Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization in cell death

Mitochondria: An overview of their origin, genome, architecture, and dynamics

Mitochondria are traditionally viewed as the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells, i.e., the main providers of the metabolic energy required to maintain their viability and function. However, the role of these ubiquitous intracellular organelles far extends energy generation, encompassing a large suite of functions, which they can adjust to changing physiological conditions. These functions rely on a sophisticated membrane system and complex molecular machineries, most of which imported from the cytosol through intricate transport systems. In turn, mitochondrial plasticity is rooted on mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, fusion, fission, and movement. Dealing with all these aspects and terminology can be daunting for newcomers to the field of mitochondria, even for those with a background in biological sciences. The aim of the present educational article, which is part of a special issue entitled "Mitochondria in aging, cancer and cell death", is to present these organelles in a simple and concise way. Complex molecular mechanisms are deliberately omitted, as their inclusion would defeat the stated purpose of the article. Also, considering the wide scope of the article, coverage of each topic is necessarily limited, with the reader directed to excellent reviews, in which the different topics are discussed in greater depth than is possible here. In addition, the multiple cell type-specific genotypic and phenotypic differences between mitochondria are largely ignored, focusing instead on the characteristics shared by most of them, with an emphasis on mitochondria from higher eukaryotes. Also ignored are highly degenerate mitochondrion-related organelles, found in various anaerobic microbial eukaryotes lacking canonical mitochondria.

Thermosensitive Light-Driven Smart Platform Induces Apoptosis of Fibroblast-like Synovial Cells and Macrophages for Enhanced Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy

Macrophage activation induces rapid proliferation and division of fibroblast-like synovial cells (FLSs), resulting in the degradation of cartilage matrix and bone destruction, which are the main pathological characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Inducing apoptosis in these inflammatory cells to mitigate the inflammatory response and alleviate bone damage is a potential therapeutic strategy for RA. In this study, we developed a smart platform for synergistic photothermal therapy (PTT) and chemotherapy by utilizing hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified thermally sensitive liposomes loaded with celastrol (CEL) and gold nanorods (GNRs), termed HA/Lipo-CEL-GNRs, for application in a rat RA model. Under laser irradiation, GNRs exhibited excellent photothermal effects due to localized surface plasmon resonance. The resulting increase in temperature not only effectively eliminated hyperproliferative inflammatory cells in the joints but also triggered CEL release from the thermosensitive liposomes, significantly increasing its concentration in the synovium. The synergistic effect of PTT and chemotherapy significantly promoted the apoptosis of FLSs and macrophages and effectively suppressed the inflammatory response in the RA microenvironment. In summary, multifunctional thermosensitive HA/Lipo-CEL-GNRs represent promising nanotherapeutic platforms capable of achieving light-driven enrichment of heat and therapeutic agents, significantly preventing the progression of RA.

Discovery of Potential Antifungal Agents: Chalcone Derivatives Containing Thiourea and Piperidine Moieties

Twenty-two chalcone derivatives containing thiourea and piperidine moieties were synthesized. The in vitro antifungal activities of these compounds against nine fungi were evaluated. The results demonstrated that a majority of these compounds exhibited exceptional antifungal activities. Especially, K2 displayed the most potent fungicidal activity against Phytophthora capsici (P. capsici), with a half-effective concentration (EC50) of 5.96 μg/mL, surpassing that of the control drug azoxystrobin (Az, 25.2 μg/mL). The in vivo antifungal experiments of K2 were conducted on pepper leaves and fruits. It exhibited significant protective efficacy against P. capsici in pepper leaves (95.3%) at 200 μg/mL, which surpassed that of Az (79.0%). Morphological investigations utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescence microscopy (FM) unveiled the disruptive impact of K2 on P. capsici mycelium. Moreover, mechanistic studies have demonstrated that K2 exhibited the capacity to disrupt the integrity of the cellular membrane in pathogenic fungi, influence lipid peroxidation processes within the membrane, and induce cellular content release. These experimental findings provided a new idea for effectively preventing plant fungal diseases and developing novel green chemical pesticide products.

Fullerol Initiates Stem Cell-Nanomaterials Interactions for Enhanced Tissue Regeneration via Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis and Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 Signaling

The advancement of nanomedicine requires a thorough understanding of the intrinsic bioactivity and molecular interactions of nanomaterials for safe and effective clinical applications, which remains lacking for most currently developed nanomaterials. Here, we uncover the unique intrinsic bioactivity and regulatory mechanisms of carbon-based fullerol nanomaterials through high-throughput molecular analysis and explore their therapeutic potential for tissue regeneration using tissue engineering approaches. Fullerol exhibits intrinsic pro-differentiation and antioxidant properties that enhance the osteogenesis and chondrogenesis of MSCs. Mechanistically, proteomic analysis combined with small-molecule inhibition studies reveals that fullerol is internalized by MSCs via clathrin-mediated endocytosis and activates NRF2 signaling, thereby exerting antioxidant effects that restore impaired MSC viability and differentiation under oxidative stress. Leveraging these unique bioactivities, we develop a fullerol-functionalized hydrogel with feasible physicochemical properties and triple biological functions in antioxidant, pro-osteogenic, and pro-chondrogenic effects and confirm its great regenerative capacity for both cartilage and subchondral bone by promoting structural restoration and improving functional recovery in a rat osteochondral defect model. Our findings offer new insights into the intricate interactions between stem cells and nanomaterials at the cellular and molecular levels and broaden the potential biomedical applications of fullerol for future cartilage and bone regeneration therapies.

Anoikis Resistance in Cancer: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Strategies, Potential Targets, and Models for Enhanced Understanding

Anoikis, defined as programmed cell death triggered by the loss of cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell-cell interactions, is crucial for maintaining tissue homeostasis and preventing aberrant cell migration. Cancer cells, however, display anoikis resistance (AR) which in turn enables cancer metastasis. AR results from alterations in apoptotic signaling, metabolic reprogramming, autophagy modulation, and epigenetic changes, allowing cancer cells to survive in detached conditions. In this review we describe the mechanisms underlying both anoikis and AR, focusing on intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, disrupted cell-ECM interactions, and autophagy in cancer. Recent findings (i.e., between 2014 and 2024) on epigenetic regulation of AR and its role in metastasis are discussed. Therapeutic strategies targeting AR, including chemical inhibitors, are highlighted alongside a network analysis of 122 proteins reported to be associated with AR which identifies 53 hub proteins as potential targets. We also evaluate in vitro and in vivo models for studying AR, emphasizing their role in advancing metastasis research. Our overall goal is to guide future studies and therapeutic developments to counter cancer metastasis.

Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila ameliorates preeclampsia via inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated placental apoptosis in vivo and in vitro

Preeclampsia (PE) is a severe metabolic disorder that occurs during pregnancy and is linked to dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, characterised by a decrease in Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK). Emerging evidence suggests that pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila (pAKK) is a promising candidate for preventing or treating obesity-related metabolic disorders. However, the modulatory function and the underlying mechanisms of pAKK supplementation in PE remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we examined the impact of pAKK oral administration on PE and its underlying mechanisms. Our findings demonstrate that pAKK significantly improved PE-like symptoms in mice induced by nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME) in a dose-dependent manner. Of note, pAKK inhibited L-NAME-induced placental apoptosis, countered apoptosis-related biochemical alterations like the increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and the activation of cleaved-Caspase-3, alongside mitigating L-NAME-induced placental mitochondrial dysfunction. Hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R)-induced HTR8/SVneo cells have been established as an in vitro model to mimic the condition of PE. Interestingly, similar results were also obtained in vitro; mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated apoptosis induced by H/R in HTR-8/SVneo cells was prevented by pAKK. Importantly, the PI3K inhibitor (LY-294002) significantly negated the protective effects of pAKK on mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. Furthermore, we observed that pAKK treatment improved the composition of gut microbiota communities in PE mice. Our findings indicate that pAKK improved PE-like symptoms both in vivo and in vitro by activating the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, highlighting the potential for developing a probiotic therapeutic agent based on AKK for PE.

Phytochemical analysis of leaf extract of Piper nigrum and investigation of its biological activities

BACKGROUND

This study investigates the phytoconstituents of the less explored leaf of Piper nigrum, a common ethnomedicinal plant as an alternate source for multiple bioactivities.

METHODS

Hydro-ethanolic (1:4) extract of Piper nigrum leaves (PNLE) prepared and profiled using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry for identification of phytomolecules. Anti-oxidant activity, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression, phagocytosis activity, and cytokine expression were estimated using cell-free and cell-based assays. Anti-cancer activity was determined with cancer cell viability, migration inhibition and colony-formation assay. Apoptosis and membrane depolarization assay were done using fluorescent microscopic staining methods while network pharmacology, and molecular docking analysis were done using open source and online tools.

RESULTS

Major phytomolecules identified in PNLE were pentanamide N,N-didecyl, piperettine, curcumin, myristicin, pipernonaline, sesamin, and lupenone. PNLE exhibited anti-bacterial activity with higher activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus. PNLE also showed anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity through neutralization of free radicals; inhibition of intracellular ROS generation; inhibition of phagocytosis and reduction of cytokine (IL-6 and TNF-α) levels. PNLE showed anti-proliferative activity against human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231), rat mammary tumor cells (LA7), and mouse melanoma cells (B16-F10) with highest activity against MDA-MB-231 cells. The extract did not inhibit human kidney cells (HEK-293). Further, PNLE treatment significantly inhibited cell migration and colony formation of MDA-MB-231 cells. Fluorescent staining techniques confirmed induction of apoptosis in cancer cells by PNLE. Further, network pharmacology and molecular docking studies revealed that the identified PNLE phytomolecules share 97 targets of out of potential breast cancer and inflammation-related target genes with four best common target proteins among the top hub genes and sesamin showed the highest binding affinity with these important cellular targets.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, the phytochemical profile of PNLE showed clear presence of important phytomolecules and their association with critical human cellular mechanistic pathways responsible for exhibited bioactivities. This study further establishes the leaf of P. nigrum as an additional anatomical plant part with potent medicinal properties and  as a potential renewable source for bioactive phyomolecules.

Quercetin Alleviates Pyroptosis and Necroptosis Triggered on by DEHP Exposure in Bursa of Fabricius in Chicken by the ROS/MAPK/NF-κB Pathway

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is an endocrine disruptor that may cause damage to several species. Quercetin (Que), a common flavonoid, has anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and immune regulation properties. In this study, we identified DEHP-exposed or Que-antagonist groups in chicken and MSB-1 cells to explore whether Que can mitigate DEHP-caused bursa of Fabricius pyroptosis and necroptosis. The findings demonstrated that Que reduced the expression of necroptosis and pyroptosis, inhibited the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/NF-κB pathway, and mitigated oxidative stress caused by DEHP. The addition of the reactive oxygen species activator (Sanguinarin) raised the extent of oxidative stress, and the NF-κB activator (nuclear factor-kappa-B activator1, NF-κB act1) activated the MAPK/NF-κB pathway compared to the Que + DEHP group. In conclusion, Que inhibited the MAPK/NF-κB pathway to counteract DEHP-induced bursa pyroptosis and programmed necrosis. This work adds to the toxicological consequences of DEHP on avian further theoretical justification for Que's treatment of organic toxic damage.

The inhibitory effect of Osthole on A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells and its biomarker

Some natural compounds derived from medicinal plants show anti-tumor activity with high efficacy and safety, low toxicity and residual levels etc. The aim of this study was to select natural compounds and biomarkers having high inhibitory effects against A549 adenocarcinoma cells. A total of eight natural compounds having pure plant origin were initially screened, purchased, and their potential anti-cancer activities were comprehensively and systematically evaluated against A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. The maximum non-cytotoxic concentration (MNTC) and 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of the eight compounds against A549 cells were obtained by cytopathological and MTT assays, respectively. Using Cisplatin as a positive control, the effect of selected compounds were elucidated on the proliferation, migration and invasion of A549 cells by MTT, wound healing and invasion assays, respectively. AnnexinV-FITC/PI, JC-1, ROS and Cell Cycle Kits were used to detect the pro-apoptotic mechanism of A549 cells induced by the tested compounds. qRT-PCR and RNA-seq were used to investigate the effective biomarkers involved in the inhibition process. The results showed that Curcumin, Osthole, Paeonol, Cepharanthine and Cisplatin significantly reduced the proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Post 48 h of treatment, Osthole inhibited the metastatic ability of A549 cells by regulating mitochondrial apoptosis, arresting A549 cell in G1-phase and inhibiting release of ROS, while Curcumin, Paeonol and Cepharanthine did not showed the same response. It was therefore elucidated that Osthole was the optimal natural compound showing powerful anti-inhibitory properties against A549 cells. Moreover, the expressions of EGF, IL-2 and IL-10 genes were significantly decreased in Osthole treated group, while IL-6 gene was significantly increased. This study suggested that EGF gene has the potential to be used as a biomarker for Osthole treatment against A549 cells, involved in mitochondrial apoptosis and ROS down-regulation, inhibiting proliferation and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), inflammation and immune processes in A549 cells providing a foundation to develop Osthole as a potential target drug to prevent the occurrence and development of lung adenocarcinoma.

Regulation of Apoptotic Pathways by MicroRNAs: A Therapeutic Strategy for Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder marked by a gradual decline in memory and cognitive functions. It is characterized by the presence of senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal degeneration, affecting a significant portion of the human population. A key feature of various nervous system disorders, including AD, is extensive cellular death caused by apoptosis, which affects not only neurons but also glial cells. While apoptosis plays a vital role in eliminating certain cells and supporting normal development, alterations or disruptions in apoptotic pathways can lead to harmful neurodegenerative conditions such as AD. Thus, targeting apoptosis presents a promising therapeutic approach for these diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of non-coding RNA, play diverse roles in cellular functions, including proliferation, gene expression regulation, programmed cell death, intercellular communication, and angiogenesis. By modulating regulatory genes, miRNAs can influence apoptosis, either promoting or inhibiting it. Aberrant expression of miRNAs can impact multiple apoptotic pathways, potentially driving the progression of AD and related health issues. This review summarizes recent research on miRNAs and their dual role in exacerbating or protecting against neural cell damage in AD by altering apoptotic pathways. The regulation of apoptosis by miRNAs offers a prospective therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease.

FS536, a novel nitric oxide-releasing doxorubicin hybrid, reverts multidrug resistance in lung cancer cells

The design of molecular hybrids that chemically conjugate nitric oxide (NO)-donors with anticancer drugs, offering site-specific and time-controlled properties, is a promising strategy in cancer therapy. In this work, we designed, synthesized, and characterized a novel doxorubicin (DOXO)-NO-donor hybrid, named FS536, by chemically conjugating DOXO with a diazeniumdiolate moiety. Upon incubation in human serum, FS536 simultaneously released both DOXO and NO through enzymatic hydrolysis. FS536 significantly inhibited the proliferation of the DOXO-resistant A549 lung cancer cell line (A549-DR), overcoming the resistance typically observed with DOXO alone. This enhanced efficacy is attributed to the release of NO, which induces the nitration of the MRP1 efflux pump, reducing its activity, increasing intracellular drug concentrations, and thus sensitizing resistant cells to DOXO. Our findings suggest that FS536 is a promising therapeutic strategy for combating multidrug-resistant cancers by leveraging the synergistic effects of DOXO and NO.

Gut microbiota-derived metabolites: Potential targets for cardiorenal syndrome

The characteristic of cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is simultaneous damage to both the heart and kidneys. CRS has caused a heavy burden of mortality and incidence rates worldwide. The regulation of host microbiota metabolism that triggers heart and kidney damage is an emerging research field that promotes a new perspective on cardiovascular risk. We summarize current studies from bench to bedside of gut microbiota-derived metabolites to better understand CRS in the context of gut microbiota-derived metabolites. We focused on the involvement of gut microbiota-derived metabolites in the pathophysiology of CRS, including lipid and cholesterol metabolism disorders, coagulation abnormalities and platelet aggregation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, mitochondrial damage and energy metabolism disorders, vascular calcification and renal fibrosis, as well as emerging therapeutic approaches targeting CRS metabolism in gut microbiota-derived metabolites which provides an innovative treatment approach for CRS to improve patient prognosis and overall quality of life.

Neuroprotective Effects of Lilium Lancifolium Thunberg Extract Against Corticosterone-Induced Dysfunctions in PC12 Cells

Chronic stress in the central nervous system can lead to neurological dysfunction characterized by spontaneous neuronal cell death. This study investigated the neuroprotective potential of an aqueous extract of Lilium lancifolium Thunberg (ELL) against corticosterone (CORT)-induced pathophysiology in PC12 cells. To assess the neuroprotective effects of ELL, PC12 cells were pretreated with 50 µg/mL of ELL before being exposed to CORT. ELL significantly prevented CORT-induced neuronal cell death by attenuating pro-apoptotic protein expression, lactate dehydrogenase release, and reactive oxygen species generation, while maintaining intact adenosine triphosphate levels. Furthermore, ELL significantly mitigated CORT-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses by attenuating the elevation of unfolded protein responses, intracellular calcium levels, opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. In conclusion, ELL exerts neuroprotective effects by inhibiting apoptosis through the mitigation of CORT-induced ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting that ELL may prevent neuronal damage associated with chronic stress-induced neurotoxicity.

Anti-Breast Cancer Properties and In Vivo Safety Profile of a Bis-Carbazole Derivative

Background: Carbazoles represent one of the most important classes of nitrogen-based tricyclic aromatic heterocycles and are present in natural sources and chemically obtained drugs. Recently, several research groups disclosed their large biological and chemical applications in different fields, leading to an increased interest towards this class of molecules. Some of the obtained derivatives have been successfully employed in the clinical treatment of different tumor types, but the onset of heavy side effects impaired their efficacy and discouraged their use. Pursuing the aim of obtaining carbazoles with less negative features, a lot of chemically modified compounds have been produced and evaluated. Objectives/Methods: In this paper, we describe the in vitro and in vivo evaluation of a bis-carbazole derivative with strong anticancer properties against two breast cancer cell lines. Results: This compound has been found to impact the cell cytoskeleton dynamics, triggering the activation of some key proteins playing a role in the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Equally important, this derivative has been found to be selective for cancer cells and has shown a safe profile in Balb/c-treated mice. Conclusions: Overall, the disclosed outcomes represent an important landmark for encouraging further studies directed toward the potentiation of this lead to be potentially exploited in both preclinical and clinical applications.

Chlorpyrifos Induces Apoptosis in Macrophages by Activating Both Intrinsic and Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathways

Although chlorpyrifos poses considerable risks to the environment and human health, it is still used in many countries. This pesticide has various toxic effects on humans, including neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity, and organ damage caused by oxidative stress and DNA damage. However, its specific toxicity to the immune system remains unclear. In this study, we explored the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways through which chlorpyrifos induces apoptosis in macrophages. RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with chlorpyrifos at concentrations of 0, 2, 4, 10, and 20 ppm for 3 h. Cytotoxicity was assessed using a lactate dehydrogenase assay, whereas apoptosis was evaluated through flow cytometry. The levels of cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase (caspase)-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 were measured. The disruption of mitochondrial function and the expression of the death receptors Fas receptor and tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor were assessed through JC-1 stain reagent. The release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, expression of Bcl2 family proteins, and level of cleaved caspases were analyzed through Western blotting. Chlorpyrifos induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. It activated caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9, as well as disrupted mitochondrial function and Bcl2 family protein balance. Furthermore, chlorpyrifos induced the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria and upregulated the expression of Fas receptor and tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor. These findings suggest that chlorpyrifos induces cytotoxicity through caspase-3-dependent apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway (caspase-8 activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, Bcl2 protein imbalance, and cytochrome c release) and the extrinsic pathway (caspase-9 activation and death receptor expression).

Optogenetic tools for inducing organelle membrane rupture

Disintegration of organelle membranes induces various cellular responses and has pathological consequences, including autoinflammatory diseases and neurodegeneration. Establishing methods to induce membrane rupture of specific organelles is essential to analyze the downstream effects of membrane rupture; however, the spatiotemporal induction of organelle membrane rupture remains challenging. Here, we develop a series of optogenetic tools to induce organelle membrane rupture by using engineered Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX), which primarily functions to form membrane pores in the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) during apoptosis. When BAX is forced to target mitochondria, lysosomes, or the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by replacing its C-terminal transmembrane domain (TMD) with organelle-targeting sequences, the BAX mutants rupture their targeted membranes. To regulate the activity of organelle-targeted BAX, the photosensitive light-oxygen-voltage-sensing 2 (LOV2) domain is fused to the N-terminus of BAX. The resulting LOV2-BAX fusion protein exhibits blue light-dependent membrane-rupture activity on various organelles, including mitochondria, the ER, and lysosomes. Thus, LOV2-BAX enables spatiotemporal induction of membrane rupture across a broad range of organelles, expanding research opportunities on the consequences of organelle membrane disruption.

From death to birth: how osteocyte death promotes osteoclast formation

Bone remodeling is a dynamic and continuous process involving three components: bone formation mediated by osteoblasts, bone resorption mediated by osteoclasts, and bone formation-resorption balancing regulated by osteocytes. Excessive osteocyte death is found in various bone diseases, such as postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP), and osteoclasts are found increased and activated at osteocyte death sites. Currently, apart from apoptosis and necrosis as previously established, more forms of cell death are reported, including necroptosis, ferroptosis and pyroptosis. These forms of cell death play important role in the development of inflammatory diseases and bone diseases. Increasing studies have revealed that various forms of osteocyte death promote osteoclast formation via different mechanism, including actively secreting pro-inflammatory and pro-osteoclastogenic cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL), or passively releasing pro-inflammatory damage associated molecule patterns (DAMPs), such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). This review summarizes the established and potential mechanisms by which various forms of osteocyte death regulate osteoclast formation, aiming to provide better understanding of bone disease development and therapeutic target.

A comprehensive survey of cytotoxic active half-sandwich Ir(III) complexes: structural perspective, and mechanism of action

Iridium(III) complexes, particularly those with piano-stool structures, have drawn a lot of interest recently as possible anticancer drugs. These complexes, which have displayed enhanced cytotoxicity and cytoselectivity compared with clinically approved drugs like cisplatin, oxaliplatin, and carboplatin, hold promising prospects for further anticancer research. Our review aims to explore the complex interplay between cytotoxic properties, cellular uptake efficiency, and intracellular distribution properties of this class of Ir(III) complexes, considering the variation of the coordination site atoms. We provide an overview of the majority of research on mono- and polynunclear half-sandwich Ir(III) complexes with mono- and bidentate ligands, focusing on the impact of altering the leaving group, tethers, substituents on the cyclopentadienyl ring and ligand, spacers, and counter ions on the cytotoxicity and mode of action.

Proteomic Alterations and Oxidative Stress in Seminal Plasma of Nellore Bulls Under Sexual Rest

Sexual rest (SR) in bulls leads to the accumulation of senescent spermatozoa in the extragonadal reserves, potentially affecting semen quality and reproductive efficiency. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of SR on the seminal plasma proteome and oxidative status of Nellore bulls. Six adult bulls were subjected to 195 days of SR and sequential semen collections using the electroejaculation method. The ejaculates were analyzed to assess sperm quality. Seminal plasma from the first and last ejaculates was evaluated for oxidative status and proteomic profile using LC-MS. The results revealed significant improvements in sperm motility, vigor, and antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase and catalase) in the last ejaculate compared to the first. Conversely, higher levels of oxidative markers, such as malondialdehyde and carbonyl proteins, were observed in the first ejaculate. Proteomic analysis identified 156 proteins, with 28 differentially abundant between ejaculates. The first ejaculate showed a higher abundance of proteins linked to acrosomal exocytosis and energy metabolism, while proteins associated with sperm motility and immune modulation were elevated in the last ejaculate. These findings suggest that SR induces oxidative stress and proteomic alterations in seminal plasma, negatively affecting sperm quality, emphasizing the need for strategic reproductive management in bulls.

Physiological and genetic responses of Chlorella sp. to nitrite accumulation in microalgal-bacterial consortium with partial nitrification treating municipal wastewater

The integration of microalgal-bacterial consortium (MBC) with partial nitrification (PN-MBC) offers a promising strategy for low-carbon wastewater treatment. However, the gradually accumulated nitrite levels challenge microalgal activities and system stability. This study demonstrated the nitrite tolerance (10-300 mg/L) of Chlorella sp., isolated from the PN-MBC system, and the underlying mechanism. Physiological assays, transcriptomic analysis, and bioinformatics revealed that nitrite significantly affected photosynthesis, DNA processing, carbon metabolism, signal transduction, and protein processing. Specifically, nitrite inhibited photosystem II by targeting the PsbO subunit, disrupting electron transport and the proton gradient, hindering carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle. It also caused DNA damage, including strand breaks, base modifications and mismatches, with upregulated DNA repair pathways and biomass growth stagnation between Days 5-7. In response, Chlorella sp. upregulated carbon metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation to enhance ATP synthesis, while exopolysaccharides were secreted for energy storage, and protein processing was downregulated to mitigate proteotoxic stress. Evolution analysis suggested that active site variations in carbon metabolism enzymes contributed to Chlorella sp.'s enhanced nitrite resilience. These findings advance current understandings of nitrite's effects on microalgae and offer insights for optimizing PN-MBC performance under high-nitrite conditions.

Senolysis by GLS1 Inhibition Ameliorates Kidney Aging by Inducing Excessive mPTP Opening Through MFN1

Cellular senescence is a pivotal contributor to aging and age-related diseases. The targeted elimination of senescent cells, known as senolysis, has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for mitigating these conditions. Glutaminase 1 (GLS1), a key enzyme in the glutaminolysis pathway, has been implicated in various cellular senescence processes. However, its specific role in senescent renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) remains unclear. This study investigates the role and underlying mechanisms of GLS1 in senescent TECs. Using d-galactose (d-gal)-induced senescence of HK-2 cells, we found that GLS1 inhibition eliminated senescent TECs by promoting excessive mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. Mechanistically, the excessive mPTP opening is associated with the upregulation of mitofusin 1 (MFN1). Inhibition of GLS1 in d-gal-treated HK-2 cells induced a shift in mitochondrial dynamics from fission to fusion, accompanied by a significant increase in MFN1 expression. Knocking down MFN1 reduced the mPTP opening and the expression of mPTP-related genes (PPIF, VDAC, and BAX) in cells co-treated with d-gal and the GLS1 inhibitor BPTES. Moreover, treatment of aged mice with BPTES specifically eliminated senescent TECs and ameliorated age-associated kidney disease. These findings reveal that GLS1 inhibition eliminate senescent TECs by promoting excessive mPTP opening, suggesting that targeting GLS1 may be a novel senolytic strategy for alleviating aging-related kidney diseases.

Targeted Modulation of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress Ameliorates 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Renal Injury in BALB/c Mice

Background: The present study reports the protective effect conferred by scavenging mitochondrial oxidative stress (mtOS) in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced renal injury. Methods: 5-FU renal toxicity model was created by administering 5-FU (12 mg/kg b.w. intraperitoneally [i.p.], for 4 days) to male BALB/c mice. The protective effect of mitochondria-targeted antioxidant (MTA), Mito-TEMPO coadministered at a dosage of 0.1 mg/kg b.w. i.p., was established in terms of levels/expressions of renal injury markers, histopathological alterations, oxidative DNA damage, proinflammatory markers, mtOS, mitochondrial dysfunction, and modulation of apoptotic proteins and apoptotic cell death. Results: A significant rise in the levels of serum urea, uric acid, and creatinine was noted after 5-FU administration to the animals. Immunohistochemical and ELISA findings demonstrated significant decrease in podocin and conversely a significant increase in neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) expression after 5-FU challenge. The histopathological analysis further revealed Bowman's capsule dilation, glomerular condensation, and vacuolar degeneration. Mito-TEMPO treatment significantly lowered renal injury markers, reversed the expressions of podocin and NGAL to normal, and restored normal histoarchitecture of renal tissue. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), mtLPO, activity of mitochondrial enzyme complexes, and mitochondrial antioxidant defense status were significantly improved in Mito-TEMPO protected group as compared to the 5-FU group. Further, significantly decreased expression of 8-OHdG, reduction in apoptotic cell death, and modulation of apoptotic proteins Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 were noted in Mito-TEMPO protected group, indicating its protective effect against 5-FU-induced renal injury. Conclusion: The approach of targeting mtOS using MTA, Mito-TEMPO, may prove as safe adjuvant in alleviating renal toxicity during 5-FU chemotherapy.

Bifenthrin causes disturbance in mitochondrial dynamics and bioenergetic system in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293)

Synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) such as bifenthrin (BF) have been used worldwide in pest control due to their high insecticidal activity and low toxicity to mammals. However, due to their lipophilicity, BF can persist in various environments and cause significant adverse effects on non-target organisms, including humans. Mitochondria, crucial for cellular energy production and homeostasis, are primary targets of environmental toxins like BF. This study, which investigated the impact of BF on mitochondrial function in human embryonic kidney (Hek 293) cells, found that BF caused cytotoxicity via a reduction in cell viability assessed by the MTT assay and triggered apoptosis in cells characterized by nuclear condensation and formation of apoptotic bodies revealed through the AO/PI study. BF exposure also led to a marked increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and a significant reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), indicating oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. BF treatment concentration of 1.00 μM and 2.00 μM significantly affects mitochondrial respiratory capacity by lowering the basal and maximal respiration, ATP production, and spare respiratory capacity, leading to mitochondrial impairment. Gene expression analysis also showed BF exposure altered the expression of genes related to mitochondrial fusion (MFN1, MFN2, OPA1) and fission (FIS1, DRP1), suggesting a disruption in the balance of mitochondrial dynamics. Defects in mitochondrial dynamics caused fragmentation of the mitochondrial branch length and number in BF induced cell compared to control. The analysis of mRNA expression of apoptosis genes also indicated that BF induced cell death. This study demonstrated that BF induced cytotoxicity disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential and impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics. Therefore, this finding emphasizes the significance of understanding the impact of BF on mitochondrial function, highlighting the need for further research and action to mitigate the potential long-term human health risks associated with this pesticide.

The Role of Mitochondrial AKT1 Signaling in Renal Tubular Injury of Metabolic Syndrome

Introduction

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasingly recognized as a contributor to kidney disease, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. Recent studies suggest a pivotal role for mitochondrial dysfunction in renal injury. We hypothesized that mitochondrial AKT1 signaling in renal tubules plays a critical role in MetS-related kidney injuries.

Methods

MetS was induced in a 8-week-old C57BL/6 male mice using a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 months compared with controls on a standard chow diet. Additional experiments were conducted in DB/DB diabetic mice and their controls (WT and DB/WT) to validate findings. Renal metabolic parameters, mitochondrial AKT1 signaling, and markers of kidney injury were assessed.

Results

MetS mice exhibited significant weight gain, altered glucose handling, and decreased energy expenditure. Although kidney size and basic renal function (blood urea nitrogen [BUN], creatinine) were unchanged, markers of renal damage, including proteinuria (P = 0.0002) and KIM-1 (P < 0.0001) were elevated. Histological analyses showed increased tubular injury (P < 0.0001) and glomerulosclerosis (P = 0.0004). Transmission electron microscopy revealed aberrant mitochondria (P < 0.001), with reduced cristae length (P = 0.012) and numbers (P < 0.001). Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Western blot analysis confirmed increased phosphorylated AKT1 (pAKT1) in the mitochondria of renal tubules (P = 0.0474), findings corroborated in DB/DB mice. This translocation of pAKT1 into mitochondria correlated with decreased cell viability upon inhibition of heat shock protein 90, indicating a dependency on mitochondrial AKT1 for cell survival.

Conclusion

These findings underscore the mechanistic link between mitochondrial AKT1 signaling and renal tubular injury in MetS. Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction may offer new avenues for preventing and treating kidney diseases in patients with MetS.

Exploring natural products as apoptosis modulators in cancers: insights into natural product-based therapeutic strategies

Cancer remains a leading cause of mortality globally, necessitating ongoing research and development of innovative therapeutic strategies. Natural products from plants, herbs, and marine species have shown great promise as anti-cancer therapies due to their bioactive components that alter cellular pathways, particularly apoptosis. This review explores the mechanism by which natural chemicals trigger the apoptosis of cancerous cells, which is crucial for eliminating them and halting tumor growth. These can affect the mitochondrial process by controlling the Bcl-2 protein family, increasing cytochrome c release, and activating caspases. They also activate death receptors like Fas and TRAIL to enhance the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. We focus on the main signaling channels involved, such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis, extrinsic death receptor, and intrinsic mitochondrial pathways. The review explores the role of natural substances such as polyphenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids in promoting apoptotic cell death and increasing cancer cell susceptibility, potentially aiding in cancer treatments and the potential of combining natural products with traditional chemotherapeutic medicines to combat medication resistance and enhance therapeutic efficacy. Understanding cancer development involves inhibiting cell proliferation, regulating it, targeting apoptosis pathways, and using plant and marine extracts as apoptotic inducers.

Cumulative effect of photobiomodulation by blue and red light on tumor cells: in vitro study with mammary adenocarcinoma cells - MCF-7

Although the mechanism of action of photobiomodulation (PBM) on tumor cells is already well described in the literature, its cumulative effect is not. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cumulative effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) with blue (470 nm) and red (658 nm) light at doses of 6 J/cm² and 19 J/cm², respectively, in mammary adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) tumor cells. The study analyzed how single and sequential exposures to these lights modulated cell viability, proliferation, dsDNA release, nitric oxide (NO) production, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Experimental analyses were carried out to verify cell viability and proliferation, release of dsDNA into the extracellular environment, production of nitric oxide (NO), and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Exposures caused a reduction in cell viability and/or proliferation and there was no increase in mitosis at any of the wavelengths tested. Blue light promoted a reduction in the production of NO and ROS in all analyses. Red light, in a single irradiation at 6 J/cm², was able to promote an increase in NO rates and two cumulative doses at 19 J/cm² increased the formation of ROS. In this study, PBM with blue and red LED, at doses of 6 J/cm² and 19 J/cm² did not cause an increase in cell proliferation but rather reduced the viability and division capacity of breast adenocarcinoma cells.

Network pharmacology combined with molecular docking and experimental validation of the mechanism of action of columbianetin acetate in the treatment of ovarian cancer

Background

Ovarian cancer is the most prevalent malignant tumor of the female reproductive system and has the highest mortality rate among gynecological cancers. Columbianetin acetate (CE) is one of the active ingredients of Angelica sinensis, which has good antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities. However, its potential mechanism of action in ovarian cancer remains unclear. This study used network pharmacology and molecular docking technology to investigate the molecular mechanism and material basis of CE in the treatment of ovarian cancer, and further verified by in vitro experiments.

Methods

Relevant targets for CE were obtained from TCMSP and SwissTargetPrediction databases. OMIM, GeneCards and DisGeNET databases were applied to screen ovarian cancer-related targets. The STRING database to obtain protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Then key targets were obtained using Cytoscape software, followed by expression, survival and ROC diagnostic analyses of core genes using R software. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed using the DAVID database. Binding ability of CE to core targets was assessed by molecular docking. KEGG sites were used to predict core gene-related pathways. Subsequently, in vitro cellular experiments were performed to further investigate the molecular mechanism of CE treatment for ovarian cancer.

Results

A total of 55 CE-ovarian cancer interaction targets were identified using network pharmacology techniques. Among these, eight key targets -ESR1, GSK3B, JAK2, MAPK1, MDM2, PARP1, PIK3CA, and SRC-were screened using Cytoscape software. Core genes ESR1, GSK3B and JAK2 were obtained based on expression, prognostic and diagnostic values using R software. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that CE treatment of ovarian cancer might be related to PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, ErbB signaling pathway and Ras signaling pathway. The molecular docking results showed that CE had good binding ability with core targets ESR1, GSK3B and JAK2. The results of in vitro cellular experiments indicated that CE may inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of ovarian cancer and promote apoptosis by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/GSK3B pathway.

Conclusions

Based on the network pharmacology approach, we predicted the potential mechanism of CE for the treatment of ovarian cancer, which provided a new idea for further research on its pharmacological mechanism.

Hexokinase-I directly binds to a charged membrane-buried glutamate of mitochondrial VDAC1 and VDAC2

Binding of hexokinase HKI to mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) has far-reaching physiological implications. However, the structural basis of this interaction is unclear. Combining computer simulations with experiments in cells, we here show that complex assembly relies on intimate contacts between the N-terminal α-helix of HKI and a charged membrane-buried glutamate on the outer wall of VDAC1 and VDAC2. Protonation of this residue blocks complex formation in silico while acidification of the cytosol causes a reversable release of HKI from mitochondria. Membrane insertion of HKI occurs adjacent to the bilayer-facing glutamate where a pair of polar channel residues mediates a marked thinning of the cytosolic leaflet. Disrupting the membrane thinning capacity of VDAC1 dramatically impairs its ability to bind HKI in silico and in cells. Our data reveal key topological and mechanistic insights into HKI-VDAC complex assembly that may benefit the development of therapeutics to counter pathogenic imbalances in this process.

Triterpenoid phthalimides as selective anti-cancer agents targeting mitochondrial apoptosis

Starting from benzyl 30-oxobetulinate and 30-oxobetulin diacetate, substituted dienes were synthesized and subjected to Diels-Alder reaction, yielding a variety of triterpenoid phthalates, phthalimides, and related derivatives. A total of 55 new compounds were prepared and tested for in vitro cytotoxic activity against eight cancer cell lines and two non-cancerous cell lines. Four compounds with IC50 values of 5 μM or lower were selected for further investigation. These compounds induced apoptosis in CCRF-CEM cells in a concentration-dependent manner, accompanied by mitochondrial depolarization and altered expression of key proteins involved in mitochondrial apoptosis. The compounds also disrupted DNA replication and transcriptional activity. Modulation of key proliferation pathways, including PI3K/Akt and STAT3, further supported the antiproliferative potential of these derivatives. Considering their high cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activity in CCRF-CEM cells, compounds 19, 26, 28, and 30 have been identified as promising candidates for further development.

Targeted and precise drug delivery using a glutathione-responsive ultra-short peptide-based injectable hydrogel as a breast cancer cure

Harnessing the potential of hydrogel-based localized drug delivery systems holds immense promise for mitigating the systemic side effects associated with conventional cancer therapies. However, the development of such systems demands the fulfillment of multiple stringent criteria, including injectability, biocompatibility, and controlled release. Herein, we present an ultra-small peptide-based hydrogel for the sustained and targeted delivery of doxorubicin in a murine model of breast cancer. The hydrogel evades dissolution and remains stable in biological fluids, serving as a reliable drug reservoir. However, it specifically reacts to the high levels of glutathione (GSH) in the tumor microenvironment and releases drugs in a controlled manner over time for consistent therapeutic benefits. Remarkably, administration of a single dose of doxorubicin-loaded hydrogel elicited superior tumor regression (approximately 75% within 18 days) compared to conventional doxorubicin treatment alone. Furthermore, the persistent presence of the drug-loaded hydrogel near the tumor site for up to 18 days after administration highlights its enduring effectiveness. There is great clinical potential for this localized delivery strategy because of the minimal off-target effects on healthy tissues. Our findings underscore the efficacy of this smart peptide-hydrogel platform and pave the way for developing next-generation localized drug delivery systems with enhanced therapeutic outcomes in cancer treatment.

Olesoxime protects against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction

BACKGROUND

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI). Agents that ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction hold potential for AKI treatment. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of olesoxime, a novel mitochondrial-targeted agent, on cisplatin-induced AKI.

METHODS

In vivo, a cisplatin-induced AKI mouse model was established by administering a single intraperitoneal dose of cisplatin (25 mg/kg) to male C57BL/6 mice for 72 hours, followed by gavage of either olesoxime or a control solution. In vitro, human proximal tubular HK2 cells were cultured and subjected to treatments with cisplatin, either in the presence or absence of olesoxime.

RESULTS

In vivo, our findings demonstrated that olesoxime administration significantly mitigated the nephrotoxic effects of cisplatin in mice, as evidenced by reduced blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) levels, improved renal histopathology, and decreased expression of renal tubular injury markers such as kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). Furthermore, olesoxime administration markedly reduced cisplatin-induced apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in the kidneys of AKI mice. Additionally, olesoxime treatment effectively restored mitochondrial function in the kidneys of AKI mice. In vitro, our results indicated that olesoxime treatment protected against cisplatin-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured HK2 cells. Notably, cisplatin's anticancer effects were unaffected by olesoxime treatment in human cancer cells.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study suggest that olesoxime is a viable and efficient therapeutic agent in the treatment of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury presumably by alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction.

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound reduces oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress in motor neuron cells

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is associated with oxidative stress, which is integral to the development of various pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, using NSC-34-a hybrid cell line established by fusing motor neuron-rich embryonic spinal cord cells with mouse neuroblastoma cells-we investigated the effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) stimulation on oxidative (reactive oxygen species)/ER stress-induced neurodegeneration. An ultrasound transducer with a center frequency of 1.15 MHz and a spatial peak temporal average intensity of 357 mW/cm2 was used for delivering ultrasound (for 8 min, via a water-filled tube) to motor neuron cells seeded in a plastic culture dish. LIPUS stimulation significantly increased the level of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) and inhibited the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins such as BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP), and caspase-12, thus extending the survival of motor neurons. LIPUS stimulation also enhanced Ca2+ signaling and activated the Ca2+-dependent transcription factors as nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Furthermore, LIPUS stimulation induced the activation of the serine/threonine kinase protein kinase B (AKT). Thus, LIPUS stimulation prevented oxidative/ER stress-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. In conclusion, as a safe and noninvasive method, LIPUS stimulation can facilitate further development of ultrasound neuromodulation as a tool for neuroscience research.

The multifaceted role of mitochondria in autism spectrum disorder

Normal brain functioning relies on high aerobic energy production provided by mitochondria. Failure to supply a sufficient amount of energy, seen in different brain disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), may have a significant negative impact on brain development and support of different brain functions. Mitochondrial dysfunction, manifested in the abnormal activities of the electron transport chain and impaired energy metabolism, greatly contributes to ASD. The aberrant functioning of this organelle is of such high importance that ASD has been proposed as a mitochondrial disease. It should be noted that aerobic energy production is not the only function of the mitochondria. In particular, these organelles are involved in the regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, different mechanisms of programmed cell death, autophagy, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) production. Several syndromes originated from mitochondria-related mutations display ASD phenotype. Abnormalities in Ca2+ handling and ATP production in the brain mitochondria affect synaptic transmission, plasticity, and synaptic development, contributing to ASD. ROS and Ca2+ regulate the activity of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). The prolonged opening of this pore affects the redox state of the mitochondria, impairs oxidative phosphorylation, and activates apoptosis, ultimately leading to cell death. A dysregulation between the enhanced mitochondria-related processes of apoptosis and the inhibited autophagy leads to the accumulation of toxic products in the brains of individuals with ASD. Although many mitochondria-related mechanisms still have to be investigated, and whether they are the cause or consequence of this disorder is still unknown, the accumulating data show that the breakdown of any of the mitochondrial functions may contribute to abnormal brain development leading to ASD. In this review, we discuss the multifaceted role of mitochondria in ASD from the various aspects of neuroscience.

Inflammatory signaling pathways in Alzheimer's disease: Mechanistic insights and possible therapeutic interventions

The complex pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses challenges for the development of therapies. Recently, neuroinflammation has been identified as a key pathogenic mechanism underlying AD, while inflammation has emerged as a possible target for the management and prevention of AD. Several prior studies have demonstrated that medications modulating neuroinflammation might lessen AD symptoms, mostly by controlling neuroinflammatory signaling pathways such as the NF-κB, MAPK, NLRP3, etc, and their respective signaling cascade. Moreover, targeting these inflammatory modalities with inhibitors, natural products, and metabolites has been the subject of intensive research because of their anti-inflammatory characteristics, with many studies demonstrating noteworthy pharmacological capabilities and potential clinical applications. Therefore, targeting inflammation is considered a promising strategy for treating AD. This review comprehensively elucidates the neuroinflammatory mechanisms underlying AD progression and the beneficial effects of inhibitors, natural products, and metabolites in AD treatment.

"Methyl jasmonate: bridging plant defense mechanisms and human therapeutics"

A volatile organic substance produced from jasmonic acid, methyl jasmonate (MJ/MeJA), is an important plant hormone involved in stress responses and plant defense. Apart from its role in plants, MJ has garnered significant attention because of its pharmacological effects and possible therapeutic use in human health. This thorough analysis looks into the many biological actions of MJ, such as its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. The underlying mechanism of these actions is examined, emphasizing MJ's ability to modulate important signaling pathways, cause cancer cells to undergo apoptosis, and boost immunological responses. Furthermore, MJ's capacity to manage long-term illnesses like cancer and neurological conditions like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's is examined. Preclinical and clinical research are beginning to provide evidence that MJ may be a useful medicinal drug. Nevertheless, more research is needed to fully understand its mode of action, enhance its administration methods, and evaluate its efficacy and safety in humans. This review highlights MJ's therapeutic promise and supports earlier research into its pharmacological capabilities and possible medical applications. This abstract highlights methyl jasmonate's pharmacological effects and therapeutic potential by providing a concise overview of the main topics covered in a thorough review.

Dysregulation of Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Cardiovascular Diseases

Mitochondria dysfunction plays a central role in the development of vascular diseases as oxidative stress promotes alterations in mitochondrial morphology and function that contribute to disease progression. Redox imbalances can affect normal cellular processes including mitochondrial biogenesis, electrochemical equilibrium, and the regulation of mitochondrial DNA. In this review, we will discuss these imbalances and, in particular, the potential role of mitochondrial fusion, fission, biogenesis, and mitophagy in the context of vascular diseases and how the dysregulation of normal function might contribute to disease progression. We will also discuss potential implications of targeting mitochondrial regulation as therapeutic targets to treat vascular disease formation.

Integrative pharmacological analysis of modified Zuojin formula: Inhibiting the HIF-1α-mediated glycolytic pathway in chronic atrophic gastritis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Zuojin formula (ZJF) is a well-known herbal medicine in Pharmacopoeia of China, which is widely used for gastritis. Modified Zuojin formula (MZJF) was adapted based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theories concerning gastric atrophy and dysplasia, along with extensive clinical experience, has been clinically employed to treat chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG). However, the underlying mechanisms by which MZJF intervenes in CAG remain to be fully elucidated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of MZJF intervention in CAG and explore its potential mechanisms.

METHODS

Four induction factors were used to establish a CAG rat model. HE and AB-PAS staining was utilized to assess the effects of MZJF in the intervention of CAG. The stomach weight index and gastric acid pH was used to assess the overall state of stomach. ELISA was used to assess the gastric mucosal inflammatory response. Using transmission electron microscopy to observe chief cells and parietal cells, we evaluated the improvement of ultrastructure by MZJF. Through network pharmacology analysis, the possible regulatory mechanism of MZJF in CAG was preliminarily explored. Binding interactions between MZJF components and predicted targets were explored using molecular docking. Subsequently, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blot, biochemical analysis and TUNEL staining were applied to validate the effect of MZJF on predicted pathway.

RESULTS

MZJF treatment ameliorated gastric mucosal pathology, inflammation, cellular ultrastructural damage and PG levels, halted the exacerbation of CAG in rats, along with a reduction in stomach weight index and gastric acid pH. A total of 79 compounds in MZJF targeting 203 CAG-related molecules were identified through network pharmacology. Enrichment analysis of the core targets was focused on the hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) signaling pathway. Molecular docking results identified HIF-1α as stable binding targets for MZJF primary components. Subsequently, PCR, WB, and biochemical results showed that MZJF suppressed the gene and protein expression levels of HIF-1α and its downstream molecules including glycolytic enzymes and transporters, modulated glucose, pyruvic acid and lactate levels in gastric mucosal tissue. Moreover, MZJF induced apoptosis of gastric epithelial cells, as evidenced by the upregulation of cleaved caspase-3, Bax, Bax/Bcl-2 and TUNEL positive cells ratio.

CONCLUSIONS

MZJF suppressed the HIF-1α-mediated glycolytic pathway, and promoted cell apoptosis, thereby halting the malignant transformation of CAG. The study provides a valuable reference point for applying TCM in preventing and treating CAG.

Valproic Acid Enhances Venetoclax Efficacy in Targeting Acute Myeloid Leukemia

BACKGROUND

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a common and aggressive form of leukemia, yet current treatment strategies remain insufficient. Venetoclax, a BH3-mimetic approved for AML treatment, induces Bcl-2-dependent apoptosis, though its therapeutic efficacy is still limited. Therefore, new strategies to enhance the effect of venetoclax are highly sought. Valproic acid (VPA), commonly used for epilepsy, has also been studied for potential applications in AML treatment.

METHODS

AML cells were treated with venetoclax, with or without VPA. Cell viability was assessed using the trypan blue dye exclusion assay, while cell cycle progression was analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bak was measured by RT-qPCR.

RESULTS

Venetoclax and VPA individually had only mild effects on AML cell proliferation. However, their combination significantly inhibited cell growth and triggered pronounced cell death. This combination also led to the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), a substrate of caspases, indicating activation of apoptosis. VPA treatment upregulated the expression of Bax and Bak, further supporting apoptosis induction. The cell death induced by the venetoclax-VPA combination was predominantly apoptotic, as confirmed by the near-complete blockade of cell death by a pan-caspase inhibitor.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study demonstrates that VPA enhances venetoclax-induced apoptosis in AML cell lines, providing a novel role for VPA and suggesting a promising combinatory strategy for AML treatment. These findings offer valuable insights into potential clinical applications of venetoclax and VPA in AML management.

Physalin A induces apoptosis through conjugating with Fas-FADD cell death receptor in human oral squamous carcinoma cells and suppresses HSC-3 cell xenograft tumors in NOD/SCID mice

IntroductionOral carcinoma cancer exhibits high global incidence and mortality. Physalin A (PA) was reported to induce programmed cell death in cancer cells. No study has yet investigated the influence of PA in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Herein, this study aims to explore PA-induced anti-cancer effects in human oral carcinoma.MethodsThis study used DNA gel electrophoresis and Annexin V/PI staining to detect DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis. Western blotting and immunofluorescence analyzed protein expression. Flow cytometry measured Ca2+ release and mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ψm). Moreover, molecular docking models predicted the molecular binding affinity.ResultsDNA gel electrophoresis and annexin V/PI staining confirmed PA-induced DNA fragmentation and apoptosis. Flow cytometry showed PA increased Ca2+ release and reduced ∆Ψm levels. PA activated cleaved caspase-3, -8, and -9, upregulated Bax and Bid, and downregulated Bcl-2. PA dose-dependently increased Fas (CD95/APO-1), apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), and cytochrome c release in western blotting analysis. Confocal microscopy confirmed increased Bax, AIF, cleaved caspase-3, and Fas, with decreased Bcl-2. Molecular docking showed strong PA binding via hydrophobic interactions with the Fas-associated death domain (FADD). Compared with cisplatin, PA inhibited HSC-3 cell xenograft tumor growth in NOD/SCID mice.DiscussionWe reveal that PA binds to the Fas-FADD complex, inducing caspase-8 activation and triggering extrinsic and intrinsic mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in HSC-3 cells. It also suppresses HSC-3 cell xenograft tumors in NOD/SCID mice. These findings suggest PA as a potential anti-oral cancer agent in the future.

Targeting SERCA2 in Anti-Tumor Drug Discovery

SERCA2, a P-type ATPase located on the endoplasmic reticulum of cells, plays an important role in maintaining calcium balance within cells by transporting calcium from the cytoplasm to the endoplasmic reticulum against its concentration gradient. A multitude of studies have demonstrated that the expression of SERCA2 is abnormal in a wide variety of tumor cells. Consequently, research exploring compounds that target SERCA2 may offer a promising avenue for the development of novel anti-tumor drugs. This review has summarized the anti-tumor compounds targeting SERCA2, including thapsigargin, dihydroartemisinin, curcumin, galangin, etc. These compounds interact with SERCA2 on the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, disrupting intracellular calcium ion homeostasis, leading to tumor cell apoptosis, autophagy and cell cycle arrest, ultimately producing anti-tumor effects. Additionally, several potential research directions for compounds targeting SERCA2 as clinical anti-cancer drugs have been proposed in the review. In summary, SERCA2 is a promising anti-tumor target for drug discovery and development.

Oxidative stress and energy metabolism abnormalities in polycystic ovary syndrome: from mechanisms to therapeutic strategies

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), as a common endocrine and metabolic disorder, is often regarded as a primary cause of anovulatory infertility in women. The pathogenesis of PCOS is complex and influenced by multiple factors. Emerging evidence highlights that energy metabolism dysfunction and oxidative stress in granulosa cells (GCs) are pivotal contributors to aberrant follicular development and impaired fertility in PCOS patients. Mitochondrial dysfunction, increased oxidative stress, and disrupted glucose metabolism are frequently observed in individuals with PCOS, collectively leading to compromised oocyte quality. This review delves into the mechanisms linking oxidative stress and energy metabolism abnormalities in PCOS, analyzing their adverse effects on reproductive function. Furthermore, potential therapeutic strategies to mitigate oxidative stress and metabolic disturbances are proposed, providing a theoretical basis for advancing clinical management of PCOS.

Pathological roles of mitochondrial dysfunction in endothelial cells during the cerebral no-reflow phenomenon: A review

Emergency intravascular interventional therapy is the most effective approach to rapidly restore blood flow and manage occlusion of major blood vessels during the initial phase of acute ischemic stroke. Nevertheless, several patients continue to experience ineffective reperfusion or cerebral no-reflow phenomenon, that is, hypoperfusion of cerebral blood supply after treatment. This is primarily attributed to downstream microcirculation disturbance. As integral components of the cerebral microvascular structure, endothelial cells (ECs) attach importance to regulating microcirculatory blood flow. Unlike neurons and microglia, ECs harbor a relatively low abundance of mitochondria, acting as key sensors of environmental and cellular stress in regulating the viability, structural integrity, and function of ECs rather than generating energy. Mitochondria dysfunction including increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species levels and disturbed mitochondrial dynamics causes endothelial injury, further causing microcirculation disturbance involved in the cerebral no-reflow phenomenon. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the role of mitochondrial changes in regulating the role of ECs and cerebral microcirculation blood flow during I/R injury. The outcomes of the review will provide promising potential therapeutic targets for future prevention and effective improvement of the cerebral no-reflow phenomenon.

Cytochrome c and cancer cell metabolism: A new perspective

Cytochrome c is a vital electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. When the outer membrane of mitochondria becomes permeable, cytochrome c is discharged into the cytoplasm, where it initiates the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. The complex interaction between cytochrome c and apoptosis protease-activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) leads to the formation of the apoptosome and activation of a cascade of caspases, highlighting the critical role of cytochrome c in controlling cell death mechanisms. Additionally, cytochrome c undergoes post-translational modifications, especially phosphorylation, which intricately regulate its roles in both respiration and apoptosis. These modifications add layers of complexity to how cytochrome c effectively controls cellular functions. cytochrome c becomes a lighthouse in the intricate web of cancer, its expression patterns providing hints about prognosis and paths toward treatment. Reduced levels of cytochrome c have been observed in cancer tissues, indicating a potential inhibition of apoptosis. For instance, in glioma tissues, cytochrome c levels were lower compared to healthy tissues, and this reduction became more pronounced in advanced stages of the disease. However, the role of cytochrome c in cancer becomes more intricate as it becomes intertwined with the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells. This suggests that cytochrome c plays a crucial role in tumor progression and resistance to treatment. Viewing cytochrome c as a molecular mosaic reveals that it is not merely a protein, but also a central player in determining cellular fate. This realization opens up exciting avenues for potential advancements in cancer diagnosis and treatment strategies. Despite the advancements made, the narrative surrounding cytochrome c remains incomplete, urging further exploration into its complexities and the biological implications linked to cancer. cytochrome c stands as a beacon of hope and a promising target for therapy in the battle against cancer, particularly due to its significant involvement in tumor metabolism. It holds the potential for a future where innovative solutions can be developed to address the intricate challenges of cellular fate. In this review, we have endeavored to illuminate the multifaceted domain of cytochrome c drawing connections among apoptosis, metabolic reprogramming, and the Warburg effect in the context of cancer.

Ion channel-mediated mitochondrial volume regulation and its relationship with mitochondrial dynamics

The mitochondrion, one of the important cellular organelles, has the major function of generating adenosine triphosphate and plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, governing signal transduction, regulating membrane potential, controlling programmed cell death and modulating cell proliferation. The dynamic balance of mitochondrial volume is an important factor required for maintaining the structural integrity of the organelle and exerting corresponding functions. Changes in the mitochondrial volume are closely reflected in a series of biological functions and pathological changes. The mitochondrial volume is controlled by the osmotic balance between the cytoplasm and the mitochondrial matrix. Thus, any disruption in the influx of the main ion, potassium, into the cells can disturb the osmotic balance between the cytoplasm and the matrix, leading to water movement between these compartments and subsequent alterations in mitochondrial volume. Recent studies have shown that mitochondrial volume homeostasis is closely implicated in a variety of diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the main influencing factors and research progress in the field of mitochondrial volume homeostasis.

A previously unidentified circRNA inhibits virus replication by regulating the miR-24-3p/KEAP1 axis

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) exert diverse biological functions in different processes. However, the role of circRNAs during virus infection is mostly unknown. Herein, we explored the characteristics of host circRNAs using alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) as a model. PRV infection upregulated the expression of circRNA circ29164, which does not encode a protein. RNA pulldown assays identified that circ29164 interacts with the microRNA ssc-miRNA-24-3p. Further analysis indicated that ssc-miR-24-3p targets the mRNA encoding kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), and circ29164 competitively binds to ssc-miR-24-3p to prevent it binding to Keap1. Apoptosis detection demonstrated that circ29164 or Keap1 overexpression, but not knockdown, induced caspase 3 activity and the release of cytochrome C from mitochondria, and inhibited PRV replication. Taken together, these data identified a previously undiscovered circRNA, circ29164, which inhibits PRV replication by competitively binding to ssc-24-3p to maintain KEAP1 levels.

The protective effect of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 on the human retinal pigment epithelial cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress

Ginsenosides, constituting 2-3% of Panax ginseng Meyer, are noteworthy for their anticancer and antioxidant effects. Despite demonstrating promise in various diseases, their specific impact on age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remains unclear. This research investigates whether ginsenosides can inhibit the progression of dry AMD and explores the mechanisms by which they influence apoptosis, providing insight into their regulatory role in programmed cell death. Human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells were pre-treated with ginsenosides, followed by induction of oxidative stress using hydrogen peroxide. Pre-treatment with 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 significantly increased cell viability and reduced apoptotic markers, including Annexin V, Bax, Bim S, cleaved caspase 3, cleaved caspase 9, and cleaved PARP. Furthermore, 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 effectively diminished the activation of the ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways. 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 could be a good prevention for AMD by modulating apoptosis, offering valuable therapeutic insights for AMD.

Treatment with Pterostilbene Ameliorates the Antioxidant Status of Bovine Spermatozoa and Modulates Cell Death Pathways

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) play an important role in sperm physiology. They are required in processes such as capacitation and fertilization. However, the exposure of spermatozoa to ROS generated from internal or external sources may create a potentially detrimental redox imbalance. Antioxidant supplementation in semen is now a rather common approach to protect spermatozoa from oxidative stress (OS) during their handling and/or cryopreservation. Supplementation with pterostilbene, a potent antioxidant, protects spermatozoa from OS and ameliorates their post-thawing characteristics and viability. In the present study, we used freezing/thawing as a model of natural ROS overproduction and investigated the molecular mechanisms modulated by pterostilbene. Specifically, bovine frozen/thawed spermatozoa were incubated with 10 or 25 μM pterostilbene for 60 min. Results have shown that in a dose-independent manner, pterostilbene decreased lipid peroxidation and increased intracellular GSH levels. Moreover, pterostilbene ameliorated energy production, as ATP and AMP/ATP levels were restored, and increased autophagy levels through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, which finally resulted in the inhibition of apoptotic cell death in bovine spermatozoa when exposed to OS. This study sheds light on spermatozoa redox state, the crosstalk between apoptotic and autophagic pathways, and its role in determining the beneficial or detrimental effect of ROS in spermatozoa.

Oxidative Stress and Cancer Therapy: Controlling Cancer Cells Using Reactive Oxygen Species

Cancer is a multifaceted disease influenced by various mechanisms, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which have a paradoxical role in both promoting cancer progression and serving as targets for therapeutic interventions. At low concentrations, ROS serve as signaling agents that enhance cancer cell proliferation, migration, and resistance to drugs. However, at elevated levels, ROS induce oxidative stress, causing damage to biomolecules and leading to cell death. Cancer cells have developed mechanisms to manage ROS levels, including activating pathways such as NRF2, NF-κB, and PI3K/Akt. This review explores the relationship between ROS and cancer, focusing on cell death mechanisms like apoptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy, highlighting the potential therapeutic strategies that exploit ROS to target cancer cells.

Alliin Induces Reconstitution of Testes Damaged by Estrogen Overstimulation by Regulating Apoptosis

We analyzed the effect of alliin on the recovery of mouse testicular function and structure following estradiol treatment as well as on apoptosis regulation. During the cultivation of testicular cells, high-concentration estradiol suppressed Casp-3; PCNA, mTOR, and PI3K signaling increased; and cell proliferation in the testes was abnormally increased. Therefore, estradiol treatment increased the proportion of abnormal cells. The estradiol and 2.5 μM of alliin treatment increased Casp-3 levels and suppressed Bcl-2, PCNA, mTOR, and PI3K expression. Additionally, treatment with estradiol caused tissue loss. Furthermore, Ca2+ deposition decreased, TNF-r protein expression increased, and the levels of other protein markers of cell survival and death decreased. Tissue recovery and restoration of the testes occurred after alliin treatment; the gene expression of cell survival and death markers, except for TNF-r, increased with increasing Ca2+ deposition. Cell proliferation and tissue reorganization may correlate with an increased signal of intrinsic apoptosis owing to increased Ca2+ deposition. Therefore, treatment with alliin may regulate the apoptosis of cells with normal or abnormal signal transduction and help to revert testicular dysfunction.

The combination of venetoclax and quercetin exerts a cytotoxic effect on acute myeloid leukemia

Venetoclax is a BH3 mimetic that was recently approved for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treatment. However, the effect of venetoclax on AML remains limited, and a novel strategy is required. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the cytotoxic effect of venetoclax drastically increased when by combined with the naturally occurring flavonoid quercetin. Combined treatment with venetoclax and quercetin caused most of AML KG-1 cells to exhibit a condensed morphology. Cell cycle analysis revealed that the combination strongly induced cell death. Caspase inhibitor blocked this cell death, and the combination induced poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, indicating that apoptosis was the primary mechanism. These effects were also observed in another AML cell line Kasumi-1 but not in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) K562 cells. Public data analysis demonstrated that B-cell/CLL lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expression is increased in AML cells compared to other malignant tumors, and the survival and the growth of AML cell line depends on Bcl-2. We found that quercetin increased Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) expression in KG-1. Our study provides a novel function for quercetin and presents a promising strategy for AML treatment using venetoclax.