1
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Idotta C, Pagano MA, Tibaldi E, Cadamuro M, Saetti R, Silvestrini M, Pigato G, Leanza L, Peruzzo R, Meneghetti L, Piazza S, Meneguzzo P, Favaro A, Grassi L, Toffanin T, Brunati AM. Neural stem/progenitor cells from olfactory neuroepithelium collected by nasal brushing as a cell model reflecting molecular and cellular dysfunctions in schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38869228 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2024.2357096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neural stem/progenitor cells derived from olfactory neuroepithelium (hereafter olfactory neural stem/progenitor cells, ONSPCs) are emerging as a potential tool in the exploration of psychiatric disorders. The present study intended to assess whether ONSPCs could help discern individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) from non-schizophrenic (NS) subjects by exploring specific cellular and molecular features. METHODS ONSPCs were collected from 19 in-patients diagnosed with SZ and 31 NS individuals and propagated in basal medium. Mitochondrial ATP production, expression of β-catenin and cell proliferation, which are described to be altered in SZ, were examined in freshly isolated or newly thawed ONSPCs after a few culture passages. RESULTS SZ-ONSPCs exhibited a lower mitochondrial ATP production and insensitivity to agents capable of positively or negatively affecting β-catenin expression with respect to NS-ONSPCs. As to proliferation, it declined in SZ-ONSPCs as the number of culture passages increased compared to a steady level of growth shown by NS-ONSPCs. CONCLUSIONS The ease and safety of sample collection as well as the differences observed between NS- and SZ-ONSPCs, may lay the groundwork for a new approach to obtain biological material from a large number of living individuals and gain a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying SZ pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Idotta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Mario Angelo Pagano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Tibaldi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Saetti
- Department of Otolaryngology, San Bortolo Hospital, ULSS 8 Berica, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Marina Silvestrini
- Department of Otolaryngology, San Bortolo Hospital, ULSS 8 Berica, Vicenza, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Roberta Peruzzo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Stefano Piazza
- Department of Mental Health, ULSS 8 Berica, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Paolo Meneguzzo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Angela Favaro
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luigi Grassi
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tommaso Toffanin
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Psychiatry, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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2
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Sireci S, Kocagöz Y, Alkiraz AS, Güler K, Dokuzluoglu Z, Balcioglu E, Meydanli S, Demirler MC, Erdogan NS, Fuss SH. HB-EGF promotes progenitor cell proliferation and sensory neuron regeneration in the zebrafish olfactory epithelium. FEBS J 2024; 291:2098-2133. [PMID: 38088047 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance and regeneration of the zebrafish olfactory epithelium (OE) are supported by two distinct progenitor cell populations that occupy spatially discrete stem cell niches and respond to different tissue conditions. Globose basal cells (GBCs) reside at the inner and peripheral margins of the sensory OE and are constitutively active to replace sporadically dying olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). In contrast, horizontal basal cells (HBCs) are uniformly distributed across the sensory tissue and are selectively activated by acute injury conditions. Here we show that expression of the heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is strongly and transiently upregulated in response to OE injury and signals through the EGF receptor (EGFR), which is expressed by HBCs. Exogenous stimulation of the OE with recombinant HB-EGF promotes HBC expansion and OSN neurogenesis in a pattern that resembles the tissue response to injury. In contrast, pharmacological inhibition of HB-EGF membrane shedding, HB-EGF availability, and EGFR signaling strongly attenuate or delay injury-induced HBC activity and OSN restoration without affecting maintenance neurogenesis by GBCs. Thus, HB-EGF/EGFR signaling appears to be a critical component of the signaling network that controls HBC activity and, consequently, repair neurogenesis in the zebrafish OE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siran Sireci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Yigit Kocagöz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Aysu Sevval Alkiraz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Kardelen Güler
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Zeynep Dokuzluoglu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ecem Balcioglu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sinem Meydanli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Can Demirler
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | | | - Stefan Herbert Fuss
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogaziçi University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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den Berge KV, Chou HJ, Kunda D, Risso D, Street K, Purdom E, Dudoit S, Ngai J, Heavner W. A Latent Activated Olfactory Stem Cell State Revealed by Single Cell Transcriptomic and Epigenomic Profiling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.26.564041. [PMID: 37961539 PMCID: PMC10634988 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.26.564041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory epithelium is one of the few regions of the nervous system that sustains neurogenesis throughout life. Its experimental accessibility makes it especially tractable for studying molecular mechanisms that drive neural regeneration after injury-induced cell death. In this study, we used single cell sequencing to identify major regulatory players in determining olfactory epithelial stem cell fate after acute injury. We combined gene expression and accessible chromatin profiles of individual lineage traced olfactory stem cells to predict transcription factor activity specific to different lineages and stages of recovery. We further identified a discrete stem cell state that appears poised for activation, characterized by accessible chromatin around wound response and lineage specific genes prior to their later expression in response to injury. Together these results provide evidence that a subset of quiescent olfactory epithelial stem cells are epigenetically primed to support injury-induced regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hsin-Jung Chou
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Divya Kunda
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Davide Risso
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Kelly Street
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Elizabeth Purdom
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Sandrine Dudoit
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - John Ngai
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Whitney Heavner
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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4
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Qu F, Li W, Xu J, Zhang R, Ke J, Ren X, Meng X, Qin L, Zhang J, Lu F, Zhou X, Luo X, Zhang Z, Wang M, Wu G, Pei D, Chen J, Cui G, Suo S, Peng G. Three-dimensional molecular architecture of mouse organogenesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4599. [PMID: 37524711 PMCID: PMC10390492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian embryos exhibit sophisticated cellular patterning that is intricately orchestrated at both molecular and cellular level. It has recently become apparent that cells within the animal body display significant heterogeneity, both in terms of their cellular properties and spatial distributions. However, current spatial transcriptomic profiling either lacks three-dimensional representation or is limited in its ability to capture the complexity of embryonic tissues and organs. Here, we present a spatial transcriptomic atlas of all major organs at embryonic day 13.5 in the mouse embryo, and provide a three-dimensional rendering of molecular regulation for embryonic patterning with stacked sections. By integrating the spatial atlas with corresponding single-cell transcriptomic data, we offer a detailed molecular annotation of the dynamic nature of organ development, spatial cellular interactions, embryonic axes, and divergence of cell fates that underlie mammalian development, which would pave the way for precise organ engineering and stem cell-based regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Qu
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas, Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, 510005, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, 510005, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjia Li
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas, Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, 510005, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, 510005, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas, Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruifang Zhang
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas, Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jincan Ke
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodie Ren
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas, Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaogao Meng
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China
- Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lexin Qin
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingna Zhang
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas, Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangru Lu
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas, Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas, Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Luo
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhan Wang
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangming Wu
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas, Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, 510005, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 510005, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Duanqing Pei
- Laboratory of Cell Fate Control, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiekai Chen
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas, Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guizhong Cui
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas, Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.
- Guangzhou Laboratory, 510005, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, 510005, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shengbao Suo
- Guangzhou Laboratory, 510005, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, 510005, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Guangdun Peng
- Center for Cell Lineage and Atlas, Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.
- Center for Cell Lineage and Development, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, GIBH-HKU Guangdong-Hong Kong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510530, Guangzhou, China.
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5
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Habif JC, Xie C, de Celis C, Ukhanov K, Green WW, Moretta JC, Zhang L, Campbell RJ, Martens JR. The role of a ciliary GTPase in the regulation of neuronal maturation of olfactory sensory neurons. Development 2023; 150:286702. [PMID: 36661357 PMCID: PMC10110495 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) form embryonically and mature perinatally, innervating glomeruli and extending dendrites with multiple cilia. This process and its timing are crucial for odor detection and perception and continues throughout life. In the olfactory epithelium (OE), differentiated OSNs proceed from an immature (iOSN) to a mature (mOSN) state through well-defined sequential morphological and molecular transitions, but the precise mechanisms controlling OSN maturation remain largely unknown. We have identified that a GTPase, ARL13B, has a transient and maturation state-dependent expression in OSNs marking the emergence of a primary cilium. Utilizing an iOSN-specific Arl13b-null murine model, we examined the role of ARL13B in the maturation of OSNs. The loss of Arl13b in iOSNs caused a profound dysregulation of the cellular homeostasis and development of the OE. Importantly, Arl13b null OSNs demonstrated a delay in the timing of their maturation. Finally, the loss of Arl13b resulted in severe deformation in the structure and innervation of glomeruli. Our findings demonstrate a previously unknown role of ARL13B in the maturation of OSNs and development of the OE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien C Habif
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Chao Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Carlos de Celis
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kirill Ukhanov
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Warren W Green
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jordan C Moretta
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Lian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Robert J Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Martens
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- University of Florida Center for Smell and Taste, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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6
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Razmara P, Pyle GG. Impact of Copper Nanoparticles and Copper Ions on Transcripts Involved in Neural Repair Mechanisms in Rainbow Trout Olfactory Mucosa. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 84:18-31. [PMID: 36525054 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-022-00969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory mucosa is well known for its lifelong ability for regeneration. Regeneration of neurons and regrowth of severed axons are the most common neural repair mechanisms in olfactory mucosa. Nonetheless, exposure to neurotoxic contaminants, such as copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) and copper ions (Cu2+), may alter the reparative capacity of olfactory mucosa. Here, using RNA-sequencing, we investigated the molecular basis of neural repair mechanisms that were affected by CuNPs and Cu2+ in rainbow trout olfactory mucosa. The transcript profile of olfactory mucosa suggested that regeneration of neurons was inhibited by CuNPs. Exposure to CuNPs reduced the transcript abundances of pro-inflammatory proteins which are required to initiate neuroregeneration. Moreover, the transcript of genes encoding regeneration promoters, including canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling proteins and developmental transcription factors, were downregulated in the CuNP-treated fish. The mRNA levels of genes regulating axonal regrowth, including the growth-promoting signals secreted from olfactory ensheathing cells, were mainly increased in the CuNP treatment. However, the reduced transcript abundances of a few cell adhesion molecules and neural polarity genes may restrict axonogenesis in the CuNP-exposed olfactory mucosa. In the Cu2+-treated olfactory mucosa, both neural repair strategies were initiated at the transcript level. The stimulation of repair mechanisms can lead to the recovery of Cu2+-induced olfactory dysfunction. These results indicated CuNPs and Cu2+ differentially affected the neural repair mechanism in olfactory mucosa. Exposure to CuNP had greater effects on the expression of genes involved in olfactory repair mechanisms relative to Cu2+ and dysregulated the transcripts associated with stem cell proliferation and neural reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Razmara
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Gregory G Pyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Zhang K, Lu WC, Zhang M, Zhang Q, Xian PP, Liu FF, Chen ZY, Kim CS, Wu SX, Tao HR, Wang YZ. Reducing host aldose reductase activity promotes neuronal differentiation of transplanted neural stem cells at spinal cord injury sites and facilitates locomotion recovery. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1814-1820. [PMID: 35017443 PMCID: PMC8820702 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.330624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation is a promising strategy for replacing lost neurons following spinal cord injury. However, the survival and differentiation of transplanted NSCs is limited, possibly owing to the neurotoxic inflammatory microenvironment. Because of the important role of glucose metabolism in M1/M2 polarization of microglia/macrophages, we hypothesized that altering the phenotype of microglia/macrophages by regulating the activity of aldose reductase (AR), a key enzyme in the polyol pathway of glucose metabolism, would provide a more beneficial microenvironment for NSC survival and differentiation. Here, we reveal that inhibition of host AR promoted the polarization of microglia/macrophages toward the M2 phenotype in lesioned spinal cord injuries. M2 macrophages promoted the differentiation of NSCs into neurons in vitro. Transplantation of NSCs into injured spinal cords either deficient in AR or treated with the AR inhibitor sorbinil promoted the survival and neuronal differentiation of NSCs at the injured spinal cord site and contributed to locomotor functional recovery. Our findings suggest that inhibition of host AR activity is beneficial in enhancing the survival and neuronal differentiation of transplanted NSCs and shows potential as a treatment of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Can Lu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, Hainan Province, China
| | - Pan-Pan Xian
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Fang-Fang Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zhi-Yang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chung Sookja Kim
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Sheng-Xi Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hui-Ren Tao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ya-Zhou Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of Neurosciences, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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8
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Gan Q, Wong A, Zhang Z, Na H, Tian H, Tao Q, Rajab IM, Potempa LA, Qiu WQ. Monomeric C‐reactive protein induces the cellular pathology of Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2022; 8:e12319. [PMID: 35846159 PMCID: PMC9270638 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Human study shows that elevated C‐reactive protein (CRP) in blood impacts apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4, but not APOE ε3 or APOE ε2, genotype to increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, whether CRP is directly involved in cellular AD pathogenesis and in which type of neuronal cells of APOE ε4 carriers are unknown. Methods We aimed to use different primary neuronal cells and investigate if CRP induces cellular AD pathology depending on APOE genotypes. Here the different primary neuronal cells from the different APOE genotype knock‐in mice cortex were isolated and used. Results Monomeric CRP (mCRP) increased amyloid beta production and, in parallel, induced tau phosphorylation in addition to their related proteins in the primary neurons in a pattern of APOE ε4 > APOE ε3 > APOE ε2 in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Consistently, mCRP induced the staining of other neurodegenerative biomarkers, including Fluoro‐Jade B stain (FjB), TUNEL and Cleaved Caspase‐3, in primary neurons in a similar pattern of APOE ε4 > APOE ε3 > APOE ε2. In contrast, pentameric CRP (pCRP) had a tendency to induce cellular AD pathology but did not reach statistical significance. On the other hand, it is intriguing that regardless of APOE genotype, mCRP did not influence the expressions of Iba‐1 and CD68 in primary microglia or the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in primary astrocytes, and additionally mCRP did not affect the secretions of interleukin (IL)‐1α, IL‐1β, and tumor necrosis factor α from these cells. Discussion This is the first report to demonstrate that mCRP directly induces cellular AD pathogenesis in neurons in an APOE genotype‐dependent pattern, suggesting that mCRP plays a role as a mediator involved in the APOE ε4‐related pathway for AD during chronic inflammation. Highlights Pentameric C‐reactive protein (pCRP) can be dissociated irreversibly to form free subunits or monomeric CRP (mCRP) during and after the acute phase. mCRP increased amyloid beta production in the primary neurons in a pattern of apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 > APOE ε3 > APOE ε2 in a dose‐dependent manner. mCRP induced the expression of phosphorylated tau in the primary neurons in a pattern of APOE ε4 > APOE ε3 > APOE ε2 in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. mCRP plays an important mediator role in the APOE ε4‐related pathway of Alzheimer's disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qini Gan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Alfred Wong
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Zhengrong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Hana Na
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Hua Tian
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Pharmacology Xiaman Medical College Xiaman People's Republic of China
| | - Qiushan Tao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Ibraheem M. Rajab
- Roosevelt University College of Science Health and Pharmacy Schaumburg Illinois USA
| | - Lawrence A. Potempa
- Roosevelt University College of Science Health and Pharmacy Schaumburg Illinois USA
| | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Center Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Psychiatry Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
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9
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Murtaza M, Mohanty L, Ekberg JAK, St John JA. Designing Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplantation Therapies: Influence of Cell Microenvironment. Cell Transplant 2022; 31:9636897221125685. [PMID: 36124646 PMCID: PMC9490465 DOI: 10.1177/09636897221125685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation is emerging as a promising treatment option for injuries of the nervous system. OECs can be obtained relatively easily from nasal biopsies, and exhibit several properties such as secretion of trophic factors, and phagocytosis of debris that facilitate neural regeneration and repair. But a major limitation of OEC-based cell therapies is the poor survival of transplanted cells which subsequently limit their therapeutic efficacy. There is an unmet need for approaches that enable the in vitro production of OECs in a state that will optimize their survival and integration after transplantation into the hostile injury site. Here, we present an overview of the strategies to modulate OECs focusing on oxygen levels, stimulating migratory, phagocytic, and secretory properties, and on bioengineering a suitable environment in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariyam Murtaza
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lipsa Mohanty
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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10
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Liang L, Zeng T, Zhao Y, Lu R, Guo B, Xie R, Tang W, Zhang L, Mao Z, Yang X, Wu S, Wang Y, Zhang H. Melatonin pretreatment alleviates the long-term synaptic toxicity and dysmyelination induced by neonatal Sevoflurane exposure via MT1 receptor-mediated Wnt signaling modulation. J Pineal Res 2021; 71:e12771. [PMID: 34585785 PMCID: PMC9285571 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sevoflurane (Sev) is one of the most widely used pediatric anesthetics. The major concern of neonatal repeated application of Sev is its potential long-term impairment of cognition and learning/memory, for which there still lacks effective treatment. At the cellular level, Sev exerts toxic effects in multiple aspects, making it difficult for effective interference. Melatonin is a pineal hormone regulated by and feedbacks to biological rhythm at physiological condition. Recent studies have revealed significant neuroprotective effects of exogenous melatonin or its agonists under various pathological conditions. Whether melatonin could prevent the long-term toxicity of Sev remains elusive. Here, we report that neonatal repeated Sev exposure up-regulated MT1 receptor in hippocampal neurons and oligodendrocytes. Pretreatment with melatonin significantly alleviated Sev-induced synaptic deficiency, dysmyelination, and long-term learning impairment. Both MT1-shRNA and MT1 knockout effectively blocked the protective effects of melatonin on synaptic development, myelination, and behavior performance. Interestingly, long-lasting suppression of Wnt signaling, instead of cAMP/PKA signaling, was observed in hippocampal neurons and oligodendrocytes after neonatal Sev exposure. Pharmacologically activating Wnt signaling rescued both the long-term synaptic deficits and dysmyelination induced by Sev. Further analysis showed that MT1 receptor co-expressed well with β-catenin and Axin2 and bound to β-catenin by its C-terminal. Melatonin pretreatment effectively rescued Sev-induced Wnt suppression. Wnt signaling inhibitor XAV939 significantly compromised the protective effects of melatonin. Taken together, our data demonstrated a beneficial effect of melatonin pretreatment on the long-term synaptic impairment and dysmyelination induced by neonatal Sev exposure, and a novel MT1 receptor-mediated interaction between melatonin and canonical Wnt signaling, indicating that melatonin may be clinically applied for improving the safety of pediatric Sev anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering ResearchDepartment of AnethesiologyCenter for Dental Materials and Advanced ManufactureSchool of StomatologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Tian Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering ResearchDepartment of AnethesiologyCenter for Dental Materials and Advanced ManufactureSchool of StomatologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Youyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering ResearchDepartment of AnethesiologyCenter for Dental Materials and Advanced ManufactureSchool of StomatologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Rui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering ResearchDepartment of AnethesiologyCenter for Dental Materials and Advanced ManufactureSchool of StomatologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Baolin Guo
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of NeurosciencesSchool of Basic MedicineFourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Rougang Xie
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of NeurosciencesSchool of Basic MedicineFourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Wenjing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering ResearchDepartment of AnethesiologyCenter for Dental Materials and Advanced ManufactureSchool of StomatologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of AnatomyInstitute of Basic Medical ScienceXi’an Medical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Zirui Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering ResearchDepartment of AnethesiologyCenter for Dental Materials and Advanced ManufactureSchool of StomatologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Xinyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering ResearchDepartment of AnethesiologyCenter for Dental Materials and Advanced ManufactureSchool of StomatologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Shengxi Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of NeurosciencesSchool of Basic MedicineFourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Yazhou Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute of NeurosciencesSchool of Basic MedicineFourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Engineering ResearchDepartment of AnethesiologyCenter for Dental Materials and Advanced ManufactureSchool of StomatologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anChina
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11
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Razmara P, Imbery JJ, Koide E, Helbing CC, Wiseman SB, Gauthier PT, Bray DF, Needham M, Haight T, Zovoilis A, Pyle GG. Mechanism of copper nanoparticle toxicity in rainbow trout olfactory mucosa. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 284:117141. [PMID: 33901984 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemosensory perception is crucial for fish reproduction and survival. Direct contact of olfactory neuroepithelium to the surrounding environment makes it vulnerable to contaminants in aquatic ecosystems. Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs), which are increasingly used in commercial and domestic applications due their exceptional properties, can impair fish olfactory function. However, the molecular events underlying olfactory toxicity of CuNPs are largely unexplored. Our results suggested that CuNPs were bioavailable to olfactory mucosal cells. Using RNA-seq, we compared the effect of CuNPs and copper ions (Cu2+) on gene transcript profiles of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) olfactory mucosa. The narrow overlap in differential gene expression between the CuNP- and Cu2+-exposed fish revealed that these two contaminants exert their effects through distinct mechanisms. We propose a transcript-based conceptual model that shows that olfactory signal transduction, calcium homeostasis, and synaptic vesicular signaling were affected by CuNPs in the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Neuroregenerative pathways were also impaired by CuNPs. In contrast, Cu2+ did not induce toxicity pathways and rather upregulated regeneration pathways. Both Cu treatments reduced immune system pathway transcripts. However, suppression of transcripts that were associated with inflammatory signaling was only observed with CuNPs. Neither oxidative stress nor apoptosis were triggered by Cu2+ or CuNPs in mucosal cells. Dysregulation of transcripts that regulate function, maintenance, and reestablishment of damaged olfactory mucosa represents critical mechanisms of toxicity of CuNPs. The loss of olfaction by CuNPs may impact survival of rainbow trout and impose an ecological risk to fish populations in contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Razmara
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Jacob J Imbery
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emily Koide
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Caren C Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steve B Wiseman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patrick T Gauthier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Douglas F Bray
- Canadian Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maurice Needham
- Canadian Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Travis Haight
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Athanasios Zovoilis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gregory G Pyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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12
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Pakdeepak K, Chokchaisiri R, Govitrapong P, Tocharus C, Suksamrarn A, Tocharus J. 5,6,7,4'-Tetramethoxyflavanone alleviates neurodegeneration in a dexamethasone-induced neurodegenerative mouse model through promotion of neurogenesis via the Raf/ERK1/2 pathway. Phytother Res 2021; 35:2536-2544. [PMID: 33319436 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis plays an important role in improving cognitive functions. Neurogenesis generates new neurons, a process mediated by neural stem cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Long-term exposure to high levels of glucocorticoid results in the suppression of neurogenesis pathways and leads to the onset of cognitive impairment. The induction of neurogenesis by a potent bioactive compound is considered the most promising treatment for neurodegenerative disorders. 5,6,7,4'-Tetramethoxyflavanone (TMF) is a flavonoid compound isolated from Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob. Previous study showed that TMF improved cognitive impairment by attenuating Aβ production and pTau expression, thereby increased cell survival and promoted synaptic plasticity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of TMF on dexamethasone (DEX)-suppressed neurogenesis in mice. Mice received DEX for 28 days before being treated with TMF for additional 30 days. Mice were randomly divided into four groups: control, TMF, DEX, and DEX + TMF. TMF promoted neurogenesis by increasing BrdU-positive cells, Prox1, doublecortin, and Nestin expression. TMF also upregulated the expression of Raf and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, which are pivotal for neurogenesis signaling. In conclusion, TMF promoted neurogenesis-related protein expression in the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation phases via Raf/ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanet Pakdeepak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | | | - Chainarong Tocharus
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Apichart Suksamrarn
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Tocharus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Functional Food Research Center for Well-being, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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13
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de Roo JJ, Staal FJ. Cell Signaling Pathway Reporters in Adult Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Cells 2020; 9:E2264. [PMID: 33050292 PMCID: PMC7599984 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) develop at several anatomical locations and are thought to undergo different niche regulatory cues originating from highly conserved cell signaling pathways, such as Wnt, Notch, TGF-β family, and Hedgehog signaling. Most insight into these pathways has been obtained by reporter models and loss- or gain of function experiments, yet results differ in many cases according to the approach. In this review, we discuss existing murine reporter models regarding these pathways, considering the genetic constructs and reporter proteins in the context of HSC studies; yet these models are relevant for all other stem cell systems. Lastly, we describe a multi-reporter model to properly study and understand the cross-pathway interaction and how reporter models are highly valuable tools to understand complex signaling dynamics in stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank. J.T. Staal
- Department of Immunology, L3-Q, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
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14
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LINE-1 specific nuclear organization in mice olfactory sensory neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 105:103494. [PMID: 32387751 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Long interspersed nuclear elements-1 (LINE-1) are mobile DNA elements that comprise the majority of interspersed repeats in the mammalian genome. During the last decade, these transposable sequences have been described as controlling elements involved in transcriptional regulation and genome plasticity. Recently, LINE-1 have been implicated in neurogenesis, but to date little is known about their nuclear organization in neurons. The olfactory epithelium is a site of continuous neurogenesis, and loci of olfactory receptor genes are enriched in LINE-1 copies. Olfactory neurons have a unique inverted nuclear architecture and constitutive heterochromatin forms a block in the center of the nuclei. Our DNA FISH images show that, even though LINE-1 copies are dispersed throughout the mice genome, they are clustered forming a cap around the central heterochromatin block and frequently occupy the same position as facultative heterochromatin in olfactory neurons nuclei. This specific LINE-1 organization could not be observed in other olfactory epithelium cell types. Analyses of H3K27me3 and H3K9me3 ChIP-seq data from olfactory epithelium revealed that LINE-1 copies located at OR gene loci show different enrichment for these heterochromatin marks. We also found that LINE-1 are transcribed in mouse olfactory epithelium. These results suggest that LINE-1 play a role in the olfactory neurons' nuclear architecture. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: LINE-1 are mobile DNA elements and comprise almost 20% of mice and human genomes. These retrotransposons have been implicated in neurogenesis. We show for the first time that LINE-1 retrotransposons have a specific nuclear organization in olfactory neurons, forming aggregates concentric to the heterochromatin block and frequently occupying the same region as facultative heterochromatin. We found that LINE-1 at olfactory receptor gene loci are differently enriched for H3K9me3 and H3K27me3, but LINE-1 transcripts could be detected in the olfactory epithelium. We speculate that these retrotransposons play an active role in olfactory neurons' nuclear architecture.
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15
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Yue Y, Xue Q, Yang J, Li X, Mi Z, Zhao G, Zhang L. Wnt-activated olfactory ensheathing cells stimulate neural stem cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Brain Res 2020; 1735:146726. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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16
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Cheng J, Shen W, Jin L, Pan J, Zhou Y, Pan G, Xie Q, Hu Q, Wu S, Zhang H, Chen X. Treadmill exercise promotes neurogenesis and myelin repair via upregulating Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathways in the juvenile brain following focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Int J Mol Med 2020; 45:1447-1463. [PMID: 32323740 PMCID: PMC7138282 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise has a neuroprotective effect and is an important treatment after ischemic stroke. Promoting neurogenesis and myelin repair in the penumbra is an important method for the treatment of ischemic stroke. However, the role and potential mechanism of exercise in neurogenesis and myelin repair still needs to be clarified. The goal of the present study was to ascertain the possible effect of treadmill training on the neuroprotective signaling pathway in juvenile rats after ischemic stroke. The model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in juvenile rats was established and then the rats were randomly divided into 9 groups. XAV939 (an inhibitor of the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway) was used to confirm the effects of the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway on exercise‑mediated neurogenesis and myelin repair. Neurological deficits were detected by modified neurological severity score, the injury of brain tissue and the morphology of neurons was detected by hematoxylin‑eosin staining and Nissl staining, and the infarct volume was detected by 2,3,5‑triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining. The changes in myelin were observed by Luxol fast blue staining. The neuron ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Immunofluorescence and western blots analyzed the molecular mechanisms. The results showed that treadmill exercise improved neurogenesis, enhanced myelin repair, promoted neurological function recovery and reduced infarct volume. These were the results of the upregulation of Wnt3a and nucleus β‑catenin, brain‑derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and myelin basic protein (MBP). In addition, XAV939 inhibited treadmill exercise‑induced neurogenesis and myelin repair, which was consistent with the downregulation of Wnt3a, nucleus β‑catenin, BDNF and MBP expression, and the deterioration of neurological function. In summary, treadmill exercise promotes neurogenesis and myelin repair by upregulating the Wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway, to improve the neurological deficit caused by focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Cheng
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Weimin Shen
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Lingqin Jin
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Juanjuan Pan
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Guoyuan Pan
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Qingfeng Xie
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Quan Hu
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Shamin Wu
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Nursing Department, Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
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17
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Wang YZ, Fan H, Ji Y, Reynolds K, Gu R, Gan Q, Yamagami T, Zhao T, Hamad S, Bizen N, Takebayashi H, Chen Y, Wu S, Pleasure D, Lam K, Zhou CJ. Olig2 regulates terminal differentiation and maturation of peripheral olfactory sensory neurons. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 77:3597-3609. [PMID: 31758234 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The bHLH transcription factor Olig2 is required for sequential cell fate determination of both motor neurons and oligodendrocytes and for progenitor proliferation in the central nervous system. However, the role of Olig2 in peripheral sensory neurogenesis remains unknown. We report that Olig2 is transiently expressed in the newly differentiated olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and is down-regulated in the mature OSNs in mice from early gestation to adulthood. Genetic fate mapping demonstrates that Olig2-expressing cells solely give rise to OSNs in the peripheral olfactory system. Olig2 depletion does not affect the proliferation of peripheral olfactory progenitors and the fate determination of OSNs, sustentacular cells, and the olfactory ensheathing cells. However, the terminal differentiation and maturation of OSNs are compromised in either Olig2 single or Olig1/Olig2 double knockout mice, associated with significantly diminished expression of multiple OSN maturation and odorant signaling genes, including Omp, Gnal, Adcy3, and Olfr15. We further demonstrate that Olig2 binds to the E-box in the Omp promoter region to regulate its expression. Taken together, our results reveal a distinctly novel function of Olig2 in the periphery nervous system to regulate the terminal differentiation and maturation of olfactory sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Zhou Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Hong Fan
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Ji
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Kurt Reynolds
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Ran Gu
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Qini Gan
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Takashi Yamagami
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Tianyu Zhao
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Salaheddin Hamad
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Norihisa Bizen
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hirohide Takebayashi
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Asahimachi, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - YiPing Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Shengxi Wu
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - David Pleasure
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Kit Lam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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18
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Cho HJ, Shan Y, Whittington NC, Wray S. Nasal Placode Development, GnRH Neuronal Migration and Kallmann Syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:121. [PMID: 31355196 PMCID: PMC6637222 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of Gonadotropin releasing hormone-1 (GnRH) neurons is important for a functional reproduction system in vertebrates. Disruption of GnRH results in hypogonadism and if accompanied by anosmia is termed Kallmann Syndrome (KS). From their origin in the nasal placode, GnRH neurons migrate along the olfactory-derived vomeronasal axons to the nasal forebrain junction and then turn caudally into the developing forebrain. Although research on the origin of GnRH neurons, their migration and genes associated with KS has identified multiple factors that influence development of this system, several aspects still remain unclear. This review discusses development of the olfactory system, factors that regulate GnRH neuron formation and development of the olfactory system, migration of the GnRH neurons from the nose into the brain, and mutations in humans with KS that result from disruption of normal GnRH/olfactory systems development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ju Cho
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yufei Shan
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Niteace C Whittington
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Susan Wray
- Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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19
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Zhang JY, Lee JH, Gu X, Wei ZZ, Harris MJ, Yu SP, Wei L. Intranasally Delivered Wnt3a Improves Functional Recovery after Traumatic Brain Injury by Modulating Autophagic, Apoptotic, and Regenerative Pathways in the Mouse Brain. J Neurotrauma 2019; 35:802-813. [PMID: 29108471 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a prevalent disorder, but no effective therapies currently exist. An underlying pathophysiology of TBI includes the pathological elevation of autophagy. β-Catenin, a downstream mediator of the canonical Wnt pathway, is a repressor of autophagy. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays a crucial role in cell proliferation and neuronal plasticity/repair in the adult brain. We hypothesized that activation of this pathway could promote neuroprotection and neural regeneration following TBI. In the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI in C57BL/6 mice (total n = 160), we examined intranasal application of recombinant Wnt3a (2 μg/kg) in a short-term (1 dose/day for 2 days) and long-term (1 dose/day for 7 days) regimen. Immunohistochemistry was performed at 1 to 14 days post-TBI to assess cell death and neurovascular regeneration. Western blotting measured canonical Wnt3a activity, expression of growth factors, and cell death markers. Longitudinal behavior assays evaluated functional recovery. In short-term experiments, Wnt3a treatment with a 60-min delay post-TBI suppressed TBI-induced autophagic activity in neurons (44.3 ± 6.98 and 4.25 ± 2.53 LC3+/NeuN+ double positive cells in TBI+Saline and TBI+Wnt3a mice, respectively; p < 0.0001, n = 5/group), reduced autophagic markers light chain 3 (LC3)-II and Beclin-1, as well as injury markers caspase-3 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). The Wnt3a treatment reduced cell death and contusion volume (0.72 ± 0.07 mm2 and 0.26 ± 0.04 mm2 in TBI+Saline and TBI+Wnt3a mice, respectively; p < 0.001, n = 5/group). The 7-day Wnt3a treatment increased levels of β-catenin and growth factors glial-derived growth factor (GDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This chronic Wnt3a therapy augmented neurogenesis (0.52 ± 0.09 and 1.25 ± 0.13 BrdU+/NeuN+ co-labeled cells in TBI+Saline mice and TBI+Wnt3a mice, respectively; p < 0.01, n = 6/group) and angiogenesis (0.26 ± 0.07 and 0.74 ± 0.13 BrdU+/GLUT1+ co-labeled cells in TBI+Saline and TBI+Wnt3a mice, respectively; p = 0.014, n = 6/group). The treatment improved performance in the rotarod test and adhesive removal test. Targeting the Wnt pathway implements a unique combination of protective and regenerative approaches after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Ya Zhang
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jin Hwan Lee
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zheng Zachory Wei
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Shan Ping Yu
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ling Wei
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia .,2 Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
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20
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Usami Y, Gunawardena AT, Francois NB, Otsuru S, Takano H, Hirose K, Matsuoka M, Suzuki A, Huang J, Qin L, Iwamoto M, Yang W, Toyosawa S, Enomoto-Iwamoto M. Possible Contribution of Wnt-Responsive Chondroprogenitors to the Postnatal Murine Growth Plate. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:964-974. [PMID: 30602070 PMCID: PMC6536347 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Active cell proliferation and turnover in the growth plate is essential for embryonic and postnatal bone growth. We performed a lineage tracing of Wnt/β-catenin signaling responsive cells (Wnt-responsive cells) using Axin2CreERT2 ;Rosa26ZsGreen mice and found a novel cell population that resides in the outermost layer of the growth plate facing the Ranvier's groove (RG; the perichondrium adjacent to growth plate). These Wnt-responsive cells rapidly expanded and contributed to formation of the outer growth plate from the neonatal to the growing stage but stopped expanding at the young adult stage when bone longitudinal growth ceases. In addition, a second Wnt-responsive sporadic cell population was localized within the resting zone of the central part of the growth plate during the postnatal growth phase. While it induced ectopic chondrogenesis in the RG, ablation of β-catenin in the Wnt-responsive cells strongly inhibited expansion of their descendants toward the growth plate. These findings indicate that the Wnt-responsive cell population in the outermost layer of the growth plate is a unique cell source of chondroprogenitors involving lateral growth of the growth plate and suggest that Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates function of skeletal progenitors in a site- and stage-specific manner. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Usami
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aruni T Gunawardena
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Noelle B Francois
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Satoru Otsuru
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland, Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hajime Takano
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katsutoshi Hirose
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatake Matsuoka
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland, Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland, Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ling Qin
- Mckay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Masahiro Iwamoto
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland, Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wentian Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Satoru Toyosawa
- Department of Oral Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland, Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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21
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Canonical Wnt Pathway Maintains Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity upon Ischemic Stroke and Its Activation Ameliorates Tissue Plasminogen Activator Therapy. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6521-6538. [PMID: 30852795 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1539-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stroke induces blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, which promotes complications like oedema and hemorrhagic transformation. Administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) within a therapeutic time window of 4.5 h after stroke onset constitutes the only existing treatment. Beyond this time window, rtPA worsens BBB breakdown. Canonical Wnt pathway induces BBB formation and maturation during ontogeny. We hypothesized that the pathway is required to maintain BBB functions after stroke; thus, its activation might improve rtPA therapy. Therefore, we first assessed pathway activity in the brain of mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Next, we evaluated the effect of pathway deactivation early after stroke onset on BBB functions. Finally, we assessed the impact of pathway activation on BBB breakdown associated to delayed administration of rtPA. Our results show that pathway activity is induced predominately in endothelial cells early after ischemic stroke. Early deactivation of the pathway using a potent inhibitor, XAV939, aggravates BBB breakdown and increases hemorrhagic transformation incidence. On the other hand, pathway activation using a potent activator, 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (6-BIO), reduces the incidence of hemorrhagic transformation associated to delayed rtPA administration by attenuating BBB breakdown via promotion of tight junction formation and repressing endothelial basal permeability independently of rtPA proteolytic activity. BBB preservation upon pathway activation limited the deleterious effects of delayed rtPA administration. Our study demonstrates that activation of the canonical Wnt pathway constitutes a clinically relevant strategy to extend the therapeutic time window of rtPA by attenuating BBB breakdown via regulation of BBB-specific mechanisms.
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22
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Fan H, Liu X, Shen Y, Chen S, Huan Y, Shan J, Zhou C, Wu S, Zhang Z, Wang Y. In Vivo Genetic Strategies for the Specific Lineage Tracing of Stem Cells. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 14:230-238. [PMID: 30047336 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x13666180726110138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Characterization of the fate changes of stem cells is essential to understand the roles of certain stem cells both during development and in diseases, such as cancer. In the past two decades, more and more importance has been paid to the studies of in vivo lineage tracing, because they could authentically reveal the differentiation, migration and even proliferation of stem cells. However, specific genetic tools have only been developed until recently. OBJECTIVE To summarize the progresses of genetic tools for specific lineage tracing with emphasis on their applications in investigating the stem cell niche signals. RESULTS Three major genetic strategies have been reviewed according to the development of technique, particularly the advantages and disadvantages of individual methods. CONCLUSION In vivo specific lineage tracing of stem cells could be achieved by comprehensive application of multiple genetic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Fan
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Cadet team of undergraduate, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yahui Shen
- Cadet team of undergraduate, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Siwei Chen
- Cadet team of undergraduate, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yu Huan
- Cadet team of undergraduate, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Junjia Shan
- Cadet team of undergraduate, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chengji Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, University of California-Davis, 2425 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Shengxi Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zifeng Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Chinese PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yazhou Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Neurosciences, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Chang Le Xi Road, Xi'an 710032, China
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23
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Najafi H, Hosseini SM, Tavallaie M, Soltani BM. A Predicted Molecular Model for Development of Human Intelligence. NEUROCHEM J+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712418030091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Yang LM, Huh SH, Ornitz DM. FGF20-Expressing, Wnt-Responsive Olfactory Epithelial Progenitors Regulate Underlying Turbinate Growth to Optimize Surface Area. Dev Cell 2018; 46:564-580.e5. [PMID: 30100263 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory epithelium (OE) is a neurosensory organ required for the sense of smell. Turbinates, bony projections from the nasal cavity wall, increase the surface area within the nasal cavity lined by the OE. Here, we use engineered fibroblast growth factor 20 (Fgf20) knockin alleles to identify a population of OE progenitor cells that expand horizontally during development to populate all lineages of the mature OE. We show that these Fgf20-positive epithelium-spanning progenitor (FEP) cells are responsive to Wnt/β-Catenin signaling. Wnt signaling suppresses FEP cell differentiation into OE basal progenitors and their progeny and positively regulates Fgf20 expression. We further show that FGF20 signals to the underlying mesenchyme to regulate the growth of turbinates. These studies thus identify a population of OE progenitor cells that function to scale OE surface area with the underlying turbinates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu M Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sung-Ho Huh
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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25
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The Neuroregenerative Capacity of Olfactory Stem Cells Is Not Limitless: Implications for Aging. J Neurosci 2018; 38:6806-6824. [PMID: 29934351 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3261-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory epithelium (OE) of vertebrates is a highly regenerative neuroepithelium that is maintained under normal conditions by a population of stem and progenitor cells, globose basal cells (GBCs), which also contribute to epithelial reconstitution after injury. However, aging of the OE often leads to neurogenic exhaustion, the disappearance of both GBCs and olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Aneuronal tissue may remain as olfactory, with an uninterrupted sheet of apically arrayed microvillar-capped sustentacular cell, or may undergo respiratory metaplasia. We have generated a transgenic mouse model for neurogenic exhaustion using olfactory marker protein-driven Tet-off regulation of the A subunit of Diphtheria toxin such that the death of mature OSNs is accelerated. At as early as 2 months of age, the epithelium of transgenic mice, regardless of sex, recapitulates what is seen in the aged OE of humans and rodents. Areas of the epithelium completely lack neurons and GBCs; whereas the horizontal basal cells, a reserve stem cell population, show no evidence of activation. Surprisingly, other areas that were olfactory undergo respiratory metaplasia. The impact of accelerated neuronal death and reduced innervation on the olfactory bulb (OB) was also examined. Constant neuronal turnover leaves glomeruli shrunken and affects the dopaminergic interneurons in the periglomerular layer. Moreover, the acceleration of OSN death can be reversed in those areas where some GBCs persist. However, the projection onto the OB recovers incompletely and the reinnervated glomeruli are markedly altered. Therefore, the capacity for OE regeneration is tempered when GBCs disappear.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A large percentage of humans lose or suffer a significant decline in olfactory function as they age. Therefore, quality of life suffers and safety and nutritional status are put at risk. With age, the OE apparently becomes incapable of fully maintaining the neuronal population of the epithelium despite its well known capacity for recovering from most forms of injury when younger. Efforts to identify the mechanism by which olfactory neurogenesis becomes exhausted with age require a powerful model for accelerating age-related tissue pathology. The current OMP-tTA;TetO-DTA transgenic mouse model, in which olfactory neurons die when they reach maturity and accelerated death can be aborted to assess the capacity for structural recovery, satisfies that need.
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26
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Neoblast-enriched zinc finger protein FIR1 triggers local proliferation during planarian regeneration. Protein Cell 2018; 10:43-59. [PMID: 29557542 PMCID: PMC6321819 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-018-0512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration, relying mainly on resident adult stem cells, is widespread. However, the mechanism by which stem cells initiate proliferation during this process in vivo is unclear. Using planarian as a model, we screened 46 transcripts showing potential function in the regulation of local stem cell proliferation following 48 h regeneration. By analyzing the regeneration defects and the mitotic activity of animals under administration of RNA interference (RNAi), we identified factor for initiating regeneration 1 (Fir1) required for local proliferation. Our findings reveal that Fir1, enriched in neoblasts, promotes planarian regeneration in any tissue-missing context. Further, we demonstrate that DIS3 like 3′-5′ exoribonuclease 2 (Dis3l2) is required for Fir1 phenotype. Besides, RNAi knockdown of Fir1 causes a decrease of neoblast wound response genes following amputation. These findings suggest that Fir1 recognizes regenerative signals and promotes DIS3L2 proteins to trigger neoblast proliferation following amputation and provide a mechanism critical for stem cell response to injury.
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27
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Sokpor G, Abbas E, Rosenbusch J, Staiger JF, Tuoc T. Transcriptional and Epigenetic Control of Mammalian Olfactory Epithelium Development. Mol Neurobiol 2018. [PMID: 29532253 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The postnatal mammalian olfactory epithelium (OE) represents a major aspect of the peripheral olfactory system. It is a pseudostratified tissue that originates from the olfactory placode and is composed of diverse cells, some of which are specialized receptor neurons capable of transducing odorant stimuli to afford the perception of smell (olfaction). The OE is known to offer a tractable miniature model for studying the systematic generation of neurons and glia that typify neural tissue development. During OE development, stem/progenitor cells that will become olfactory sensory neurons and/or non-neuronal cell types display fine spatiotemporal expression of neuronal and non-neuronal genes that ensures their proper proliferation, differentiation, survival, and regeneration. Many factors, including transcription and epigenetic factors, have been identified as key regulators of the expression of such requisite genes to permit normal OE morphogenesis. Typically, specific interactive regulatory networks established between transcription and epigenetic factors/cofactors orchestrate histogenesis in the embryonic and adult OE. Hence, investigation of these regulatory networks critical for OE development promises to disclose strategies that may be employed in manipulating the stepwise transition of olfactory precursor cells to become fully differentiated and functional neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. Such strategies potentially offer formidable means of replacing injured or degenerated neural cells as therapeutics for nervous system perturbations. This review recapitulates the developmental cellular diversity of the olfactory neuroepithelium and discusses findings on how the precise and cooperative molecular control by transcriptional and epigenetic machinery is indispensable for OE ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Sokpor
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Eman Abbas
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Joachim Rosenbusch
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany. .,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
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28
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Wei ZZ, Zhang JY, Taylor TM, Gu X, Zhao Y, Wei L. Neuroprotective and regenerative roles of intranasal Wnt-3a administration after focal ischemic stroke in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:404-421. [PMID: 28430000 PMCID: PMC5851145 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17702669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is a conserved pathway involved in expansion of neural progenitors and lineage specification during development. However, the role of Wnt signaling in the post-stroke brain has not been well-elucidated. We hypothesized that Wnt-3a would play an important role for neurogenesis and brain repair. Adult male mice were subjected to a focal ischemic stroke targeting the sensorimotor cortex. Mice that received Wnt-3a (2 µg/kg/day, 1 h after stroke and once a day for the next 2 days, intranasal delivery) had reduced infarct volume compared to stroke controls. Wnt-3a intranasal treatment of seven days upregulated the expression of brain-derived growth factor (BDNF), increased the proliferation and migration of neuroblasts from the subventricular zone (SVZ), resulting in increased numbers of newly formed neurons and endothelial cells in the peri-infarct zone. Both the molecular and cellular effects of Wnt-3a were blocked by the Wnt specific inhibitors XAV-939 or Dkk-1. In functional assays, Wnt-3a treatment enhanced the local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) in the peri-infarct, as well as improved sensorimotor functions in a battery of behavioral tests. Together, our data demonstrates that the Wnt-3a signaling can act as a dual neuroprotective and regenerative factor for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zachory Wei
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Research Center and Neurological Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James Ya Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tammi M Taylor
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yingying Zhao
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Research Center and Neurological Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Wei
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Research Center and Neurological Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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29
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Acute inflammation regulates neuroregeneration through the NF-κB pathway in olfactory epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:8089-8094. [PMID: 28696292 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620664114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult neural stem cells/progenitor cells residing in the basal layer of the olfactory epithelium are capable of reconstituting the neuroepithelium even after severe damage. The molecular events underlying this regenerative capacity remain elusive. Here we show that the repair of neuroepithelium after lesioning is accompanied by an acute, but self-limited, inflammatory process. Attenuation of inflammatory cell recruitment and cytokine production by dexamethasone impairs proliferation of progenitor horizontal basal cells (HBCs) and subsequent neuronal differentiation. Using TNF-α receptor-deficient mice, we identify TNF-α signaling as an important contributor to this inflammatory and reparative process, mainly through TNF-α receptor 1. HBC-selective genetic ablation of RelA (p65), the transcriptional activator of the NF-κB pathway, retards inflammation and impedes proliferation at the early stages of regeneration and suggests HBCs directly participate in cross-talk between immune response and neurogenesis. Loss of RelA in the regenerating neuroepithelium perturbs the homeostasis between proliferation and apoptosis while enhancing JNK signaling. Together, our results support a model in which acute inflammation after injury initiates important regenerative signals in part through NF-κB-mediated signaling that activates neural stem cells to reconstitute the olfactory epithelium.
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30
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Zhang Y, Seid K, Obermayr F, Just L, Neckel PH. Activation of Wnt Signaling Increases Numbers of Enteric Neurons Derived From Neonatal Mouse and Human Progenitor Cells. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:154-165.e9. [PMID: 28359679 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Neural stem and progenitor cells from the enteric nervous system (ENS) might serve as a source of cells for treatment of neurogastrointestinal disorders. Before we can use these cells, we must increase our understanding of the signaling mechanisms that regulate proliferation and differentiation. We systematically evaluated the effects of canonical Wnt signaling on proliferation and differentiation of cultured ENS progenitor cells from neonatal mice and humans. METHODS We isolated ENS progenitors from tunica muscularis of the small intestine of newborn (postnatal day 0) wild-type C57BL/6 mice as well as from Wnt1-Cre2 reporter mice. We also obtained intestinal tissue samples from infants (2 and 7 months old) undergoing surgery for imperforate anus or focal intestinal perforation and isolated ENS cells. ENS cells were cultured under proliferation conditions leading to formation of 3-dimensional spheres, which we activated with Wnt3a and SB216763 in order to activate the β-catenin-dependent canonical Wnt pathway. We used immunoblot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction to evaluate the molecular response to Wnt stimuli and immunohistochemistry, proliferation, and cell death assays to identify new neurons. RESULTS In proliferating enterospheres derived from ENS progenitor cells, we verified the expression of Wnt receptors frizzled 1-10 and the co-receptors low-density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins 5 and 6. Pharmacologic stimulation with Wnt agonists led to intracellular accumulation of Wnt-dependent β-catenin and up-regulated expression of known Wnt target genes axin2, lef1, and lgr5. Activation of the canonical Wnt pathway promoted growth of ENS cell spheres during cell expansion and increased the number of newborn neurons derived from mouse and human progenitor cells. CONCLUSIONS In studies of human and mouse ENS progenitors, we found activation of the Wnt signaling pathway to promote neurogenesis of the ENS in vitro. The neurogenic effect of Wnt agonists on ENS progenitors supports their use in generation of cell pools for autologous cell replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karin Seid
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Obermayr
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lothar Just
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter H Neckel
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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31
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Fletcher RB, Das D, Gadye L, Street KN, Baudhuin A, Wagner A, Cole MB, Flores Q, Choi YG, Yosef N, Purdom E, Dudoit S, Risso D, Ngai J. Deconstructing Olfactory Stem Cell Trajectories at Single-Cell Resolution. Cell Stem Cell 2017; 20:817-830.e8. [PMID: 28506465 PMCID: PMC5484588 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the paths that stem cells traverse to generate mature progeny is vital for elucidating the mechanisms governing cell fate decisions and tissue homeostasis. Adult stem cells maintain and regenerate multiple mature cell lineages in the olfactory epithelium. Here we integrate single-cell RNA sequencing and robust statistical analyses with in vivo lineage tracing to define a detailed map of the postnatal olfactory epithelium, revealing cell fate potentials and branchpoints in olfactory stem cell lineage trajectories. Olfactory stem cells produce support cells via direct fate conversion in the absence of cell division, and their multipotency at the population level reflects collective unipotent cell fate decisions by single stem cells. We further demonstrate that Wnt signaling regulates stem cell fate by promoting neuronal fate choices. This integrated approach reveals the mechanisms guiding olfactory lineage trajectories and provides a model for deconstructing similar hierarchies in other stem cell niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell B Fletcher
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Diya Das
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Levi Gadye
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kelly N Street
- Division of Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ariane Baudhuin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Allon Wagner
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael B Cole
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Quetzal Flores
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yoon Gi Choi
- QB3 Functional Genomics Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Nir Yosef
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Elizabeth Purdom
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sandrine Dudoit
- Division of Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Davide Risso
- Division of Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - John Ngai
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; QB3 Functional Genomics Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Zhao Y, Wei ZZ, Zhang JY, Zhang Y, Won S, Sun J, Yu SP, Li J, Wei L. GSK-3β Inhibition Induced Neuroprotection, Regeneration, and Functional Recovery After Intracerebral Hemorrhagic Stroke. Cell Transplant 2017; 26:395-407. [PMID: 28195036 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x694364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic stroke is a devastating disease that lacks effective therapies. In the present investigation, we tested 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (BIO) as a selective glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibitor in a mouse model of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). ICH was induced by injection of collagenase IV into the striatum of 8- to 10-week-old C57BL/6 mice. BIO (8 μg/kg, IP) was administered following either an acute delivery (0-2 h delay) or a prolonged regimen (every 48 h starting at 3 days post-ICH). At 2 days post-ICH, the acute BIO treatment significantly reduced the hematoma volume. In the perihematoma regions, BIO administration blocked GSK-3β phosphorylation/activation, increased Bcl-2 and β-catenin levels, and significantly increased viability of neurons and other cell types. The prolonged BIO regimen maintained a higher level of β-catenin, upregulated VEGF and BDNF, and promoted neurogenesis and angiogenesis in peri-injury zones at 14 days after ICH. The BIO treatment also promoted proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs) and migration of nascent DCX+ neuroblasts from the subventricular zone (SVZ) to the lesioned cortex. BIO improved functional outcomes on both the neurological severity score and rotarod tests. The findings of this study corroborate the neuroprotective and regenerative effects of BIO and suggest that the Wnt/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway may be explored for the treatment of acute or chronic ICH.
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Canonical Wnt Signaling Drives Tumor-Like Lesions from Sox2-Positive Precursors of the Murine Olfactory Epithelium. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166690. [PMID: 27902722 PMCID: PMC5130221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Canonical Wnt signaling is known to promote proliferation of olfactory stem cells. In order to investigate the effects of a constitutive activation of Wnt signaling in Sox2-positive precursor cells of the olfactory epithelium, we used transgenic mice that allowed an inducible deletion of exon 3 of the Ctnnb1 gene, which is responsible for the phosphorylation and degradation of Ctnnb1 protein. After induction of aberrant Wnt activation by Ctnnb1 deletion at embryonic day 14, such mice developed tumor-like lesions in upper parts of the nasal cavity. We still observed areas of epithelial hyperplasia within the olfactory epithelium following early postnatal Wnt activation, but the olfactory epithelial architecture remained unaffected in most parts when Wnt was activated at postnatal day 21 or later. In summary, our results suggest an age-dependent tumorigenic potential of aberrant Wnt signaling in the olfactory epithelium of mice.
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Goldstein BJ, Goss GM, Choi R, Saur D, Seidler B, Hare JM, Chaudhari N. Contribution of Polycomb group proteins to olfactory basal stem cell self-renewal in a novel c-KIT+ culture model and in vivo. Development 2016; 143:4394-4404. [PMID: 27789621 DOI: 10.1242/dev.142653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory epithelium (OE) has a lifelong capacity for neurogenesis due to the presence of basal stem cells. Despite the ability to generate short-term cultures, the successful in vitro expansion of purified stem cells from adult OE has not been reported. We sought to establish expansion-competent OE stem cell cultures to facilitate further study of the mechanisms and cell populations important in OE renewal. Successful cultures were prepared using adult mouse basal cells selected for expression of c-KIT. We show that c-KIT signaling regulates self-renewal capacity and prevents neurodifferentiation in culture. Inhibition of TGFβ family signaling, a known negative regulator of embryonic basal cells, is also necessary for maintenance of the proliferative, undifferentiated state in vitro Characterizing successful cultures, we identified expression of BMI1 and other Polycomb proteins not previously identified in olfactory basal cells but known to be essential for self-renewal in other stem cell populations. Inducible fate mapping demonstrates that BMI1 is expressed in vivo by multipotent OE progenitors, validating our culture model. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the renewal and potency of olfactory stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Goldstein
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA .,Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Program in Neurosciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Garrett M Goss
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Rhea Choi
- MD, PhD Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Dieter Saur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Seidler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Joshua M Hare
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Nirupa Chaudhari
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Program in Neurosciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Schwob JE, Jang W, Holbrook EH, Lin B, Herrick DB, Peterson JN, Hewitt Coleman J. Stem and progenitor cells of the mammalian olfactory epithelium: Taking poietic license. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:1034-1054. [PMID: 27560601 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of the olfactory epithelium (OE) for lifelong neurogenesis and regeneration depends on the persistence of neurocompetent stem cells, which self-renew as well as generating all of the cell types found within the nasal epithelium. This Review focuses on the types of stem and progenitor cells in the epithelium and their regulation. Both horizontal basal cells (HBCs) and some among the population of globose basal cells (GBCs) are stem cells, but the two types plays vastly different roles. The GBC population includes the basal cells that proliferate in the uninjured OE and is heterogeneous with respect to transcription factor expression. From upstream in the hierarchy to downstream, GBCs encompass 1) Sox2+ /Pax6+ stem-like cells that are totipotent and self-renew over the long term, 2) Ascl1+ transit-amplifying progenitors with a limited capacity for expansive proliferation, and 3) Neurog1+ /NeuroD1+ immediate precursor cells that make neurons directly. In contrast, the normally quiescent HBCs are activated to multipotency and proliferate when sustentacular cells are killed, but not when only OSNs die, indicating that HBCs are reserve stem cells that respond to severe epithelial injury. The master regulator of HBC activation is the ΔN isoform of the transcription factor p63; eliminating ΔNp63 unleashes HBC multipotency. Notch signaling, via Jagged1 ligand on Sus cells and Notch1 and Notch2 receptors on HBCs, is likely to play a major role in setting the level of p63 expression. Thus, ΔNp63 becomes a potential therapeutic target for reversing the neurogenic exhaustion characteristic of the aged OE. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1034-1054, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Schwob
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02132
| | - Woochan Jang
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02132
| | - Eric H Holbrook
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02132
| | - Brian Lin
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02132
| | - Daniel B Herrick
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02132
| | - Jesse N Peterson
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02132
| | - Julie Hewitt Coleman
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, 02132
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Goncalves S, Goldstein BJ. Pathophysiology of Olfactory Disorders and Potential Treatment Strategies. CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 4:115-121. [PMID: 27529054 DOI: 10.1007/s40136-016-0113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory disorders have been regarded in the past with a sense of therapeutic nihilism. However, there have been remarkable advances in chemosensory research over the past several years. The clinical importance of olfactory disorders is well established, and entities such as presbyosmia have gained considerable broad attention. Powerful basic science experimental approaches have revealed aspects of olfactory neuron physiology, olfactory tissue maintenance and regeneration that provide new potential therapeutic targets for certain forms of olfactory dysfunction. Although many recent advances remain in pre-clinical stages, there is considerable reason for optimism regarding future approaches for treatment of patients with olfactory loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Goncalves
- Department of Otolaryngology and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Bradley J Goldstein
- Department of Otolaryngology and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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37
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The olfactory epithelium (OE) is one of the few tissues to undergo constitutive neurogenesis throughout the mammalian lifespan. It is composed of multiple cell types including olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) that are readily replaced by two populations of basal stem cells, frequently dividing globose basal cells and quiescent horizontal basal cells (HBCs). However, the precise mechanisms by which these cells mediate OE regeneration are unclear. Here, we show for the first time that the HBC subpopulation of basal stem cells uniquely possesses primary cilia that are aligned in an apical orientation in direct apposition to sustentacular cell end feet. The positioning of these cilia suggests that they function in the detection of growth signals and/or differentiation cues. To test this idea, we generated an inducible, cell type-specific Ift88 knock-out mouse line (K5rtTA;tetOCre;Ift88(fl/fl)) to disrupt cilia formation and maintenance specifically in HBCs. Surprisingly, the loss of HBC cilia did not affect the maintenance of the adult OE but dramatically impaired the regeneration of OSNs following lesion. Furthermore, the loss of cilia during development resulted in a region-specific decrease in neurogenesis, implicating HBCs in the establishment of the OE. Together, these results suggest a novel role for primary cilia in HBC activation, proliferation, and differentiation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We show for the first time the presence of primary cilia on a quiescent population of basal stem cells, the horizontal basal cells (HBCs), in the olfactory epithelium (OE). Importantly, our data demonstrate that cilia on HBCs are necessary for regeneration of the OE following injury. Moreover, the disruption of HBC cilia alters neurogenesis during the development of the OE, providing evidence that HBCs participate in the establishment of this tissue. These data suggest that the mechanisms of penetrance for ciliopathies in the OE extend beyond that of defects in olfactory sensory neurons and may include alterations in OE maintenance and regeneration.
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38
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The olfactory epithelium (OE) is one of the few tissues to undergo constitutive neurogenesis throughout the mammalian lifespan. It is composed of multiple cell types including olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) that are readily replaced by two populations of basal stem cells, frequently dividing globose basal cells and quiescent horizontal basal cells (HBCs). However, the precise mechanisms by which these cells mediate OE regeneration are unclear. Here, we show for the first time that the HBC subpopulation of basal stem cells uniquely possesses primary cilia that are aligned in an apical orientation in direct apposition to sustentacular cell end feet. The positioning of these cilia suggests that they function in the detection of growth signals and/or differentiation cues. To test this idea, we generated an inducible, cell type-specific Ift88 knock-out mouse line (K5rtTA;tetOCre;Ift88(fl/fl)) to disrupt cilia formation and maintenance specifically in HBCs. Surprisingly, the loss of HBC cilia did not affect the maintenance of the adult OE but dramatically impaired the regeneration of OSNs following lesion. Furthermore, the loss of cilia during development resulted in a region-specific decrease in neurogenesis, implicating HBCs in the establishment of the OE. Together, these results suggest a novel role for primary cilia in HBC activation, proliferation, and differentiation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We show for the first time the presence of primary cilia on a quiescent population of basal stem cells, the horizontal basal cells (HBCs), in the olfactory epithelium (OE). Importantly, our data demonstrate that cilia on HBCs are necessary for regeneration of the OE following injury. Moreover, the disruption of HBC cilia alters neurogenesis during the development of the OE, providing evidence that HBCs participate in the establishment of this tissue. These data suggest that the mechanisms of penetrance for ciliopathies in the OE extend beyond that of defects in olfactory sensory neurons and may include alterations in OE maintenance and regeneration.
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Sarlak G, Vincent B. The Roles of the Stem Cell-Controlling Sox2 Transcription Factor: from Neuroectoderm Development to Alzheimer's Disease? Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1679-1698. [PMID: 25691455 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sox2 is a component of the core transcriptional regulatory network which maintains the totipotency of the cells during embryonic preimplantation period, the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells, and the multipotency of neural stem cells. This maintenance is controlled by internal loops between Sox2 and other transcription factors of the core such as Oct4, Nanog, Dax1, and Klf4, downstream proteins of extracellular ligands, epigenetic modifiers, and miRNAs. As Sox2 plays an important role in the balance between stem cells maintenance and commitment to differentiated lineages throughout the lifetime, it is supposed that Sox2 could regulate stem cells aging processes. In this review, we provide an update concerning the involvement of Sox2 in neurogenesis during normal aging and discuss its possible role in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golmaryam Sarlak
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Bruno Vincent
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand. .,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand. .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 2 rue Michel Ange, 75016, Paris, France.
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41
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Gan Q, Lee A, Suzuki R, Yamagami T, Stokes A, Nguyen BC, Pleasure D, Wang J, Chen HW, Zhou CJ. Pax6 mediates ß-catenin signaling for self-renewal and neurogenesis by neocortical radial glial stem cells. Stem Cells 2014; 32:45-58. [PMID: 24115331 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt/ß-catenin pathway is a critical stem cell regulator and plays important roles in neuroepithelial cells during early gestation. However, the role of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in radial glia, a major neural stem cell population expanded by midgestation, remains poorly understood. This study shows that genetic ablation of ß-catenin with hGFAP-Cre mice inhibits neocortical formation by disrupting radial glial development. Reduced radial glia and intermediate progenitors are found in the ß-catenin-deficient neocortex during late gestation. Increased apoptosis and divergent localization of radial glia in the subventricular zone are also observed in the mutant neocortex. In vivo and in vitro proliferation and neurogenesis as well as oligodendrogenesis by cortical radial glia or by dissociated neural stem cells are significantly defective in the mutants. Neocortical layer patterning is not apparently altered, while astrogliogenesis is ectopically increased in the mutants. At the molecular level, the expression of the transcription factor Pax6 is dramatically diminished in the cortical radial glia and the sphere-forming neural stem cells of ß-catenin-deficient mutants. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase assays demonstrate that ß-catenin/Tcf complex binds to Pax6 promoter and induces its transcriptional activities. The forced expression of Pax6 through lentiviral transduction partially rescues the defective proliferation and neurogenesis by ß-catenin-deficient neural stem cells. Thus, Pax6 is a novel downstream target of the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway, and ß-catenin/Pax6 signaling plays critical roles in self-renewal and neurogenesis of radial glia/neural stem cells during neocortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qini Gan
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine at Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California, Sacramento, California, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
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42
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Abstract
As stem cells (SCs) in adult organs continue to be identified and characterized, it becomes clear that their survival, quiescence, and activation depend on specific signals in their microenvironment, or niche. Although adult SCs of diverse tissues differ by their developmental origin, cycling activity, and regenerative capacity, there appear to be conserved similarities regarding the cellular and molecular components of the SC niche. Interestingly, many organs house both slow-cycling and fast-cycling SC populations, which rely on the coexistence of quiescent and inductive niches for proper regulation. In this review we present a general definition of adult SC niches in the most studied mammalian systems. We further focus on dissecting their cellular organization and on highlighting recently identified key molecular regulators. Finally, we detail the potential involvement of the SC niche in tissue degeneration, with a particular emphasis on aging and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Rezza
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Rachel Sennett
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Michael Rendl
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
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43
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Goldstein BJ, Goss GM, Hatzistergos KE, Rangel EB, Seidler B, Saur D, Hare JM. Adult c-Kit(+) progenitor cells are necessary for maintenance and regeneration of olfactory neurons. J Comp Neurol 2014; 523:15-31. [PMID: 25044230 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory epithelium houses chemosensory neurons, which transmit odor information from the nose to the brain. In adult mammals, the olfactory epithelium is a uniquely robust neuroproliferative zone, with the ability to replenish its neuronal and non-neuronal populations due to the presence of germinal basal cells. The stem and progenitor cells of these germinal layers, and their regulatory mechanisms, remain incompletely defined. Here we show that progenitor cells expressing c-Kit, a receptor tyrosine kinase marking stem cells in a variety of embryonic tissues, are required for maintenance of the adult neuroepithelium. Mouse genetic fate-mapping analyses show that embryonically, a c-Kit(+) population contributes to olfactory neurogenesis. In adults under conditions of normal turnover, there is relatively sparse c-Kit(+) progenitor cell (ckPC) activity. However, after experimentally induced neuroepithelial injury, ckPCs are activated such that they reconstitute the neuronal population. There are also occasional non-neuronal cells found to arise from ckPCs. Moreover, the selective depletion of the ckPC population, utilizing temporally controlled targeted diphtheria toxin A expression, results in failure of neurogenesis after experimental injury. Analysis of this model indicates that most ckPCs reside among the globose basal cell populations and act downstream of horizontal basal cells, which can serve as stem cells. Identification of the requirement for olfactory c-Kit-expressing progenitors in olfactory maintenance provides new insight into the mechanisms involved in adult olfactory neurogenesis. Additionally, we define an important and previously unrecognized site of adult c-Kit activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Goldstein
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33136
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Wnt-responsive Lgr5⁺ globose basal cells function as multipotent olfactory epithelium progenitor cells. J Neurosci 2014; 34:8268-76. [PMID: 24920630 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0240-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium provides a unique model to study neural stem cell self-renewal and fate determination. In the olfactory neuroepithelium, globose basal cells (GBCs) are considered to be the direct progenitors of olfactory neurons. However, the study of neurogenesis from GBCs has been impeded by the paucity of GBC-specific markers. Here we report that Lgr5, a recently discovered adult stem cell marker, is exclusively expressed in GBCs in neonatal and adult mice. Lgr5(+) cells display characteristics of cycling stem cells, including Ki67 expression and EdU incorporation. Lineage tracing analysis demonstrates that Lgr5(+) GBCs regenerate multiple cell types under normal turnover condition or after olfactory lesion. Furthermore, upregulation or downregulation of Wnt signaling in vivo indicates a key role of Wnt signaling not only in maintaining Lgr5(+) cell proliferation and promoting neuroregeneration, but also in delaying sensory neuron maturation. Together, our observations provided new insights into the dynamics of neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium.
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45
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Cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating embryonic neurogenesis in the rodent olfactory epithelium. Int J Dev Neurosci 2014; 37:76-86. [PMID: 25003986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms that regulate cellular differentiation in developing embryos are maintained across multiple physiological systems, including the nervous system where neurons and glia are generated. The olfactory epithelium, which arises from the olfactory pit, is a stratified tissue in which the stepwise generation of neurons and support cells can easily be assessed and followed during embryogenesis and throughout adulthood. During olfactory epithelium morphogenesis, progenitor cells respond to factors that control their proliferation, survival, and differentiation in order to generate olfactory receptor neurons that detect odorants in the environment and glia-like sustentacular cells. The tight temporal regulation of expression of proneural genes in dividing progenitor cells, including Mash-1, Neurogenin-1, and NeuroD1, plays a central role in the production of olfactory receptor neurons. Multiple factors that either positively or negatively affect the generation of olfactory receptor neurons have been identified and shown to impinge on the transcriptional regulatory network in dividing progenitor cells. Several growth factors, such as FGF-8, act to promote neurogenesis by ensuring survival of progenitor cells that will give rise to olfactory receptor neurons. In contrast, other molecules, including members of the large TGF-β family of proteins, have negative impacts on neurogenesis by restricting progenitor cell proliferation and stalling their differentiation. Since recent reviews have focused on neurogenesis in the regenerating adult olfactory epithelium, this review describes neurogenesis at embryonic stages of olfactory epithelium development and summarizes our current understanding of how both cell intrinsic and extrinsic factors control this process.
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46
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Brann JH, Firestein SJ. A lifetime of neurogenesis in the olfactory system. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:182. [PMID: 25018692 PMCID: PMC4071289 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis continues well beyond embryonic and early postnatal ages in three areas of the nervous system. The subgranular zone supplies new neurons to the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The subventricular zone supplies new interneurons to the olfactory bulb, and the olfactory neuroepithelia generate new excitatory sensory neurons that send their axons to the olfactory bulb. The latter two areas are of particular interest as they contribute new neurons to both ends of a first-level circuit governing olfactory perception. The vomeronasal organ and the main olfactory epithelium comprise the primary peripheral olfactory epithelia. These anatomically distinct areas share common features, as each exhibits extensive neurogenesis well beyond the juvenile phase of development. Here we will discuss the effect of age on the structural and functional significance of neurogenesis in the vomeronasal and olfactory epithelia, from juvenile to advanced adult ages, in several common model systems. We will next discuss how age affects the regenerative capacity of these neural stem cells in response to injury. Finally, we will consider the integration of newborn neurons into an existing circuit as it is modified by the age of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Brann
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stuart J Firestein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University New York, NY, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
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Wnt-responsive Lgr5⁺ globose basal cells function as multipotent olfactory epithelium progenitor cells. J Neurosci 2014. [PMID: 24920630 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0240‐14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium provides a unique model to study neural stem cell self-renewal and fate determination. In the olfactory neuroepithelium, globose basal cells (GBCs) are considered to be the direct progenitors of olfactory neurons. However, the study of neurogenesis from GBCs has been impeded by the paucity of GBC-specific markers. Here we report that Lgr5, a recently discovered adult stem cell marker, is exclusively expressed in GBCs in neonatal and adult mice. Lgr5(+) cells display characteristics of cycling stem cells, including Ki67 expression and EdU incorporation. Lineage tracing analysis demonstrates that Lgr5(+) GBCs regenerate multiple cell types under normal turnover condition or after olfactory lesion. Furthermore, upregulation or downregulation of Wnt signaling in vivo indicates a key role of Wnt signaling not only in maintaining Lgr5(+) cell proliferation and promoting neuroregeneration, but also in delaying sensory neuron maturation. Together, our observations provided new insights into the dynamics of neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium.
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Bas E, Van De Water TR, Lumbreras V, Rajguru S, Goss G, Hare JM, Goldstein BJ. Adult human nasal mesenchymal-like stem cells restore cochlear spiral ganglion neurons after experimental lesion. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 23:502-14. [PMID: 24172073 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A loss of sensory hair cells or spiral ganglion neurons from the inner ear causes deafness, affecting millions of people. Currently, there is no effective therapy to repair the inner ear sensory structures in humans. Cochlear implantation can restore input, but only if auditory neurons remain intact. Efforts to develop stem cell-based treatments for deafness have demonstrated progress, most notably utilizing embryonic-derived cells. In an effort to bypass limitations of embryonic or induced pluripotent stem cells that may impede the translation to clinical applications, we sought to utilize an alternative cell source. Here, we show that adult human mesenchymal-like stem cells (MSCs) obtained from nasal tissue can repair spiral ganglion loss in experimentally lesioned cochlear cultures from neonatal rats. Stem cells engraft into gentamicin-lesioned organotypic cultures and orchestrate the restoration of the spiral ganglion neuronal population, involving both direct neuronal differentiation and secondary effects on endogenous cells. As a physiologic assay, nasal MSC-derived cells engrafted into lesioned spiral ganglia demonstrate responses to infrared laser stimulus that are consistent with those typical of excitable cells. The addition of a pharmacologic activator of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway concurrent with stem cell treatment promoted robust neuronal differentiation. The availability of an effective adult autologous cell source for inner ear tissue repair should contribute to efforts to translate cell-based strategies to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Bas
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida
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49
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Lassiter RNT, Stark MR, Zhao T, Zhou CJ. Signaling mechanisms controlling cranial placode neurogenesis and delamination. Dev Biol 2013; 389:39-49. [PMID: 24315854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The neurogenic cranial placodes are a unique transient epithelial niche of neural progenitor cells that give rise to multiple derivatives of the peripheral nervous system, particularly, the sensory neurons. Placode neurogenesis occurs throughout an extended period of time with epithelial cells continually recruited as neural progenitor cells. Sensory neuron development in the trigeminal, epibranchial, otic, and olfactory placodes coincides with detachment of these neuroblasts from the encompassing epithelial sheet, leading to delamination and ingression into the mesenchyme where they continue to differentiate as neurons. Multiple signaling pathways are known to direct placodal development. This review defines the signaling pathways working at the finite spatiotemporal period when neuronal selection within the placodes occurs, and neuroblasts concomitantly delaminate from the epithelium. Examining neurogenesis and delamination after initial placodal patterning and specification has revealed a common trend throughout the neurogenic placodes, which suggests that both activated FGF and attenuated Notch signaling activities are required for neurogenesis and changes in epithelial cell adhesion leading to delamination. We also address the varying roles of other pathways such as the Wnt and BMP signaling families during sensory neurogenesis and neuroblast delamination in the differing placodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda N T Lassiter
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine at Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California, CA 95817, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Michael R Stark
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
| | - Tianyu Zhao
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine at Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California, CA 95817, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine at Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California, CA 95817, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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50
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Ohnishi YI, Iwatsuki K, Shinzawa K, Ishihara M, Moriwaki T, Umegaki M, Kishima H, Yoshimine T. Adult olfactory sphere cells are a source of oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell progenitors. Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:1178-90. [PMID: 24012985 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The olfactory epithelial layer contains multipotent horizontal basal cells (HBCs) that differentiate into olfactory sensory neurons. Here, we show that rat HBCs express oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) and astrocyte markers. We generated olfactory sphere (OS) cells in cultures that were derived from adult rat olfactory mucosa. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting and immunofluorescence analyses showed that OS cells also express OPC and astrocyte markers. Interestingly, OS cells underwent oligodendrocyte differentiation in vitro. To study oligodendrocyte differentiation in vivo, OS cells were transplanted into injured rat spinal cords. The transplanted cells integrated into host tissue and differentiated into oligodendrocytes. When transected saphenous nerve ends were encased in collagen-containing silicone tubes with or without OS cells, the transplanted OS cells differentiated into Schwann cells. Our data provide new insights into of the stemness of OS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-ichiro Ohnishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Medical School, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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