rarely reported (and probably seldom diagnosed). The objectives of this study were to survey the mosquito population for TAHV in three floodwater habitats and describe host usage by the predominant floodwater mosquito species to potentially define TAHV transmission at these foci. Methods We performed longitudinal mosquito sampling along three major rivers in eastern Austria to characterize the mosquito community in floodplain habitats, and tested for the presence of TAHV in pools of mosquitoes. We characterized TAHV rescued from mosquito pool homogenate by sequencing. We surveyed mosquito host selection by analyzing mosquito blood meals. Results We identified TAHV in two pools of Ae. vexans captured along the Leitha River. This mosquito, and other floodwater mosquitoes, used large mammals (red deer, roe deer, wild boar) as their hosts. The sequence of the rescued virus was remarkably similar to other TAHV isolates from the region, dating back to the first isolate of TAHV in 1958. Conclusions In general, we confirmed that TAHV is most likely being transmitted by Ae. vexans, although the precise contribution of vertebrate-amplifying hosts to the ecological maintenance of the virus is unclear. The pattern of host selection matches the estimated exposure of the same large mammal species in the region to TAHV based on a recent serosurvey, but hares were also hosts at the site where TAHV was detected. We also confirm humans as hosts of two floodwater mosquito species, providing a potential mechanism for spillover of TAHV or other mosquito-borne viruses. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-05061-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy V Camp
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria. .,Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Edwin Kniha
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adelheid G Obwaller
- Division of Science, Research and Development, Federal Ministry of Defense, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Walochnik
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE
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Koka H, Lutomiah J, Langat S, Koskei E, Nyunja A, Mutisya J, Mulwa F, Owaka S, Ofula V, Konongoi S, Eyase F, Sang R. Evidence of circulation of Orthobunyaviruses in diverse mosquito species in Kwale County, Kenya. Virol J 2021; 18:204. [PMID: 34641884 PMCID: PMC8507213 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01670-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arbovirus surveillance and recurrence of outbreaks in Kenya continues to reveal the re-emergence of viruses of public health importance. This calls for sustained efforts in early detection and characterization of these agents to avert future potential outbreaks. Methods A larval survey was carried out in three different sites in Kwale County, Vanga, Jego and Lunga Lunga. All containers in every accessible household and compound were sampled for immature mosquitoes. In addition, adult mosquitoes were also sampled using CO2-baited CDC light traps and BG-Sentinel traps in the three sites and also in Tsuini. The mosquitoes were knocked down using trimethylamine and stored in a liquid nitrogen shipper for transportation to the laboratory where they were identified to species, pooled and homogenized ready for testing. Results A total of 366 houses and 1730 containers were inspected. The House Index (HI), Container Index (CI) and Breateau Index (BI) for Vanga Island were (3%: 0.66: 3.66) respectively. In Jego, a rural site, the HI, CI and BI were (2.4%: 0.48: 2.4) respectively. In Lunga Lunga, a site in an urban area, the HI, CI and BI were (22.03%: 3.97: 29.7) respectively. The indices suggest that this region is at risk of arbovirus transmission given they were above the WHO threshold (CI > 1, HI > 1% and BI > 5). The most productive containers were the concrete tanks (44.4%), plastic tank (22.2%), claypot (13.3%), plastic drums (8.9%), plastic basins (4%), jerricans (1.2%) and buckets (0.3%). Over 20,200 adult mosquitoes were collected using CDC light traps, and over 9,200 using BG- sentinel traps. These mosquitoes were screened for viruses by inoculating in Vero cells. Eleven Orthobunyavirus isolates were obtained from pools of Ae. pembaensis (4), Ae. tricholabis (1), Cx. quinquefasciatus (3), Culex spp. (1) and Cx. zombaensis (2). Five of the Orthobunyaviruses were sequenced and four of these were determined to be Bunyamwera viruses while one isolate was found to be Nyando virus. One isolate remained unidentified. Conclusions These results indicate circulation of Orthobunyaviruses known to cause diverse grades of febrile illness with rash in humans in this region and highlights the need for continued monitoring and surveillance to avert outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen Koka
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54628-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Joel Lutomiah
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54628-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Solomon Langat
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54628-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edith Koskei
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54628-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Albert Nyunja
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54628-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Mutisya
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54628-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Francis Mulwa
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54628-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Owaka
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54628-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Victor Ofula
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54628-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samson Konongoi
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54628-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fredrick Eyase
- US Army Medical Research Directorate - Kenya, P. O. Box 606-00621, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rosemary Sang
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54628-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
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Fang Y, Li XS, Zhang W, Xue JB, Wang JZ, Yin SQ, Li SG, Li XH, Zhang Y. Molecular epidemiology of mosquito-borne viruses at the China-Myanmar border: discovery of a potential epidemic focus of Japanese encephalitis. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:57. [PMID: 33902684 PMCID: PMC8073957 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00838-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito-based arbovirus surveillance can serve as an early warning in evaluating the status of mosquito-borne virus prevalence and thus prevent local outbreaks. Although Tengchong County in Yunnan Province-which borders Myanmar-is abundant and diverse in mosquitoes, very few mosquito-based arbovirus investigations have been conducted in the recent decade. Herein, this study aims to evaluate the presence and the diffusion of mosquito-borne pathogens, currently prevalent in this region. METHODS We collected 9486 mosquitoes, representing eight species, with Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Anopheles sinensis as the dominant species, during high mosquito activity seasons (July-October) in Tengchong, in 2018. Samples collected from 342 pools were tested using reverse-transcription PCR to determine the species, distribution, and infection rates of virus and parasite, and further analyze their genotypes, phylogenetic relationships, infection rate, and potential pathogenicity. RESULTS Fifteen Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) strains from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus pools were detected. Seven strains of insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFVs), including two Aedes flavivirus (AeFV) and Yunnan Culex flavivirus strains each, one Culex theileri flavivirus, Yamadai flavivirus (YDFV) and Anopheles-associated flavivirus (AAFV) strains each were detected in Aedes albopictus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. vagans, Cx. pseudovihnui, and An. sinensis pools, respectively. The whole-genome was successfully amplified in one strain of JEV and AeFV each. Phylogenetic analysis using the E gene placed all the newly detected JEV strains into the GI-b genotype. They showed highly nucleotide identities, and were most closely related to the strain detected in Tengchong in 2010. The comparison of the E protein of JEV strains and vaccine-derived strain, showed six amino residue differences. The bias-corrected maximum likelihood estimation values (and 95% confidence interval) for JEV in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus collected in Tengchong in 2018 were 2.4 (1.4-3.9). CONCLUSIONS A potential Japanese encephalitis epidemic focus with the abundance of host mosquitoes and high JEV infection rate was observed in Tengchong. In addition, at least five species of ISFVs co-circulate in this area. This study highlights the importance of widespread and sustained mosquito-based arbovirus surveillance in local areas to prevent the transmission of JEV, and other emerging/re-emerging mosquito-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Shang Li
- Tengchong County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tengchong, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Zichuan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, Zibo, China
| | - Jing-Bo Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Zhi Wang
- Tengchong County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tengchong, Yunnan, China
| | - Shou-Qin Yin
- Zichuan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, Zibo, China
| | - Sheng-Guo Li
- Tengchong County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tengchong, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin-He Li
- Tengchong County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tengchong, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Rudolf I, Kejíková R, Vojtíšek J, Mendel J, Peňázziová K, Hubálek Z, Šikutová S, Estrada-Peña A. Probable overwintering of adult Hyalomma rufipes in Central Europe. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101718. [PMID: 33857747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Rudolf
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Kvetna 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Romana Kejíková
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Kvetna 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Vojtíšek
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Kvetna 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mendel
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Kvetna 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Peňázziová
- University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Komenského 73, Košice, 04181, Slovak Republic
| | - Zdeněk Hubálek
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Kvetna 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Silvie Šikutová
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Kvetna 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Agustín Estrada-Peña
- University of Zaragoza, Veterinary Faculty, Department of Animal Health, Miguel Servet 177, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
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15
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Probable contribution of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes to the circulation of chikungunya virus during an outbreak in Mombasa County, Kenya, 2017-2018. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:138. [PMID: 33673872 PMCID: PMC7934458 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04632-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chikungunya virus is an alphavirus, primarily transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. In late 2017–2018, an outbreak of chikungunya occurred in Mombasa county, Kenya, and investigations were conducted to establish associated entomological risk factors. Methods Homes were stratified and water-filled containers inspected for immature Ae. aegypti, and larval indices were calculated. Adult mosquitoes were collected in the same homesteads using BG-Sentinel and CDC light traps and screened for chikungunya virus. Experiments were also conducted to determine the ability of Culex quinquefasciatus to transmit chikungunya virus. Results One hundred thirty-one houses and 1637 containers were inspected; 48 and 128 of them, respectively, were positive for immature Ae. aegypti, with the house index (36.60), container index (7.82) and Breteau index (97.71) recorded. Jerry cans (n = 1232; 72.26%) and clay pots (n = 2; 0.12%) were the most and least inspected containers, respectively, while drums, the second most commonly sampled (n = 249; 15.21%), were highly positive (65.63%) and productive (60%). Tires and jerry cans demonstrated the highest and lowest breeding preference ratios, 11.36 and 0.2, respectively. Over 6900 adult mosquitoes were collected and identified into 15 species comprising Cx. quinquefasciatus (n = 4492; 65.04%), Aedes vittatus (n = 1137; 16.46%) and Ae. aegypti (n = 911; 13.19%) and 2 species groups. Simpson’s dominance and Shannon-Wiener diversity indices of 0.4388 and 1.1942 were recorded, respectively. Chikungunya virus was isolated from pools of Ae. aegypti (1) and Cx. quinquefasciatus (4), two of which were males. Minimum infection rates of 3.0 and 0.8 were observed for female Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively. Between 25 and 31.3% of exposed mosquitoes became infected with CHIKV 7, 14 and 21 days post-exposure. For the experimentally infected Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes, between 13 and 40% had the virus disseminated, with 100% transmission being observed among those with disseminated infection. Conclusions These results demonstrated high risk of chikungunya transmission for residents in the sampled areas of Mombasa. Transmission data confirmed the probable role played by Cx. quinquefasciatus in the outbreak while the role of Ae. vittatus in the transmission of chikungunya virus remains unknown.![]()
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16
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Fang Y, Tambo E, Xue JB, Zhang Y, Zhou XN, Khater EIM. Detection of DENV-2 and Insect-Specific Flaviviruses in Mosquitoes Collected From Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:626368. [PMID: 33718273 PMCID: PMC7947193 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.626368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquito-borne diseases are rapidly spreading due to increasing international travel and trade. Routine mosquito surveillance and screening for mosquito-borne pathogens can be early indicators for local disease transmission and outbreaks. However, arbovirus detection in mosquito vectors has rarely been reported in Saudi Arabia. Methods A total of 769,541 Aedes and Culex mosquitoes were collected by Black Hole traps during routine mosquito surveillance in the first half of 2016. Culex. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti were the most prevalent species observed. Twenty-five and 24 randomly selected pools of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively, were screened for arboviruses by RT-PCR. Results Dengue 2 (DENV-2) and four strains of insect-specific flaviviruses, including one of cell-fusing agent virus (CFAV) and three of Phlebotomus-associated flavivirus (PAFV) were detected in pools of Ae. aegypti. We also detected 10 strains of Culex flavivirus (CxFV) in pools of Cx. quinquefasciatus. Phylogenetic analysis using whole genome sequences placed the DENV strain into the cosmopolitan 1 sub-DENV-2 genotype, and the CxFVs into the African/Caribbean/Latin American genotype. These analyses also showed that the DENV-2 strain detected in the present study was closely related to strains detected in China in 2014 and in Japan in 2018, which suggests frequent movement of DENV-2 strains among these countries. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analysis suggested at least five introductions of DENV-2 into Saudi Arabia from 2014 through 2018, most probably from India. Conclusions To our knowledge, this study reports the first detection of four arboviruses DENV, CFAV, PAFV, and CxFV in mosquitoes in Saudi Arabia, which shows that they are co-circulating in Jeddah. Our findings show a need for widespread mosquito-based arbovirus surveillance programs in Saudi Arabia, which will improve our understanding of the transmission dynamics of the mosquito-borne arboviruses within the country and help early predict and mitigate the risk of human infections and outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention-Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention Joint Laboratory for Imported Tropical Disease Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Ernest Tambo
- Public Health Pests Laboratory, Municipality of Jeddah Governorate, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jing-Bo Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention-Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention Joint Laboratory for Imported Tropical Disease Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention-Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention Joint Laboratory for Imported Tropical Disease Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention-Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention Joint Laboratory for Imported Tropical Disease Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Emad I M Khater
- Public Health Pests Laboratory, Municipality of Jeddah Governorate, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Rudolf I, Šikutová S, Šebesta O, Mendel J, Malenovský I, Kampen H, Medlock J, Schaffner F. Overwintering of Culex modestus and Other Mosquito Species in a Reedbed Ecosystem, Including Arbovirus Findings. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2020; 36:257-260. [PMID: 33647121 DOI: 10.2987/20-6949.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The overwintering strategy of the mosquito Culex modestus, an important West Nile virus (WNV) vector in Europe, was explored under field conditions in reedbed (Phragmites australis) ecosystems in early 2019. A total of 30 Cx. modestus females were found in a BG-Sentinel trap placed in a plastic greenhouse as well as in a reference BG-Sentinel trap placed under the open sky, both set up within the reedbeds and inspected every 2-3 days from February 27 to April 10, 2019. Moreover, 186 females of Cx. pipiens, 3 females of Anopheles hyrcanus, and 3 females of Culiseta annulata were trapped in the monitored time span. While all Cx. modestus females tested negative for the presence of WNV and other arboviruses circulating in Central Europe, we confirmed WNV lineage 2 and Ťahyna virus infection in several pools of the collected Cx. pipiens, demonstrating arbovirus overwintering. This pilot study highlights the need for large-scale monitoring activities covering different regions to identify the overwintering strategy of both mosquito-borne viruses and their vectors in Central Europe.
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Bonney LC, Watson RJ, Slack GS, Bosworth A, Wand NIV, Hewson R. A flexible format LAMP assay for rapid detection of Ebola virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008496. [PMID: 32735587 PMCID: PMC7423149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The unprecedented 2013/16 outbreak of Zaire ebolavirus (Ebola virus) in West Africa has highighted the need for rapid, high-throughput and POC diagnostic assays to enable timely detection and appropriate triaging of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) patients. Ebola virus is highly infectious and prompt diagnosis and triage is crucial in preventing further spread within community and healthcare settings. Moreover, due to the ecology of Ebola virus it is important that newly developed diagnostic assays are suitable for use in both the healthcare environment and low resource rural locations. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPLE FINDINGS A LAMP assay was successfully developed with three detection formats; a real-time intercalating dye-based assay, a real-time probe-based assay to enable multiplexing and an end-point colourimetric assay to simplify interpretation for the field. All assay formats were sensitive and specific, detecting a range of Ebola virus strains isolated in 1976-2014; with Probit analysis predicting limits of detection of 243, 290 and 75 copies/reaction respectively and no cross-detection of related strains or other viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHF's). The assays are rapid, (as fast as 5-7.25 mins for real-time formats) and robust, detecting Ebola virus RNA in presence of minimally diluted bodily fluids. Moreover, when tested on patient samples from the 2013/16 outbreak, there were no false positives and 93-96% of all new case positives were detected, with only a failure to detect very low copy number samples. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE These are a set of robust and adaptable diagnostic solutions, which are fast, easy-to-perform-and-interpret and are suitable for use on a range of platforms including portable low-power devices. They can be readily transferred to field-laboratory settings, with no specific equipment needs and are therefore ideally placed for use in locations with limited resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Bonney
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Watson
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian S. Slack
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Bosworth
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nadina I. Vasileva Wand
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Hewson
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
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Aguilar-Tipacamu G, Carvajal-Gamez BI, García-Rejon J, Machain-Willians C, Mosqueda J. Immuno-molecular prospecting for vector-borne diseases in central Mexico. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67 Suppl 2:185-192. [PMID: 32090486 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Climatic changes have influenced the temporal and spatial distribution of diseases. In livestock-grazing areas, rodents are reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens; therefore, they play an important role in the transmission of diseases affecting domestic animals and humans. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of the zoonotic agents: Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis and Rickettsia rickettsii, as well as the presence of viral RNA from the Bunyaviridae, Togaviridae and Flaviviridae families, in wild rodents from animal production units in central Mexico. The samples were obtained from wild rodents that had access and contact with animal production units. A total of 92 rodents were captured, and samples of blood, serum and organs, such as spleen, kidney, heart and liver, were obtained. The serum was used to detect antibodies against Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis and Rickettsia rickettsii by an immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT); the blood was used for PCR analysis; and the organs were used to obtain RNA (cDNA) to perform RT-PCR. By IFAT, all samples were positive to A. phagocytophilum and E. canis, and negative to B. burgdorferi and R. rickettsii. The samples that were positive to IFAT were used to confirm the presence of pathogen by PCR analysis. The results from the PCR were as follows: 34 samples were positive to A. phagocytophilum, and 59 to E. canis. There was no amplification of genetic material from the Bunyaviridae, Flaviviridae and Togaviridae virus families from the organs that were sampled, which suggests that the samples obtained did not contain RNA specific to these families. This is the first immuno-molecular prospecting study on vector-borne diseases in central Mexico demonstrating the presence of A. phagocytophilum and E. canis in wild rodents living in cattle grazing areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Aguilar-Tipacamu
- C. A. Salud Animal y Microbiologia Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Bertha I Carvajal-Gamez
- Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, C. A. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Julian García-Rejon
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - Carlos Machain-Willians
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - Juan Mosqueda
- C. A. Salud Animal y Microbiologia Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico.,Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, C. A. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Queretaro, Mexico
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Tchouassi DP, Marklewitz M, Chepkorir E, Zirkel F, Agha SB, Tigoi CC, Koskei E, Drosten C, Borgemeister C, Torto B, Junglen S, Sang R. Sand Fly-Associated Phlebovirus with Evidence of Neutralizing Antibodies in Humans, Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:681-690. [PMID: 30882303 PMCID: PMC6433041 DOI: 10.3201/eid2504.180750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a novel virus, designated Ntepes virus (NPV), isolated from sand flies in Kenya. NPV has the characteristic phlebovirus trisegmented genome architecture and is related to, but distinct from, Gabek Forest phlebovirus. Diverse cell cultures derived from wildlife, livestock, and humans were susceptible to NPV, with pronounced permissiveness in swine and rodent cells. NPV infection of newborn mice caused rapid and fatal illness. Permissiveness for NPV replication in sand fly cells, but not mosquito cells, suggests a vector-specific adaptation. Specific neutralizing antibodies were found in 13.9% (26/187) of human serum samples taken at the site of isolation of NPV as well as a disparate site in northeastern Kenya, suggesting a wide distribution. We identify a novel human-infecting arbovirus and highlight the importance of rural areas in tropical Africa for arbovirus surveillance as well as extending arbovirus surveillance to include hematophagous arthropods other than mosquitoes.
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Binder LDC, Tauro LB, Farias AA, Labruna MB, Diaz A. Molecular survey of flaviviruses and orthobunyaviruses in Amblyomma spp. ticks collected in Minas Gerais, Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 28:764-768. [PMID: 31576974 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to anthropic environmental changes, vector-borne diseases are emerging worldwide. Ticks are known vectors of several pathogens of concern among humans and animals. In recent decades, several examples of tick-borne emerging viral diseases have been reported (Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Powassan virus, encephalitis virus, heartland virus, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus). Unfortunately, few studies addressing the presence of viruses in wild ticks have been carried out in South America. With the aim of detecting flaviviruses and orthobunyaviruses in ticks, we carried out molecular detection in wild ticks collected in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. No Flavivirus-positive ticks were detected; however, we detected activity of Orthobunyavirus in 8 Amblyomma tick specimens. One of those individuals was positive for Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus, which represents the first report of this virus among ticks in South America. Further studies related to the ecology of zoonotic diseases are needed to increase knowledge of this topic, including attempts at viral isolation, full genome sequencing and biological characterization. In this way, we will obtain a better picture of the real risk of ticks as a vector for viral diseases for humans and animals on our continent, where no tick-borne viral disease is known to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina de Campos Binder
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Laura Beatriz Tauro
- Arbovirus Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Virology "Dr. J. M. Vanella", National University of Córdoba - UCO, Córdoba, Argentina.,Institute of Subtropical Biology, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - CONICET, National University of Misiones, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Adrian Alejandro Farias
- Arbovirus Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Virology "Dr. J. M. Vanella", National University of Córdoba - UCO, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Bahia Labruna
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Adrian Diaz
- Arbovirus Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Virology "Dr. J. M. Vanella", National University of Córdoba - UCO, Córdoba, Argentina.,Institute of Biological and Technological Research, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - CONICET, National University of Córdoba - UCO, Córdoba, Argentina
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22
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Camp JV, Karuvantevida N, Chouhna H, Safi E, Shah JN, Nowotny N. Mosquito biodiversity and mosquito-borne viruses in the United Arab Emirates. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:153. [PMID: 30944019 PMCID: PMC6448230 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the last 50 years, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has experienced rapid population growth and urbanization. Urbanization is known to influence biodiversity, and there appears to be a link between the emergence of arboviruses and urban growth. Very little is known about the UAE mosquito species richness and dominant vectors. We performed a mosquito survey comparing peri-urban sites in Dubai and Al Ain to a protected, natural site in Fujairah emirate. We measured mosquito biodiversity and species composition, and screened mosquito pools for common arboviruses to measure arbovirus activity in the region. Results We report ten species of mosquitoes from the UAE, with highest species diversity in the natural site, a protected wadi near the eastern coast. The predominant mosquito was Culex perexiguus, and was associated with peri-urban habitats. The site with lowest mosquito species diversity but relatively high species richness was the peri-urban site of Al Ain Zoo, where we identified Bagaza virus and Barkedji virus, two flaviviruses, in pools of Cx. perexiguus. Conclusions Decreased mosquito biodiversity was associated with increased levels of urbanization. The predominance of two species at peri-urban sites was related to the availability of their larval habitats. Arboviruses were associated with the presence of a single predominant mosquito species, Cx. perexiguus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy V Camp
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Noushad Karuvantevida
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Houda Chouhna
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ebtesam Safi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Junid N Shah
- Natural Resources Conservation Section, Environment Department, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria. .,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
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23
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Yang F, Chan K, Marek PE, Armstrong PM, Liu P, Bova JE, Bernick JN, McMillan BE, Weidlich BG, Paulson SL. Cache Valley Virus in Aedes japonicus japonicus Mosquitoes, Appalachian Region, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:553-557. [PMID: 29460762 PMCID: PMC5823325 DOI: 10.3201/eid2403.161275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We detected Cache Valley virus in Aedes japonicus, a widely distributed invasive mosquito species, in an Appalachian forest in the United States. The forest contained abundant white-tailed deer, a major host of the mosquito and virus. Vector competence trials indicated that Ae. j. japonicus mosquitoes can transmit this virus in this region.
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24
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Feng Y, Ren X, Xu Z, Fu S, Li X, Zhang H, Yang W, Zhang Y, Liang G. Genetic diversity of the Yokose virus, XYBX1332, isolated from bats (Myotis daubentonii) in China. Virol J 2019; 16:8. [PMID: 30634973 PMCID: PMC6330390 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1107-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yokose virus was first isolated from bats (Miniopterus fuliginosus) collected in Yokosuka, Japan, in 1971, and is a new member of the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. In this study, we isolated a Yokose virus from a serum sample of Myotis daubentonii (order Chiroptera, family Vespertilionidae) collected in Yunnan province, China in 2013. METHODS The serum specimens of bat were used to inoculate in BHK-21 and Vero E6 cells for virus isolation. Then the viral complete genome sequence was obtained and was used for phylogenetic analysis performed by BEAST software package. RESULTS The virus was shown to have cytopathic effects in mammalian cells (BHK-21 and Vero E6). Genome sequencing indicated that it has a single open reading frame (ORF), with a genome of 10,785 nucleotides in total. Phylogenetic analysis of the viral genome suggests that XYBX1332 is a Yokose virus (YOKV) of the genus Flavivirus. Nucleotide and amino acid homology levels of the ORF of XYBX1332 and Oita-36, the original strain of YOKV, were 72 and 82%, respectively. The ORFs of XYBX1332 and Oita-36 encode 3422 and 3425 amino acids, respectively. In addition, the non-coding regions (5'- and 3'-untranslated regions [UTRs]) of these two strains differ in length and the homology of the 5'- and 3'-UTRs was 81.5 and 78.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION The isolation of YOKV (XYBX1332) from inland China thousands of kilometers from Yokosuka, Japan, suggests that the geographical distribution of YOKV is not limited to the islands of Japan and that it can also exist in the inland areas of Asia. However, there are large differences between the Chinese and Japanese YOKV strains in viral genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Feng
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Xiaojie Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Weihong Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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25
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Fang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou ZB, Xia S, Shi WQ, Xue JB, Li YY, Wu JT. New strains of Japanese encephalitis virus circulating in Shanghai, China after a ten-year hiatus in local mosquito surveillance. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:22. [PMID: 30626442 PMCID: PMC6327439 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous vector pathogen surveillance is essential for preventing outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases. Several mosquito species acting as vectors of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), dengue virus, Zika virus, malaria parasites and other pathogens are primary mosquito species in Shanghai, China. However, few surveys of human pathogenic arboviruses in mosquitoes in Shanghai have been reported in the last ten years. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated mosquito activity in Shanghai, China during 2016 and tested for the presence of alphaviruses, flaviviruses, orthobunyaviruses and several parasitic pathogens. RESULTS Five pooled samples were JEV-positive [4/255 pools of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and 1/256 pools of Cx. pipiens (s.l.)] based on analysis of the NS5 gene. Alphaviruses, orthobunyaviruses, Plasmodium and filariasis were not found in this study. Phylogenetic and molecular analyses revealed that the JEV strains belonged to genotype I. Moreover, newly detected Shanghai JEV strains were genetically close to previously isolated Shandong strains responsible for transmission during the 2013 Japanese encephalitis (JE) outbreak in Shandong Province, China but were more distantly related to other Shanghai strains detected in the early 2000s. The E proteins of the newly detected Shanghai JEV strains differed from that in the live attenuated vaccine SA14-14-2-derived strain at six amino residues: E130 (Ile→Val), E222 (Ala→Ser), E327 (Ser→Thr), E366 (Arg→Ser/Pro), E393 (Asn→Ser) and E433 (Val→Ile). However, no differences were observed in key amino acid sites related to antigenicity. Minimum JEV infection rates were 1.01 and 0.65 per 1000 Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. pipiens (s.l.), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Five new Shanghai JEV genotype I strains, detected after a ten-year hiatus in local mosquito surveillance, were genetically close to strains involved in the 2013 Shandong JE outbreak. Because JEV is still circulating, vaccination in children should be extensively and continuously promoted. Moreover, JEV mosquito surveillance programmes should document the genotype variation, intensity and distribution of circulating viruses for use in the development and implementation of disease prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 20025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 20025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Bin Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 20025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shang Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 20025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qi Shi
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 20025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Bo Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 20025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 20025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Tong Wu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, 20025 People’s Republic of China
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26
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Beranek MD, Gallardo R, Almirón WR, Contigiani MS. First detection of Mansonia titillans (Diptera: Culicidae) infected with St. Louis encephalitis virus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) and Bunyamwera serogroup (Peribunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) in Argentina. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2018; 43:340-343. [PMID: 30408293 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M D Beranek
- Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Instituto de Medicinal Regional, CONICET, Resistencia, Chaco, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - R Gallardo
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - W R Almirón
- Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba (CIEC), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET, Avenida Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M S Contigiani
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
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27
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No indication of arthropod-vectored viruses in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected on Greenland and Svalbard. Polar Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-017-2242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Ren X, Fu S, Dai P, Wang H, Li Y, Li X, Lei W, Gao X, He Y, Lv Z, Cheng J, Wang G, Liang G. Pigsties near dwellings as a potential risk factor for the prevalence of Japanese encephalitis virus in adult in Shanxi, China. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:100. [PMID: 28592296 PMCID: PMC5463306 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increasing trend of adult cases of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in China, particularly in northern China, has become an important public health issue. We conducted an epidemiological investigation in the south of Shanxi Province to examine the relationships between mosquitoes, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and adult JE cases. Methods Mosquito specimens were collected from the courtyards of farmers’ households and pig farms in Shanxi Province. Mosquitoes were pooled, homogenized, and centrifuged. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect mosquito-borne arbovirus genes in homogenates. Specimens positive for these genes were inoculated into the baby hamster kidney cell line (BHK-21) to isolate virus. Minimum infection rate was calculated and phylogenetic analyses were performed. Results A total of 7 943 mosquitoes belonging to six species in four genera were collected; Culex tritaeniorhynchus accounted for 73.08% (5 805/7 943), C. pipiens pallens for 24.75% (1 966/7 943), and the remaining 3% (104/ 7943) consisted of Anopheles sinensis, Aedes vexans, Ae. dorsalis, and Armigeres subalbatus. Sixteen pools were positive for JEV based on RT-PCR using JEV pre-membrane gene nested primers. Phylogenetic analyses showed that all JEVs belonged to genotype I; two pools were positive using Getah Virus (GETV) gene primers. In addition, one JEV strain (SXYC1523) was isolated from C. pipiens pallens specimens. These results indicate that the minimum infection rate of JEV in mosquito specimens collected from the courtyards of farmers’ households with pigsties was 7.39/1 000; the rate for pig farms was 2.68/1 000; and the rate for farmers’ courtyards without pigsties was zero. Conclusions The high-prevalence regions of adult JE investigated in this study are still the natural epidemic focus of JEV. Having pigsties near dwellings is a potential risk factor contributing to the prevalence of adult JE. To prevent the occurrence of local adult JE cases, a recommendation was raised that, besides continuing to implement the Expanded Program on Immunization for children, the government should urge local farmers to cease raising pigs in their own courtyards to reduce the probability of infection with JEV. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-017-0312-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Ren
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Peifang Dai
- Shanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenwen Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ying He
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhi Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jingxia Cheng
- Shanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Guiqin Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Lwande OW, Bucht G, Ahlm C, Ahlm K, Näslund J, Evander M. Mosquito-borne Inkoo virus in northern Sweden - isolation and whole genome sequencing. Virol J 2017; 14:61. [PMID: 28330505 PMCID: PMC5362992 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0725-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inkoo virus (INKV) is a less known mosquito-borne virus belonging to Bunyaviridae, genus Orthobunyavirus, California serogroup. Studies indicate that INKV infection is mainly asymptomatic, but can cause mild encephalitis in humans. In northern Europe, the sero-prevalence against INKV is high, 41% in Sweden and 51% in Finland. Previously, INKV RNA has been detected in adult Aedes (Ae.) communis, Ae. hexodontus and Ae. punctor mosquitoes and Ae. communis larvae, but there are still gaps of knowledge regarding mosquito vectors and genetic diversity. Therefore, we aimed to determine the occurrence of INKV in its mosquito vector and characterize the isolates. METHODS About 125,000 mosquitoes were collected during a mosquito-borne virus surveillance in northern Sweden during the summer period of 2015. Of these, 10,000 mosquitoes were processed for virus isolation and detection using cell culture and RT-PCR. Virus isolates were further characterized by whole genome sequencing. Genetic typing of mosquito species was conducted by cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene amplification and sequencing (genetic barcoding). RESULTS Several Ae. communis mosquitoes were found positive for INKV RNA and two isolates were obtained. The first complete sequences of the small (S), medium (M), and large (L) segments of INKV in Sweden were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the INKV genome was most closely related to other INKV isolates from Sweden and Finland. Of the three INKV genome segments, the INKV M segment had the highest frequency of non-synonymous mutations. The overall G/C-content of INKV genes was low for the N/NSs genes (43.8-45.5%), polyprotein (Gn/Gc/NSm) gene (35.6%) and the RNA polymerase gene (33.8%) This may be due to the fact that INKV in most instances utilized A or T in the third codon position. CONCLUSIONS INKV is frequently circulating in northern Sweden and Ae. communis is the key vector. The high mutation rate of the INKV M segment may have consequences on virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Göran Bucht
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Clas Ahlm
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Ahlm
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonas Näslund
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Evander
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Sang R, Lutomiah J, Said M, Makio A, Koka H, Koskei E, Nyunja A, Owaka S, Matoke-Muhia D, Bukachi S, Lindahl J, Grace D, Bett B. Effects of Irrigation and Rainfall on the Population Dynamics of Rift Valley Fever and Other Arbovirus Mosquito Vectors in the Epidemic-Prone Tana River County, Kenya. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:460-470. [PMID: 28011732 PMCID: PMC5850818 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral zoonosis that is found in most regions of sub-Saharan Africa, and it affects humans, livestock, and some wild ungulates. Outbreaks are precipitated by an abundance of mosquito vectors associated with heavy persistent rainfall with flooding. We determined the impact of flood-irrigation farming and the effect of environmental parameters on the ecology and densities of primary and secondary vectors of the RVF virus (RVFV) in an RVF-epidemic hotspot in the Tana River Basin, Kenya. Mosquito sampling was conducted in farms and villages (settlements) in an irrigated and a neighboring nonirrigated site (Murukani). Overall, a significantly higher number of mosquitoes were collected in farms in the irrigation scheme compared with villages in the same area (P < 0.001), or farms (P < 0.001), and villages (P = 0.03) in Murukani. In particular, key primary vectors of RVFV, Aedes mcintoshi Marks and Aedes ochraceous Theobald, were more prevalent in the farms compared with villages in the irrigation scheme (P = 0.001) both during the dry and the wet seasons. Similarly, there was a greater abundance of secondary vectors, particularly Culex univittatus Theobald and Culex pipiens (L.) in the irrigation scheme than in the Murukani area. Rainfall and humidity were positively correlated with mosquito densities, particularly the primary vectors. Adult floodwater mosquitoes and Mansonia spp. were collected indoors; immatures of Ae. mcintoshi and secondary vectors were collected in the irrigation drainage canals, whereas those of Ae. ochraceous and Aedes sudanensis Theobald were missing from these water bodies. In conclusion, irrigation in RVF endemic areas provides conducive resting and breeding conditions for vectors of RVFV and other endemic arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sang
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54840-00200, Mbagathi Way, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - J Lutomiah
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54840-00200, Mbagathi Way, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - M Said
- Food Safety and Zoonosis Research Program, International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; )
| | - A Makio
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54840-00200, Mbagathi Way, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - H Koka
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54840-00200, Mbagathi Way, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - E Koskei
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54840-00200, Mbagathi Way, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - A Nyunja
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54840-00200, Mbagathi Way, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - S Owaka
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54840-00200, Mbagathi Way, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - D Matoke-Muhia
- Center for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54840-00200, Mbagathi Way, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; ; ; )
| | - S Bukachi
- Institute of Anthropology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30079-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - J Lindahl
- Food Safety and Zoonosis Research Program, International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; )
| | - D Grace
- Food Safety and Zoonosis Research Program, International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; )
| | - B Bett
- Food Safety and Zoonosis Research Program, International Livestock Research Institute, P. O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; )
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Putkuri N, Kantele A, Levanov L, Kivistö I, Brummer-Korvenkontio M, Vaheri A, Vapalahti O. Acute Human Inkoo and Chatanga Virus Infections, Finland. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:810-7. [PMID: 27088268 PMCID: PMC4861510 DOI: 10.3201/eid2205.151015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cases appeared to be subclinical, but a few patients, usually children, required hospitalization. Inkoo virus (INKV) and Chatanga virus (CHATV), which are circulating in Finland, are mosquitoborne California serogroup orthobunyaviruses that have a high seroprevalence among humans. Worldwide, INKV infection has been poorly described, and CHATV infection has been unknown. Using serum samples collected in Finland from 7,961 patients suspected of having viral neurologic disease or Puumala virus infection during the summers of 2001–2013, we analyzed the samples to detect California serogroup infections. IgM seropositivity revealed 17 acute infections, and cross-neutralization tests confirmed presence of INKV or CHATV infections. All children (<16 years of age) with INKV infection were hospitalized; adults were outpatients with mild disease, except for 1 who was hospitalized with CHATV infection. Symptoms included fever, influenza-like illness, nausea or vomiting, disorientation, nuchal rigidity, headache, drowsiness, and seizures. Although many INKV and CHATV infections appear to be subclinical, these viruses can cause more severe disease, especially in children.
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Tang Y, Yeh YT, Chen H, Yu C, Gao X, Diao Y. Comparison of four molecular assays for the detection of Tembusu virus. Avian Pathol 2016; 44:379-85. [PMID: 26443062 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1061650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tembusu virus (TMUV) belongs to the genus Flavivirus that may cause severe egg drop in ducks. In order to evaluate the most efficient TMUV detection method, the performances of a conventional RT-PCR (C-RT-PCR), a semi-nested PCR (SN-RT-PCR), a reverse-transcriptase real-time quantitative PCR (Q-RT-PCR), and a reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) targeting the TMUV virus-specific NS5 gene were examined. In order to compare the sensitivity of these four techniques, two templates were used: (1) plasmid DNA that contained a partial region of the NS5 gene and (2) genomic RNA from TMUV-positive cell culture supernatants. The sensitivities using plasmid DNA detection by C-RT-PCR, SN-RT-PCR, Q-RT-PCR, and RT-LAMP were 2 × 10(4) copies/μL, 20 copies/μL, 2 copies/μL, and 20 copies/μL, respectively. The sensitivities using genomic RNA for the C-RT-PCR, SN-RT-PCR, Q-RT-PCR, and RT-LAMP were 100 pg/tube, 100, 10, and 100 fg/tube, respectively. All evaluated assays were specific for TMUV detection. The TMUV-specific RNA was detected in cloacal swabs from experimentally infected ducks using these four methods with different rates (52-92%), but not in the control (non-inoculated) samples. The sensitivities of RT-PCR, SN-RT-PCR, Q-RT-PCR, and RT-LAMP performed with cloacal swabs collected from suspected TMUV infected ducks within 2 weeks of severe egg-drop were 38/69 (55.1%), 52/69 (75.4%), 57/69 (82.6%), and 55/69 (79.7%), respectively. In conclusion, both RT-LAMP and Q-RT-PCR can provide a rapid diagnosis of TMUV infection, but RT-LAMP is more useful in TMUV field situations or poorly equipped laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tang
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China.,b Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA 16802 , USA
| | - Yin-Ting Yeh
- c Department of Biomedical Engineering , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA 16802 , USA
| | - Hao Chen
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Yu
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xuhui Gao
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China
| | - Youxiang Diao
- a College of Veterinary Medicine , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China
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Camp JV, Nowotny N. Rapid detection of European orthobunyaviruses by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays. J Virol Methods 2016; 236:252-257. [PMID: 27491341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assays are described herein for the detection of two orthobunyaviruses (Bunyaviridae), which represent the two main serogroups found in mosquitoes in Central Europe. The RT-LAMP assays were optimized for the detection of Ťahyňa virus (a California encephalitis group virus found in Aedes sp or Ochlerotatus sp mosquitoes) and Batai virus (also called Čalovo virus, a Bunyamwera group virus found in Anopheles maculipennis s.l. mosquitoes) nucleic acid using endemic European virus isolates. The sensitivity of the RT-LAMP assays was determined to be comparable to that of conventional tests, with a limit of detection<0.1 pfu per reaction. The assays can be performed in 60min under isothermal conditions using very simple equipment. Furthermore, it was possible to proceed with the assays without nucleic acid extraction, albeit at a 100-fold loss of sensitivity. The RT-LAMP assays are a sensitive, cost-efficient method for both arbovirus surveillance as well as diagnostic laboratories to detect the presence of these endemic orthobunyaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy V Camp
- Institute for Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute for Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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Springer YP, Hoekman D, Johnson PTJ, Duffy PA, Hufft RA, Barnett DT, Allan BF, Amman BR, Barker CM, Barrera R, Beard CB, Beati L, Begon M, Blackmore MS, Bradshaw WE, Brisson D, Calisher CH, Childs JE, Diuk‐Wasser M, Douglass RJ, Eisen RJ, Foley DH, Foley JE, Gaff HD, Gardner SL, Ginsberg HS, Glass GE, Hamer SA, Hayden MH, Hjelle B, Holzapfel CM, Juliano SA, Kramer LD, Kuenzi AJ, LaDeau SL, Livdahl TP, Mills JN, Moore CG, Morand S, Nasci RS, Ogden NH, Ostfeld RS, Parmenter RR, Piesman J, Reisen WK, Savage HM, Sonenshine DE, Swei A, Yabsley MJ. Tick‐, mosquito‐, and rodent‐borne parasite sampling designs for the National Ecological Observatory Network. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Tingström O, Wesula Lwande O, Näslund J, Spyckerelle I, Engdahl C, Von Schoenberg P, Ahlm C, Evander M, Bucht G. Detection of Sindbis and Inkoo Virus RNA in Genetically Typed Mosquito Larvae Sampled in Northern Sweden. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 16:461-7. [PMID: 27159120 PMCID: PMC4931352 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.1940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Mosquito-borne viruses have a widespread distribution across the globe and are known to pose serious threats to human and animal health. The maintenance and dissemination of these viruses in nature are driven through horizontal and vertical transmission. In the temperate climate of northern Sweden, there is a dearth of knowledge on whether mosquito-borne viruses that occur are transmitted transovarially. To gain a better understanding of mosquito-borne virus circulation and maintenance, mosquito larvae were sampled in northern Sweden during the first and second year after a large outbreak of Ockelbo disease in 2013 caused by Sindbis virus (SINV). Materials and Methods: A total of 3123 larvae were sampled during the summers of 2014 and 2015 at multiple sites in northern Sweden. The larvae were homogenized and screened for viruses using RT-PCR and sequencing. Species identification of selected larvae was performed by genetic barcoding targeting the cytochrome C oxidase subunit I gene. Results and Discussion: SINV RNA was detected in mosquito larvae of three different species, Ochlerotatus (Oc.) communis, Oc. punctor, and Oc. diantaeus. Inkoo virus (INKV) RNA was detected in Oc. communis larvae. This finding suggested that these mosquitoes could support transovarial transmission of SINV and INKV. Detection of virus in mosquito larva may serve as an early warning for emerging arboviral diseases and add information to epidemiological investigations before, during, and after outbreaks. Furthermore, our results demonstrated the relevance of genetic barcoding as an attractive and effective method for mosquito larva typing. However, further mosquito transmission studies are needed to ascertain the possible role of different mosquito species and developmental stages in the transmission cycle of arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olov Tingström
- 1 Swedish Defence Research Agency , CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden .,2 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden .,3 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Jonas Näslund
- 1 Swedish Defence Research Agency , CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Iris Spyckerelle
- 2 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden .,3 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Engdahl
- 1 Swedish Defence Research Agency , CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Clas Ahlm
- 3 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Evander
- 2 Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University , Umeå, Sweden
| | - Göran Bucht
- 1 Swedish Defence Research Agency , CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå, Sweden
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36
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Eastwood G, Loaiza JR, Pongsiri MJ, Sanjur OI, Pecor JE, Auguste AJ, Kramer LD. Enzootic Arbovirus Surveillance in Forest Habitat and Phylogenetic Characterization of Novel Isolates of Gamboa Virus in Panama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:786-93. [PMID: 26834200 PMCID: PMC4824219 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Landscape changes occurring in Panama, a country whose geographic location and climate have historically supported arbovirus transmission, prompted the hypothesis that arbovirus prevalence increases with degradation of tropical forest habitats. Investigations at four variably degraded sites revealed a diverse array of potential mosquito vectors, several of which are known vectors of arbovirus pathogens. Overall, 675 pools consisting of 25,787 mosquitoes and representing 29 species from nine genera (collected at ground and canopy height across all habitats) were screened for cytopathic viruses on Vero cells. We detected four isolates of Gamboa virus (family:Bunyaviridae; genus:Orthobunyavirus) from pools of Aedeomyia squamipennis captured at canopy level in November 2012. Phylogenetic characterization of complete genome sequences shows the new isolates to be closely related to each other with strong evidence of reassortment among the M segment of Panamanian Gamboa isolates and several other viruses of this group. At the site yielding viruses, Soberanía National Park in central Panama, 18 mosquito species were identified, and the predominant taxa included A. squamipennis,Coquillettidia nigricans, and Mansonia titillans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Eastwood
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York; Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT), Ciudad del Saber, República de Panamá; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, District of Columbia; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama; Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Suitland, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Jose R Loaiza
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York; Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT), Ciudad del Saber, República de Panamá; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, District of Columbia; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama; Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Suitland, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Montira J Pongsiri
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York; Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT), Ciudad del Saber, República de Panamá; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, District of Columbia; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama; Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Suitland, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Oris I Sanjur
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York; Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT), Ciudad del Saber, República de Panamá; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, District of Columbia; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama; Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Suitland, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - James E Pecor
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York; Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT), Ciudad del Saber, República de Panamá; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, District of Columbia; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama; Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Suitland, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Albert J Auguste
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York; Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT), Ciudad del Saber, República de Panamá; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, District of Columbia; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama; Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Suitland, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Laura D Kramer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York; Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT), Ciudad del Saber, República de Panamá; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, District of Columbia; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama; Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Suitland, Maryland; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Lambert AJ, Fryxell RT, Freyman K, Ulloa A, Velez JO, Paulsen D, Lanciotti RS, Moncayo A. Comparative sequence analyses of La Crosse virus strain isolated from patient with fatal encephalitis, Tennessee, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:833-6. [PMID: 25898269 PMCID: PMC4412244 DOI: 10.3201/eid2105.141992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized a La Crosse virus (LACV) isolate from the brain of a child who died of encephalitis-associated complications in eastern Tennessee, USA, during summer 2012. We compared the isolate with LACV sequences from mosquitoes collected near the child's home just after his postmortem diagnosis. In addition, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of these and other sequences derived from LACV strains representing varied temporal, geographic, and ecologic origins. Consistent with historical findings, results of these analyses indicate that a limited range of LACV lineage I genotypes is associated with severe clinical outcomes.
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Santillán MÁ, Grande JM, Liébana MS, Martínez P, Díaz LA, Bragagnolo LA, Solaro C, Galmes MA, Sarasola JH. New hosts for the mite Ornithonyssus bursa in Argentina. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 29:439-443. [PMID: 26258483 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The mite Ornithonyssus bursa (Berlese) (Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae) is considered a poultry pest causing important infestations in chickens and it is considered a potential vector of arbovirus. Despite being considered a common parasite in wild birds, there is scarce published information about its potential hosts and effects on them. Here we present new bird hosts for O. bursa, assess the presence of Alphavirus, Flavivirus and Bunyavirus in mites from three host species, and discuss its potential impact on wild bird populations. We found O. bursa infecting five raptor and six passerine wild bird species. For nine of these species, this is the first record of infection by O. bursa. Although all analysed mites were negative for the examined arboviruses, the small sample size of mites does not allow further conclusions at the present moment. Because of the general nature of this ectoparasite, its presence in migratory long dispersal and endangered bird species, and the seropositivity for arboviruses in some of the species studied here, we consider it critical to assess the role of O. bursa and other ectoparasites as vectors and reservoirs of pathogens and as potential deleterious agents in wild bird populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Á Santillán
- Centro para el Estudio y Conservación de las Aves Rapaces en Argentina (CECARA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - J M Grande
- Centro para el Estudio y Conservación de las Aves Rapaces en Argentina (CECARA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias de La Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa (INCITAP) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - M S Liébana
- Centro para el Estudio y Conservación de las Aves Rapaces en Argentina (CECARA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias de La Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa (INCITAP) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - P Martínez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - L A Díaz
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología 'Dr. J. M. Vanella', Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - L A Bragagnolo
- Centro para el Estudio y Conservación de las Aves Rapaces en Argentina (CECARA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - C Solaro
- Centro para el Estudio y Conservación de las Aves Rapaces en Argentina (CECARA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias de La Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa (INCITAP) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - M A Galmes
- Centro para el Estudio y Conservación de las Aves Rapaces en Argentina (CECARA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
- The Peregrine Fund, Boise, ID, U.S.A
| | - J H Sarasola
- Centro para el Estudio y Conservación de las Aves Rapaces en Argentina (CECARA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias de La Tierra y Ambientales de La Pampa (INCITAP) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina
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Tauro LB, Rivarola ME, Lucca E, Mariño B, Mazzini R, Cardoso JF, Barrandeguy ME, Teixeira Nunes MR, Contigiani MS. First isolation of Bunyamwera virus (Bunyaviridae family) from horses with neurological disease and an abortion in Argentina. Vet J 2015; 206:111-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tauro LB, Batallan GP, Rivarola ME, Visintin A, Berrón CI, Sousa EC, Diaz LA, Almiron WR, Nunes MR, Contigiani MS. Detection of Orthobunyavirus in mosquitoes collected in Argentina. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 29:338-343. [PMID: 25991544 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bunyamwera virus (BUNV) (Bunyaviridae, genus Orthobunyavirus, serogroup Bunyamwera) is considered an emerging pathogen for humans and animals in American countries. The CbaAr-426 strain of BUNV was recovered from mosquitoes Ochlerotatus albifasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) collected in Córdoba province (Argentina), where serological studies detected high seroprevalences in humans and animals. Molecular detection of Orthobunyavirus was performed in mosquitoes collected in Córdoba province. Seventeen mosquito pools of Oc. albifasciatus, Ochlerotatus scapularis and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) showed positive results; four of these positive pools, all of Oc. scapularis, were sequenced. All amplicons grouped with BUNV in the Bunyamwera serogroup. The findings highlight the circulation of BUNV in Córdoba province and represent the first report of BUNV-infected Oc. scapularis mosquitoes in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Tauro
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología Dr J. M. Vanella, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - G P Batallan
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología Dr J. M. Vanella, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Tecnológicas, Instituto de Ambiente de Montañas y Regiones Áridas, Universidad Nacional de Chilecito, Chilecito, Argentina
| | - M E Rivarola
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología Dr J. M. Vanella, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A Visintin
- Cátedra de Biología Animal, Departamento de Ciencas Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de La Rioja, La Rioja, Argentina
- Cátedra de Entomología, Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - C I Berrón
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología Dr J. M. Vanella, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - E C Sousa
- Seção Virologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ministério da Saúde, Belem, Brazil
| | - L A Diaz
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología Dr J. M. Vanella, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - W R Almiron
- Cátedra de Entomología, Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M R Nunes
- Centro de Inovações Tecnológicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ministério da Saúde, Belem, Brazil
| | - M S Contigiani
- Laboratorio de Arbovirus, Instituto de Virología Dr J. M. Vanella, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Westby KM, Fritzen C, Paulsen D, Poindexter S, Moncayo AC. La Crosse Encephalitis Virus Infection in Field-Collected Aedes albopictus, Aedes japonicus, and Aedes triseriatus in Tennessee. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2015; 31:233-241. [PMID: 26375904 DOI: 10.2987/moco-31-03-233-241.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
La Crosse virus (LACV) is a mosquito-borne virus and a major cause of pediatric encephalitis in the USA. La Crosse virus emerged in Tennessee and other states in the Appalachian region in 1997. We investigated LACV infection rates and seasonal abundances of the native mosquito vector, Aedes triseriatus, and 2 recently introduced mosquito species, Ae. albopictus and Ae. japonicus, in an emerging disease focus in Tennessee. Mosquitoes were collected using multiple trapping methods specific for Aedes mosquitoes at recent human case sites. Mosquito pools were tested via reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of the S segment to detect multiple Bunyamwera and California serogroup viruses, including LACV, as well as real-time RT-PCR of the M segment. A total of 54 mosquito pools were positive, including wild-caught adult females and laboratory-reared adults, demonstrating transovarial transmission in all 3 species. Maximum likelihood estimates (per 1,000 mosquitoes) were 2.72 for Ae. triseriatus, 3.01 for Ae. albopictus, and 0.63 for Ae. japonicus. We conclude that Ae. triseriatus and Ae. albopictus are important LACV vectors and that Ae. japonicus also may be involved in virus maintenance and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M Westby
- 1 Vector-Borne Diseases Section, Tennessee Department of Health, 630 Hart Lane, Nashville, TN 37216
- 3 Present address, Tyson Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, 6750 Tyson Valley Road, Eureka, MO 63025
| | - Charissa Fritzen
- 1 Vector-Borne Diseases Section, Tennessee Department of Health, 630 Hart Lane, Nashville, TN 37216
| | - Dave Paulsen
- 2 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, 2505 E.J. Chapman Drive, 370 Plant Biotechnology Building, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Stephanie Poindexter
- 1 Vector-Borne Diseases Section, Tennessee Department of Health, 630 Hart Lane, Nashville, TN 37216
| | - Abelardo C Moncayo
- 1 Vector-Borne Diseases Section, Tennessee Department of Health, 630 Hart Lane, Nashville, TN 37216
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Trout Fryxell RT, Freyman K, Ulloa A, Hendricks B, Paulsen D, Odoi A, Moncayo A. Cemeteries are effective sites for monitoring la crosse virus (LACv) and these environments may play a role in LACv infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122895. [PMID: 25860584 PMCID: PMC4393122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
La Crosse encephalitis (LAC) is the leading arboviral disease among children, and was previously limited to the upper Midwest. In 2012 nine pediatric cases of LAC occurred in eastern Tennessee, including one fatal case. In an attempt to identify sites near an active LACv infection and describe the abundance and distribution of potential LACv vectors near a fatal LAC case in the Appalachian region, we initiated an end of season study using a combination of questing and oviposition mosquito traps placed at forty-nine sites consisting of cemeteries and houses within 16 radial kilometers of two pediatric infections. LACv was isolated from three Aedes triseriatus pools collected from cemeteries and spatial clustering analysis identified clusters of Ae. triseriatus and Ae. albopictus populations that overlapped in the same area as the 2012 LACv cases. Results indicate cemeteries are effective sites for monitoring LACv. The role of cemeteries and specific environmental features will be the focus of future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca T. Trout Fryxell
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennesee, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Freyman
- Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, Tennesee, United States of America
| | - Armando Ulloa
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Brian Hendricks
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennesee, United States of America
| | - Dave Paulsen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennesee, United States of America
| | - Agricola Odoi
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Services, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennesee, United States of America
| | - Abelardo Moncayo
- Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville, Tennesee, United States of America
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Johnson GD, Bahnson CS, Ishii P, Cochrane ZN, Hokit DG, Plummer PJ, Bartholomay LC, Blitvich BJ. Monitoring sheep and Culicoides midges in Montana for evidence of Bunyamwera serogroup virus infection. Vet Rec Open 2014; 1:e000071. [PMID: 26392881 PMCID: PMC4562451 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2014-000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction A serological and entomological investigation was performed to monitor for potential Bunyamwera (BUN) serogroup virus activity in Montana. Results To facilitate the serological investigation, sera were collected from 104 sheep in 2013 and 2014 and assayed by plaque reduction neutralization test using all six BUN serogroup viruses known to occur in the United States: Cache Valley virus (CVV), Lokern virus (LOKV), Main Drain virus (MDV), Northway virus, Potosi virus and Tensaw virus. BUN serogroup virus-specific antibodies were detected in 41 (39%) sheep. Of these, three were seropositive for MDV, one was seropositive for CVV, one was seropositive for LOKV and 36 had antibodies to an undetermined BUN serogroup virus. Additionally, 30,606 Culicoides sonorensis were collected in 2013 using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps and assayed for cytopathic virus by virus isolation in African Green Monkey kidney (Vero) cells. All midges were negative. Almost one-third of the midges were further tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using BUN serogroup virus-reactive primers and all were negative. Conclusions We provide evidence of BUN serogroup virus infection in sheep but not C. sonorensis in Montana in 2013-2014. This study also provides the first evidence of CVV, MDV and LOKV activity in Montana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Johnson
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences , Montana State University , Bozeman, Montana , USA
| | - Charlie S Bahnson
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa , USA
| | - Patricia Ishii
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa , USA
| | - Zachary N Cochrane
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa , USA
| | - D Grant Hokit
- Department of Natural Science , Carroll College , Helena, Montana , USA
| | - Paul J Plummer
- Department of Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa , USA
| | - Lyric C Bartholomay
- Department of Entomology , College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa , USA
| | - Bradley J Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa , USA
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Lutomiah J, Ongus J, Linthicum KJ, Sang R. Natural vertical transmission of ndumu virus in Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes collected as larvae. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 51:1091-1095. [PMID: 25276943 DOI: 10.1603/me14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ndumu virus (NDUV) is a member of the family Togaviridae and genus Alphavirus. In Kenya, the virus has been isolated from a range of mosquito species but has not been associated with human or animal morbidity. Little is know about the transmission dynamics or vertebrate reservoirs of this virus. NDUV was isolated from two pools of female Culex pipiens mosquitoes, IJR37 (n = 18) and IJR73 (n = 3), which were collected as larvae on 15 April 2013 from two dambos near the village of Marey, Ijara District, Garissa County, Kenya, and reared to adults and identified to species. These results represent the first field evidence of vertical transmission of NDUV among mosquitoes.
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Lutomiah J, Omondi D, Masiga D, Mutai C, Mireji PO, Ongus J, Linthicum KJ, Sang R. Blood meal analysis and virus detection in blood-fed mosquitoes collected during the 2006-2007 Rift Valley fever outbreak in Kenya. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2014; 14:656-64. [PMID: 25229704 PMCID: PMC4171391 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2013.1564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonosis of domestic ruminants in Africa. Blood-fed mosquitoes collected during the 2006-2007 RVF outbreak in Kenya were analyzed to determine the virus infection status and animal source of the blood meals. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood meals from individual mosquito abdomens were screened for viruses using Vero cells and RT-PCR. DNA was also extracted and the cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1) and cytochrome b (cytb) genes amplified by PCR. Purified amplicons were sequenced and queried in GenBank and Barcode of Life Database (BOLD) to identify the putative blood meal sources. RESULTS The predominant species in Garissa were Aedes ochraceus, (n=561, 76%) and Ae. mcintoshi, (n=176, 24%), and Mansonia uniformis, (n=24, 72.7%) in Baringo. Ae. ochraceus fed on goats (37.6%), cattle (16.4%), donkeys (10.7%), sheep (5.9%), and humans (5.3%). Ae. mcintoshi fed on the same animals in almost equal proportions. RVFV was isolated from Ae. ochraceus that had fed on sheep (4), goats (3), human (1), cattle (1), and unidentified host (1), with infection and dissemination rates of 1.8% (10/561) and 50% (5/10), respectively, and 0.56% (1/176) and 100% (1/1) in Ae. mcintoshi. In Baringo, Ma. uniformis fed on sheep (38%), frogs (13%), duikers (8%), cattle (4%), goats (4%), and unidentified hosts (29%), with infection and dissemination rates of 25% (6/24) and 83.3% (5/6), respectively. Ndumu virus (NDUV) was also isolated from Ae. ochraceus with infection and dissemination rates of 2.3% (13/561) and 76.9% (10/13), and Ae. mcintoshi, 2.8% (5/176) and 80% (4/5), respectively. Ten of the infected Ae. ochraceus had fed on goats, sheep (1), and unidentified hosts (2), and Ae. mcintoshi on goats (3), camel (1), and donkey (1). CONCLUSION This study has demonstrated that RVFV and NDUV were concurrently circulating during the outbreak, and sheep and goats were the main amplifiers of these viruses respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Lutomiah
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David Omondi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
- Egerton University, Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Njoro, Kenya
| | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Collins Mutai
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paul O. Mireji
- Egerton University, Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Njoro, Kenya
| | - Juliette Ongus
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Ruiru, Kenya
| | - Ken J. Linthicum
- USDA/ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville Florida
| | - Rosemary Sang
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
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Lutomiah J, Musila L, Makio A, Ochieng C, Koka H, Chepkorir E, Mutisya J, Mulwa F, Khamadi S, Miller BR, Bast J, Schnabel D, Wurapa EK, Sang R. Ticks and tick-borne viruses from livestock hosts in arid and semiarid regions of the eastern and northeastern parts of Kenya. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 51:269-277. [PMID: 24605478 DOI: 10.1603/me13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity and relative abundance of ticks and associated arboviruses in Garissa (northeastern) and Isiolo (eastern) provinces of Kenya were evaluated. Ticks were collected from livestock, identified to species, pooled, and processed for virus isolation. In Garissa, Rhipicephalus pulchellus Gerstacker (57.8%) and Hyalomma truncatum Koch (27.8%) were the most abundant species sampled, whereas R. pulchellus (80.4%) and Amblyomma gemma Donitz (9.6%) were the most abundant in Isiolo. Forty-four virus isolates, comprising Dugbe virus (DUGV; n = 22) and Kupe virus (n = 10; Bunyaviridae: Nirovirus), Dhori virus (DHOV; n = 10; Orthomyxoviridae: Thogotovirus),and Ngari virus (NRIV; n = 2; Bunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus), were recovered mostly from R. pulchellus sampled in Isiolo. DUGV was mostly recovered from R. pulchellus from sheep and cattle, and DHOV from R. pulchellus from sheep. All Kupe virus isolates were from Isiolo ticks, including R. pulchellus from all the livestock, A. gemma and Amblyomma variegatum F. from cattle, and H. truncatum from goat. NRIV was obtained from R. pulchellus and A. gemma sampled from cattle in Isiolo and Garissa, respectively, while all DHOV and most DUGV (n = 12) were from R. pulchellus sampled from cattle in Garissa. DUGV was also recovered from H. truncatum and Amblyomma hebraeum Koch from cattle and from Rhipicephalus annulatus Say from camel. This surveillance study has demonstrated the circulation of select tick-borne viruses in parts of eastern and northeastern provinces of Kenya, some of which are of public health importance. The isolation of NRIV from ticks is particularly significant because it is usually known to be a mosquito-borne virus affecting humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Lutomiah
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54628, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Lillian Musila
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, US Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, P. O.Box 606-00621, Village Market, Nairobi 00621, Kenya
| | - Albina Makio
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, US Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, P. O.Box 606-00621, Village Market, Nairobi 00621, Kenya
| | - Caroline Ochieng
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, US Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, P. O.Box 606-00621, Village Market, Nairobi 00621, Kenya
| | - Hellen Koka
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, US Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, P. O.Box 606-00621, Village Market, Nairobi 00621, Kenya
| | - Edith Chepkorir
- Integrated Vector & Disease Management, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - James Mutisya
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, US Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, P. O.Box 606-00621, Village Market, Nairobi 00621, Kenya
| | - Francis Mulwa
- Integrated Vector & Disease Management, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Samoel Khamadi
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, US Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, P. O.Box 606-00621, Village Market, Nairobi 00621, Kenya
| | - Barry R Miller
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Foothills Campus, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Joshua Bast
- Department of Entomology, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kisumu 40100, Kenya
| | - David Schnabel
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Eyako K Wurapa
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, US Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, P. O.Box 606-00621, Village Market, Nairobi 00621, Kenya
| | - Rosemary Sang
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54628, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
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Grubaugh ND, McMenamy SS, Turell MJ, Lee JS. Multi-gene detection and identification of mosquito-borne RNA viruses using an oligonucleotide microarray. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2349. [PMID: 23967358 PMCID: PMC3744434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arthropod-borne viruses are important emerging pathogens world-wide. Viruses transmitted by mosquitoes, such as dengue, yellow fever, and Japanese encephalitis viruses, infect hundreds of millions of people and animals each year. Global surveillance of these viruses in mosquito vectors using molecular based assays is critical for prevention and control of the associated diseases. Here, we report an oligonucleotide DNA microarray design, termed ArboChip5.1, for multi-gene detection and identification of mosquito-borne RNA viruses from the genera Flavivirus (family Flaviviridae), Alphavirus (Togaviridae), Orthobunyavirus (Bunyaviridae), and Phlebovirus (Bunyaviridae). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The assay utilizes targeted PCR amplification of three genes from each virus genus for electrochemical detection on a portable, field-tested microarray platform. Fifty-two viruses propagated in cell-culture were used to evaluate the specificity of the PCR primer sets and the ArboChip5.1 microarray capture probes. The microarray detected all of the tested viruses and differentiated between many closely related viruses such as members of the dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and Semliki Forest virus clades. Laboratory infected mosquitoes were used to simulate field samples and to determine the limits of detection. Additionally, we identified dengue virus type 3, Japanese encephalitis virus, Tembusu virus, Culex flavivirus, and a Quang Binh-like virus from mosquitoes collected in Thailand in 2011 and 2012. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We demonstrated that the described assay can be utilized in a comprehensive field surveillance program by the broad-range amplification and specific identification of arboviruses from infected mosquitoes. Furthermore, the microarray platform can be deployed in the field and viral RNA extraction to data analysis can occur in as little as 12 h. The information derived from the ArboChip5.1 microarray can help to establish public health priorities, detect disease outbreaks, and evaluate control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Grubaugh
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America.
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Ochieng C, Lutomiah J, Makio A, Koka H, Chepkorir E, Yalwala S, Mutisya J, Musila L, Khamadi S, Richardson J, Bast J, Schnabel D, Wurapa E, Sang R. Mosquito-borne arbovirus surveillance at selected sites in diverse ecological zones of Kenya; 2007 - 2012. Virol J 2013; 10:140. [PMID: 23663381 PMCID: PMC3669043 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased frequency of arbovirus outbreaks in East Africa necessitated the determination of distribution of risk by entomologic arbovirus surveillance. A systematic vector surveillance programme spanning 5 years and covering 11 sites representing seven of the eight provinces in Kenya and located in diverse ecological zones was carried out. METHODS Mosquitoes were sampled bi-annually during the wet seasons and screened for arboviruses. Mosquitoes were identified to species, pooled by species, collection date and site and screened for arboviruses by isolation in cell culture and/or RT-PCR screening and sequencing. RESULTS Over 450,000 mosquitoes in 15,890 pools were screened with 83 viruses being detected/isolated that include members of the alphavirus, flavivirus and orthobunyavirus genera many of which are known to be of significant public health importance in the East African region. These include West Nile, Ndumu, Sindbis, Bunyamwera, Pongola and Usutu viruses detected from diverse sites. Ngari virus, which was associated with hemorrhagic fever in northern Kenya in 1997/98 was isolated from a pool of Anopheles funestus sampled from Tana-delta and from Aedes mcintoshi from Garissa. Insect only flaviviruses previously undescribed in Kenya were also isolated in the coastal site of Rabai. A flavivirus most closely related to the Chaoyang virus, a new virus recently identified in China and two isolates closely related to Quang Binh virus previously unreported in Kenya were also detected. CONCLUSION Active transmission of arboviruses of public health significance continues in various parts of the country with possible undetermined human impact. Arbovirus activity was highest in the pastoralist dominated semi-arid to arid zones sites of the country where 49% of the viruses were isolated suggesting a role of animals as amplifiers and indicating the need for improved arbovirus disease diagnosis among pastoral communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ochieng
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, P. O. Box 606, Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joel Lutomiah
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, P. O. Box 606, Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54628, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Albina Makio
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, P. O. Box 606, Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hellen Koka
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, P. O. Box 606, Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Edith Chepkorir
- International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, P. O. Box 30772–00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Santos Yalwala
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, P. O. Box 606, Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Mutisya
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, P. O. Box 606, Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lillian Musila
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, P. O. Box 606, Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samoel Khamadi
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, P. O. Box 606, Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54628, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Joshua Bast
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, P. O. Box 606, Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David Schnabel
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, USA
| | - Eyako Wurapa
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, P. O. Box 606, Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rosemary Sang
- Division of Emerging Infectious Disease, United States Army Medical Research Unit, Kenya, P. O. Box 606, Village Market, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 54628, Nairobi, Kenya
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Huhtamo E, Lambert AJ, Costantino S, Servino L, Krizmancic L, Boldorini R, Allegrini S, Grasso I, Korhonen EM, Vapalahti O, Lanciotti RS, Ravanini P. Isolation and full genomic characterization of Batai virus from mosquitoes, Italy 2009. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1242-1248. [PMID: 23515020 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.051359-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2009, 2589 mosquitoes were collected in northwest Italy and screened for orthobunyavirus RNA by RT-PCR. One pool of Anopheles maculipennis complex mosquitoes was found to be positive and a virus was isolated from that pool. The isolate was identified as Batai virus (BATV) by sequencing. Previously, BATV was detected in Italy, but limited data and no prior isolates existed. Full-length sequences of the S, M and L segments were determined for the newly isolated Italian strain. For comparison, partial sequences were also determined for the BATV strain Calovo (former Czechoslovakia, 1960). Phylogenetic analyses revealed clustering of the newly derived Italian BATV along with a recent isolate from Germany and the historic strain Calovo. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first isolation of BATV from Italy, which confirms a broader geographical distribution of BATV in Europe than was previously verified by isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eili Huhtamo
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, PO Box 21, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Amy J Lambert
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Stefano Costantino
- Laboratorio di Virologia Molecolare, UOA Microbiologia e Virologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy
| | - Luca Servino
- Laboratorio di Virologia Molecolare, UOA Microbiologia e Virologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy
| | - Letizia Krizmancic
- Laboratorio di Virologia Molecolare, UOA Microbiologia e Virologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy
| | - Renzo Boldorini
- Dipartimento di Anatomia Patologica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Amedeo Avogadro del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Sara Allegrini
- Dipartimento di Anatomia Patologica, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Amedeo Avogadro del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Ivan Grasso
- Istituto per le Piante da Legno e l'Ambiente, Torino, Italy
| | - Essi M Korhonen
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, PO Box 21, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 66, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory, PO Box 400, FI-00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, PO Box 21, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert S Lanciotti
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Paolo Ravanini
- Laboratorio di Virologia Molecolare, UOA Microbiologia e Virologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Maggiore della Carità, Novara, Italy
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Abstract
Cache Valley virus was initially isolated from mosquitoes and had been linked to central nervous system-associated diseases. A case of Cache Valley virus infection is described. The virus was cultured from a patient's cerebrospinal fluid and identified with real-time reverse transcription-PCR and sequencing, which also yielded the complete viral coding sequences.
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