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Gongora K, Vankerschaver J, Sampers I, Van Haute S. The influence of pH on the efficacy of oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) to predict chlorine disinfection of surrogate bacteria, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes in oxidant demand free conditions and fresh produce wash water. Food Microbiol 2024; 121:104516. [PMID: 38637078 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) is commonly used as a rapid measurement of the antimicrobial potential of free chlorine during industrial fresh produce washing. The current study tested the hypothesis that ORP can act as a "single variable" measurement of bacterial (vegetative and endospores) inactivation effectiveness with free chlorine irrespective of the water pH value. This situation has on occasion been assumed but never confirmed nor disproven. Chlorine-dosed pH 6.5 and 8.5 phosphate buffer solutions were inoculated with Escherichia coli (E. coli), Listeria innocua (L. innocua), or Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) endospores. ORP, free chlorine (FC), and log reduction were monitored after 5 s (for E. coli and L. innocua) and up to 30 min (for B. subtilis spores) of disinfection. Logistic and exponential models were developed to describe how bacteria reduction varied as a function of ORP at different pH levels. Validation tests were performed in phosphate buffered pH 6.5 and 8.5 cabbage wash water periodically dosed with FC, cabbage extract and a cocktail of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) and Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes). The built logistic and exponential models confirmed that at equal ORP values, the inactivation of the surrogate strains was not consistent across pH 6.5 and pH 8.5, with higher reductions at higher pH. This is the opposite of the well-known free chlorine-controlled bacterial inactivation, where the antibacterial effect is higher at lower pH. The validation test results indicated that in the cabbage wash water, the relationship between disinfection efficiency and ORP was consistent with the oxidant demand free systems. The study suggests that ORP cannot serve as a reliable single variable measurement to predict bacterial disinfection in buffered systems. When using ORP to monitor and control the antibacterial effectiveness of the chlorinated wash water, it is crucial to take into account (and control) the pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Gongora
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, 21985, South Korea
| | - Joris Vankerschaver
- Center for Biosystems and Biotech Data Science, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, 21985, South Korea; Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Imca Sampers
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Research Unit VEG-i-TEC, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Campus Kortrijk, Sint-Martens-Latemlaan 2B, 8500, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Sam Van Haute
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Center for Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, 21985, South Korea.
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de Aragão Freire Ferreira Finger J, de Almeida Silva G, Bernardino MC, Andrade DKA, Maffei DF, Pinto UM. Investigating processing practices and microbiological quality of minimally processed vegetables in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:1635-1646. [PMID: 38472699 PMCID: PMC11153469 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Minimally processed vegetables (MPVs) are marketed as convenient and healthy choices for consumers. However, the absence of post-commercialization treatments raises concerns about their microbiological safety. This study investigated the processing practices of 28 Brazilian MPV plants and compared the microbiological quality of these products with fresh counterparts in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Through cluster analysis, the processing plants were categorized into two groups: group 1 (nineteen plants) primarily uses chemical substances in the washing step, while group 2 (nine plants) avoids chemical use but employs similar rinsing practices. Microbiological analysis of 100 samples (49 unprocessed and 51 MPVs) revealed no significant differences in microbial group counts (Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, and E. coli) between the in natura (unprocessed) and MPV products. However, the prevalence of E. coli was higher in natura vegetables than in MPVs. The results indicated the presence of Salmonella DNA (from either dead or live cells or residual DNA) in 4 samples (3 in natura and 1 MPV) using conventional PCR, suggesting the presence of the pathogen in these samples. Listeria monocytogenes was absent, but Listeria innocua was found in two unprocessed products. The study suggests that certain MPVs have microbial loads similar to unprocessed vegetables, potentially serving as carriers for pathogen transmission. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding practices in Brazilian MPV processing plants, informing the implementation of control measures to improve MPV safety and shelf-life, thus ensuring microbiological safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica de Aragão Freire Ferreira Finger
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580. B14, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
- Food Research Center (FoRC-CEPID), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme de Almeida Silva
- Department of Nutrition in Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Calado Bernardino
- Department of Nutrition in Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Dhuelly Kelly Almeida Andrade
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniele Fernanda Maffei
- Food Research Center (FoRC-CEPID), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition, Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Uelinton Manoel Pinto
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580. B14, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
- Food Research Center (FoRC-CEPID), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Yang X, Scharff R. Foodborne Illnesses from Leafy Greens in the United States: Attribution, Burden, and Cost. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100275. [PMID: 38609013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Leafy green vegetables are a major source of foodborne illnesses. Nevertheless, few studies have attempted to estimate attribution and burden of illness estimates for leafy greens. This study combines results from three outbreak-based attribution models with illness incidence and economic cost models to develop comprehensive pathogen-specific burden estimates for leafy greens and their subcategories in the United States. We find that up to 9.18% (90% CI: 5.81%-15.18%) of foodborne illnesses linked to identified pathogens are attributed to leafy greens. Including 'Unknown' illnesses not linked to specific pathogens, leafy greens account for as many as 2,307,558 (90% CI: 1,077,815-4,075,642) illnesses annually in the United States. The economic cost of these illnesses is estimated to be up to $5.278 billion (90% CI: $3.230-$8.221 billion) annually. Excluding the pathogens with small outbreak sizes, Norovirus, Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli (both non-O157 and O157:H7), Campylobacter spp., and nontyphoidal Salmonella, are associated with the highest number of illnesses and greatest costs from leafy greens. While lettuce (romaine, iceberg, "other lettuce") takes 60.8% of leafy green outbreaks, it accounts for up to 75.7% of leafy green foodborne illnesses and 70% of costs. Finally, we highlighted that 19.8% of Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli O157:H7 illnesses are associated with romaine among all food commodities, resulting in 12,496 estimated illnesses and $324.64 million annually in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerui Yang
- Department of Human Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Robert Scharff
- Department of Human Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Narimisa N, Razavi S, Masjedian Jazi F. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium isolates originating from Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1388790. [PMID: 38860007 PMCID: PMC11163077 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1388790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella represents a significant global public health concern. Among various serovars, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is prevalent in multiple countries. This study aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the pattern of antibiotic resistance in S. Typhimurium isolates from diverse sources in Iran. Methods We conducted a comprehensive and systematic search for relevant articles until December 2023 in the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and SID. The collected data were analyzed using Stata software version 17. Results Eighteen studies examined the pattern of antibiotic resistance in S. Typhimurium for various antibiotics in Iran. Piperacillin and tetracycline exhibited the highest resistance rates, at 79 and 60% respectively, while cefixime and ceftriaxone had the lowest resistance rates at 0%. Conclusion Our findings indicate a high level of antibiotic resistance among the studied antibiotics. This high level of antibiotic resistance raises concerns and underscores the necessity for monitoring the use of antibiotics. Moreover, resistance to these antibiotics was more prevalent in samples isolated from animals compared to other sources. This highlights the importance of animal screening to detect the presence of drug-resistant isolates, with the ultimate goal of reducing antibiotic resistance and preventing the transmission of resistant strains to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Faramarz Masjedian Jazi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Yang Q, Chen J, Dai J, He Y, Wei K, Gong M, Chen Q, Sheng H, Su L, Liu L, Chen J, Bai L, Cui S, Yang B. Total coliforms, microbial diversity and multiple characteristics of Salmonella in soil-irrigation water-fresh vegetable system in Shaanxi, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171657. [PMID: 38490413 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Global occurrences of foodborne disease outbreaks have been documented, involving fresh agricultural produce contaminated by various pathogens. This contamination can occur at any point in the supply chain. However, studies on the prevalence of total coliforms, Salmonella and microbial diversity in vegetable and associated environments are limited. This study aimed to assess 1) the number of total coliforms (n = 299) and diversity of microbial communities (n = 52); 2) the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility, genomic characteristics, and potential transmission relationships of Salmonella in soil-irrigation water-vegetable system (n = 506). Overall, 84.28 % samples were positive to total coliforms, with most frequently detected in soil (100 %), followed by irrigation water (79.26 %) and vegetables (62.00 %). A seasonal trend in coliform prevalence was observed, with significantly higher levels in summer (P < 0.05). Detection rates of Salmonella in soil, vegetable and irrigation water were 2.21 %, 4.74 % and 9.40 %. Fourteen serotypes and sequence types (STs) were respectively annotated in 56 Salmonella isolates, ST13 S. Agona (30.36 %, 17/56), ST469 S. Rissen (25.00 %, 14/56), and ST36 S. Typhimurium (12.50 %, 7/56) were dominant serotypes and STs. Thirty-one (55.36 %) isolates were multi-drug resistant, and the resistance was most frequently found to ampicillin (55.36 %, 31/56), followed by to sulfamethoxazole (51.79 %, 29/56) and tetracycline (50.00 %, 28/56). The genomic characteristics and antibiotic resistance patterns of Salmonella isolates from soil, vegetables, and irrigation water within a coherent geographical locale exhibited remarkable similarities, indicating Salmonella may be transmitted among these environments or have a common source of contamination. Microbial alpha diversity indices in soil were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that in vegetable and irrigation water. The microbial phylum in irrigation water covered that in the vegetable, demonstrating a significant overlap in the microbial communities between the vegetables and the irrigation water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuping Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jin Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jinghan Dai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuanjie He
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Kexin Wei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mengqing Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qinquan Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huanjing Sheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Li Su
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lisha Liu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Jia Chen
- College of Chemical Technology, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang 050035, China.
| | - Li Bai
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China.
| | - Shenghui Cui
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Baowei Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Stearns R, Bowen K, Taylor RL, Moritz J, Matak K, Tou J, Freshour A, Jaczynski J, Boltz T, Li X, Long C, Shen C. Microbial profile of broiler carcasses processed at a university scale mobile poultry processing unit. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103576. [PMID: 38430779 PMCID: PMC10912918 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Chicken and chicken products have been associated with foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Poultry comprises an important segment of the agricultural economy (75 million birds processed as of 2019) in West Virginia (WV). The risk of pathogens on processed chickens has risen with the increased popularity of mobile poultry processing units (MPPUs). This study evaluated the microbial safety of broilers processed in a MPPU in WV. This study assessed aerobic plate counts (APCs), E. coli counts and the presence/absence of Salmonella and Campylobacter on 96 broiler carcasses following each MPPU step of scalding, eviscerating, and chilling. Samples were either chilled in ice water only (W) or ice water with 5 ppm chlorine (CW). The highest number of bacteria recovered from carcasses were APCs (4.21 log10CFU/mL) and E. coli (3.77 log10CFU/mL; P = 0.02). A total reduction of 0.30 (P = 0.10) and 0.63 (P = 0.01) log10CFU/mL for APCs and E. coli, respectively, occurred from chilling carcasses in CW. Overall, results show that E. coli, Salmonella, and Campylobacter were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced from the initial scalding to the chilling step. However, Salmonella frequency doubled (15.63-34.38%) after the evisceration step, indicating that washing carcasses after evisceration may be a critical control point in preventing cross-contamination by Salmonella. Proper chilling is also an important microbial mitigation step in MPPU processing. Results indicate that Campylobacter was more resistant to chilling than Salmonella. Campylobacter was not completely inactivated until carcasses were chilled in CW, whereas W was sufficient to reduce Salmonella on carcasses. The results led to the conclusion that although 5 ppm chlorine (Cl2) achieved more bacterial reductions than water alone, the reductions were not always significant (P > 0.05). Further MPPU studies are needed to verify more effective chilling and processing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Stearns
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Kristina Bowen
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Robert L Taylor
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Joe Moritz
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Kristen Matak
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Janet Tou
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Annette Freshour
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Jacek Jaczynski
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Timothy Boltz
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Egg and Poultry Production Safety Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605 USA
| | - Carly Long
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Cangliang Shen
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Çınar Ç, Perone P, Tybur JM. Four studies yield limited evidence for prepared (disgust) learning via evaluative conditioning. Appetite 2024; 196:107256. [PMID: 38342314 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Prepared learning accounts suggest that specialized learning mechanisms increase the retention of associations linked to ancestrally-prevalent threats. Few studies have investigated specialized aversion learning for pathogen threats. In four pre-registered studies (N's = 515, 495, 164, 175), we employed an evaluative conditioning procedure to test whether foods (versus non-foods) are more readily associated with negative content associated with pathogens than negative content not associated with pathogens. Participants saw negatively valenced (either pathogen-relevant or -irrelevant), neutral or positively-valenced stimuli paired with meats and plants (in Studies 1 and 2) and with meats and abstract shapes (in Studies 3 and 4). They then evaluated each stimulus explicitly via self-reports (Studies 1-4) and implicitly via an Affect Misattribution Procedure (Studies 3 and 4). Linear mixed models revealed general evaluative conditioning effects, but inconsistent evidence for specialized (implicit or explicit) learning for a food-pathogen association. However, results from a mega-analysis across studies revealed stronger conditioning effects for meats paired with pathogen-relevant negative stimuli than pathogen-irrelevant negative stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağla Çınar
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute for Brain and Behavior, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Paola Perone
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute for Brain and Behavior, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; TNO Human Performance, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, the Netherlands
| | - Joshua M Tybur
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute for Brain and Behavior, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Sun J, Dai J, Chen J, He Y, Su L, Gong M, Cao M, Wei K, You Y, Liu L, Bai L, Cui S, Chen J, Yang B. Antibiotic susceptibility and genomic analysis of ciprofloxacin-resistant and ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli in vegetables and their irrigation water and growing soil. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 414:110629. [PMID: 38368793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli has become a major global public health concern. While there is extensive research on antibiotic-resistant E. coli from human and animal sources, studies on vegetables and their environments are limited. This study investigated the prevalence and characteristics of ciprofloxacin-resistant (CIPR) E. coli in 13 types of edible raw vegetables, along with their irrigation water and soil in Shaanxi, China. Of 349 samples collected (157 vegetables, 59 water, and 133 soil), a total of 48 positive samples were detected, with one CIPRE. coli strain isolated from each sample being selected for further analyses. A striking observation was its high prevalence in irrigation water at 44.1 %, markedly exceeding that in vegetables (12.0 %) and soil (4.5 %). The susceptibility of Forty-eight CIPRE. coli isolates was evaluated using the disc diffusion method for 18 different antibiotics, all these isolates were not only resistant to the tested fluoroquinolones antibiotics (levofloxacin, nalidixic acid), but also displayed a multi-drug resistance (MDR) pattern. Twenty-eight (58.3 %) of 48 CIPRE. coli isolates exhibited extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) (CIPR-ESBLs) producing phenotype. Subsequently, whole-genome sequencing was performed on these 28 isolates. We identified 12 serotypes and STs each, with O101: H9 (35.7 %, 10/28) and ST10 (21.4 %, 6/28) being the most common. Further classification placed these isolates into five phylogenetic groups: A (57.1 %, 16/28), B1 (32.1 %, 9/28), D (3.6 %, 1/28), B2 (3.6 %,1/28), and F (3.6 %,1/28). Notelly, Identical ST types, serotypes and phylogroups were found in certain CIPR-ESBLs-producing E. coli from both vegetables and adjacent irrigation water. Genomic analysis of the 28 CIPR-ESBLs-producing E. coli isolates unveiled 73 resistance genes, associated with 13 amino acid mutations in resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) and resistance to 12 types of antibiotics. Each isolate was confirmed to carry both ESBLs and fluoroquinolone resistance genes, with the Ser83Ala mutation in GyrA (96.4 %, 27/28) being the most prevalent. A detailed analysis of Mobile Genetic Elements (MGEs) revealed that IncFIB and IncFII plasmid subtypes were most prevalent in 60.7 % and 67.9 % of isolates, respectively, with 75 % containing over 10 insertion sequences (IS) each. Furthermore, we observed that certain ESBL and PMQR genes were located on plasmids or in proximity to insertion sequences. In conclusion, our research highlights the widespread presence of CIPRE. coli in irrigation water and thoroughly examines the genetic characteristics of CIPR-ESBLs-producing E. coli strains, underlining the need for ongoing monitoring and management to reduce multidrug-resistant bacteria in vegetables and their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jinghan Dai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jin Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yuanjie He
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Li Su
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Mengqing Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Mengyuan Cao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Kexin Wei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yi You
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Lisha Liu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Li Bai
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Shenghui Cui
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jia Chen
- College of Chemical Technology, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Baowei Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre of Dairy Products Quality, Safety and Health, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Kailany R, Presmont Y, Zapata R, Owusu-Kwarteng J, Fedio W. Validation of rapid detection methods for Salmonella enterica in green chile. Lett Appl Microbiol 2024; 77:ovae011. [PMID: 38364315 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to validate the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) rea-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay, the Neogen Amplified Nucleic Single Temperature Reaction (ANSR) assay, and the Vitek ImmunoDiagnostic Assay System (VIDAS) SLM procedure against the FDA cultural procedure for Salmonella detection in green chile pepper. Green chile was artificially contaminated with Salmonella according to the FDA guidelines (FDA. Guidelines for the Validation of Microbiological Methods for the FDA Foods Program, 3rd Edition. 2019. www.fda.gov/media/83812/download?attachment (17 March 2024, date last accessed)) at a fractional recovery level (where 50%-25% tests positive and at a level +1 log greater for each organism tested). Enriched samples were tested directly by the ANSR Salmonella test and by qPCR, and were subcultured into Rappaport-Vassiliadis and tetrathionate brilliant green broth for cultural detection and qPCR. For the VIDAS-SLM assay, the selective enrichments were further cultured in M broth before testing. Presumptive salmonellae were confirmed with biochemical tests, serology, and qPCR. All three rapid assays were compared favorably with the FDA-BAM (Bacteriological Analytical Manual) method. No significant differences at P < .05 were found between the procedures using McNemar's χ2 test. The three procedures were found to be rapid and reliable alternatives to cultural detection of Salmonella enterica in green chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghda Kailany
- New Mexico State University, Food Safety Laboratory, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Yatziri Presmont
- New Mexico State University, Food Safety Laboratory, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Ruben Zapata
- New Mexico State University, Food Safety Laboratory, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - James Owusu-Kwarteng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Energy and Natural Resources, PO Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - Willis Fedio
- New Mexico State University, Food Safety Laboratory, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
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Shi L, Wang Z, Li Y, Wang J, Shan J, Zhuo J, Yin X, Sun J, Zhang D, Wang J. Dual-Readout Ultrasensitive Lateral Flow Immunosensing of Salmonella typhimurium in Dairy Products by Doping Engineering-Powered Nanoheterostructure with Enhanced Photothermal Performance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:4405-4414. [PMID: 38357784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The photothermal lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is of great significance to suitable for on-site semiquantitative detection, which has the upper hand in further constructing detection methods for low-concentration targets. Herein, we presented a doping engineering-powered nanoheterostructure with an enhanced photothermal performance strategy, employing bimetallic nanocuboid Pt3Sn (PSNCs) as a proof of concept. With the help of finite element simulation analysis, the contrast of direct temperature experiment, and the evaluation of photothermal conversion efficiency (η), the distinguished and enthusiastic photothermal feedback of PSNCs is proved. Based on steady bright black of colorimetric and superior photothermal performance, the PSNCs were employed to construct an ultrasensitive model LIFA for detecting Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium), which achieved the double-signal semiquantitative detection, the detection limit reached 103 cfu mL-1 (colorimetric mode) and 102 cfu mL-1 (photothermal mode), which is 100 times higher than that of the traditional colloidal gold method. In addition, the method was effective for the detection of targets in dairy samples only through a simple dilution treatment, which was completed within 15 min. Meanwhile, this PSNCs dual-signal LFIA demonstrated the sensitive detection of S. typhimurium due to the excellent colorimetric signal and significant photothermal performance, which provides a broad spectrum for the future detection of foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhua Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuechun Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiamin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinrui Shan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junchen Zhuo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuechi Yin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 23 Xinning Road, Xining 810008, Qinghai, China
| | - Daohong Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Rafieepoor M, Mohebbi SR, Hosseini SM, Tanhaei M, Niasar MS, Kazemian S, Moore MD, Zali MR. Detection of human enteric viruses in fresh produce of markets, farms and surface water used for irrigation in the Tehran, Iran. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169575. [PMID: 38143000 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Considering the major role of vegetables in the transmission of gastrointestinal diseases, investigation of the presence of gastrointestinal viruses is particularly important for public health. Additionally, monitoring and investigating potential points of contamination at various stages of cultivation, harvesting, and distribution can be important in identifying the sources of transmission. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying norovirus, adenovirus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus, rotaviruses, and astroviruses in vegetable samples from the fields and fruit and vegetable centers of Tehran City, and to investigate their presence in irrigation water by RT-qPCR. This study was carried out in two phases: initial and supplementary. During phase I, a total of 3 farms and 5 fruit and vegetable centers and a total of 35 samples from farms, 102 samples from fruit and vegetable centers and 8 agricultural water samples were collected. Zero, 16 and 1 samples were positive for at least one of the viruses from each of the sources, respectively. During phase II, 88 samples from 23 farms, 226 samples from 50 fruit and vegetable centers and 16 irrigation water samples were collected, with 23, 57 and 4 samples were positive for at least one virus, respectively. Rotavirus was the most frequently identified virus among the samples, followed by NoV GII, NoV GI, AstV, and AdV. HAV and HEV were not detected in any of the tested samples. The results of this study suggest that there may be a wide presence of viruses in vegetables, farms, and fruit and vegetable centers in Tehran City, which could have significant consequences considering the fact that many of these foods are consumed raw. Additionally, the detection of some of these viruses in irrigation water suggests that this may be a potential route for viral contamination of produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maedeh Rafieepoor
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Mohebbi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Masoud Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Tanhaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Saeedi Niasar
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Kazemian
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Matthew D Moore
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Topalcengiz Z, Chandran S, Gibson KE. A comprehensive examination of microbial hazards and risks during indoor soilless leafy green production. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 411:110546. [PMID: 38157635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Produce grown under controlled environment agriculture (CEA) is often assumed to have a reduced risk of pathogen contamination due to the low chance of exposure to outdoor contaminant factors. However, the 2021 outbreak and numerous recalls of CEA-grown lettuce and microgreens demonstrate the possibility of pathogen introduction during indoor production when there is a failure in the implementation of food safety management systems. Indoor production of commercial leafy greens, such as lettuce and microgreens, is performed across a range of protective structures from primitive household setups to advanced and partially automatized growing systems. Indoor production systems include hydroponic, aquaponic, and aeroponic configurations. Hydroponic systems such as deep water culture and nutrient film technique comprised of various engineering designs represent the main system types used by growers. Depending on the type of leafy green, the soilless substrate, and system selection, risk of microbial contamination will vary during indoor production. In this literature review, science-based pathogen contamination risks and mitigation strategies for indoor production of microgreens and more mature leafy greens are discussed during both pre-harvest and post-harvest stages of production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynal Topalcengiz
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA; Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Muş Alparslan University, 49250 Muş, Türkiye
| | - Sahaana Chandran
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| | - Kristen E Gibson
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
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13
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Response to Questions Posed by the Food Safety and Inspection Service: Enhancing Salmonella Control in Poultry Products. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100168. [PMID: 37939849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
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14
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Çınar Ç, Perone P, Tybur JM. WITHDRAWN: Four studies Yield limited evidence for prepared (disgust) learning via evaluative conditioning. Appetite 2024; 193:107047. [PMID: 37769850 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağla Çınar
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Institute for Brain and Behavior, Amsterdam, Netherlands; University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paola Perone
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Institute for Brain and Behavior, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joshua M Tybur
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Institute for Brain and Behavior, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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15
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He B, Zhu TT, Liang Y, Wei HJ, Huang ZL, Liang LJ, Zhong JH, Luo Y, Lian XL, Zhao DH, Liao XP, Liu YH, Ren H, Sun J. Adaptive evolution in asymptomatic host confers MDR Salmonella with enhanced environmental persistence and virulence. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168340. [PMID: 37931815 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
As a common cause for food-borne diseases, the Salmonella spp. are generally prevalent among livestock, whereby they are likely to be transmitted to human via environmental contamination. To explore the potential mechanism for prevalence of MDR Salmonella and its risk for dissemination via contaminated environments, we profiled the colonization dynamics of MDR Salmonella in chicken, herein we found that an adaptive evolution, driven by mutagenesis in a small protein-encoding gene (STM14_1829), conferred the multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella with increased fitness in asymptomatic host. Then the mechanistic study demonstrated that only one amino acid substitution in small protein STM14_1829 rendered MDR Salmonella capable to better invade and persist in phagocytotic cells by modulating bacterial flagella overexpression. Concerningly, the evolved Salmonella was also more resilient to the potential stressors generally found in environments and food processing, including heat, cold, adverse pH and oxidations. It implied that the evolved subpopulations are plausibly more persistent in environments once they contaminated through animal manure or human excreta. Moreover, the evolution promoted the pathogenesis caused by MDR Salmonella in susceptible hosts, resulting in higher risk for dissemination of pathogens via contaminated environments. Together, our data provided the novel insights into that in vivo adaptive evolution benefits Salmonella colonization, persistence and pathogenesis, by promoting bacterial tolerance via modulating flagella expression. These findings may explain the rationale behind the increasing prevalence of certain MDR Salmonella clones in livestock and associated environment, and underscoring the need for advanced strategies to tackle the possible evolution of such zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing He
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yin Liang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Hai-Jing Wei
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Zi-Lei Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Li-Jie Liang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Jia-Hao Zhong
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yang Luo
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Xin-Lei Lian
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Dong-Hao Zhao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Hao Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| | - Jian Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics, Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
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16
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Sampedro F, Garcés-Vega F, Strickland AJ, Hedberg CW. Developing a risk management framework to improve public health outcomes by enumerating and serotyping Salmonella in ground turkey. Epidemiol Infect 2024; 152:e12. [PMID: 38185825 PMCID: PMC10804136 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823002029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica continues to be a leading cause of foodborne morbidity worldwide. A quantitative risk assessment model was developed to evaluate the impact of pathogen enumeration and serotyping strategies on public health after consumption of undercooked contaminated ground turkey in the USA. The risk assessment model predicted more than 20,000 human illnesses annually that would result in ~700 annual reported cases. Removing ground turkey lots contaminated with Salmonella exceeding 10 MPN/g, 1 MPN/g, and 1 MPN/25 g would decrease the mean number of illnesses by 38.2, 73.1, and 95.0%, respectively. A three-class mixed sampling plan was tested to allow the detection of positive lots above threshold levels with 2-6 (c = 1) and 3-8 samples per lot (c = 2) using 25-g and 325-g sample sizes for a 95% probability of rejecting a contaminated lot. Removal of positive lots with the presence of highly virulent serotypes would decrease the number of illnesses by 44.2-87.0%. Based on these model prediction results, risk management strategies should incorporate pathogen enumeration and/or serotyping. This would have a direct impact on illness incidence linking public health outcomes with measurable food safety objectives, at the cost of diverting production lots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Sampedro
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Ali J. Strickland
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Craig W. Hedberg
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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17
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Aworh MK, Thakur S, Gensler C, Harrell E, Harden L, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Jacob M. Characteristics of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from retail meat products in North Carolina. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294099. [PMID: 38180979 PMCID: PMC10769054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli is commonly used as an indicator for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in food, animal, environment, and human surveillance systems. Our study aimed to characterize AMR in E. coli isolated from retail meat purchased from grocery stores in North Carolina, USA as part of the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Retail chicken (breast, n = 96; giblets, n = 24), turkey (n = 96), and pork (n = 96) products were purchased monthly from different counties in North Carolina during 2022. Label claims on packages regarding antibiotic use were recorded at collection. E. coli was isolated from meat samples using culture-based methods and isolates were characterized for antimicrobial resistance using whole genome sequencing. Multi-locus sequence typing, phylogroups, and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based maximum-likelihood phylogenic tree was generated. Data were analyzed statistically to determine differences between antibiotic use claims and meat type. RESULTS Of 312 retail meat samples, 138 (44.2%) were positive for E. coli, with turkey (78/138; 56.5%) demonstrating the highest prevalence. Prevalence was lower in chicken (41/138; 29.7%) and pork (19/138;13.8%). Quality sequence data was available from 84.8% (117/138) of the E. coli isolates, which included 72 (61.5%) from turkey, 27 (23.1%) from chicken breast, and 18 (15.4%) from pork. Genes associated with AMR were detected in 77.8% (91/117) of the isolates and 35.9% (42/117) were defined as multidrug resistant (MDR: being resistant to ≥3 distinct classes of antimicrobials). Commonly observed AMR genes included tetB (35%), tetA (24.8%), aph(3'')-lb (24.8%), and blaTEM-1 (20.5%), the majority of which originated from turkey isolates. Antibiotics use claims had no statistical effect on MDR E. coli isolates from the different meat types (X2 = 2.21, p = 0.33). MDR was observed in isolates from meat products with labels indicating "no claims" (n = 29; 69%), "no antibiotics ever" (n = 9; 21.4%), and "organic" (n = 4; 9.5%). Thirty-four different replicon types were observed. AMR genes were carried on plasmids in 17 E. coli isolates, of which 15 (88.2%) were from turkey and two (11.8%) from chicken. Known sequence types (STs) were described for 81 E. coli isolates, with ST117 (8.5%), ST297 (5.1%), and ST58 (3.4%) being the most prevalent across retail meat types. The most prevalent phylogroups were B1 (29.1%) and A (28.2%). Five clonal patterns were detected among isolates. CONCLUSIONS E. coli prevalence and the presence of AMR and MDR were highest in turkey retail meat. The lack of an association between MDR E. coli in retail meat and antibiotic use claim, including those with no indication of antimicrobial use, suggests that additional research is required to understand the origin of resistance. The presence of ST117, an emerging human pathogen, warrants further surveillance. The isolates were distinctly diverse suggesting an instability in population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel Kamweli Aworh
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Siddhartha Thakur
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Catherine Gensler
- Department of Agricultural and Human Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Erin Harrell
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lyndy Harden
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Paula J. Fedorka-Cray
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Megan Jacob
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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18
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Han J, Aljahdali N, Zhao S, Tang H, Harbottle H, Hoffmann M, Frye JG, Foley SL. Infection biology of Salmonella enterica. EcoSal Plus 2024:eesp00012023. [PMID: 38415623 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0001-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the USA, with an estimated 95% of salmonellosis cases due to the consumption of contaminated food products. Salmonella can cause several different disease syndromes, with the most common being gastroenteritis, followed by bacteremia and typhoid fever. Among the over 2,600 currently identified serotypes/serovars, some are mostly host-restricted and host-adapted, while the majority of serotypes can infect a broader range of host species and are associated with causing both livestock and human disease. Salmonella serotypes and strains within serovars can vary considerably in the severity of disease that may result from infection, with some serovars that are more highly associated with invasive disease in humans, while others predominantly cause mild gastroenteritis. These observed clinical differences may be caused by the genetic make-up and diversity of the serovars. Salmonella virulence systems are very complex containing several virulence-associated genes with different functions that contribute to its pathogenicity. The different clinical syndromes are associated with unique groups of virulence genes, and strains often differ in the array of virulence traits they display. On the chromosome, virulence genes are often clustered in regions known as Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs), which are scattered throughout different Salmonella genomes and encode factors essential for adhesion, invasion, survival, and replication within the host. Plasmids can also carry various genes that contribute to Salmonella pathogenicity. For example, strains from several serovars associated with significant human disease, including Choleraesuis, Dublin, Enteritidis, Newport, and Typhimurium, can carry virulence plasmids with genes contributing to attachment, immune system evasion, and other roles. The goal of this comprehensive review is to provide key information on the Salmonella virulence, including the contributions of genes encoded in SPIs and plasmids during Salmonella pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Nesreen Aljahdali
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
- Biological Science Department, College of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaohua Zhao
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Hailin Tang
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Heather Harbottle
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Hoffmann
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan G Frye
- Agricutlutral Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven L Foley
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
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Elshazely RMY, Amer IH, Aal SFAAE, Aal SFAAE, Tahoun ABMB. Antibacterial effect of Moringa oleifera on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from raw milk and some dairy products with special reference to biofilm gene expression. Open Vet J 2024; 14:164-175. [PMID: 38633171 PMCID: PMC11018401 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are well defined as food poisoning pathogens that are highly resistant and need continuous studies. Aim The purpose of the work was to examine phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, and treatment trials with medicinal plants. Methods Samples were examined for isolation of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus on selective media followed by biochemical confirmation, biofilm formation, genes detection, and expression of P. aeruginosa pslA biofilm gene was performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction after treatment with 0.312 mg/ml Moringa oleifera aqueous extract as a minimum inhibitory concentration. Results The highest isolation rate of P. aeruginosa was 20% from both raw milk and Kariesh cheese, followed by 16% and 12% from ice cream and processed cheese, respectively, while the highest isolation rate of S. aureus was 36% from raw milk followed by 28% in ice cream and 16% in both Kariesh cheese and processed cheese. 30% of P. aeruginosa isolates were biofilm producers, while only 21% of S. aureus isolates were able to produce biofilm. The P. aeruginosa isolates harbor virulence-associated genes nan1, exoS, toxA, and pslA at 100%, 80%, 40%, and 40%, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus SEs genes were examined in S. aureus strains, where SEA and SEB genes were detected with 60%, but no isolate harbored SEC, SED, or SEE. The significant fold change of P. aeruginosa pslA expression was 0.40332 after treatment with M. oleifera aqueous extract. Conclusion Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S. aureus harbor dangerous virulence genes that cause food poisoning, but M. oleifera extract could minimize their action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ibrahim H. Amer
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, Egypt
| | - Salah F. A. Abd-El Aal
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, Egypt
| | - Salah F. A. Abd-El Aal
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, Egypt
| | - Asmaa B. M. B. Tahoun
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, Egypt
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20
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Abd-Elaal SF, Alnakip ME, Youssef MZ, Bayoumi MA. Comparison of controlling capabilities of lactobionic acid, nisin, and K-Sorbate against dairy-borne Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and mold in soft cheese. Open Vet J 2024; 14:594-603. [PMID: 38633143 PMCID: PMC11018407 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i1.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The utilization of chemical preservatives holds the promise of effectively controlling microbial growth in soft cheese. Aim The first trial aimed to compare the effectiveness of lactobionic acid (LBA) and K-Sorbate in controlling the proliferation of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and mold in white soft cheese. The subsequent part of the study explored the inhibitory effects of K-Sorbate, nisin, and LBA on mold populations in cheese whey. Methods Two sets of soft cheese were produced. One set was contaminated with S. aureus, while the other was with E. coli, each at concentrations of 1 log CFU/ml and 1 log CFU/100 ml. Different concentrations of LBA were incorporated into these sets of cheese. Similar cheese samples were treated with K-Sorbate. For the subsequent part of the study, it was manufactured and divided into groups that inoculated with LBA with different concentrations, K-Sorbate, and nisin. Results With higher S. aureus inoculation, by day 18, the positive control exhibited growth exceeding 5 log CFU/g. In contrast, the LBA treatment dropped below limit of detection (LOD) and K-Sorbate yielded 4.8 log CFU/g. While with lower S. aureus inoculation, the positive control reached log CFU/g, while LBA treatment fell below LOD by day 14, and K-Sorbate reached 2.9 log CFU/g. For E. coli inoculation, with higher concentrations, by day 18, the positive control exceeded 5 log CFU/g. Conversely, LBA treatment greatly decreased and K-Sorbate treatment measured 5.1 log CFU/g. With lower E. coli concentrations, the positive control surpassed 3 log CFU/g, yet LBA treatment dropped below LOD by day 3. Mold counts indicated some inhibition with the K-Sorbate treatment, while control groups showed growth. LBA treatments exhibit noticeable growth inhibition. About the other part of the study, the outcomes demonstrated that while growth of mold occurred in the control group, inhibitory effects were apparent in the treatment groups, and significant distinctions existed between K-Sorbate, nisin, LBA treatments, and the control group. Conclusion Our findings suggest that LBA has the potential to effectively control the growth of E. coli, S. aureus, and mold in soft cheese. Moreover, LBA displays greater preservative efficacy compared to K-Sorbate and nisin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah F. Abd-Elaal
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E.A. Alnakip
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Madiha Z. Youssef
- Department of Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Al`Arish University, Al`Arish, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Bayoumi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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21
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Santos MI, Grácio M, Silva MC, Pedroso L, Lima A. One Health Perspectives on Food Safety in Minimally Processed Vegetables and Fruits: From Farm to Fork. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2990. [PMID: 38138132 PMCID: PMC10745503 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
While food markets and food production chains are experiencing exponential growth, global attention to food safety is steadily increasing. This is particularly crucial for ready-to-eat products such as fresh-cut salads and fruits, as these items are consumed raw without prior heat treatment, making the presence of pathogenic microorganisms quite frequent. Moreover, many studies on foodborne illnesses associated with these foods often overlook the transmission links from the initial contamination source. The prevention and control of the dissemination of foodborne pathogens should be approached holistically, involving agricultural production, processing, transport, food production, and extending to final consumption, all while adopting a One Health perspective. In this context, our objective is to compile available information on the challenges related to microbiological contamination in minimally handled fruits and vegetables. This includes major reported outbreaks, specific bacterial strains, and associated statistics throughout the production chain. We address the sources of contamination at each stage, along with issues related to food manipulation and disinfection. Additionally, we provide potential solutions to promote a healthier approach to fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. This information will be valuable for both researchers and food producers, particularly those focused on ensuring food safety and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel Santos
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.C.S.); (L.P.)
- CECAV—Centre of Animal and Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Madalena Grácio
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Mariana Camoesas Silva
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.C.S.); (L.P.)
| | - Laurentina Pedroso
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.C.S.); (L.P.)
- CECAV—Centre of Animal and Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Lima
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.C.S.); (L.P.)
- CECAV—Centre of Animal and Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
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22
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Innes GK, Patton AN, Nachman KE, Casey JA, Stapleton GS, Abraham AG, Price LB, Tartof SY, Davis MF. Distance and destination of retail meat alter multidrug resistant contamination in the United States food system. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21024. [PMID: 38030674 PMCID: PMC10687246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant infections are a global concern, especially those caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, defined as those resistant to more than three drug classes. The animal agriculture industry contributes to the antimicrobial resistant foodborne illness burden via contaminated retail meat. In the United States, retail meat is shipped across the country. Therefore, understanding geospatial factors that influence MDR bacterial contamination is vital to protect consumers and inform interventions. Using data available from the United States Food and Drug Administration's National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS), we describe retail meat shipping distances using processor and retailer locations and investigated this distance as a risk factor for MDR bacteria meat contamination using log-binomial regression. Meat samples collected during 2012-2014 totaled 11,243, of which 4791 (42.61%) were contaminated with bacteria and 835 (17.43%) of those bacteria were MDR. All examined geospatial factors were associated with MDR bacteria meat contamination. After adjustment for year and meat type, we found higher prevalence of MDR contamination among meat processed in the south (relative adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 1.35; 95% CI 1.06-1.73 when compared to the next-highest region), sold in Maryland (aPR 1.12; 95% CI 0.95-1.32 when compared to the next-highest state), and shipped from 194 to 469 miles (aPR 1.59; 95% CI 1.31-1.94 when compared to meats that traveled < 194 miles). However, sensitivity analyses revealed that New York sold the meat with the highest prevalence of MDR Salmonella contamination (4.84%). In this secondary analysis of NARMS data, both geographic location where products were sold and the shipping distance were associated with microbial contamination on retail meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel K Innes
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Yuma Center for Excellence in Desert Agriculture, Yuma, AZ, USA.
| | - Andrew N Patton
- University of San Francisco Geospatial Analysis Lab, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Keeve E Nachman
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joan A Casey
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - G Sean Stapleton
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alison G Abraham
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lance B Price
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sara Y Tartof
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Meghan F Davis
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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23
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Shaji S, Selvaraj RK, Shanmugasundaram R. Salmonella Infection in Poultry: A Review on the Pathogen and Control Strategies. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2814. [PMID: 38004824 PMCID: PMC10672927 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is the leading cause of food-borne zoonotic disease worldwide. Non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes are the primary etiological agents associated with salmonellosis in poultry. Contaminated poultry eggs and meat products are the major sources of human Salmonella infection. Horizontal and vertical transmission are the primary routes of infection in chickens. The principal virulence genes linked to Salmonella pathogenesis in poultry are located in Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 and 2 (SPI-1 and SPI-2). Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses are involved in the defense against Salmonella invasion in poultry. Vaccination of chickens and supplementation of feed additives like prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, synbiotics, and bacteriophages are currently being used to mitigate the Salmonella load in poultry. Despite the existence of various control measures, there is still a need for a broad, safe, and well-defined strategy that can confer long-term protection from Salmonella in poultry flocks. This review examines the current knowledge on the etiology, transmission, cell wall structure, nomenclature, pathogenesis, immune response, and efficacy of preventative approaches to Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syamily Shaji
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (S.S.); (R.K.S.)
| | - Ramesh K. Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (S.S.); (R.K.S.)
| | - Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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24
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Menck-Costa MF, Baptista AAS, Sanches MS, dos Santos BQ, Cicero CE, Kitagawa HY, Justino L, Medeiros LP, de Souza M, Rocha SPD, Nakazato G, Kobayashi RKT. Resistance and Virulence Surveillance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Commercial Meat Samples: A One Health Approach. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2712. [PMID: 38004724 PMCID: PMC10672981 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a key indicator of food hygiene, and its monitoring in meat samples points to the potential presence of antimicrobial-resistant strains capable of causing infections in humans, encompassing resistance profiles categorized as serious threats by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), such as Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-a problem with consequences for animal, human, and environmental health. The objective of the present work was to isolate and characterize ESBL-producing E. coli strains from poultry, pork, and beef meat samples, with a characterization of their virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles. A total of 450 meat samples (150 chicken, 150 beef, and 150 pork) were obtained from supermarkets and subsequently cultured in medium supplemented with cefotaxime. The isolated colonies were characterized biochemically, followed by antibiogram testing using the disk diffusion technique. Further classification involved biofilm formation and the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes (blaCTX-M, AmpC-type, mcr-1, and fosA3), and virulence genes (eaeA, st, bfpA, lt, stx1, stx2, aggR, iss, ompT, hlyF, iutA, iroN, fyuA, cvaC, and hylA). Statistical analysis was performed via the likelihood-ratio test. In total, 168 strains were obtained, with 73% originating from chicken, 22% from pork, and 17% from beef samples. Notably, strains exhibited greater resistance to tetracycline (51%), ciprofloxacin (46%), and fosfomycin (38%), apart from β-lactams. The detection of antimicrobial resistance in food-isolated strains is noteworthy, underscoring the significance of antimicrobial resistance as a global concern. More than 90% of the strains were biofilm producers, and strains carrying many ExPEC genes were more likely to be biofilm formers (OR 2.42), which increases the problem since the microorganisms have a greater chance of environment persistence and genetic exchange. Regarding molecular characterization, bovine samples showed a higher prevalence of blaCTX-M-1 (OR 6.52), while chicken strains were more likely to carry the fosA3 gene (OR 2.43, CI 1.17-5.05) and presented between 6 to 8 ExPEC genes (OR 2.5, CI 1.33-5.01) compared to other meat samples. Concerning diarrheagenic E. coli genes, two strains harbored eae. It is important to highlight these strains, as they exhibited both biofilm-forming capacities and multidrug resistance (MDR), potentially enabling colonization in diverse environments and causing infections. In conclusion, this study underscores the presence of β-lactamase-producing E. coli strains, mainly in poultry samples, compared to beef and pork samples. Furthermore, all meat sample strains exhibited many virulence-associated extraintestinal genes, with some strains harboring diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maísa Fabiana Menck-Costa
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Biological Science (CCB), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (M.F.M.-C.); (M.S.S.); (H.Y.K.); (L.P.M.); (S.P.D.R.); (G.N.)
| | - Ana Angelita Sampaio Baptista
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Center for Agricultural Sciences (CCA), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (A.A.S.B.); (B.Q.d.S.); (C.E.C.); (L.J.); (M.d.S.)
| | - Matheus Silva Sanches
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Biological Science (CCB), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (M.F.M.-C.); (M.S.S.); (H.Y.K.); (L.P.M.); (S.P.D.R.); (G.N.)
| | - Beatriz Queiroz dos Santos
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Center for Agricultural Sciences (CCA), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (A.A.S.B.); (B.Q.d.S.); (C.E.C.); (L.J.); (M.d.S.)
| | - Claudinéia Emidio Cicero
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Center for Agricultural Sciences (CCA), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (A.A.S.B.); (B.Q.d.S.); (C.E.C.); (L.J.); (M.d.S.)
| | - Hellen Yukari Kitagawa
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Biological Science (CCB), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (M.F.M.-C.); (M.S.S.); (H.Y.K.); (L.P.M.); (S.P.D.R.); (G.N.)
| | - Larissa Justino
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Center for Agricultural Sciences (CCA), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (A.A.S.B.); (B.Q.d.S.); (C.E.C.); (L.J.); (M.d.S.)
| | - Leonardo Pinto Medeiros
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Biological Science (CCB), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (M.F.M.-C.); (M.S.S.); (H.Y.K.); (L.P.M.); (S.P.D.R.); (G.N.)
| | - Marielen de Souza
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Center for Agricultural Sciences (CCA), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (A.A.S.B.); (B.Q.d.S.); (C.E.C.); (L.J.); (M.d.S.)
| | - Sergio Paulo Dejato Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Biological Science (CCB), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (M.F.M.-C.); (M.S.S.); (H.Y.K.); (L.P.M.); (S.P.D.R.); (G.N.)
| | - Gerson Nakazato
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Biological Science (CCB), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (M.F.M.-C.); (M.S.S.); (H.Y.K.); (L.P.M.); (S.P.D.R.); (G.N.)
| | - Renata Katsuko Takayama Kobayashi
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Biological Science (CCB), State University of Londrina (UEL), Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (M.F.M.-C.); (M.S.S.); (H.Y.K.); (L.P.M.); (S.P.D.R.); (G.N.)
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25
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Bolten S, Belias A, Weigand KA, Pajor M, Qian C, Ivanek R, Wiedmann M. Population dynamics of Listeria spp., Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli on fresh produce: A scoping review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:4537-4572. [PMID: 37942966 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Collation of the current scope of literature related to population dynamics (i.e., growth, die-off, survival) of foodborne pathogens on fresh produce can aid in informing future research directions and help stakeholders identify relevant research literature. A scoping review was conducted to gather and synthesize literature that investigates population dynamics of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Listeria spp., Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli on whole unprocessed fresh produce (defined as produce not having undergone chopping, cutting, homogenization, irradiation, or pasteurization). Literature sources were identified using an exhaustive search of research and industry reports published prior to September 23, 2021, followed by screening for relevance based on strict, a priori eligibility criteria. A total of 277 studies that met all eligibility criteria were subjected to an in-depth qualitative review of various factors (e.g., produce commodities, study settings, inoculation methodologies) that affect population dynamics. Included studies represent investigations of population dynamics on produce before (i.e., pre-harvest; n = 143) and after (i.e., post-harvest; n = 144) harvest. Several knowledge gaps were identified, including the limited representation of (i) pre-harvest studies that investigated population dynamics of Listeria spp. on produce (n = 13, 9% of pre-harvest studies), (ii) pre-harvest studies that were carried out on non-sprouts produce types grown using hydroponic cultivation practices (n = 7, 5% of pre-harvest studies), and (iii) post-harvest studies that reported the relative humidity conditions under which experiments were carried out (n = 56, 39% of post-harvest studies). These and other knowledge gaps summarized in this scoping review represent areas of research that can be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Bolten
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Alexandra Belias
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Kelly A Weigand
- Cary Veterinary Medical Library, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- Flower-Sprecher Veterinary Library, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Magdalena Pajor
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Chenhao Qian
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Renata Ivanek
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Martin Wiedmann
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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26
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Jiao Y, Zhang Z, Wang K, Zhang H, Gao J. Rapid detection of Salmonella in food matrices by photonic PCR based on the photothermal effect of Fe 3O 4. Food Chem X 2023; 19:100798. [PMID: 37780326 PMCID: PMC10534150 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella causes most deaths from diarrheal disease worldwide. Therefore, Salmonella must be accurately and quickly detected, even in complex food matrices, which is difficult to achieve using conventional culture methods. Here we propose a novel photonic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method based on ferroferric oxide (Fe3O4) for the detection of Salmonella typhimurium in complex samples. Owing to the great photothermal conversion performance of Fe3O4, rapid thermal cycling could be accomplished. Our optimized photonic PCR system specifically detected Salmonella typhimurium in complex food matrices within 50 min. Quantitative data showed a limit of detection up to 102 CFU/mL in food samples. This method is suitable for the detection of all pathogenic microorganisms and is universal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Jiao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of Shandong Normal University, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of Shandong Normal University, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Kaifei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of Shandong Normal University, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of Shandong Normal University, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
| | - Jianxin Gao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of Shandong Normal University, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, PR China
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27
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Tao D, Zhang D, Hu R, Rundensteiner E, Feng H. Epidemiological Data Mining for Assisting with Foodborne Outbreak Investigation. Foods 2023; 12:3825. [PMID: 37893718 PMCID: PMC10606626 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases caused by the consumption of food are a significant but avoidable public health issue, and identifying the source of contamination is a key step in an outbreak investigation to prevent foodborne illnesses. Historical foodborne outbreaks provide rich data on critical attributes such as outbreak factors, food vehicles, and etiologies, and an improved understanding of the relationships between these attributes could provide insights for developing effective food safety interventions. The purpose of this study was to identify hidden patterns underlying the relations between the critical attributes involved in historical foodborne outbreaks through data mining approaches. A statistical analysis was used to identify the associations between outbreak factors and food sources, and the factors that were strongly significant were selected as predictive factors for food vehicles. A multinomial prediction model was built based on factors selected for predicting "simple" foods (beef, dairy, and vegetables) as sources of outbreaks. In addition, the relations between the food vehicles and common etiologies were investigated through text mining approaches (support vector machines, logistic regression, random forest, and naïve Bayes). A support vector machine model was identified as the optimal model to predict etiologies from the occurrence of food vehicles. Association rules also indicated the specific food vehicles that have strong relations to the etiologies. Meanwhile, a food ingredient network describing the relationships between foods and ingredients was constructed and used with Monte Carlo simulation to predict possible ingredients from foods that cause an outbreak. The simulated results were confirmed with foods and ingredients that are already known to cause historical foodborne outbreaks. The method could provide insights into the prediction of the possible ingredient sources of contamination when given the name of a food. The results could provide insights into the early identification of food sources of contamination and assist in future outbreak investigations. The data-driven approach will provide a new perspective and strategies for discovering hidden knowledge from massive data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Tao
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Dongyu Zhang
- Data Science Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; (D.Z.); (R.H.)
| | - Ruofan Hu
- Data Science Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; (D.Z.); (R.H.)
| | - Elke Rundensteiner
- Data Science Program, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; (D.Z.); (R.H.)
- Department of Computer Science, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Hao Feng
- College of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA
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28
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Serrano Heredia SM, Sánchez-Martín J, Romero Gil V, Arroyo-López FN, Benítez-Cabello A, Carrasco Jiménez E, Valero Díaz A. Tracking Microbial Diversity and Hygienic-Sanitary Status during Processing of Farmed Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). Foods 2023; 12:3718. [PMID: 37893611 PMCID: PMC10606590 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is becoming a strategic sector for many national economies to supply the increasing demand for fish from consumers. Fish culture conditions and processing operations can lead to an increase in microbial contamination of farmed fish that may shorten the shelf-life of fish products and byproducts, and ready-to-eat fishery products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary status of water, environment, and processing of fresh-farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets produced in a local fish farm in Andalusia, Spain. To achieve this, a longitudinal study was carried out by collecting environmental (air and food-contact surfaces), water from fish ponds, and rainbow trout samples. Thereby, seven sampling visits were performed between February 2021 and July 2022, where foodborne pathogens and spoilage microorganisms, together with physicochemical parameters, were analysed in the collected samples. Further, microbial identification of microbiota was achieved through a culture-dependent technique using blast analysis of 16S RNA gene sequencing. The results showed that Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella were not detected in the analysed samples. Regarding the hygienic-sanitary status of the fish farm, the slaughtering bath, the eviscerating machine and the outlet water from fish ponds presented the highest counts of coliforms, Enterobacteriaceae, and Aerobic Mesophilic Bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus and sulphite-reducing Clostridium were identified in the conveyor belts, fish flesh, and viscera. The 16S RNA identification confirmed the presence of viable spoilage bacteria such as Citrobacter gillenii, Macrococcus caseolyticus, Hafnia paralvei, Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus cremoris, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Morganella morganii, and Shewanella. Three of these genera (Citrobacter, Hafnia, and Pseudomonas) were present in all types of samples analysed. The results evidenced potential transmission of microbial contamination from contaminated packaging belts and boxes, evisceration and filleting machines to flesh and viscera samples, thus the establishment of control measures should be implemented in fish farm facilities to extend the shelf-life of farmed fishery products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salud María Serrano Heredia
- Department of Food Science and Technology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (S.M.S.H.); (J.S.-M.); (V.R.G.); (A.V.D.)
| | - Javier Sánchez-Martín
- Department of Food Science and Technology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (S.M.S.H.); (J.S.-M.); (V.R.G.); (A.V.D.)
| | - Verónica Romero Gil
- Department of Food Science and Technology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (S.M.S.H.); (J.S.-M.); (V.R.G.); (A.V.D.)
| | - Francisco Noé Arroyo-López
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), C\Utrera Km 1, Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, 41013 Seville, Spain; (F.N.A.-L.); (A.B.-C.)
| | - Antonio Benítez-Cabello
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), C\Utrera Km 1, Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Building 46, 41013 Seville, Spain; (F.N.A.-L.); (A.B.-C.)
| | - Elena Carrasco Jiménez
- Department of Food Science and Technology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (S.M.S.H.); (J.S.-M.); (V.R.G.); (A.V.D.)
| | - Antonio Valero Díaz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (S.M.S.H.); (J.S.-M.); (V.R.G.); (A.V.D.)
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Lee SI, Tran TD, Hnasko R, McGarvey JA. Use of Pantoea agglomerans ASB05 as a biocontrol agent to inhibit the growth of Salmonella enterica on intact cantaloupe melons. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad235. [PMID: 37852677 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To identify biocontrol agents to prevent the growth of Salmonella serotype Enterica on cantaloupe melons during the pre- and postharvest periods. METHODS AND RESULTS We created a produce-associated bacterial library containing 8736 isolates and screened it using an in-vitro fluorescence inhibition assay to identify bacteria that inhibit the growth of S. Enterica. One isolate, Pantoea agglomerans ASB05, was able to grow, persist, and inhibit the growth of S. Enterica on intact cantaloupe melons under simulated pre- and postharvest conditions. We also demonstrated that the growth inhibition of S. Enterica by P. agglomerans ASB05 was due to the production of a phenazine type antibiotic. CONCLUSIONS Pantoea agglomerans ASB05 is an effective biocontrol agent for the prevention of S. Enterica growth on intact cantaloupe melons in both the pre- and postharvest environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang In Lee
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Albany, CA 94710, United States
| | - Thao D Tran
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Albany, CA 94710, United States
| | - Robert Hnasko
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Albany, CA 94710, United States
| | - Jeffery A McGarvey
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Albany, CA 94710, United States
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Lee YJ, Chang YC, Lee IH, Ho KH, Fang SB, Lauderdale TL, Chen TW, Chen KC, Huang CH, Huang TW. Persistence and dynamic structures of diverse cephalosporinase genes in nontyphoidal Salmonella in cross-sectional surveillance in Taiwan. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2023; 62:106944. [PMID: 37543120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.106944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a major foodborne pathogen causing from acute gastroenteritis to bacteraemia, particularly in paediatric and elderly patients. Antimicrobial resistance of NTS, especially resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, has emerged over the past decades. METHODS Thirteen NTS isolates resistant to ceftriaxone or cefotaxime were collected from a teaching hospital in Taipei, and another three from a tertiary hospital, in New Taipei City, Taiwan, from September 2018 to December 2019. Ten other archived isolates from 2000 to 2017 were also obtained. Complete genomes of the 26 isolates were obtained. Serovars, sequence types, resistomes, genetic relatedness, and sequence comparison of plasmids were analyzed. RESULTS Serogroups B, C2 and E were significantly associated with ampicillin resistance. Over 90% of these 26 isolates are susceptible to carbapenems and colistin. Genomic epidemiology of these isolates shows that blaCMY-2-harbouring isolates in different serovars were prevalent over two decades, presumably resulting from highly mobile IncI1 plasmid harbouring blaCMY-2. One type of the IncI1 plasmids contained a mobile element, IS26, which might be involved in the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance genes. Two emerging serovars, S. Goldcoast ST358 harbouring blaCTX-M-55 on IncHI2 plasmids and S. Anatum ST64 harbouring blaDHA-1 on IncA/C2 plasmids persisted in Taiwan, possibly through the clonal spread. Integration of complete or partial plasmid sequences into host chromosomes or multiplications of the antimicrobial resistance genes also appears to be mediated by IS26, in the two emerging clones. CONCLUSION The dynamic movement of cephalosporinase genes mediated by IS26 in NTS is of great concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuarn-Jang Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chu Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; International Ph.D. Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Hui Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hao Ho
- International Ph.D. Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiuh-Bin Fang
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Master Program in Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Ling Lauderdale
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Wen Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ku-Chung Chen
- International Ph.D. Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Wen Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Sheng H, Wu S, Xue Y, Zhao W, Caplan AB, Hovde CJ, Minnich SA. Engineering conjugative CRISPR-Cas9 systems for the targeted control of enteric pathogens and antibiotic resistance. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291520. [PMID: 37699034 PMCID: PMC10497133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica pose serious public health threats due to their ability to cause severe gastroenteritis and life-threatening sequela, particularly in young children. Moreover, the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance in these bacteria have complicated control of infections. Alternative strategies that effectively target these enteric pathogens and negate or reduce the need of antibiotics are urgently needed. Such an alternative is the CRISPR-Cas9 system because it can generate sequence-specific lethal double stranded DNA breaks. In this study, two self-transmissible broad host range conjugative plasmids, pRK24 and pBP136, were engineered to deliver multiplexed CRSIPR-Cas9 systems that specifically target Enterohemorrhagic and Enteropathogenic strains of E. coli (EHEC and EPEC), S. enterica, and blaCMY-2 antibiotic resistance plasmids. Using in vitro mating assays, we show that the conjugative delivery of pRK24-CRISPR-Cas9 carrying guide RNAs to the EPEC/EHEC eae (intimin) gene can selectively kill enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157 eae+ cells (3 log kill at 6 h) but does not kill the isogenic Δeae mutant (P<0.001). Similar results were also obtained with a pBP136 derivative, pTF16, carrying multiplexed guide RNAs targeting E. coli eae and the S. enterica ssaN gene coding for the type III secretion ATPase. Another pBP136 derivative, TF18, carries guide RNAs targeting S. enterica ssaN and the antibiotic resistance gene, blaCMY-2, carried on the multi-drug resistant pAR06302. Introduction of pTF18 into bacteria harboring pAR06302 showed plasmids were cured at an efficiency of 53% (P<0.05). Using a murine neonate EPEC infection model, pTF16 was delivered by a murine derived E. coli strain to EPEC infected mice and showed significant reductions of intestinal EPEC (P<0.05). These results suggest that establishing conjugative CRISPR-Cas9 antimicrobials in the intestinal microbiome may provide protection from enteric pathogens and reduce antibiotic resistance without disrupting the normal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Sheng
- Animal, Veterinary and Food Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Sarah Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Yansong Xue
- Animal, Veterinary and Food Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Wei Zhao
- Animal, Veterinary and Food Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Allan B. Caplan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Carolyn J. Hovde
- Animal, Veterinary and Food Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Minnich
- Animal, Veterinary and Food Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
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Vitt JD, Hansen EG, Garg R, Bowden SD. Bacteria intrinsic to Medicago sativa (alfalfa) reduce Salmonella enterica growth in planta. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad204. [PMID: 37669894 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to determine whether plant-associated bacteria (PAB) can reduce Salmonella enterica colonization and infection of alfalfa sprouts to reduce the risk of foodborne illness. METHODS We isolated PAB from alfalfa seeds and sprouts. Monoclonal isolates of the bacteria were obtained and tested for their ability to inhibit Salmonella Typhimurium growth in alfalfa sprouts over 6 days. Genome sequencing and annotation were used to construct draft genomes of the bacteria isolated in this study using Illumina sequencing platform. RESULTS We observed that a cocktail of five PAB could reduce Salmonella growth in alfalfa sprouts from ∼108 to ∼105 CFU g-1, demonstrating a protective role. Genome sequencing revealed that these bacteria were members of the Pseudomonas, Pantoea, and Priestia genus, and did not possess genes that were pathogenic to plants or animals. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates that PAB can be utilized to reduce pathogen levels in fresh produce, which may be synergistic with other technologies to improve the safety of sprouts and other fresh produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Vitt
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Eleanore G Hansen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Raghav Garg
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Steven D Bowden
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States
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33
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Gensler C, Harper K, Stoufer S, Moore MD, Kinchla AJ, McLandsborough L. Exploring Washing Procedures for Produce Brush Washer. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100126. [PMID: 37414285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous environmental monitoring projects in food production facilities have revealed inconsistencies in how produce brush washer machines are cleaned after use; thus, the study of effective sanitation procedures for these machines is needed. Four chlorine solution treatments (ranging from 25 to 200 ppm), as well as a water-only treatment, were tested for efficacy in reducing bacterial loads for a selected small brush washer machine. Results indicate that rinsing with the machine's power and water alone, a frequent practice among some produce processors, yielded a reduction of 0.91-1.96 log CFU per brush roller in bacterial counts, which was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). However, the chlorine treatments were found to be effective in reducing bacterial loads significantly, with higher concentrations being the most effective. The 200 ppm and 100 ppm chlorine treatments yielded bacterial reductions of 4.08 and 3.95 log CFU per brush roller, respectively, leaving bacterial levels statistically similar to the levels at postprocess decontamination, meaning these are the most effective at killing bacteria of all the chlorine concentrations tested. These data suggest the use of at least 100 ppm chlorine sanitizer solution is a good method to sanitize hard-to-clean produce washing machines, yielding an approximate 4 log CFU reduction of the inoculated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Gensler
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kelsi Harper
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sloane Stoufer
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew D Moore
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amanda J Kinchla
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Lynne McLandsborough
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Raut R, Maharjan P, Fouladkhah AC. Practical Preventive Considerations for Reducing the Public Health Burden of Poultry-Related Salmonellosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6654. [PMID: 37681794 PMCID: PMC10487474 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20176654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
With poultry products as one of the leading reservoirs for the pathogen, in a typical year in the United States, it is estimated that over one million individuals contract non-typhoidal Salmonella infections. Foodborne outbreaks associated with Salmonella infections in poultry, thus, continue to remain a significant risk to public health. Moreover, the further emergence of antimicrobial resistance among various serovars of Salmonella is an additional public health concern. Feeding-based strategies (such as use of prebiotics, probiotics, and/or phytobiotics as well as essential oils), non-feeding-based strategies (such as use of bacteriophages, vaccinations, and in ovo strategies), omics tools and surveillance for identifying antibiotic-resistance genes, post-harvest application of antimicrobials, and biosecurity measures at poultry facilities are practical interventions that could reduce the public health burden of salmonellosis and antibiotic resistance associated with poultry products. With the escalating consumption of poultry products around the globe, the fate, prevalence, and transmission of Salmonella in agricultural settings and various poultry-processing facilities are major public health challenges demanding integrated control measures throughout the food chain. Implementation of practical preventive measures discussed in the current study could appreciably reduce the public health burden of foodborne salmonellosis associated with poultry products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabin Raut
- Cooperative Extension Program, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA;
- Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
| | - Pramir Maharjan
- Cooperative Extension Program, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA;
| | - Aliyar Cyrus Fouladkhah
- Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
- Public Health Microbiology FoundationSM, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
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35
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Sousa DER, Wilson TM, Macêdo IL, Romano APM, Ramos DG, Passos PHO, Costa GRT, Fonseca VS, Mares-Guia MAMM, Giovanetti M, Alcantara LCJ, de Filippis AMB, Paludo GR, Melo CB, Castro MB. Case report: Urbanized non-human primates as sentinels for human zoonotic diseases: a case of acute fatal toxoplasmosis in a free-ranging marmoset in coinfection with yellow fever virus. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1236384. [PMID: 37670831 PMCID: PMC10475956 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1236384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Free-ranging non-human primates (NHP) can live in anthropized areas or urban environments in close contact with human populations. This condition can enable the emergence and transmission of high-impact zoonotic pathogens. For the first time, we detected a coinfection of the yellow fever (YF) virus with Toxoplasma gondii in a free-ranging NHP in a highly urbanized area of a metropolis in Brazil. Specifically, we observed this coinfection in a black-tufted marmoset found dead and taken for a necropsy by the local health surveillance service. After conducting an epidemiological investigation, characterizing the pathological features, and performing molecular assays, we confirmed that the marmoset developed an acute fatal infection caused by T. gondii in coinfection with a new YF virus South American-1 sub-lineage. As a result, we have raised concerns about the public health implications of these findings and discussed the importance of diagnosis and surveillance of zoonotic agents in urbanized NHPs. As competent hosts of zoonotic diseases such as YF and environmental sentinels for toxoplasmosis, NHPs play a crucial role in the One Health framework to predict and prevent the emergence of dangerous human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davi E. R. Sousa
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Tais M. Wilson
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Isabel L. Macêdo
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Alessandro P. M. Romano
- Technical Group of Arbovirus Surveillance, General Coordination of Communicable Diseases, Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance, Secretariat of Health Surveillance, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Daniel G. Ramos
- Technical Group of Arbovirus Surveillance, General Coordination of Communicable Diseases, Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance, Secretariat of Health Surveillance, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Pedro H. O. Passos
- Technical Group of Arbovirus Surveillance, General Coordination of Communicable Diseases, Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance, Secretariat of Health Surveillance, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Gabriela R. T. Costa
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
- Environmental Health Surveillance Directorate of the Federal District, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Vagner S. Fonseca
- Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde/Organização Mundial da Saúde, Brasília, Brazil
- Instituto Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Marta Giovanetti
- Instituto Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Development and One Health, University of Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luiz Carlos Junior Alcantara
- Instituto Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Arbovírus e Vírus Hemorrágicos (LARBOH), Instituto Osawldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria B. de Filippis
- Laboratório de Arbovírus e Vírus Hemorrágicos (LARBOH), Instituto Osawldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giane R. Paludo
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Cristiano B. Melo
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Márcio B. Castro
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, University of Brasília, Brasilia, Brazil
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Solo MK, Lako J, Mani F, Brodie G. Assessment of Postharvest Practices of Tuna Sold at the Honiara Fish Market in the Solomon Islands. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2023; 2023:6594017. [PMID: 37637216 PMCID: PMC10460284 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6594017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The study is aimed at assessing the impacts of postharvest handling practices on the quality and safety of tuna sold at the Honiara Fish Market (HFM), Solomon Islands. Two major approaches were adopted: (1) face-to-face interviews of 60 participants using questionnaires and physical observations of the supply chains and postharvest handling practices and (2) determination of time-temperature, quality index, histamine, and microbial load of tuna and contact surfaces. Sampling was conducted on both the wet season (WS) and dry season (DS), of which 36 samples from both batches of fresh tuna (FT) and brined tuna (BT) were analyzed. Three critical control points (CCPs) were identified in the supply chains of both FT and BT, where samples were obtained for scientific analyses. The average body temperature for WS tuna exposed for 9-10 h with low or no ice after catch was 3°C for FT and 15°C for BT, while DS samples were 26°C and 31°C for FT and BT, respectively. The quality index (QI) for WS showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) at 0 for FT and 8 for BT, while both DS showed a significant increase at 16 for BT and 5 for FT. Histamine levels for all the samples increased across the three CCPs, however with levels <50 mg/L, while microbial load for both seasons and for both samples were within the required specifications. However, contact surfaces for both seasons revealed high levels of microbial contamination. This study reveals that poor handling practices along the tuna supply chains of fish sold at the HFM were observed; however, all the tuna was safe for consumption when cooked properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Kili Solo
- Department of Fisheries Studies, Solomon Islands National University, Solomon Islands
| | - Jimaima Lako
- School of Applied Sciences, Fiji National University, Fiji
| | - Francis Mani
- School of Agriculture, Geography, Environment, Oceans & Natural Resources, The University of the South Pacific, Fiji
| | - Gilianne Brodie
- Institute of Applied Sciences, The University of the South Pacific, Fiji
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Yi J, Wisuthiphaet N, Raja P, Nitin N, Earles JM. AI-enabled biosensing for rapid pathogen detection: From liquid food to agricultural water. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120258. [PMID: 37390659 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Rapid pathogen detection in food and agricultural water is essential for ensuring food safety and public health. However, complex and noisy environmental background matrices delay the identification of pathogens and require highly trained personnel. Here, we present an AI-biosensing framework for accelerated and automated pathogen detection in various water samples, from liquid food to agricultural water. A deep learning model was used to identify and quantify target bacteria based on their microscopic patterns generated by specific interactions with bacteriophages. The model was trained on augmented datasets to maximize data efficiency, using input images of selected bacterial species, and then fine-tuned on a mixed culture. Model inference was performed on real-world water samples containing environmental noises unseen during model training. Overall, our AI model trained solely on lab-cultured bacteria achieved rapid (< 5.5 h) prediction with 80-100% accuracy on the real-world water samples, demonstrating its ability to generalize to unseen data. Our study highlights the potential applications in microbial water quality monitoring during food and agricultural processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoon Yi
- Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America; Department of Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - Nicharee Wisuthiphaet
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
| | - Pranav Raja
- Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Nitin Nitin
- Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America; Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - J Mason Earles
- Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America; Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America.
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Marder EP, Cui Z, Bruce BB, Richardson LC, Boyle MM, Cieslak PR, Comstock N, Lathrop S, Garman K, McGuire S, Olson D, Vugia DJ, Wilson S, Griffin PM, Medus C. Risk Factors for Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Infections, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1183-1190. [PMID: 37209671 DOI: 10.3201/eid2906.221521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) causes acute diarrheal illness. To determine risk factors for non-O157 STEC infection, we enrolled 939 patients and 2,464 healthy controls in a case-control study conducted in 10 US sites. The highest population-attributable fractions for domestically acquired infections were for eating lettuce (39%), tomatoes (21%), or at a fast-food restaurant (23%). Exposures with 10%-19% population attributable fractions included eating at a table service restaurant, eating watermelon, eating chicken, pork, beef, or iceberg lettuce prepared in a restaurant, eating exotic fruit, taking acid-reducing medication, and living or working on or visiting a farm. Significant exposures with high individual-level risk (odds ratio >10) among those >1 year of age who did not travel internationally were all from farm animal environments. To markedly decrease the number of STEC-related illnesses, prevention measures should focus on decreasing contamination of produce and improving the safety of foods prepared in restaurants.
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Vethathirri RS, Santillan E, Thi SS, Hoon HY, Wuertz S. Microbial community-based production of single cell protein from soybean-processing wastewater of variable chemical composition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162241. [PMID: 36804981 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of food-processing wastewaters to produce microbial biomass-derived single cell protein (SCP) is a sustainable way to meet the global food demand. Microbial community-based approaches to SCP production have the potential benefits of lower costs and greater resource recovery compared to pure cultures, yet they have received scarce attention. Here, SCP production from soybean-processing wastewaters using their existent microbial communities was evaluated. Six sequencing batch reactors of 4.5-L working volume were operated at 30 °C for 34 d in cycles consisting of 3-h anaerobic and 9-h aerobic phases. Four reactors received no microbial inoculum and the remaining two were amended with 1.5 L of a mixed culture from a prior SCP production cycle. Reactors produced more SCP when fed with wastewaters of higher soluble total Kjeldahl nitrogen (sTKN) content. The protein yield in biomass ranged from 0.53 to 3.13 g protein/g sTKN, with a maximum protein content of 50 %. The average removal of soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) and soluble total nitrogen (sTN) was 92 % and 73 %, respectively. Distinct microbial genera were enriched in all six bioreactors, with Azospirillum, Rhodobacter, Lactococcus, and Novosphingobium dominating. The study showed that constituents in soybean wastewater can be converted to SCP and demonstrated the effect of variable influent wastewater composition on SCP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanujam Srinivasan Vethathirri
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Ezequiel Santillan
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Sara Swa Thi
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Hui Yi Hoon
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Stefan Wuertz
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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Wang L, Teplitski M. Microbiological food safety considerations in shelf-life extension of fresh fruits and vegetables. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 80:102895. [PMID: 36689852 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.102895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
There are a number of opportunities for reducing loss and waste, and extending shelf life of fresh produce that go beyond cold chain optimization. For example, plant genotype (including ripening-related genes), presence of phytopathogens, maturity at harvest, and environmental conditions close to the harvest time, storage conditions, and postharvest treatments (washing, cutting, and waxing) all impact both shelf life of produce and food safety outcomes. Therefore, loss can be reduced and shelf life of fresh produce can be extended with plant breeding to manipulate ripening-related traits, or with pre- and postharvest treatments delaying senescence and decay. Food safety considerations of these applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxin Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Max Teplitski
- International Fresh Produce Association, Washington, DC, United States.
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Chung T, Yan R, Weller DL, Kovac J. Conditional Forest Models Built Using Metagenomic Data Accurately Predicted Salmonella Contamination in Northeastern Streams. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0038123. [PMID: 36946722 PMCID: PMC10100987 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00381-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of water contaminated with Salmonella for produce production contributes to foodborne disease burden. To reduce human health risks, there is a need for novel, targeted approaches for assessing the pathogen status of agricultural water. We investigated the utility of water microbiome data for predicting Salmonella contamination of streams used to source water for produce production. Grab samples were collected from 60 New York streams in 2018 and tested for Salmonella. Separately, DNA was extracted from the samples and used for Illumina shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Reads were trimmed and used to assign taxonomy with Kraken2. Conditional forest (CF), regularized random forest (RRF), and support vector machine (SVM) models were implemented to predict Salmonella contamination. Model performance was assessed using 10-fold cross-validation repeated 10 times to quantify area under the curve (AUC) and Kappa score. CF models outperformed the other two algorithms based on AUC (0.86, CF; 0.81, RRF; 0.65, SVM) and Kappa score (0.53, CF; 0.41, RRF; 0.12, SVM). The taxa that were most informative for accurately predicting Salmonella contamination based on CF were compared to taxa identified by ALDEx2 as being differentially abundant between Salmonella-positive and -negative samples. CF and differential abundance tests both identified Aeromonas salmonicida (variable importance [VI] = 0.012) and Aeromonas sp. strain CA23 (VI = 0.025) as the two most informative taxa for predicting Salmonella contamination. Our findings suggest that microbiome-based models may provide an alternative to or complement existing water monitoring strategies. Similarly, the informative taxa identified in this study warrant further investigation as potential indicators of Salmonella contamination of agricultural water. IMPORTANCE Understanding the associations between surface water microbiome composition and the presence of foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella, can facilitate the identification of novel indicators of Salmonella contamination. This study assessed the utility of microbiome data and three machine learning algorithms for predicting Salmonella contamination of Northeastern streams. The research reported here both expanded the knowledge on the microbiome composition of surface waters and identified putative novel indicators (i.e., Aeromonas species) for Salmonella in Northeastern streams. These putative indicators warrant further research to assess whether they are consistent indicators of Salmonella contamination across regions, waterways, and years not represented in the data set used in this study. Validated indicators identified using microbiome data may be used as targets in the development of rapid (e.g., PCR-based) detection assays for the assessment of microbial safety of agricultural surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejung Chung
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Microbiome Center, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Runan Yan
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Microbiome Center, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel L. Weller
- Department of Statistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jasna Kovac
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Microbiome Center, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Smigic N, Ozilgen S, Gómez-López VM, Osés SM, Miloradovic Z, Aleksic B, Miocinovic J, Smole Možina S, Kunčič A, Guiné R, Gonçalves JC, Trafialek J, Czarniecka-Skubina E, Goel G, Blazic M, Herljevic D, Nikolić A, Mujčinović A, Djekic I. Consumer attitudes and perceptions towards chilled ready-to-eat foods: a multi-national study. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2023; 18:133-146. [PMID: 37265593 PMCID: PMC9994415 DOI: 10.1007/s00003-023-01424-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding consumers' behavior and their handling of high-risk foods at home is essential for reducing the number of foodborne illnesses. This study shows the results of a cross-national analysis of consumers' perception from nine countries, and the identification of customers' clusters and its characteristics in order to understand customers' behavior, and to build safe chilled ready-to-eat (RTE) foods prevention strategies. The cluster analysis resulted in two clusters: (1) "Precautious consumers" characterized by the orientation towards pre-packed RTE foods, with consumers mainly coming from Bosnia and Herzegovina, India, Poland, Portugal, Spain, and Turkey. Their attitudes and self-reported practices may be categorized as less risky in terms of food-borne illnesses connected with the consumption of RTE foods; (2) "Unconcerned consumers" preferred cutting and slicing RTE foods freshly at the point of purchase, usually sold at the delicatessen department in a supermarket or at open markets. Those consumers mostly came from Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia and their attitudes and self-reported practices were riskier. These results allow a better understating of what characterizes consumers of RTE foods in different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Smigic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sibel Ozilgen
- Faculty of Fine Arts, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Vicente M. Gómez-López
- Green and Innovative Technologies for Food, Environment and Bioengineering Research Group (FEnBeT), Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Sandra María Osés
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Universidad de Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | | | - Biljana Aleksic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | - Ajda Kunčič
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Raquel Guiné
- CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Gonçalves
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Trafialek
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Czarniecka-Skubina
- Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gunjan Goel
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | | | - Dora Herljevic
- Karlovac University of Applied Sciences, Karlovac, Croatia
| | - Aleksandra Nikolić
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Alen Mujčinović
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ilija Djekic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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GOMEZ CARLYB, MITCHELL JADE, RYSER ELLIOTT, MARKS BRADLEYP. Listeriosis Risk Model for Cancer Patients Who Consume Ready-to-Eat Salad. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100087. [PMID: 37004807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes generally infects immunocompromised individuals, such as cancer patients, more frequently and with higher morbidity and mortality than the general population. Because of the anticipated risk associated with L. monocytogenes and other pathogens in produce, immunocompromised individuals are often placed on neutropenic diets that exclude fresh produce, though these risks have not been quantified. Therefore, this study developed a data-driven risk model for listeriosis in cancer patients who consume ready-to-eat (RTE) salads, consisting of leafy greens, cucumbers, and tomatoes, as influenced by kitchen-scale treatments and storage practices. Monte Carlo simulations were used to model the risk of invasive listeriosis during one chemotherapy cycle. Refrigerating all salad components decreased median risk by approximately one-half log. For refrigerated salads with no treatment, the predicted median risk was ≤ 4.3 × 10-08. When salad ingredients were surface blanched with greens rinsed, the predicted risk decreased to 5.4 × 10-10. Predicted risk was lowest (1.4 × 10-13) for a blanched "salad" consisting of solely cucumbers and tomatoes. Interestingly, rinsing, as recommended by FDA only decreased median risk by 1 log. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the highly variable dose-response parameter k strongly influenced risk, indicating that reducing uncertainty in this variable may improve model accuracy. Overall, this study demonstrates that kitchen-scale pathogen reduction approaches have high risk-reduction efficacy and could be considered as an alternative to diets that exclude produce when making risk management decisions.
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Abstract
Safe water and food are impactful public health measures that improved significantly during the past century in the United States. But waterborne and foodborne illnesses continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality despite existing public health control measures and regulations. It was estimated that each year in the United States, 31 pathogens caused 37.2 million illnesses, with 36.4 million domestically acquired. Of those, 9.4 million were foodborne: 59% were caused by viruses, 39% by bacteria, and 2% by parasites. The pathogens that caused the most foodborne illnesses were norovirus (58%), nontyphoidal Salmonella species (11%), Clostridium perfringens (10%), and Campylobacter species (9%). Unspecified agents caused an estimated 38.4 million episodes of domestically acquired foodborne gastroenteritis, 258,033 hospitalizations, and 3,574 deaths. The estimate for illnesses caused by waterborne transmission was 7.15 million. The diseases that caused the greatest number were otitis externa (n = 4.67 million), norovirus (n = 1.33 million), giardiasis (n = 415,000), and cryptosporidiosis (n = 322,000). An important aspect of management and prevention is health-care provider reporting of foodborne and waterborne illnesses. Health-care provider reporting of reportable diseases has been inconsistent, infrequent, and delayed. Education efforts concerning reporting need to be enhanced, and physicians should report suspected cases before laboratory confirmation to enhance the timeliness of outbreak investigation and possibly prevent subsequent cases.
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45
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Liu X, Li Y, Micallef SA. Natural variation and drought-induced differences in metabolite profiles of red oak-leaf and Romaine lettuce play a role in modulating the interaction with Salmonella enterica. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 385:109998. [PMID: 36371998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nutrients on produce surfaces are vital for successful enteric pathogen colonisation. In this study, we investigated natural variation in metabolite profiles of Romaine 'Parris Island Cos' and red oak-leaf lettuce 'Mascara' under regular and restricted watering conditions. We also investigated the impact of plant drought stress on the Salmonella - lettuce association. Salmonella Newport and Typhimurium were able to persist at higher levels on regularly watered Romaine than red oak-leaf lettuce. Drought treatment to lettuce impaired epiphytic Salmonella association, with S. Newport and Typhimurium being differentially affected. A higher log reduction of both serotypes was measured on drought-subjected red oak-leaf lettuce plants than controls, but S. Typhimurium was unaffected on water deficit-treated Romaine lettuce (p < 0.05). To assess Salmonella interaction with leaf surface metabolites, leaf washes collected from both cultivars were inoculated and found to be able to support S. Newport growth, with higher levels of Salmonella retrieved from Romaine washes (p < 0.05). The lag phase of S. Newport in washes from water restricted red oak-leaf lettuce was prolonged in relation to regularly-watered controls (p < 0.05). Untargeted plant metabolite profiling using electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS) revealed natural variation between Romaine and red oak-leaf lettuce profiles for leaf tissue and leaf washes. Metabolite profile shifts were detected in both lettuce types in response to drought stress, but more unique peaks were detected in red oak-leaf than Romaine lettuce after drought treatment. Variation between the two cultivars was in part attributed to naturally higher levels of flavonoids and anthocyanins in red oak-leaf lettuce compared to Romaine. Moreover, red oak-leaf, but not Romaine lettuce, responded to drought by inducing the accumulation of proline, phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins. Drought stress, therefore, enhanced the functional food properties of red oak-leaf lettuce. Salmonella growth dynamics in lettuce leaf washes suggested that natural variation and drought-induced changes in metabolite profiles in lettuce could partly explain the differential susceptibility of various lettuce types to Salmonella, although the primary or secondary metabolites mediating this effect remain unknown. Regulated mild water stress should be investigated as an approach to lower Salmonella contamination risk in suitable lettuce cultivars, while simultaneously boosting the health beneficial quality of lettuce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Liu
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Shirley A Micallef
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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Batista SA, Ginani VC, Stedefeldt E, Nakano EY, Botelho RBA. Reproducibility and Validity of a Self-Administered Food Safety Assessment Tool on Children and Adolescent's Risk Perception, Knowledge, and Practices. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15010213. [PMID: 36615869 PMCID: PMC9823607 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to verify the instrument's reliability and validity for assessing children and adolescents' risk perception, knowledge, and food safety practices in the school context. Moreover, it aimed to test the hypothesis that both application methods (paper and pencil (PAPI) and online) are valid. The instrument comprised three questionnaires and followed a strict protocol to combine online and PAPI models, resulting in five application forms. The sample consisted of 439 Brazilian students from 10 to 14 years old (y/o). The results related to reliability and validity indicated that the knowledge questionnaire presented adequate stability and discriminant validity coefficients. The self-reported practices questionnaire obtained acceptable coefficients of stability and internal consistency. Regarding risk perception data, it was observed that students attribute a low probability of Foodborne Diseases (FBD) outbreaks occurrence and low severity of possible symptoms. In addition, students demonstrated insufficient knowledge and inadequate practices on issues related to failures associated with the time and temperature of preparation, storage, and exposure of food, contamination of food, and consumption of unsafe food. In this context, the reproducibility and validity indices need to be interpreted and discussed correctly, and young people in food safety actions are a priority in facing FBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sueny Andrade Batista
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Verônica Cortez Ginani
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Elke Stedefeldt
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-032, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Yoshio Nakano
- Department of Statistics, Institute of Exact Sciences, University of Brasilia (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Raquel Braz Assunção Botelho
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Brasília (UnB), Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
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Influences of photosensitizer curcumin on microbial survival and physicochemical properties of chicken during storage. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102417. [PMID: 36565639 PMCID: PMC9801210 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is a natural plant derived antimicrobial, which was shown to inactivate or inhibit the growth of a broad spectrum of microorganisms through photodynamic inactivation. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the influence of curcumin against commensal spoilage bacteria on chicken, foodborne pathogens, and the chicken skin pH and color. Chicken skin samples were immersed into water, photosensitizer curcumin (PSC), or peracetic acid (PAA). PSC samples were subsequently subjected to illumination by LEDs (430 nm). The PSC treatments did not inhibit the outgrowth of the four groups of spoilage bacteria evaluated. PSC treatment resulted in 2.9 and 1.5 log CFU/cm2 reduction of L. monocytogenes and Salmonella, respectively. Over a 10-d period, population of Salmonella remained significantly lower on PSC treated samples compared to other treatments. PSC treatment resulted in no significant changes in pH or color as compared to water treated samples. This research suggests PSC effectively controlled pathogen outgrowth on chicken without negatively influencing quality; and may be suitable for use in commercial chicken processing.
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48
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Vikram A, Callahan MT, Woolston JW, Sharma M, Sulakvelidze A. Phage biocontrol for reducing bacterial foodborne pathogens in produce and other foods. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102805. [PMID: 36162186 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne pathogen contamination causes approximately 47 million cases of foodborne illness in the United States and renders thousands of pounds of food products inedible, aggravating the already dire situation of food loss. Reducing foodborne contamination not only improves overall global public health but also reduces food waste and loss. Phage biocontrol or phage-mediated reduction of bacterial foodborne pathogens in various foods has been gaining interest recently as an effective and environmentally friendly food-safety approach. Consequently, several commercial phage-based food-safety products have been developed and are increasingly implemented by the food industry in the United States. This review focuses on the use of phage biocontrol in mitigating bacterial pathogen contamination in various food products with a special emphasis on applications to fresh produce.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manan Sharma
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States
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Zhao J, Cheng H, Wang Z, Fu P, Guo Y, Yang S. Attribution Analysis of Foodborne Disease Outbreaks Related to Meat and Meat Products in China, 2002-2017. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2022; 19:839-847. [PMID: 36257634 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2022.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to understand the epidemiological characteristics of foodborne disease outbreaks related to meat and meat products in China from 2002 to 2017. Data collected from the National Foodborne Diseases Surveillance System and searched databases were analyzed. From 2002 to 2017, China reported 2815 outbreaks caused by foodborne diseases related to meat and meat products, resulting in 52,122 illnesses and 25,361 hospitalizations, and 96 deaths. Outbreaks were markedly seasonal and concentrated from May to September, accounting for 66.93%. Outbreaks were concentrated mainly in China's eastern coastal and southern regions. Unidimensional attribution analysis revealed that livestock meat was the most commonly implicated food category causing the outbreaks, accounting for 28.67%. Bacteria were the most common pathogenic cause of outbreaks, accounting for 51.94%. Clostridium botulinum was the most common pathogenic cause of death, accounting for 34.38%. Improper processing was the most common contributing factor, accounting for 27.89%. Households were the most common food preparation location causing the outbreak, accounting for 34.39%. Two-dimensional and multidimensional attribution analysis found that Salmonella contamination occurred in different locations and regions, mainly caused by various contributing factors and improper processing. Nitrite poisoning is caused by improper processing in households in East China. Bacterial causes were the commonest agents associated with foodborne diseases related to meat and meat products, and improving the safety and quality of meat and meat product should be a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Han Cheng
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Ping Fu
- Division of Risk Surveillance II, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Yunchang Guo
- Division of Risk Surveillance II, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxiang Yang
- School of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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Fahey JW, Smilovitz Burak J, Evans D. Sprout microbial safety: A reappraisal after a quarter‐century. FOOD FRONTIERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jed W. Fahey
- Department of MedicineThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine BaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral SciencesThe Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine BaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Chemoprotection Center The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
- iMIND Institute The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences George Mason University Fairfax Virginia USA
| | | | - Doug Evans
- WoVa Labs, Inc. Wonder Valley California USA
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