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Singh P, Krishnaswamy K. Non-GMO-high oleic soybean meal value addition and studying the functional and reconstitution behavior. International Journal of Food Properties 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2023.2178457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Singh
- Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - K. Krishnaswamy
- Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, Columbia, SC, USA
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Science, the University of Missouri, Columbia, SC, USA
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Mohan V, Sudha V, Shobana S, Gayathri R, Krishnaswamy K. Are Unhealthy Diets Contributing to the Rapid Rise of Type 2 Diabetes in India? J Nutr 2023; 153:940-948. [PMID: 36858259 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate globally, particularly in India. In the urban areas, the prevalence of diabetes among adults aged ≥20 y, which was around 2% in the early 1970's, has increased by >20% in 50 y. The rapid nutrition transition due to high economic growth rates increased urbanization and globalization has resulted in higher intakes of processed refined grain staples, mainly white rice in Southern and Eastern India and refined wheat in Northern and Western India. This coupled with inadequate quantity and quality of protein; unhealthy fats; lower intake of vegetables, fruits, and fiber; and a sedentary lifestyle are the main drivers of the diabetes epidemic in India. This review attempts to discuss both the quality and quantity of Indian diets with specific reference to macronutrients. This review also outlines some of the strategies that can be employed to slow down the diabetes epidemic in this region. We believe that the lessons learned from India would be applicable to other developing nations as well, particularly to the South East Asian region. J Nutr 2023;xx:xxx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanathan Mohan
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, IDF Centre of Diabetes Education, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Vasudevan Sudha
- Department of Foods, Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanmugam Shobana
- Department of Diabetes Food Technology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajagopal Gayathri
- Department of Foods, Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kamala Krishnaswamy
- Department of Foods, Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Gayathri R, Abirami K, Kalpana N, Manasa VS, Sudha V, Shobana S, Jeevan RG, Kavitha V, Parkavi K, Anjana RM, Unnikrishnan R, Gokulakrishnan K, Beatrice DA, Krishnaswamy K, Pradeepa R, Mattes RD, Salas-Salvadó J, Willett W, Mohan V. Effect of almond consumption on insulin sensitivity and serum lipids among Asian Indian adults with overweight and obesity- A randomized controlled trial. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1055923. [PMID: 36704786 PMCID: PMC9873375 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1055923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Asian Indians have an increased susceptibility to type 2 diabetes and premature coronary artery disease. Nuts, like almonds, are rich in unsaturated fat and micronutrients with known health benefits. Objectives This study aimed to assess the efficacy of almonds for reduction of insulin resistance and improving lipid profile in overweight Asian Indian adults. Methods This parallel-arm, randomized, controlled trial was conducted in Chennai, India on 400 participants aged 25-65 years with a body mass index ≥ 23 kg/m2. The intervention group received 43 g of almonds/day for 12 weeks, while the control group was advised to consume a customary diet but to avoid nuts. Anthropometric, clinical, and dietary data were assessed at periodic intervals. Glucose tolerance, serum insulin, glycated hemoglobin, C-peptide and lipid profile were assessed at baseline and end of the study. Insulin resistance (homeostasis assessment model-HOMA IR) and oral insulin disposition index (DIo) were calculated. Results A total of 352 participants completed the study. Significant improvement was seen in DIo [mean (95% CI) = + 0.7 mmol/L (0.1, 1.3); p = 0.03], HOMA IR (-0.4 (-0.7, -0.04; p = 0.03) and total cholesterol (-5.4 mg/dl (-10.2, -0.6); p = 0.03) in the intervention group compared to the control group. Incremental area under the curve (IAUC) and mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE) assessed using continuous glucose monitoring systems were also significantly lower in the intervention group. Dietary 24-h recalls showed a higher significant reduction in carbohydrate and increase in mono unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake in the intervention group compared to the control group. Conclusion Daily consumption of almonds increased the intake of MUFA with decrease in carbohydrate calories and decreases insulin resistance, improves insulin sensitivity and lowers serum cholesterol in Asian Indians with overweight/obesity. These effects in the long run could aid in reducing the risk of diabetes and other cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajagopal Gayathri
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India,Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kuzhandhaivelu Abirami
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natarajan Kalpana
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Valangaiman Sriram Manasa
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vasudevan Sudha
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanmugam Shobana
- Department of Diabetes Food Technology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raman Ganesh Jeevan
- Department of Diabetes Food Technology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vasudevan Kavitha
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthikeyan Parkavi
- Department of Diabetes Food Technology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ranjit Mohan Anjana
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ranjit Unnikrishnan
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kuppan Gokulakrishnan
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - D. Annette Beatrice
- Department of Home Science, Women’s Christian College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kamala Krishnaswamy
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajendra Pradeepa
- Department of Research Operations, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Richard D. Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain,Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Walter Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India,*Correspondence: Viswanathan Mohan, , www.drmohansdiabetes.com
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Shobana S, Gayathri R, Jayanthan M, Sudha V, Jamdar S, Malleshi N, Krishnaswamy K, Mohan Anjana R, Unnikrishnan R, Mohan V. Effect of gamma irradiation on the 24-h glycemic responses of parboiled brown rice diets in Asian Indian adults: A randomized cross-over study. J Diabetol 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/jod.jod_81_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
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Wuni R, Lakshmipriya N, Abirami K, Ventura EF, Anjana RM, Sudha V, Shobana S, Unnikrishnan R, Krishnaswamy K, Vimaleswaran KS, Mohan V. Higher Intake of Dairy Is Associated with Lower Cardiometabolic Risks and Metabolic Syndrome in Asian Indians. Nutrients 2022; 14:3699. [PMID: 36145074 PMCID: PMC9503034 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is conflicting evidence about the association between dairy products and cardiometabolic risk (CMR). We aimed to assess the association of total dairy intake with CMR factors and to investigate the association of unfermented and fermented dairy intake with CMR in Asian Indians who are known to have greater susceptibility to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases compared to white Europeans. The study comprised 1033 Asian Indian adults with normal glucose tolerance chosen from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiological Study (CURES). Dietary intake was assessed using a validated open-ended semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Metabolic syndrome (MS) was diagnosed based on the new harmonising criteria using central obesity, dyslipidaemia [low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and increased serum triglycerides (TG)], hypertension and glucose intolerance. Increased consumption of dairy (≥5 cups per day of total, ≥4 cups per day of unfermented or ≥2 cups per day of fermented dairy) was associated with a lower risk of high fasting plasma glucose (FPG) [hazards ratio (HR), 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.68, 0.48−0.96 for total dairy; 0.57, 0.34−0.94 for unfermented dairy; and 0.64, 0.46−0.90 for fermented dairy; p < 0.05 for all] compared to a low dairy intake (≤1.4 cups per day of total dairy; ≤1 cup per day of unfermented dairy; and ≤0.1 cup per day of fermented dairy). A total dairy intake of ≥5 cups per day was also protective against high blood pressure (BP) (HR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.43−0.99, p < 0.05), low HDL (HR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.43−0.92, p < 0.05) and MS (HR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.51−0.98, p < 0.05) compared to an intake of ≤1.4 cups per day. A high unfermented dairy intake (≥4 cups per day) was also associated with a lower risk of high body mass index (BMI) (HR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.31−0.88, p < 0.05) compared to a low intake (≤1 cup per day), while a reduced risk of MS was observed with a fermented dairy intake of ≥2 cups per day (HR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.51−0.98, p < 0.05) compared to an intake of ≤0.1 cup per day. In summary, increased consumption of dairy was associated with a lower risk of MS and components of CMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramatu Wuni
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK
| | - Nagarajan Lakshmipriya
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai 600086, India
| | - Kuzhandaivelu Abirami
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai 600086, India
| | - Eduard Flores Ventura
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK
| | - Ranjit Mohan Anjana
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai 600086, India
- Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialties Centre, IDF Centre of Excellence in Diabetes Care, Chennai 600086, India
| | - Vasudevan Sudha
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai 600086, India
| | - Shanmugam Shobana
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai 600086, India
| | - Ranjit Unnikrishnan
- Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialties Centre, IDF Centre of Excellence in Diabetes Care, Chennai 600086, India
| | - Kamala Krishnaswamy
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai 600086, India
| | - Karani Santhanakrishnan Vimaleswaran
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK
- The Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health (IFNH), University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai 600086, India
- Dr. Mohan’s Diabetes Specialties Centre, IDF Centre of Excellence in Diabetes Care, Chennai 600086, India
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Singh P, Krishnaswamy K. Sustainable zero-waste processing system for soybeans and soy by-product valorization. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Anjana RM, Srinivasan S, Sudha V, Joshi SR, Saboo B, Tandon N, Das AK, Jabbar PK, Madhu SV, Gupta A, Bajaj S, Chowdhury S, Kalra S, Gayathri R, Abirami K, Manasa VS, Padmapritha T, Lakshmipriya N, Geetha G, Deepa M, Pradeepa R, Unnikrishnan R, Kurpad AV, Krishnaswamy K, Kaur T, Dhaliwal RS, Mohan V. Macronutrient Recommendations for Remission and Prevention of Diabetes in Asian Indians Based on a Data-Driven Optimization Model: The ICMR-INDIAB National Study. Diabetes Care 2022; 45:dc220627. [PMID: 36350789 DOI: 10.2337/dc22-0627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To derive macronutrient recommendations for remission and prevention of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Asian Indians using a data-driven optimization approach. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Dietary, behavioral, and demographic assessments were performed on 18,090 adults participating in the nationally representative, population-based Indian Council of Medical Research-India Diabetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study. Fasting and 2-h postglucose challenge capillary blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were estimated. With HbA1c as the outcome, a linear regression model was first obtained for various glycemic categories: newly diagnosed diabetes (NDD), prediabetes (PD), and normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Macronutrient recommendations were formulated as a constrained quadratic programming problem (QPP) to compute optimal macronutrient compositions that would reduce the sum of the difference between the estimated HbA1c from the linear regression model and the targets for remission (6.4% for NDD and 5.6% for PD) and prevention of progression in T2D in PD and NGT groups. RESULTS Four macronutrient recommendations (%E- Energy) emerged for 1) diabetes remission in NDD: carbohydrate, 49-54%; protein, 19-20%; and fat, 21-26%; 2) PD remission to NGT: carbohydrate, 50-56%; protein,18-20%; fat, 21-27%; 3 and 4) prevention of progression to T2D in PD and NGT: carbohydrate, 54-57% and 56-60%; protein, 16-20% and 14-17%, respectively; and fat 20-24% for PD and NGT. CONCLUSIONS We recommend reduction in carbohydrates (%E) and an increase in protein (%E) for both T2D remission and for prevention of progression to T2D in PD and NGT groups. Our results underline the need for new dietary guidelines that recommend appropriate changes in macronutrient composition for reducing the burden due to diabetes in South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Mohan Anjana
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Seshadhri Srinivasan
- International Research Centre, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Srivilliputhur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vasudevan Sudha
- Department of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shashank R Joshi
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Banshi Saboo
- Dia Care-Diabetes Care & Hormone Clinic, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Nikhil Tandon
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi - National Capital, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Das
- Department of General Medicine & Endocrinology, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Pudcherry - Union Territory, India
| | | | - Sri Venkata Madhu
- Department of Endocrinology, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Arvind Gupta
- Department of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolic Disorders, Rajasthan Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sarita Bajaj
- Department of Medicine, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Subhankar Chowdhury
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research (IPGMER) & SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Rajagopal Gayathri
- Department of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kuzhandaivelu Abirami
- Department of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Valangaiman Sriram Manasa
- Department of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thamotharan Padmapritha
- Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Srivilliputhur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nagarajan Lakshmipriya
- Department of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gunasekaran Geetha
- Department of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohan Deepa
- Department of Epidemiology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajendra Pradeepa
- Department of Research Operations, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ranjit Unnikrishnan
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Kamala Krishnaswamy
- Department of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tanvir Kaur
- Non-Communicable Diseases Division, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Gayathri R, Abirami K, Sudha V, Shanmugam S, Jeevan R, Anjana RM, Unnikrishnan R, Gokulakrishnan K, Krishnaswamy K, Beatrice A, Pradeepa R, Mattes R, Salvadó JS, Willett W, Mohan V. Daily Almond Consumption Reduces Insulin Resistance and Serum Cholesterol Levels in Overweight Asian Indian Adults with Cardiometabolic Risk – A Randomized Controlled Trial. Curr Dev Nutr 2022. [PMCID: PMC9194385 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzac062.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of almonds consumption on insulin resistance, glycemia and lipid profile in overweight Asian Indian adults with cardiometabolic risks. Methods A parallel-arm open-labelled, randomized controlled trial was conducted on 184 adults with cardiometabolic risks (CMR) (92 in each group). Adults with CMR were identified using the harmonizing criteria which includes presence of minimum of 3 of the following conditions: raised blood pressure, dyslipidemia (raised triglycerides and lowered high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), impaired fasting glucose, and central obesity. The intervention group received 43g (1.5 oz) almonds/day for 12 weeks. The control group was instructed to follow their habitual diet except to exclude nuts in any form. The anthropometric, clinical, biochemical and dietary data of the participants were assessed periodically and their change from baseline were analysed using generalized linear model in SAS 9.4 version. Results The study was completed by 165 adults (response rate 82.5%). Their mean age was 40 years and waist circumference 97 ± 9.6 cm at baseline. Significant reductions [mean (95%CI)] in IR (−0.5(−1.0–0.0); P = 0.04), serum total cholesterol (−10.6 mg/dl (−17.8- −3.4); P = 0.004) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (−7.5 mg/dl (−14.2- −0.8); P = 0.03) were observed in the intervention group compared to the control group. Within the intervention group, significant reduction of 1% each for body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, 3% fasting glucose and 2% serum triglyceride were noted compared to baseline. Multiple 24hr dietary recall as a compliance marker revealed significant increase in total fat, MUFA, PUFA calories and dietary fibre with a propionate reduction in carbohydrate calories in the intervention group compared to control group. Conclusions Daily intake of 43g almonds reduced IR, total and LDL serum cholesterol in obese Asian Indians with CMR. Almond consumption also improved the overall quality of the diet. Funding Sources The present study was funded by Almond Board of California, Modesto, CA, USA.
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Sudha V, Shobana S, Geetha G, Bai M, Vijayalakshmi P, Gayathri R, Lakshmipriya N, Unnikrishnan R, Anjana R, Malleshi N, Krishnaswamy K, K. Henry CJ, Mohan V. Carbohydrate profiling & glycaemic indices of selected traditional Indian foods. Indian J Med Res 2022; 155:56-65. [PMID: 35859429 PMCID: PMC9552392 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1935_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Consumption of high glycaemic index (GI) food is associated with a high risk for diabetes. There is a felt need to understand the GI of common Indian traditional foods using standard GI protocols. The present study was aimed to analyse the carbohydrate profile of common traditional Indian food preparation and to determine their GI using standardized protocols. Methods: Twelve food preparations made of millets, wheat, maize and pulses were evaluated for nutrient composition including detailed carbohydrate profiling and tested for GI in healthy volunteers using standard methodology. Capillary blood glucose responses for the test foods containing 50 g available carbohydrates were recorded and compared to the reference food (50 g glucose). GI was calculated from the incremental area under the curve (IUAC) for the test and reference foods. Results: Available carbohydrate content of the food preparations ranged between 13.6 and 49.4 g per cent. Maize roti showed the highest total dietary fibre (7.5 g%). White chick pea ‘sundal’ showed highest resistant starch content (3.95 g%). Amongst the 12 test foods, five fell in the high GI category (finger millet balls, sorghum, pearl millet and maize roti), four in the medium GI category (sorghum idli, wheat dosa, methi roti and adai) and three in the low GI category (broken wheat upma, white peas sundal and white chick peas sundal). Interpretation & conclusions: Merely being a whole grain-based food does not qualify for a lower GI. The method of processing, food structural integrity and preparation could influence the GI. The type and quality of fibre are important than the quantity of fibre alone. Judicious planning of accompaniments using low GI legumes may favourably modify the glycaemic response to high GI foods in a meal.
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Shanmugam S, Mathiyazhagan J, Parthasarathy V, Jeevan R, Gayathri R, Karthikeyan P, Bakshi P, Malleshi N, Anjana R, Unnikrishnan R, Krishnaswamy K, Jamdar S, Mohan V, Vasudevan S. Effect of gamma irradiation on shelf life, nutritional, and glycemic properties of three indian brown rice varieties. J Diabetol 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jod.jod_83_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Shobana S, Gopinath V, Kavitha V, Kalpana N, Vijayalakshmi P, Gayathri R, Ramya Bai R M, Ganeshjeevan R, Malleshi N, Unnikrishnan R, Anjana R, Henry C, Krishnaswamy K, Sudha V, Mohan V. Nutritional and glycemic properties of brown and white rice flakes “upma”. J Diabetol 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jod.jod_91_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Chen O, Mah E, Dioum E, Marwaha A, Shanmugam S, Malleshi N, Sudha V, Gayathri R, Unnikrishnan R, Anjana RM, Krishnaswamy K, Mohan V, Chu Y. The Role of Oat Nutrients in the Immune System: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041048. [PMID: 33804909 PMCID: PMC8063794 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal nutrition is the foundation for the development and maintenance of a healthy immune system. An optimal supply of nutrients is required for biosynthesis of immune factors and immune cell proliferation. Nutrient deficiency/inadequacy and hidden hunger, which manifests as depleted nutrients reserves, increase the risk of infectious diseases and aggravate disease severity. Therefore, an adequate and balanced diet containing an abundant diversity of foods, nutrients, and non-nutrient chemicals is paramount for an optimal immune defense against infectious diseases, including cold/flu and non-communicable diseases. Some nutrients and foods play a larger role than others in the support of the immune system. Oats are a nutritious whole grain and contain several immunomodulating nutrients. In this narrative review, we discuss the contribution of oat nutrients, including dietary fiber (β-glucans), copper, iron, selenium, and zinc, polyphenolics (ferulic acid and avenanthramides), and proteins (glutamine) in optimizing the innate and adaptive immune system's response to infections directly by modulating the innate and adaptive immunity and indirectly by eliciting changes in the gut microbiota and related metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Chen
- Biofortis Research, Mérieux NutriSciences, Addison, IL 60101, USA;
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Correspondence: or
| | - Eunice Mah
- Biofortis Research, Mérieux NutriSciences, Addison, IL 60101, USA;
| | - ElHadji Dioum
- Quaker Oats Center of Excellence, PepsiCo Health & Nutrition Sciences, Barrington, IL 60010, USA; (E.D.); (Y.C.)
| | - Ankita Marwaha
- PepsiCo Health & Nutrition Sciences, AMESA, Gurgaon 122101, India;
| | - Shobana Shanmugam
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600086, India; (S.S.); (N.M.); (V.S.); (R.G.); (R.U.); (R.M.A.); (K.K.); (V.M.)
| | - Nagappa Malleshi
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600086, India; (S.S.); (N.M.); (V.S.); (R.G.); (R.U.); (R.M.A.); (K.K.); (V.M.)
| | - Vasudevan Sudha
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600086, India; (S.S.); (N.M.); (V.S.); (R.G.); (R.U.); (R.M.A.); (K.K.); (V.M.)
| | - Rajagopal Gayathri
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600086, India; (S.S.); (N.M.); (V.S.); (R.G.); (R.U.); (R.M.A.); (K.K.); (V.M.)
| | - Ranjit Unnikrishnan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600086, India; (S.S.); (N.M.); (V.S.); (R.G.); (R.U.); (R.M.A.); (K.K.); (V.M.)
| | - Ranjit Mohan Anjana
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600086, India; (S.S.); (N.M.); (V.S.); (R.G.); (R.U.); (R.M.A.); (K.K.); (V.M.)
| | - Kamala Krishnaswamy
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600086, India; (S.S.); (N.M.); (V.S.); (R.G.); (R.U.); (R.M.A.); (K.K.); (V.M.)
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600086, India; (S.S.); (N.M.); (V.S.); (R.G.); (R.U.); (R.M.A.); (K.K.); (V.M.)
| | - YiFang Chu
- Quaker Oats Center of Excellence, PepsiCo Health & Nutrition Sciences, Barrington, IL 60010, USA; (E.D.); (Y.C.)
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Sudha V, Gayathri R, Kalpana N, Manasa V, Shobana S, Jeevan R, Anjana R, Unnikrishnan R, Gokulakrishnan K, Krishnaswamy K, Beatrice DA, Pradeepa R, Mattes R, Salas-Salvadó J, Willett W, Mohan V. Research design for a randomized control trial to assess the effects of almond supplementation on insulin resistance, glycemic markers, and inflammation among overweight Asian Indians. J Diabetol 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/jod.jod_85_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
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14
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Sudha V, Ramya Bai M, Vedantham S, Shobana S, Nagarajan L, Rajagopal G, Gunasekaran G, Nagamuthu G, Chandrashekaran A, Gokulakrishnan K, Sandhya N, Regin B, Ganeshjeevan R, Muthuswamy B, Anjana R, Unnikrishnan R, Krishnaswamy K, Mohan V. Design and methodology of a randomized crossover trial to test the effect of low and high dAGE diets on metabolic risk factors and inflammatory markers among overweight and centrally obese Asian Indian adults. J Diabetol 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/jod.jod_22_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
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Malavika M, Shobana S, Vijayalakshmi P, Ganeshjeevan R, Gayathri R, Kavitha V, Gayathri N, Savitha R, Unnikrishnan R, Anjana RM, Malleshi NG, Krishnaswamy K, Henry CJ, Mohan V, Sudha V. Assessment of quality of minor millets available in the south Indian market & glycaemic index of cooked unpolished little & foxtail millet. Indian J Med Res 2020; 152:401-409. [PMID: 33380705 PMCID: PMC8061600 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2309_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES : Millets are widely marketed as healthier alternatives to white rice (WR). This study was conducted with two aims: firstly, to look at the nature and quality of minor millets available in the Chennai market and secondly, to estimate the glycaemic index (GI) of unpolished forms of the two most widely available minor millets, i.e. little (LM) and foxtail millet (FXM). METHODS : A market survey was conducted of 100 food stores in four zones of Chennai, south India. Morphological features of market millet samples were compared with that of unpolished millets under stereo-zoom microscope, and the claims declared on the pack were evaluated. A consumer perception survey was conducted among 20 minor millet-consuming female homemakers. Finally, the GI of unpolished LM and FXM was evaluated using a validated protocol in 12 healthy volunteers. RESULTS : Forty eight brands of minor millets were available, with LM and FXM being the most common. Most of the millet samples were identified as highly polished grains using stereo-zoom microscope. The product labels were misleading and showed no scientific backing for claims mentioned on the label. Most participants (12 of 20) were unaware of the fact that millets can also be polished like rice. Both LM and FXM exhibited high GI (88.6±5.7 and 88.6±8.7, respectively). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS The availability and knowledge regarding unpolished millets was low. Both LM and FXM exhibited high GI. Hence, substituting millets for WR might be of limited benefit considering the glycaemic property in the prevention and management of chronic non-communicable diseases such as T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthukaruppan Malavika
- Department of Foods Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanmugam Shobana
- Department of Foods Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Parthasarathy Vijayalakshmi
- Department of Foods Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raman Ganeshjeevan
- Department of Foods Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajagopal Gayathri
- Department of Foods Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vasudevan Kavitha
- Department of Foods Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nagamuthu Gayathri
- Department of Foods Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ravichandran Savitha
- Department of Food Science, M.O.P Vaishnav College for Women, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ranjit Unnikrishnan
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ranjit Mohan Anjana
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Kamala Krishnaswamy
- Department of Foods Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Christiani Jayakumar Henry
- Clinical Nutritional Sciences, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical Drive, Singapore
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vasudevan Sudha
- Department of Foods Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sudha V, Anjana RM, Vijayalakshmi P, Lakshmipriya N, Kalpana N, Gayathri R, Priyadarshini RD, Malini HM, Anitha C, Deepa M, Raj SS, Parthiban K, Ramakrishnan R, Geetha G, Krishnaswamy K, Unnikrishnan R, Mohan V. Reproducibility and construct validity of a food frequency questionnaire for assessing dietary intake in rural and urban Asian Indian adults. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2020; 29:192-204. [PMID: 32229459 DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.202003_29(1).0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To evaluate the reproducibility and construct validity of the Madras Diabetes Research Foundation FFQ (MDRF-FFQ) with biomarkers for its use in epidemiological settings in India. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN The MDRF-FFQ was administered to 500 participants representing rural and urban areas of 10 Indian states, twice at an interval of 12 months. Reproducibility was assessed using intra cluster correlation coefficients (ICC). Construct validity of carbohydrate and fat intake was assessed using baseline serum lipids by regression analysis. RESULTS Reproducibility as measured by ICC was 0.50-0.77 for saturated fatty acids (SFA) and energy in urban and 0.61-0.72 for protein and SFA in rural areas. The ICC for food groups was 0.53-0.77 for whole grains, fruits and vegetables in urban and 0.50-0.89 for animal foods and whole grains in rural areas. After adjusting for potential confounders, carbohydrate intake was positively associated with serum triglycerides (TG) (β [SE]: +2.3 [0.72] mg/dL; p=0.002) and inversely with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) (β [SE]:-0.48 [0.12], p<0.001), while dietary fat and SFA (% Energy) were positively associated with HDL, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and total cholesterol and inversely with TG. CONCLUSIONS The MDRF-FFQ can be considered as a reliable and valid tool to measure the long-term dietary exposure in respect of macronutrient intakes in Indian populations despite diverse dietary practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudevan Sudha
- Department of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ranjit Mohan Anjana
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Parthasarathy Vijayalakshmi
- Department of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nagarajan Lakshmipriya
- Department of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Natarajan Kalpana
- Department of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajagopal Gayathri
- Department of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rahavan Durga Priyadarshini
- Department of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hutgikar Madhav Malini
- Department of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chandrasekaran Anitha
- Department of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohan Deepa
- Department of Epidemiology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sekar Sathish Raj
- Department of Epidemiology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kumar Parthiban
- Department of Epidemiology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajappan Ramakrishnan
- Department of Epidemiology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gunasekaran Geetha
- Department of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kamala Krishnaswamy
- Department of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ranjit Unnikrishnan
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sudha V, Lakshmipriya N, Gayathri R, Shanmugam S, Srinivasan R, Krishnaswamy K, Jeevan R, Unnikrishnan R, Anjana R, Mohan V. Dietary fatty-acid profile of south Indian adults and its association with type 2 diabetes––CURES 151. J Diabetol 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/jod.jod_23_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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18
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Mohan V, Kalpana N, Lakshmipriya N, Anitha P, Gayathri R, Vijayalakshmi P, Krishnaswamy K, Unnikrishnan R, Anjana RM, Vasudevan S. A Pilot Study Evaluating the Effects of Diabetes Specific Nutrition Supplement and Lifestyle Intervention on Glycemic Control in Overweight and Obese Asian Indian Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Assoc Physicians India 2019; 67:25-30. [PMID: 31801326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Medical nutrition therapy plays a crucial role achievement of optimal glycemic control in individuals with diabetes. This study aims to evaluate the effects of diabetes specific nutrition supplement (DSNS) along with lifestyle intervention in overweight and obese adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). METHODS A total of 120 overweight or obese individuals aged 30 - 65 years with T2DM, were randomly allocated to intervention (IG, n=60) and control (CG, n=60) groups in this 12-week study. All participants received dietary counselling with diet chart of 1400 kcal/day and recommendations for physical activity. DSNS was included in the dietary regimen adjusted within the daily calorie recommendations for intervention group. All participants were followed up monthly for anthropometric, biochemical and clinical assessments. Continuous glucose monitoring was performed during the initial 2 weeks and last 2 weeks of the study in a sub- sample using Flash Glucose Monitoring device to study glycemic excursions. Data was analyzed for the differences between intervention vs. control group using linear models. RESULTS Compared to the control group, the intervention group showed significant reduction in glycosylated haemoglobin (IG: -0.95% vs. CG: -0.48%; p=0.020) and fasting blood glucose (IG: -18.47 mg/dL vs. CG: 1.34mg/dL; p=0.03) as well as a greater reduction in postprandial plasma glucose (IG: -29.77mg/dL vs. CG: -2.64mg/dL; p=0.053). There was also a significant reduction from baseline in incremental Area under the Curve (iAUC) (p=0.01) in the intervention group (Δ -22 mg) compared to the control group (Δ -7.9 mg) with a corresponding reduction in the Mean Amplitude of Glycemic Excursion (MAGE) (P=0.04). There was no difference between groups in body weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, and lipid profile. None of the subjects in the study reported serious adverse events. CONCLUSION This pilot study showed that a diabetes specific nutritional supplement was useful in improving glycemic control and reducing glycemic response in overweight and obese Asian Indian adults with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natarajan Kalpana
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
| | - Nagarajan Lakshmipriya
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
| | - Purushothaman Anitha
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
| | - Rajagopal Gayathri
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
| | - Parthasarthy Vijayalakshmi
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
| | - Kamala Krishnaswamy
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
| | | | | | - Sudha Vasudevan
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
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RamyaBai M, Wedick NM, Shanmugam S, Arumugam K, Nagarajan L, Vasudevan K, Gunasekaran G, Rajagopal G, Spiegelman D, Malik V, Anjana RM, Hu FB, Unnikrishnan R, Willett W, Malleshi N, Njelekela MA, Gimbi D, Krishnaswamy K, Henry C, Mohan V, Sudha V. Glycemic Index and Microstructure Evaluation of Four Cereal Grain Foods. J Food Sci 2019; 84:3373-3382. [PMID: 31762024 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
To determine the glycemic index (GI) of selected cereals and association with their microstructure. The GI of whole grain pilaf (WGP), instant brown rice (IBR), whole maize ugali (MWU), and refined maize ugali (RMU) was assessed in a randomized trial. Fourteen healthy participants with mean age of 25 years were administered 50 g portions of available carbohydrates from glucose and various test foods after an overnight fast on separate occasions. Capillary blood samples of participants were used to measure blood glucose over 2 hr. The GI was calculated as per standard protocol. The microstructure of test foods, determined by scanning electron microscopy was evaluated to understand the measured GI values. The GI (mean ± standard error) of IBR was the highest (87.8 ± 6.8) followed by RMU (74.7 ± 6.5) and WMU (71.4 ± 5.1). WGP had medium GI (58.9 ± 5.1; P < 0.01 vs. IBR). Microstructure examination of IBR revealed disruption of bran layer and presence of fissures indicating loss of intactness of bran. Stereozoom images for WGP revealed intact bran and germ. For RMU and WMU, the grain was milled leading to loss of integrity. IBR, RMU, and WMU have high GI values, which is likely due to disruption of bran layer, endosperm modification (IBR), and loss of grain matrix (WMU, RMU). WGP has medium GI probably due to fairly intact bran and germ. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Wholegrain or whole meal flour may not necessarily be low in glycemic index (GI; low GI < 55; medium 55 to 69 and high GI ≥70). "Ugali" a commonly consumed cereal staple food in Tanzania made from either refined or whole meal maize flour was found to be a high GI food. Intact whole grain foods, such as whole grain pilaf (mixed intact whole grains) is a healthier alternative to milled whole grains such as whole meal maize flour. Instant quick cooking brown rice exhibited a high GI, due to the processing method, suggesting that regular brown rice may be a healthier option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mookambika RamyaBai
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Nicole M Wedick
- Dept. of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shobana Shanmugam
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Kokila Arumugam
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Lakshmipriya Nagarajan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Kavitha Vasudevan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Geetha Gunasekaran
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Gayathri Rajagopal
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Donna Spiegelman
- Dept. of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Dept. of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vasanti Malik
- Dept. of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ranjit Mohan Anjana
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Frank B Hu
- Dept. of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Dept. of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ranjit Unnikrishnan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Walter Willett
- Dept. of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Dept. of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nagappa Malleshi
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Marina A Njelekela
- Dept. of Physiology, Muhimbili Univ. of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Dorothy Gimbi
- Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, Sokoine Univ. of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Kamala Krishnaswamy
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Cjk Henry
- Clinical Nutritional Sciences, Singapore Inst. for Clinical Sciences, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical Drive, Singapore
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Vasudevan Sudha
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
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Shobana S, Selvi RP, Kavitha V, Gayathri N, Geetha G, Gayathri R, Vijayalakshmi P, Balasubramaniam KKG, Ruchi V, Sudha V, Anjana RM, Unnikrishnan R, Malleshi NG, Henry CJ, Krishnaswamy K, Mohan V. Development and evaluation of nutritional, sensory and glycemic properties of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) based food products. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2019; 27:84-91. [PMID: 29222884 DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.032017.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) (FM) is rich in dietary fibre and is therefore expected to elicit a lower glycemic response compared to other grains. However, there is little data on the glycemic properties of FM-based products. We evaluated the nutritional, sensory and glycemic properties of decorticated millet with lower polish (DFM-LDP), flakes (FMF), vermicelli (FMV) and extruded snack (FMES) (both FMV and FMES with 7-8% added soluble fibre). METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN The nutrient contents of the FM products were evaluated by standard AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) and AACC (American Association of Cereal Chemists) methods. Sensory evaluation was conducted monadically using a 9-point hedonic scale using untrained panel members. GI testing was conducted using a standardized validated protocol. The study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down by the Declaration of Helsinki, and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Madras Diabetes Research Foundation. RESULTS The products had dietary fibre (DF) content between 5.8-15.6 g%. FMES was unique in having a very low fat content (0.17%). Evaluation of sensory perception revealed moderate acceptance of millet based products. The glycemic indices (GI) (mean±SEM) of the products were 84.7±7.7%, 82.3±6.4%, 65.5±5.1% and 65.0±6.6% for DFM-LDP, FMF, FMV and FMES respectively. CONCLUSIONS DFM-LDP and FMF (purely finger millet based products) elicited higher glycemic responses. Comparatively, FMV and FMES (with added functional ingredients) exhibited medium GI values and, are healthier dietary options. It is possible to prepare FM products with lower GI by utilizing functional ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Shobana
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. ;
| | - Ravi Poovizhi Selvi
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vasudevan Kavitha
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nagamuthu Gayathri
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gunasekaran Geetha
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajagopal Gayathri
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Parthasarthy Vijayalakshmi
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Vaidya Ruchi
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vasudevan Sudha
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ranjit Mohan Anjana
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ranjit Unnikrishnan
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nagappa Gurusiddappa Malleshi
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C Jk Henry
- Clinical Nutritional Sciences, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical Drive, Singapore
| | - Kamala Krishnaswamy
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Shobana S, Lakshmipriya N, Bai MR, Gayathri R, Ruchi V, Sudha V, Malleshi NG, Krishnaswamy K, Henry CJK, Anjana RM, Unnikrishnan R, Mohan V. Even minimal polishing of an Indian parboiled brown rice variety leads to increased glycemic responses. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2019; 26:829-836. [PMID: 28802292 DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.112016.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of polishing on the glycemic properties of Indian parboiled brown rice. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN We evaluated the effect of different degrees of polishing on the glycemic and insulinemic responses of Bapatla (BPT-5204), Indian parboiled Indica rice variety. Brown rice (BR), under milled rice (UMR) and white rice (WR) with 2.3% and 9.7% degree of polishing (DOP), respectively, were prepared and evaluated for the glycemic properties. Incremental Area Under the Curves (IAUC) were estimated for both glycemic index (GI) in 12 healthy participants (6 men, 6 women) and 24 hr glycemic response studies in 13 overweight participants (5 men, 8 women) using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system with ≈2000 kcal/day rice diets. Differences in pre and post meal insulin (Δ) were assessed. RESULTS The GI of WR (GI=79.6) and UMR (GI=73) were significantly higher than BR (GI=57.6) (p<0.01). Similar results were obtained for 24 hr glycemic responses [IAUC: WR=58.4, UMR=55.5, BR=34.7 mg*5 min/dL, respectively]. The Δ Insulin responses were lower with BR meals compared with UMR and WR (p=0.025; p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS Both UMR and WR had a high GI while BR had a medium GI. This could have influenced the 24 h glycaemic and insulinemic responses of BR which had the lowest responses as compared with UMR and WR, and the latter two had similar higher responses. Thus any degree of polishing leads to higher glycaemic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Shobana
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable diseases, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India. ;
| | - Nagarajan Lakshmipriya
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable diseases, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Mookambika Ramya Bai
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable diseases, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Rajagopal Gayathri
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable diseases, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Vaidya Ruchi
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable diseases, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Vasudevan Sudha
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable diseases, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Nagappa G Malleshi
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable diseases, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Kamala Krishnaswamy
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable diseases, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - C-J K Henry
- Clinical Nutritional Sciences, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical Drive, Singapore
| | - Ranjit Mohan Anjana
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable diseases, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Ranjit Unnikrishnan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable diseases, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable diseases, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
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Abstract
Fruits and vegetables (FVs) are recognized as healthy constituents of diet and a sustainable solution to the existing twin burden of micronutrient deficiencies and non-communicable diseases in developing and developed countries. In general, FVs are nutrient dense foods low in energy, containing varying amounts of vitamins and minerals including carotenoids, B vitamins, vitamin C, iron, zinc, potassium, calcium, magnesium and fibre. These are abundantly rich in phytochemicals that function as antioxidants, anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory agents. This review summarizes some epidemiological, prospective cohort and intervention studies on the health benefits of FVs in relation to cardiovascular disease, obesity and diabetes. The rich varieties of FVs available, their composition, production scenario in India, dietary intake and trends over time, barriers to sufficient intake mainly sociocultural, economic and horticulture environment, policies for promotion and prevention of diseases are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajagopal Gayathri
- Department of Foods Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
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Anjana RM, Gayathri R, Lakshmipriya N, Ramya Bai M, Shanmugam S, Unnikrishnan R, Krishnaswamy K, Henry CJK, Sudha V, Mohan V. Effect of a Novel High Fiber Rice Diet on 24-Hour Glycemic Responses in Asian Indians Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Diabetes Technol Ther 2019; 21:177-182. [PMID: 30844309 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2018.0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have recently demonstrated a medium glycemic index for novel high fiber white rice (HFWR) variety compared to regular white rice (RWR). However, substituting HFWR for RWR during the whole day's diet may provide extended benefits. The current study aims to assess the 24 h glycemic responses of a HFWR diet compared to a RWR diet. METHODS Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was used to assess the glycemic profile in 18 overweight, non-diabetic Asian Indians aged 25 to 50 in a randomized cross-over design. The volunteers were provided with iso-caloric (≈2100 kcal/day) HFWR or RWR based diets for four continuous days and switched diets after appropriate washout. Fasting blood samples for insulin assessments were collected at baseline and at the end of 4 day feeding. The glucose response in terms of incremental area under the curve (IAUC) was recorded. General linear model was used to assess the adjusted mean change of fasting insulin level of HFWR compared to RWR. Age and sex were adjusted as confounders in the model. RESULTS The average 24 h glucose response for HFWR was significantly lower (IAUC 66.3 ± 3.1 mg-5 min/dL) than RWR (IAUC 79.8 ± 5.7 mg-5 min/dL). The adjusted mean change in fasting insulin levels from baseline was also lower for HFWR compared to RWR. HFWR elicited a 34% and 30% lower 24 h glycemic and insulin response respectively, compared to RWR. CONCLUSION Replacing RWR with HFWR may be a healthier alternative for Asian Indians who are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Mohan Anjana
- 1 Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajagopal Gayathri
- 2 Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nagarajan Lakshmipriya
- 2 Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mookambika Ramya Bai
- 2 Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shobana Shanmugam
- 2 Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ranjit Unnikrishnan
- 1 Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kamala Krishnaswamy
- 2 Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Christiani Jeya Kumar Henry
- 4 Clinical Nutritional Sciences, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vasudevan Sudha
- 2 Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- 1 Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kalita S, Khandelwal S, Madan J, Pandya H, Sesikeran B, Krishnaswamy K. Almonds and Cardiovascular Health: A Review. Nutrients 2018; 10:E468. [PMID: 29641440 PMCID: PMC5946253 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several preventive strategies to reduce dyslipidemia have been suggested, of which dietary modification features as an important one. Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease and strategies to manage dyslipidemia have been shown to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although there are proven pharmacological therapies to help manage this condition, nutritional interventions are a safer option to help prevent and manage dyslipidemia. Addition of almonds in the daily diet has been proposed to beneficially impact the lipid profile. This review critically examines the available evidence assessing the effect of almonds on dyslipidemia in the South Asian (particularly Indian) context. An extensive review comprised of epidemiological studies, clinical trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews was conducted from published literature from across the world. Studies examining the effect of almonds on different aspects of dyslipidemia viz. high low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceridaemia, and high total cholesterol levels have been included. In several studies, almonds have been shown to reduce LDL-C-which is a known risk factor for CHD-and the effect of almonds has been well documented in systematic reviews and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Addition of almonds in the diet has been shown to not only to reduce LDL-C levels, but also to maintain HDL-C levels. This review provides information about the use of this simple nutritional strategy which may help manage known major risk factors for heart disease, such as high LDL-C and low HDL-C levels especially in the context of South Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jagmeet Madan
- Sir Vithaldas Thackersey College of Home Science, SNDT Women's University, Mumbai 400049, India.
| | - Himanshu Pandya
- Pramukhswami Medical College, Karamsad, Gujarat 388325, India.
| | - Boindala Sesikeran
- Former Directors National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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25
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Mohan V, Gayathri R, Jaacks LM, Lakshmipriya N, Anjana RM, Spiegelman D, Jeevan RG, Balasubramaniam KK, Shobana S, Jayanthan M, Gopinath V, Divya S, Kavitha V, Vijayalakshmi P, Bai R MR, Unnikrishnan R, Sudha V, Krishnaswamy K, Salas-Salvadó J, Willett WC. Cashew Nut Consumption Increases HDL Cholesterol and Reduces Systolic Blood Pressure in Asian Indians with Type 2 Diabetes: A 12-Week Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2018; 148:63-69. [PMID: 29378038 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxx001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is increasing evidence that nut consumption decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, there are few data on the health effects of cashew nuts among adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Objective The study aimed to investigate the effects of cashew nut supplementation on glycemia, body weight, blood pressure, and lipid profile in Asian Indians with T2DM. Methods In a parallel-arm, randomized controlled trial, 300 adults with T2DM [mean ± SD age: 51 ± 9.3 y; body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2): 26.0 ± 3.4; 55% male] were randomly assigned to receive advice to follow a standard diabetic diet (control) or similar advice plus 30 g cashew nuts/d (intervention) for 12 wk. The macronutrient composition of the prescribed diabetic diet was 60-65% energy from carbohydrates, 15-25% from fat, and the rest from protein. Differences between groups in changes in anthropometric and biochemical variables were analyzed using linear models with robust variance estimation under an assumed independence working correlation. Results Participants in the intervention group had a greater decrease in systolic blood pressure from baseline to 12 wk than did controls (-4.9 ± 13.7 compared with -1.7 ± 11.6 mm Hg; P = 0.04) and a greater increase in plasma HDL cholesterol compared with controls (+1.7 ± 5.6 compared with +0.1 ± 4.6 mg/dL; P = 0.01). There were no differences between the groups with respect to changes in body weight, BMI, blood lipid, and glycemic variables. Plasma oleic acid concentrations and self-reported dietary intake of nuts, oleic acid, and monounsaturated fatty acids suggested excellent compliance with the nut consumption. Conclusion Cashew nut supplementation in Asian Indians with T2DM reduced systolic blood pressure and increased HDL cholesterol concentrations with no deleterious effects on body weight, glycemia, or other lipid variables. This study was registered at the clinical trial registry of India as CTRI/2017/07/009022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanathan Mohan
- Departments of Diabetology and Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajagopal Gayathri
- Departments of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lindsay M Jaacks
- Departments of Global Health and Population, Nutrition, and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Nagarajan Lakshmipriya
- Departments of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ranjit Mohan Anjana
- Departments of Diabetology and Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Donna Spiegelman
- Departments of Global Health and Population, Nutrition, and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Departments of Nutrition, and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Raman Ganesh Jeevan
- Departments of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kandappa K Balasubramaniam
- Departments of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanmugam Shobana
- Departments of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mathialagan Jayanthan
- Departments of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Viswanathan Gopinath
- Departments of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvakumar Divya
- Departments of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vasudevan Kavitha
- Departments of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Parthasarathy Vijayalakshmi
- Departments of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mookambika Ramya Bai R
- Departments of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ranjit Unnikrishnan
- Departments of Diabetology and Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vasudevan Sudha
- Departments of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kamala Krishnaswamy
- Departments of Foods, Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Human Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain, and CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Walter C Willett
- Departments of Nutrition, and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Departments of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Gorstein J, Bhaskaram P, Khanum S, Hossaini R, Balakrishna N, Goodman TS, deBenoist B, Krishnaswamy K. Safety and Impact of Vitamin A Supplementation Delivered with Oral Polio Vaccine as Part of the Immunization Campaign in Orissa, India. Food Nutr Bull 2016; 24:319-31. [PMID: 14870619 DOI: 10.1177/156482650302400402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A study was carried out in Orissa, India, to evaluate the impact on vitamin A status of vitamin A supplementation integrated with an immunization campaign. Data were collected from a representative sample of 1,811 children, aged 12 to 48 months, at baseline and then at 4 and 16 weeks following implementation of vitamin A supplementation. The primary outcome indicator was serum retinol. The coverage of vitamin A supplementation was 97%. There was a significant decline in the prevalence of Bitot's spots from 2.9% to 1.9% at 4 weeks, but the prevalence increased to 3.6% by 16 weeks. Serum retinol concentrations increased between baseline and 4 weeks (from 0.62 ± 0.32 to 0.73 ± 0.23 μmol/L, p < .001) but then decreased to 0.50 ± 0.19 μmol/l at 16 weeks, which was significantly lower than at baseline (p < .001). The greatest increase in serum retinol from baseline to 4-week follow-up was among children with lowest baseline serum retinol and children with Bitot's spots at baseline. This study demonstrates the short-term benefits of vitamin A supplementation to be significant, especially for those whose status is most compromised. At the same time, the benefit of vitamin A supplementation in this population was transient. The impact of the vitamin A could not be sustained for the full 16 weeks in the study population. This finding calls for exploration of other means to improve vitamin A status, perhaps by adjusting the vitamin A supplementation schedule with more aggressive measures to improve intake of foods rich in bioavailable vitamin A, such as small amounts of animal foods or fortified foods. The study demonstrates the feasibility of integrating vitamin A supplementation with immunization campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gorstein
- Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH), 1455 NW Leary Way, Seattle, WA 98107, USA.
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28
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Sowmya N, Lakshmipriya N, Arumugam K, Venkatachalam S, Vijayalakshmi P, Ruchi V, Geetha G, Anjana RM, Mohan V, Krishnaswamy K, Sudha V. Comparison of dietary profile of a rural south Indian population with the current dietary recommendations for prevention of non-communicable diseases (CURES 147). Indian J Med Res 2016; 144:112-119. [PMID: 27834334 PMCID: PMC5116883 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.193297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Despite the rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in rural India, data on the dietary profile of the rural Indian population in relation to the recommendations for prevention of NCDs are scarce. This study was conducted to assess the dietary intake of a rural south Indian population in relation to the current dietary recommendations for the prevention of NCDs. METHODS The dietary profiles of 6907 adults aged ≥ 20 yr, from a cluster of 42 villages in Kancheepuram district of Tamil Nadu State in southern India, were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS The prevalence of general obesity was 27.4 per cent and that of abdominal obesity, 14.0 per cent among this rural population. The median daily energy intake of the population was 2034 (IQR 543) kcals. More than 3/4 th of the calories (78.1%) were provided by carbohydrates. Refined cereals, mainly polished rice, was the major contributor to total calories. About 45 per cent of the population did not meet WHO recommendation for protein due to low intake of pulses, flesh foods and dairy products and more than half (57.1%) exceeded the limit of salt intake; 99 per cent of the population did not meet WHO recommendations for fruits and vegetables and 100 per cent did not meet the requirement of n-3 poly unsaturated fatty acids. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS The dietary profile of this rural south Indian population reflected unhealthy choices, with the high consumption of refined cereals in the form of polished white rice and low intake of protective foods like fruits, vegetables, n-3 poly and monounsaturated fatty acids. This could potentially contribute to the increase in prevalence of NCDs like diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases in rural areas and calls for appropriate remedial action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimhan Sowmya
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre of Education, Chennai, India
| | - Nagarajan Lakshmipriya
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre of Education, Chennai, India
| | - Kokila Arumugam
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre of Education, Chennai, India
| | - Sivasankari Venkatachalam
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre of Education, Chennai, India
| | - Parthasarathy Vijayalakshmi
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre of Education, Chennai, India
| | - Vaidya Ruchi
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre of Education, Chennai, India
| | - Gunasekaran Geetha
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre of Education, Chennai, India
| | - Ranjit Mohan Anjana
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre of Education, Chennai, India
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre of Education, Chennai, India
| | - Kamala Krishnaswamy
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre of Education, Chennai, India
| | - Vasudevan Sudha
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre of Education, Chennai, India
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29
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Mohan V, Anjana RM, Gayathri R, Ramya Bai M, Lakshmipriya N, Ruchi V, Balasubramaniyam KK, Jakir MM, Shobana S, Unnikrishnan R, Krishnaswamy K, Henry JK, Sudha V. Glycemic Index of a Novel High-Fiber White Rice Variety Developed in India--A Randomized Control Trial Study. Diabetes Technol Ther 2016; 18:164-70. [PMID: 26741823 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2015.0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White rice, a common Indian staple, has a high glycemic response and is associated with high risk of type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to compare the Glycemic Index (GI) of a newly developed high-fiber white rice (HFWR) with that of commercial white rice (WR). MATERIALS AND METHODS HFWR was developed using biochemical screening approaches and classical plant breeding techniques. The GI of HFWR was determined using a validated protocol in 30 healthy participants in the year 2013 and repeated in a subsample of 15 participants in the year 2014; the results were compared with the value for WR. The incremental area under the curve was calculated geometrically by applying the trapezoid rule for both reference food (glucose) and the test foods (HFWR and WR). Proximate principles along with dietary fiber, resistant starch, and amylose content were analyzed using standardized methods. RESULTS The dietary fiber content of HFWR was fivefold higher (8.0 ± 0.1 vs. 1.58 ± 0.17 g%), resistant starch content was 6.5-fold higher (3.9 ± 0.2 vs. 0.6 ± 0.03 g%) (P < 0.001), and amylose content was significantly higher (32.8 ± 1.1 vs. 26.0 ± 0.2 g%) (P < 0.001), compared with WR. HFWR was found to be of medium GI (61.3 ± 2.8), whereas WR was of high GI (79.2 ± 4.8). Overall, HFWR had 23% lower GI compared with WR (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS The new HFWR variety can be considered as a potentially healthier alternative to commercial WR in rice-eating populations, on account of its lower GI and high fiber content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanathan Mohan
- 1 Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ranjit Mohan Anjana
- 1 Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajgopal Gayathri
- 2 Department of Foods Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mookambika Ramya Bai
- 2 Department of Foods Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nagrajan Lakshmipriya
- 2 Department of Foods Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vaidya Ruchi
- 2 Department of Foods Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K K Balasubramaniyam
- 2 Department of Foods Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Mohamed Jakir
- 2 Department of Foods Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanmugam Shobana
- 2 Department of Foods Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ranjit Unnikrishnan
- 1 Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kamala Krishnaswamy
- 2 Department of Foods Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jeya Kumar Henry
- 3 Clinical Nutritional Sciences, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences , Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore
| | - Vasudevan Sudha
- 2 Department of Foods Nutrition & Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation , Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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30
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Wedick NM, Sudha V, Spiegelman D, Bai MR, Malik VS, Venkatachalam SS, Parthasarathy V, Vaidya R, Nagarajan L, Arumugam K, Jones C, Campos H, Krishnaswamy K, Willett W, Hu FB, Anjana RM, Mohan V. Study design and methods for a randomized crossover trial substituting brown rice for white rice on diabetes risk factors in India. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2015; 66:797-804. [PMID: 26017321 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2015.1038225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
India has the second largest number of people with diabetes in the world following China. Evidence indicates that consumption of whole grains can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. This article describes the study design and methods of a trial in progress evaluating the effects of substituting whole grain brown rice for polished (refined) white rice on biomarkers of diabetes risk (glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, inflammation). This is a randomized controlled clinical trial with a crossover design conducted in Chennai, India among overweight but otherwise healthy volunteers aged 25-65 y with a body mass index ≥23 kg/m(2) and habitual rice consumption ≥200 g/day. The feasibility and cultural appropriateness of this type of intervention in the local environment will also be examined. If the intervention is efficacious, the findings can be incorporated into national-level policies which could include the provision of brown rice as an option or replacement for white rice in government institutions and food programs. This relatively simple dietary intervention has the potential to substantially diminish the burden of diabetes in Asia and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Wedick
- a Departments of Nutrition, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Global Health, Harvard School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Vasudevan Sudha
- b Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre of Education , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India , and
| | - Donna Spiegelman
- a Departments of Nutrition, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Global Health, Harvard School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Mookambika Ramya Bai
- b Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre of Education , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India , and
| | - Vasanti S Malik
- a Departments of Nutrition, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Global Health, Harvard School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Siva Sankari Venkatachalam
- b Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre of Education , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India , and
| | - Vijayalaksmi Parthasarathy
- b Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre of Education , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India , and
| | - Ruchi Vaidya
- b Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre of Education , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India , and
| | - Lakshmipriya Nagarajan
- b Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre of Education , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India , and
| | - Kokila Arumugam
- b Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre of Education , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India , and
| | - Clara Jones
- c Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Nutrition/Infection Unit, Tufts University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Hannia Campos
- a Departments of Nutrition, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Global Health, Harvard School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Kamala Krishnaswamy
- b Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre of Education , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India , and
| | - Walter Willett
- a Departments of Nutrition, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Global Health, Harvard School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Frank B Hu
- a Departments of Nutrition, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Global Health, Harvard School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Ranjit Mohan Anjana
- b Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre of Education , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India , and
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- b Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre of Education , Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India , and
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Narayan S, Lakshmipriya N, Vaidya R, Bai MR, Sudha V, Krishnaswamy K, Unnikrishnan R, Anjana RM, Mohan V. Association of dietary fiber intake with serum total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in Urban Asian-Indian adults with type 2 diabetes. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2014; 18:624-630. [PMID: 25285277 PMCID: PMC4171883 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.139215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT There is little data correlating dietary fibre (DF) intake and cardiovascular risk in Asian Indians with diabetes. AIM To assess the DF intake and its association with lipid profile (total serum cholesterol and low density lipoprotein [LDL] - cholesterol levels) in urban Asian Indians with diabetes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Dietary assessment using validated Food Frequency Questionnaire was conducted in 1191 free-living adults with known diabetes in the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study. Subjects taking medication for dyslipidemia, and those with cardiovascular disease and implausible energy intake (n = 262) were excluded, leaving 929 participants. Anthropometric and relevant biochemical parameters were measured using standardized techniques. RESULTS Diabetic individuals who consumed DF < median intake (29 g/day) had a higher prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (49.5% vs. 40.1% [P = 0.01]) and higher LDL cholesterol (46.2% vs. 35.5% [P = 0.001]) than those in the > median intake of DF group. The risk of hypercholesterolemia (odds ratio [OR] =1.38 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.85], P = 0.04), and high LDL cholesterol (OR: 1.43 [95% CI: 1.06-1.94], P = 0.02) was higher among those whose DF intake was less than the median. Serum triglycerides and high density lipoprotein cholesterol were not associated with DF intake. The main sources of DF were vegetables and legumes. CONCLUSION In urban Asian Indians with diabetes, lower DF intake is positively related to total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Narayan
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nagarajan Lakshmipriya
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ruchi Vaidya
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mookambika Ramya Bai
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vasudevan Sudha
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kamala Krishnaswamy
- Department of Foods Nutrition and Dietetics Research, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ranjit Unnikrishnan
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ranjit Mohan Anjana
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Mohan V, Spiegelman D, Sudha V, Gayathri R, Hong B, Praseena K, Anjana RM, Wedick NM, Arumugam K, Malik V, Ramachandran S, Bai MR, Henry JK, Hu FB, Willett W, Krishnaswamy K. Effect of brown rice, white rice, and brown rice with legumes on blood glucose and insulin responses in overweight Asian Indians: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Technol Ther 2014; 16:317-25. [PMID: 24447043 PMCID: PMC3996977 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2013.0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improving the carbohydrate quality of the diet by replacing the common cereal staple white rice (WR) with brown rice (BR) could have beneficial effects on reducing the risk for diabetes and related complications. Hence we aimed to compare the effects of BR, WR, and BR with legumes (BRL) diets on 24-h glycemic and insulinemic responses among overweight Asian Indians. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Fifteen overweight (body mass index, ≥23 kg/m(2)) Asian Indians without diabetes who were 25-45 years old participated in a randomized crossover study. Test meals (nonisocaloric, ad libitum) were identical except for the type of rice and the addition of legumes (50 g/day) and were provided for 5 consecutive days. Glucose profiles were assessed using the Medtronic MiniMed (Northridge, CA) iPro™2 continuous glucose monitoring device. The mean positive change from baseline glucose concentration was calculated as the daily incremental area under the curve (IAUC) on each test day for 5 days and averaged. Fasting serum insulin was measured prior to and at the end of each test diet. RESULTS The percentage difference in 5-day average IAUC was 19.8% lower in the BR group than in the WR group (P=0.004). BRL further decreased the glycemic response (22.9% lower compared with WR (P=0.02). The 5-day percentage change in fasting insulin was 57% lower (P=0.0001) for the BR group and 54% lower for the BRL group compared with the 5-day percentage change observed in the WR group. The glycemic and insulinemic responses to the BR and BRL diets were not significantly different. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of BR in place of WR can help reduce 24-h glucose and fasting insulin responses among overweight Asian Indians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanathan Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, and International Diabetes Federation Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Donna Spiegelman
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vasudevan Sudha
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, and International Diabetes Federation Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Rajagopal Gayathri
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, and International Diabetes Federation Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Biling Hong
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kallingal Praseena
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, and International Diabetes Federation Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Ranjit Mohan Anjana
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, and International Diabetes Federation Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Nicole M. Wedick
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kokila Arumugam
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, and International Diabetes Federation Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Vasanti Malik
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sabitha Ramachandran
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, and International Diabetes Federation Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Mookambika Ramya Bai
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, and International Diabetes Federation Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Jeya Kumar Henry
- Clinical Nutritional Sciences, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Walter Willett
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kamala Krishnaswamy
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, and International Diabetes Federation Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
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Kumar BD, Kumar PU, Krishna TP, Kalyanasundaram S, Suresh P, Jagadeesan V, Hariharan S, Naidu AN, Krishnaswamy K, Rangarajan PN, Srinivasan VA, Reddy GS, Sesikeran B. Pre-clinical toxicity & immunobiological evaluation of DNA rabies vaccine & combination rabies vaccine in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Indian J Med Res 2013; 137:1072-88. [PMID: 23852288 PMCID: PMC3734712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Pre-clinical toxicology evaluation of biotechnology products is a challenge to the toxicologist. The present investigation is an attempt to evaluate the safety profile of the first indigenously developed recombinant DNA anti-rabies vaccine [DRV (100 μg)] and combination rabies vaccine [CRV (100 μg DRV and 1.25 IU of cell culture-derived inactivated rabies virus vaccine)], which are intended for clinical use by intramuscular route in Rhesus monkeys. METHODS As per the regulatory requirements, the study was designed for acute (single dose - 14 days), sub-chronic (repeat dose - 28 days) and chronic (intended clinical dose - 120 days) toxicity tests using three dose levels, viz. therapeutic, average (2x therapeutic dose) and highest dose (10 x therapeutic dose) exposure in monkeys. The selection of the model i.e. monkey was based on affinity and rapid higher antibody response during the efficacy studies. An attempt was made to evaluate all parameters which included physical, physiological, clinical, haematological and histopathological profiles of all target organs, as well as Tiers I, II, III immunotoxicity parameters. RESULTS In acute toxicity there was no mortality in spite of exposing the monkeys to 10XDRV. In sub chronic and chronic toxicity studies there were no abnormalities in physical, physiological, neurological, clinical parameters, after administration of test compound in intended and 10 times of clinical dosage schedule of DRV and CRV under the experimental conditions. Clinical chemistry, haematology, organ weights and histopathology studies were essentially unremarkable except the presence of residual DNA in femtogram level at site of injection in animal which received 10X DRV in chronic toxicity study. No Observational Adverse Effects Level (NOAEL) of DRV is 1000 ug/dose (10 times of therapeutic dose) if administered on 0, 4, 7, 14, 28 th day. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS The information generated by this study not only draws attention to the need for national and international regulatory agencies in formulating guidelines for pre-clinical safety evaluation of biotech products but also facilitates the development of biopharmaceuticals as safe potential therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dinesh Kumar
- National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Hyderabad, India.
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Shobana S, Krishnaswamy K, Sudha V, Malleshi NG, Anjana RM, Palaniappan L, Mohan V. Finger millet (Ragi, Eleusine coracana L.): a review of its nutritional properties, processing, and plausible health benefits. Adv Food Nutr Res 2013; 69:1-39. [PMID: 23522794 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-410540-9.00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Finger millet or ragi is one of the ancient millets in India (2300 BC), and this review focuses on its antiquity, consumption, nutrient composition, processing, and health benefits. Of all the cereals and millets, finger millet has the highest amount of calcium (344mg%) and potassium (408mg%). It has higher dietary fiber, minerals, and sulfur containing amino acids compared to white rice, the current major staple in India. Despite finger millet's rich nutrient profile, recent studies indicate lower consumption of millets in general by urban Indians. Finger millet is processed by milling, malting, fermentation, popping, and decortication. Noodles, vermicilli, pasta, Indian sweet (halwa) mixes, papads, soups, and bakery products from finger millet are also emerging. In vitro and in vivo (animal) studies indicated the blood glucose lowering, cholesterol lowering, antiulcerative, wound healing properties, etc., of finger millet. However, appropriate intervention or randomized clinical trials are lacking on these health effects. Glycemic index (GI) studies on finger millet preparations indicate low to high values, but most of the studies were conducted with outdated methodology. Hence, appropriate GI testing of finger millet preparations and short- and long-term human intervention trials may be helpful to establish evidence-based health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shobana
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India.
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Lakshmipriya N, Gayathri R, Praseena K, Vijayalakshmi P, Geetha G, Sudha V, Krishnaswamy K, Anjana RM, Henry J, Mohan V. Type of vegetable oils used in cooking and risk of metabolic syndrome among Asian Indians. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2012; 64:131-9. [PMID: 23025245 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2012.728197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
There is little data on the type of vegetable oil used and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in Asian Indians. Food frequency questionnaire was used to document the type of cooking oil in 1875 adults in Chennai city. MS was assessed by new harmonizing criteria. The prevalence of MS was higher among sunflower oil users (30.7%) than palmolein (23.2%) and traditional oil (17.1%, p < 0.001) users. The higher prevalence of MS in sunflower oil group persisted even when stratified according to body mass index, except in obese groups. The risk of MS was further compounded by quantity of refined cereals consumed. Higher LA%E and linoleic acid/alpha-linolenic acid ratio in sunflower oil probably contributes to increased risk of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarajan Lakshmipriya
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
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Shobana S, Malleshi NG, Sudha V, Spiegelman D, Hong B, Hu FB, Willett WC, Krishnaswamy K, Mohan V. Nutritional and sensory profile of two Indian rice varieties with different degrees of polishing. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2011; 62:800-10. [PMID: 21619458 PMCID: PMC6512801 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2011.585962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Traditional hand-pounded rice has been replaced today with highly polished white rice in the Asian Indian diets. The study aimed to evaluate the nutritional as well as the sensory differences between the brown (0% polish) and the rice milled to different degrees of polish (2.3, 4.4 and 8.0%). Bapatla and Uma (red pigmented) varieties in both raw and parboiled forms were used. The protein, fat, dietary fibre, γ-oryzanol, polyphenols, vitamin E, total antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging abilities of the brown rice decreased while the available carbohydrates increased with polishing. Sensory attributes of the cooked rice samples (whiteness, grain intactness, fluffiness, firmness, stickiness, chewiness and the cooked rice aroma) were evaluated by trained panelists. Scores for branny taste and chewiness decreased with polishing. On the whole, brown rice of both the varieties was readily accepted by the well-informed sensory trained panelists.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shobana
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr Mohan's Diabetes Specialties Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non-Communicable Diseases, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
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Boniface H, Suppiah S, Krishnaswamy K, Rodrigo L, Robinson J, Kwon P. A Small Closed-Cycle Combined Electrolysis and Catalytic Exchange Test System for Water Detritiation. Fusion Science and Technology 2011. [DOI: 10.13182/fst11-a12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Boniface
- Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada, K0J 1J0
| | - S. Suppiah
- Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada, K0J 1J0
| | - K. Krishnaswamy
- Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada, K0J 1J0
| | - L. Rodrigo
- Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada, K0J 1J0
| | - J. Robinson
- Tyne Engineering Inc., Oakville, Ontario, Canada, L6L 6L4
| | - P. Kwon
- Tyne Engineering Inc., Oakville, Ontario, Canada, L6L 6L4
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Misra A, Sharma R, Gulati S, Joshi SR, Sharma V, Ibrahim A, Joshi S, Laxmaiah A, Kurpad A, Raj RK, Mohan V, Chandalia H, Krishnaswamy K, Boindala S, Gopalan S, Bhattiprolu SK, Modi S, Vikram NK, Makkar BM, Mathur M, Dey S, Vasudevan S, Gupta SP, Puri S, Joshi P, Khanna K, Mathur P, Krishnaswamy S, Madan J, Karmarkar M, Seth V, Passi SJ, Chadha D, Bhardwaj S. Consensus dietary guidelines for healthy living and prevention of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and related disorders in Asian Indians. Diabetes Technol Ther 2011; 13:683-94. [PMID: 21488798 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2010.0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
India is undergoing rapid nutritional transition, resulting in excess consumption of calories, saturated fats, trans fatty acids, simple sugars, salt and low intake of fiber. Such dietary transition and a sedentary lifestyle have led to an increase in obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases (type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM], cardiovascular disease [CVD], etc.) predominantly in urban, but also in rural areas. In comparison with the previous guidelines, these consensus dietary guidelines include reduction in the intake of carbohydrates, preferential intake of complex carbohydrates and low glycemic index foods, higher intake of fiber, lower intake of saturated fats, optimal ratio of essential fatty acids, reduction in trans fatty acids, slightly higher protein intake, lower intake of salt, and restricted intake of sugar. While these guidelines are applicable to Asian Indians in any geographical setting, they are particularly applicable to those residing in urban and in semi-urban areas. Proper application of these guidelines will help curb the rising "epidemics" of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, hypertension, T2DM, and CVD in Asian Indians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Misra
- Fortis-CDOC Center of Excellence for Diabetes, Obesity Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology, Fortis Flt. Lt. Rajan Dhall Hospital, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, India.
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Fortier MA, Krishnaswamy K, Danyod G, Boucher-Kovalik S, Chapdalaine P. A postgenomic integrated view of prostaglandins in reproduction: implications for other body systems. J Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 59 Suppl 1:65-89. [PMID: 18802217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandins are primary mediators of pain and are involved in pathological conditions such as hypertension, cancer and inflammation but are also needed for normal function of the female reproductive system. This may hold true for other systems because long term use of selective COX-2 inhibitors such as VIOXX and BEXTRA was associated with heart failure, leading to their withdrawal. A thorough study of the contribution of prostaglandins in the regulation of normal body function is clearly needed. A major drawback of the current therapeutic strategies aiming at controlling PGs is that they aim at early steps of biosynthesis thus blocking all PGs, good and bad. However, PGs often work as opposing dyads such as PGI2-TXA2 in the vascular system and PGF2alpha-PGE2 in the female reproductive system. The paradigm thus appears as effecting selective synthesis, transport and action of individual PG isoforms. In this respect, the female reproductive system appears as an ideal study model. Data from human and animal genome projects allowed identifying the corresponding members of the biosynthetic and signal transduction components of the PG system in different animal species. Of particular interest was that PG terminal synthase shared similarities or identity with enzymes previously known for steroid or sugar metabolism and free radical detoxification. We present here an integrated view of PG action based on observations in the female reproductive system, but with potential strategic implications for cardiovascular and metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Fortier
- Unité de Recherche en Ontogénie et Reproduction, Centre de Recherche du CHUQ (CHUL), Québec, Québec GIV4G2, Canada
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Krishnaswamy K. Traditional Indian spices and their health significance. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2008; 17 Suppl 1:265-268. [PMID: 18296352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
India has been recognized all over the world for spices and medicinal plants. Both exhibit a wide range of physiological and pharmacological properties. Current biomedical efforts are focused on their scientific merits, to provide science-based evidence for the traditional uses and to develop either functional foods or nutraceuticals. The Indian traditional medical systems use turmeric for wound healing, rheumatic disorders, gastrointestinal symptoms, deworming, rhinitis and as a cosmetic. Studies in India have explored its anti-inflammatory, cholekinetic and anti-oxidant potentials with the recent investigations focusing on its preventive effect on precarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti atherosclerotic effects in biological systems both under in vitro and in vivo conditions in animals and humans. Both turmeric and curcumin were found to increase detoxifying enzymes, prevent DNA damage, improve DNA repair, decrease mutations and tumour formation and exhibit antioxidative potential in animals. Limited clinical studies suggest that turmeric can significantly impact excretion of mutagens in urine in smokers and regress precancerous palatal lesions. It reduces DNA adducts and micronuclei in oral epithelial cells. It prevents formation of nitroso compounds both in vivo and in vitro. It delays induced cataract in diabetes and reduces hyperlipidemia in obese rats. Recently several molecular targets have been identified for therapeutic / preventive effects of turmeric. Fenugreek seeds, a rich source of soluble fiber used in Indian cuisine reduces blood glucose and lipids and can be used as a food adjuvant in diabetes. Similarly garlic, onions, and ginger have been found to modulate favourably the process of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamala Krishnaswamy
- National Institute of Nutrition , Taranaka, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Krishnaswamy K. Developing and implementing dietary guidelines in India. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2008; 17 Suppl 1:66-69. [PMID: 18296304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Single nutrients are no solution to the problem of malnutrition. It is essential that food based dietary guidelines (FBDG) are developed and implemented to overcome the diet related diseases and promote health in the population. A multidisciplinary group was constituted to develop FBDGs in India. A manual with scientific details and an abridged version were prepared with 6 goals and 14 dietary guidelines covering all age groups to overcome the public health nutritional problems. The guidelines are based on dietary patterns and specific outcomes of health and disease. Dietary diversification has been suggested as the practical approach. Diets from locally available and culturally accepted foods in household measures have been suggested to ensure optimal health. For successful implementation of FBDGs, political/bureaucratic commitment are essential. It must become a tool in the developmental plans for food, nutrition, agriculture, rural, educational and biotechnology policies. Workshops and meetings were organized to sensitise the administrative set-up. The intersectoral nature of FBDG for implementation was highlighted. The department of women and child development, which is responsible for implementing the National Nutritional Policy, was recognized as nodal agency. Meetings were organised for secondary target audiences. The press was invited to participate in popularization of the FBDGs. Social marketing strategies were used to match the local dietary and cultural aspects. Interpersonal communication and professional societies were used for better dissemination. Industry and legislative bodies were requested to take active action in this regard. The FBDGs have to be implemented to achieve food and nutrition security and the Millennium Development Goals.
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Sivakumar B, Brahmam GNV, Nair KM, Ranganathan S, Rao MV, Vijayaraghavan K, Krishnaswamy K. Prospects of fortification of salt with iron and iodine. Br J Nutr 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/bjn2000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kumar PU, Kumar BD, Annapurna VV, Krishna TP, Kalyanasundaram S, Suresh P, Harishankar N, Jagadeesan V, Hariharan S, Naidu AN, Krishnaswamy K, Rangarajan PN, Srinivasan VA, Reddy GS, Sesikeran B. Nonclinical toxicology study of recombinant-plasmid DNA anti-rabies vaccines. Vaccine 2006; 24:2790-8. [PMID: 16448727 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Revised: 12/30/2005] [Accepted: 01/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The absence of standard guidelines from National and International regulatory agencies for the safety evaluation of biotechnology products challenges the ingenuity of toxicologists. At present, the development of standard pre-clinical toxicology protocols for such products is on an individual case basis. The present investigation is an attempt to evaluate the safety profile of the first indigenously developed DNA based anti-rabies vaccine in India. The test compounds were DNA rabies vaccine [DRV (100 microg)] and combination rabies vaccine (CRV (100 microg DRV and 1/50 dose of cell culture vaccine)), intended for clinical use by intramuscular route on 1, 7, 14 and 28 day. As per the regular mandatory requirements, the study has been designed to undertake acute (single dose--10 days), sub-chronic (repeat dose--28 days) and chronic (intended clinical dose--120 days) toxicity tests using three dose levels viz. therapeutic, average (2 x therapeutic dose) and highest dose (10 x therapeutic dose) exposure in Swiss Albino mice. The selection of the rodent model viz. Swiss Albino mice is based on affinity and rapid higher antibody response during the efficacy studies. Apart from physical, physiological, clinical, hematological and histopathology profiles of all target organs, the tier-I immunotoxicity parameters have also been monitored. There were no observational adverse effects even at levels of 10x therapeutic dose administration of DRV and CRV. The procedure also emphasizes on the designing of protocols for the products developed by recombinant technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Uday Kumar
- National Institute of Nutrition, (Indian Council of Medical Research), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500007, India
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Shatrugna V, Balakrishna N, Krishnaswamy K. Effect of micronutrient supplement on health and nutritional status of schoolchildren: bone health and body composition. Nutrition 2006; 22:S33-9. [PMID: 16426961 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2005.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2004] [Accepted: 07/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of a micronutrient-enriched beverage on body composition, bone mineral content (BMC), bone area, and bone mineral density (BMD) at various sites in schoolchildren. METHODS A double-blind, placebo-controlled, matched-pair, cluster, randomization study was carried out in residential schoolchildren 6 to 16 y of age who lived near Hyderabad, India. Children (n = 268) were selected randomly from two classes of each grade (1 to 9) and were provided a micronutrient-enriched beverage (n = 146) or a placebo drink (n = 122). Bone parameters such as BMC, BMD, and bone area at various sites and the entire body were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at the beginning and end of the study. Increments of outcome variables were subjected to paired t test with appropriate corrections to assess the effect of the supplement on bone health. RESULTS After 14 mo, increments for height, weight, fat-free mass, percentage of fat, whole-body BMC, whole-body bone area, and BMD at the neck of the femur were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the supplemented group than in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS The micronutrient-rich supplement increased tissue growth and skeletal shell in apparently normal children in the 14-mo period. It did not increase whole-body or site-specific BMD except at the neck of the femur. Amounts of calcium and other nutrients contained in the supplement were inadequate for tissue growth with density increases. This study raises important questions about the nutrient requirements of Indian children who consume a diet of cereals and pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Shatrugna
- Division of Maternal and Child Health and Field Studies, National Institute of Nutrition (Indian Council of Medical Research), Hyderabad, India.
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Sivakumar B, Vijayaraghavan K, Vazir S, Balakrishna N, Shatrugna V, Sarma KVR, Nair KM, Raghuramulu N, Krishnaswamy K. Effect of micronutrient supplement on health and nutritional status of schoolchildren: study design. Nutrition 2006; 22:S1-7. [PMID: 16426958 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2005.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that supplementation with a micronutrient-fortified beverage improves micronutrient status and physical and mental development in apparently healthy schoolchildren. METHODS The study was carried out in middle-income students in two residential schools that catered to children from a semi-urban population near Hyderabad, India. Included were 869 children who were 6 to 16 y of age in grades 1 to 10. Because children at each grade were distributed across two classrooms (clusters) and were homogeneous, each grade was considered to consist of a matched pair. There were thus 10 pairs available for the study. Classes in each grade were randomized to receive a micronutrient-enriched beverage or a placebo without added micronutrients. The study was double blinded and the duration was 14 mo, with supervised feeding of the micronutrient-enriched beverage. The effect of the micronutrients on the outcome variables growth, biochemical status, mental function, and bone health were assessed. RESULTS The number of matched pairs varied between seven and eight, and the required number of children per treatment group ranged from 32 in the case of bone heath to 177 for body weight. The power of the outcome variables ranged from 74% to 100% and was adequate for successful pairing. The effect assessed at the end of supplementation showed that the intervention was beneficial. CONCLUSIONS Designing an intervention, choosing outcome variables, and implementing the protocol in a typical Indian school setting were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhattiprolu Sivakumar
- Division of Biophysics, National Institute of Nutrition (Indian Council of Medical Research), Hyderabad, India.
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Suryanarayana P, Saraswat M, Mrudula T, Krishna TP, Krishnaswamy K, Reddy GB. Curcumin and turmeric delay streptozotocin-induced diabetic cataract in rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46:2092-9. [PMID: 15914628 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.04-1304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of curcumin and its source, turmeric, on streptozotocin-induced diabetic cataract in rats. METHODS Wistar-NIN rats were selected and diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (35 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally) and divided into four groups (group II-V). The control (group I) rats received only vehicle. Group I and II animals received an unsupplemented AIN-93 diet, and those in groups III, IV, and V received 0.002% and 0.01% curcumin and 0.5% turmeric, respectively, in an AIN-93 diet for a period of 8 weeks. Cataract progression due to hyperglycemia was monitored by slit lamp biomicroscope and classified into four stages. At the end of 8 weeks, the animals were killed and the biochemical pathways involved in the pathogenesis of cataract such as oxidative stress, polyol pathway, alterations in protein content and crystallin profile in the lens were investigated, to understand the possible mechanism of action of curcumin and turmeric. Blood glucose and insulin levels were also determined. RESULTS Although, both curcumin and turmeric did not prevent streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia, as assessed by blood glucose and insulin levels, slit lamp microscope observations indicated that these supplements delayed the progression and maturation of cataract. The present studies suggest that curcumin and turmeric treatment appear to have countered the hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, because there was a reversal of changes with respect to lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, protein carbonyl content and activities of antioxidant enzymes in a significant manner. Also, treatment with turmeric or curcumin appears to have minimized osmotic stress, as assessed by polyol pathway enzymes. Most important, aggregation and insolubilization of lens proteins due to hyperglycemia was prevented by turmeric and curcumin. Turmeric was more effective than its corresponding levels of curcumin. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that turmeric and curcumin are effective against the development of diabetic cataract in rats. Further, these results imply that ingredients in the study's dietary sources, such as turmeric, may be explored for anticataractogenic agents that prevent or delay the development of cataract.
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Polasa K, Naidu AN, Ravindranath I, Krishnaswamy K. Inhibition of B(a)P induced strand breaks in presence of curcumin. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 2004; 557:203-13. [PMID: 14729375 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2003.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Incidence of cancer at different sites may be related to oxidative damage to host genome by genotoxicants. These oxidative actions may be modified by phytochemicals present in foods. The non-nutritive dietary constituents which possess antimutagenic property appear to be promising chemopreventive agents. This study reports the protective effect of curcumin on B(a)P induced DNA damage in human peripheral blood lymphocyte cells. The study group consisted of 10 male smokers, 10 non-smokers and 10 non-smoking females aged between 25 and 45. The DNA damage was assessed using comet assay. In all the groups curcumin showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect. The effect appeared to be sex dependent. There was no correlation between DNA damage and GST-Mu levels and levels of micronutrients namely Vitamins A, E and beta carotene. The results of this study are in line with our earlier observations on turmeric/curcumin as a potential chemopreventer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Polasa
- National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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Suryanarayana P, Krishnaswamy K, Reddy GB. Effect of curcumin on galactose-induced cataractogenesis in rats. Mol Vis 2003; 9:223-30. [PMID: 12802258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Curcumin, the active principle of turmeric, has been shown to have both antioxidant and hypoglycemic activity in vitro and in vivo. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of curcumin on the onset and maturation of galactose induced cataract. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats (21 days old) were divided into 5 groups. The control group (A) received an AIN-93 diet, the galactose group (B) received 30% galactose in the diet, the test groups (C and D) received the B group diet plus 0.002% and 0.01% curcumin respectively, and group (E) received the control diet plus 0.01% curcumin, all for a period of 4 weeks. Cataract progression due to galactose feeding was monitored by slit lamp microscope and classified into 4 stages. At the end of the experiment biochemical parameters such as lipid peroxidation, aldose reductase (AR), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), reduced glutathione, protein content, and protein carbonyls were measured in the lens. Advanced glycated end products (AGE) and protein oxidation were measured by AGE and tryptophon fluorescence respectively. Crystallin profile was analyzed by size exclusion chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS Slit lamp microscope observations indicated that curcumin at 0.002% (group C) delayed the onset and maturation of cataract. In contrast even though there was a slight delay in the onset of cataract at the 0.01% level (group D), maturation of cataract was faster when compared to group B. Biochemical analysis showed that curcumin at the 0.002% level appeared to exert antioxidant and antiglycating effects, as it inhibited lipid peroxidation, AGE-fluorescence, and protein aggregation. Though the reasons for faster onset and maturation of cataract in group D rats was not clear, the data suggested that under hyperglycemic conditions higher levels of curcumin (0.01%) in the diet may increase oxidative stress, AGE formation, and protein aggregation. However, feeding of curcumin to normal rats up to a 0.01% level did not result in any changes in lens morphology or biochemical parameters. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that curcumin is effective against galactose-induced cataract only at very low amounts (0.002%) in the diet. On the other hand at and above a 0.01% level curcumin seems to not be beneficial under hyperglycemic conditions, at least with the model of galactose-cataract.
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Krishnaswamy K. IX Asian Congress of Nutrition, New Delhi, 23-27 February 2003. Natl Med J India 2003; 16:106-8. [PMID: 12816193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamala Krishnaswamy
- Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This piece of work is an attempt to compare Hemocue and Cyanmethemoglobin methods for hemoglobin estimation. METHODS In 100 apparently healthy children of 1-6 years of age, Hb was estimated using Hemocue and cyanmethemoglobin methods from finger prick blood sample. The results obtained by the two methods were compared using appropriate statistical methods. RESULTS Mean +/- SD values for hemoglobin (g/dl) were 9.33 +/- 2.719 by Hemocue and 8.14 +/- 2.448 by cyanmethemoglobin method. When assessed by Hemocue method the proportion of children with anemia was 66% while it was 88% with cyanmethemoglobin method. The sensitivity of Hemocue method was 0.75 and specificity 1.0 considering cyanmethemoglobin method as gold standard. The corresponding values by cyanmethemoglobin method for a given Hemocue value fell within the Mean difference +/- 2 SD with correlation coefficient being r = 0.922. Despite the good association, the two methods agreed, the magnitude of difference being -1.19 g/dl (CI: -1.40 to -0.98) thus suggesting an overestimate of hemocue values ranging from 10 to 15%. A correction factor was arrived for converting Hb values obtained by Hemocue method to arrive at the expected value by the reference method, this factor being 0.389 + 0.831 Hb (Hemocue). CONCLUSION As there are limitations expressed for both the methods in accurately estimating Hb, it is difficult to decide whether one is an overestimate or the other an underestimate. By virtue of the principle involved in estimating Hb, cyanmethemoglobin method may be taken as an indirect indicator of iron status. However, it is not clear whether such a principle is involved in estimating Hb by Hemocue. Therefore, these two methods need to be further validated against a sensitive and specific indicator for iron status like circulating transferrin receptor to decide which of the methods can be used to accurately determine the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bhaskaram
- National Institute of Nutrition Indian Council of Medical Research, Jamai-Osmania, Hyderabad, India.
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