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Rudolfsen JH, Vissing J, Werlauff U, Olesen C, Illum N, Olsen J, Poulsen PB, Strand M, Born AP. Burden of Disease of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in Denmark - A National Register-Based Study of Individuals with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and their Closest Relatives. J Neuromuscul Dis 2024; 11:443-457. [PMID: 38217608 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-230133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Background Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive genetic disease with a prevalence of 1 per 3,600-6,000 male births. Individuals with DMD are typically diagnosed at age 4-7 years; median survival is 30 years. They require multidisciplinary care, personal assistance, and often special education. Objective The aim was to assess the burden of disease in DMD in Denmark. This includes incidence, prevalence, use of healthcare services, labour market participation, educational outcomes, and overall attributable costs due to DMD. Impact on the closest relatives (siblings and parents) was also investigated. Methods The comprehensive Danish national health and administrative registers were used to assess the burden of disease following individuals with DMD and closest relatives from five years before, and up to 20 years after DMD diagnosis. Individuals with DMD (and relatives) from 1994-2021 were included. All outcomes were compared to matched control groups without the disease drawn from the Danish population. Results 213 unique individuals with DMD were identified. They had lower grades in school, required more special education and more healthcare and home care compared to their control group. The extra costs of special education summed to EUR 180,900 over the course of 11 years elementary school. They had an annual average productivity loss of EUR 20,200 between the age of 18 to 30. The extra healthcare costs of DMD in the 20 years after diagnosis were estimated to EUR 1,524,000. If an individual with DMD lives to be 30, total extra costs sum to EUR 2,365,800. Conclusions Using national register data this study presented detailed results on the burden of disease of DMD, including impact on closest relatives. With 60 additional hospital admissions and 200 extra outpatient contacts in 20 years healthcare costs, but also costs of home care and special education, increases as disease progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Vissing
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Werlauff
- The Danish Rehabilitation Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Olesen
- Center for Rare Diseases and Neuropediatric Department, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Illum
- H. C. Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Mette Strand
- Medical Affairs, Pfizer Denmark, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Alfred Peter Born
- Department of Child- and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Gross J, Caceres S, Poch K, Hasan N, Jia F, Epperson L, Lipner E, Vang C, Honda J, Strand M, Calado V, Daley C, Strong M, Davidson R, Nick J. WS08.03 Healthcare-Associated Links in Transmission of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in People with Cystic Fibrosis (HALT NTM): a multicentre study. J Cyst Fibros 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(22)00197-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Caceres S, Sanders L, Rysavy N, Poch K, Jones C, Pickard K, Fingerlin T, Marcus R, Malcolm K, Taylor-Cousar J, Nichols D, Nick J, Strand M, Saavedra M. 527: Blood mRNA biomarkers identify inflammatory phenotypes before inhaled antibiotic therapy. J Cyst Fibros 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(21)01951-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- M Strand
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm Centre for Eating Disorders, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Y von Hausswolff-Juhlin
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm Centre for Eating Disorders, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lowers HA, Breit GN, Strand M, Pillers RM, Meeker GP, Todorov TI, Plumlee GS, Wolf RE, Robinson M, Parr J, Miller R, Groshong S, Green F, Rose C. Method to characterize inorganic particulates in lung tissue biopsies using field emission scanning electron microscopy. Toxicol Mech Methods 2018; 28:475-487. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2018.1449042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heather A. Lowers
- Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA
| | - G. N. Breit
- Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA
| | - M. Strand
- Division of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - R. M. Pillers
- Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA
| | - G. P. Meeker
- Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA
| | - T. I. Todorov
- Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA
| | - G. S. Plumlee
- Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA
| | - R. E. Wolf
- Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, USA
| | - M. Robinson
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - J. Parr
- Division of Pathology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - R. Miller
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - S. Groshong
- Division of Pathology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - F. Green
- Department of Pathology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - C. Rose
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
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Strand M, Bulik C, von Hausswolff-Juhlin Y, Gustafsson S. Self-admission to in-patient treatment: Patient experiences of a novel approach in the treatment of severe eating disorders. Eur Psychiatry 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe course of an eating disorder is often prolonged and can lead to enduring disability for many years, with some patients requiring lengthy periods of in-patient care. Unfortunately, there is still little evidence concerning the optimal model of in-patient care for these patients.ObjectivesSelf-admission is a novel treatment tool, whereby patients who have high health care utilization are offered the possibility to self-admit to an inpatient ward for up to seven days, because of deteriorating mental health or any other reason. Purposes behind the model are to increase the availability of in-patient care, to promote autonomy and agency, and to decrease total inpatient care utilization.AimsTo investigate whether self-admission can be beneficial for patients with severe eating disorders.MethodsTwo beds out of eleven at a specialist eating disorders inpatient unit were reserved for self-admission of well-known patients. All participants were interviewed about their experiences in the program at 6 months.ResultsParticipants described an increased sense of agency and safety in their everyday lives. Suggestions were also made, such as a more active outreach approach in promoting admission, providing a continual staff contact during the brief admission episode, and offering a similar self-admission model for day treatment.ConclusionsSelf-admission is a viable tool in the treatment of severe eating disorders and can increase quality of life by providing a safety net and promoting agency. However, logistical obstacles must be addressed in order to promote a constructive use.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Crawford ME, Poulsen PB, Schiøttz-Christensen B, Habicht A, Strand M, Bach FW. Real-life efficacy of pregabalin for the treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain in daily clinical practice in Denmark: the NEP-TUNE study. J Pain Res 2016; 9:293-302. [PMID: 27284265 PMCID: PMC4881924 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s102744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to provide evidence regarding the real-life efficacy of pregabalin in the treatment of peripheral neuropathic pain (NeP) in Denmark. METHODS In this prospective, observational, noninterventional study, pregabalin (Lyrica(®)) was prescribed following usual clinical practice. Compared with baseline, the primary study end points after 3 months of observation were changes in 1) the average level of pain during the past week, 2) the worst level of pain during the past week, and 3) the least level of pain during the past week. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to perform paired analyses, and a multivariate regression analysis investigated factors driving change in pain. RESULTS A total of 86 of the 128 patients included were regarded as efficacy evaluable (those completing 3 months of pregabalin treatment). Patients (59 years) were long-time sufferers of peripheral NeP, and 38% of them had comorbidities. The majority had previously been treated with tricyclic antidepressants or gabapentin. The average dose of pregabalin was 81.5 mg/d at baseline and 240 mg/d after 3 months. A clinically and statistically significant improvement of 2.2 points in the average level of pain intensity was found after 3 months. The higher the pain intensity at baseline, the higher was the reduction of the pain score. Positive results were also found for pain-related sleep interference, patients' global impression of change, quality of life, and work and productivity impairment. Twenty-one patients reported 28 adverse events. CONCLUSION This real-life study indicates that for some patients (two-thirds), addition of pregabalin for peripheral NeP helps to reduce their pain intensity significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Flemming W Bach
- Department of Neurology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Fedele DA, McQuaid EL, Faino A, Strand M, Cohen S, Robinson J, Atkins D, Hourihane JO, Klinnert MD. Patterns of adaptation to children's food allergies. Allergy 2016; 71:505-13. [PMID: 26687298 DOI: 10.1111/all.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Families with food allergy (FA) are at risk of reduced quality of life and elevated anxiety. A moderate level of anxiety may be beneficial to sustain vigilance for food avoidance; however, excessive anxiety may increase risk for burden and maladjustment. The current study presents a framework for understanding the patterns of adaptation to FA across families and to identify typologies of families that would benefit from intervention. METHODS Participants included 57 children, 6-12 years old with documented FA, and their mothers. Families were assessed using the Food Allergy Management and Adaptation Scale. Families also completed measures of quality of life, anxiety, FA management, and psychosocial impairment. RESULTS A hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that 56 of the 57 families of food-allergic children were categorized into four groups that differed on their adequacy of family FA management, levels of anxiety, and balanced psychosocial functioning: balanced responders (n = 23; 41%), high responders (n = 25; 45%), and low responders (n = 3; 5%). The fourth group, anxious high responders (n = 5; 9%), was characterized by extremely high maternal FA anxiety scores and low scores for balanced integration of FA management and psychosocial functioning. Families in clusters differed across illness and psychosocial outcome variables. CONCLUSION Families with FA were characterized by patterns of FA management, anxiety, and ability to integrate FA demands into daily life. Identified adaptation patterns correspond with clinical impressions and provide a framework for identifying families in need of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E. L. McQuaid
- Bradley/Hasbro Children's Research Center; Brown University; Providence RI USA
| | - A. Faino
- National Jewish Health; Denver CO USA
| | - M. Strand
- National Jewish Health; Denver CO USA
| | - S. Cohen
- National Jewish Health; Denver CO USA
| | - J. Robinson
- National Jewish Health; Denver CO USA
- University of Colorado School of Medicine; Aurora CO USA
| | - D. Atkins
- National Jewish Health; Denver CO USA
- University of Colorado School of Medicine; Aurora CO USA
| | | | - M. D. Klinnert
- National Jewish Health; Denver CO USA
- University of Colorado School of Medicine; Aurora CO USA
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Strand M, Sillau S, Grunwald GK, Rabinovitch N. Regression calibration with instrumental variables for longitudinal models with interaction terms, and application to air pollution studies. Environmetrics 2015; 26:393-405. [PMID: 26640396 PMCID: PMC4662860 DOI: 10.1002/env.2354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we derive forms of estimators and associated variances for regression calibration with instrumental variables in longitudinal models that include interaction terms between two unobservable predictors and interactions between these predictors and covariates not measured with error; the inclusion of the latter interactions generalize results we previously reported. The methods are applied to air pollution and health data collected on children with asthma. The new methods allow for the examination of how the relationship between health outcome leukotriene E4 (LTE4, a biomarker of inflammation) and two unobservable pollutant exposures and their interaction are modified by the presence or absence of upper respiratory infections. The pollutant variables include secondhand smoke and ambient (outdoor) fine particulate matter. Simulations verify the accuracy of the proposed methods under various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Strand
- Division of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, National Jewish HealthDenver, CO, U.S.A.
- Department of Biostatistics & Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado DenverDenver, CO, U.S.A.
| | - S Sillau
- Department of Neurology, Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado DenverDenver, CO, U.S.A.
| | - G K Grunwald
- Department of Biostatistics & Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado DenverDenver, CO, U.S.A.
| | - N Rabinovitch
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish HealthDenver, CO, U.S.A.
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Poulsen PB, Spillemose H, Nielsen G, Hergel LL, Wedell-Wedellsborg D, Strand M, Ringbæk T. Real-life effectiveness of smoking-cessation treatments in general practice clinics in Denmark. The Escape Smoke project. Respir Med 2015; 109:218-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Objective We aimed to evaluate the relationship between cognitive dysfunction and lung function, exercise endurance, and self-reported activity levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Background Cognitive dysfunction is present in 20%–60% of SLE patients. No studies to date have investigated the inter-relationships between cardiopulmonary factors and cognition in this population. Methods Thirty-seven SLE patients without overt neuropsychiatric histories and 16 healthy controls completed neuropsychological testing, measures of lung function, exercise capacity (distance walked during a timed walk test,1 maximal oxygen uptake2), and exercise questionnaires. Results Thirty-two percent of SLE patients demonstrated cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment was correlated with Six-Minute Walk Distance (6MWD) ( r = 0.37, p = 0.02) and certain measures of lung function. Also, in SLE patients, self-reported physical activity was correlated with 6MWD ( p = 0.012), but none of the more complex measures of physical activity (VO2max). Conclusions Patients with mild SLE disease activity have cognitive dysfunction associated with certain objective markers of exercise capacity and activity levels. The lack of associations between self-report activity and VO2max suggests the possibility that multiple factors mediate the relationships between perceived and actual physical ability. Additional studies are needed to better understand the relationship between cognition and physical activity in patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kozora
- National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Medical School, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Medical School, Denver, CO, USA
| | - J Zell
- National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - J Swigris
- National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - M Strand
- National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - E C Duggan
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - B Make
- National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
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12
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Garzón-Rodríguez C, Lyras L, Gayoso LO, Sepúlveda JM, Samantas E, Pelzer U, Bowen S, van Litsenburg C, Strand M. Cancer-related neuropathic pain in out-patient oncology clinics: a European survey. BMC Palliat Care 2013; 12:41. [PMID: 24200014 PMCID: PMC3827879 DOI: 10.1186/1472-684x-12-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although pain is frequently experienced by patients with cancer, it remains under-treated. The primary aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of cancer-related neuropathic pain (CRNP) in patients with chronic pain who attended an outpatient clinic for standard care in Europe (irrespective of the reason or stage of the cancer). The secondary aims of this study were to characterise pain and cancer in patients with CRNP (including treatment) and to evaluate the usefulness of the painDETECT (PD-Q) screening tool to help physicians identify a potential neuropathic component of cancer-related pain. Methods An observational, non-interventional, cross-sectional, multi-centre study of adult patients with cancer using patient and physician case report forms (CRFs). Patients with CRNP were identified by physicians’ clinical assessments after examining the completed PD-Q. Results A total of 951 patients visiting outpatient clinics across Europe were enrolled in this study between August 2010 and July 2011. Of these, 310 patients (32.60%; 95% confidence interval 29.62, 35.58) were identified as having CRNP. Twenty-nine of 39 (74.4%) physicians who completed the CRF relating to the PD-Q considered it a useful tool to help detect CRNP in daily practice and 28 of 39 (71.8%) indicated that they would use this tool in the future for most or some of their patients. Data from physicians before and after review of the completed PD-Qs showed a shift in clinical opinion (either to positive CRNP diagnosis [yes] or negative CRNP diagnosis [no]) in respect of 142 patients; about half of which (74) were categorised with an initial diagnosis of unknown. Opinions also shifted from a no to a yes diagnosis in 10 patients and from a yes to a no diagnosis in 51 patients. Conclusions Approximately one-third of adults with cancer experiencing chronic pain attending outpatient clinics as part of routine care were considered to have CRNP in the opinion of the physicians after considering scores on the PD-Q. While physicians did not consider the PD-Q to be a useful tool for all patients, shifts in diagnosis before and after the use of this tool indicate that it may help physicians identify CRNP, especially where there is initial uncertainty.
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Nick JA, Sanders LA, Ickes B, Briones NJ, Caceres SM, Malcolm KC, Brayshaw SJ, Chacon CS, Barboa CM, Jones MC, St Clair C, Taylor-Cousar JL, Nichols DP, Sagel SD, Strand M, Saavedra MT. Blood mRNA biomarkers for detection of treatment response in acute pulmonary exacerbations of cystic fibrosis. Thorax 2013; 68:929-37. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-202278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Aschemann-Witzel J, Pérez-Cueto FJA, Strand M, Verbeke W, Bech-Larsen T. [Success factors in public healthy eating campaigns: a case study]. NUTR HOSP 2013; 27:1536-41. [PMID: 23478702 DOI: 10.3305/nh.2012.27.5.5916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Public campaigns and interventions are rarely fully evaluated regarding their effectiveness. The analysis of past, successful activities can contribute to the future development of public campaigns and interventions for healthier eating. OBJECTIVES The study of public campaigns and interventions for healthier eating aimed at identifying the underlying success factors and describing their relation. METHODS Interviews were conducted with representatives of 11 cases that had been identified as especially successful in an earlier research step. The interviews were analysed with regard to possible success factors and the latter used to develop a model of success factor interrelation. RESULTS It was found that success of the cases was first, attributed to characteristics of the macro environment or to public private partnerships in the initiation of campaigns, second, to the engagement of social communities, elements of empowerment of the target group and the implementation of social marketing measures, and thirdly, in citizens adoption of the campaign and in accompanying structural changes. CONCLUSIONS The model and identified success factors underline that success can stem from three crucial phases: the set up of a campaign, the conduction and finally, the interrelation with the citizen. The model can serve as a guide in the future development of campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aschemann-Witzel
- MAPP-centre, Aarhus School of Business, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Schmid M, Strand M, Ardal G, Lund A, Hammar A. Prolonged Impairment in Inhibition and Semantic Fluency in a Follow-up Study of Recurrent Major Depression. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2011; 26:677-86. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acr048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Traill WB, Shankar B, Brambila-Macias J, Bech-Larsen T, Aschemann-Witzel J, Strand M, Mazzocchi M, Capacci S, Verbeke W, Perez-Cueto FJA, D'Addesa D, Saba A, Turrini A, Niedźwiedzka B, Kozioł-Kozakowska A, Kijowska V, Piórecka B, Infantes M, Wills J, Smillie L, Chalot F, Lyle D. Interventions to promote healthy eating habits: evaluation and recommendations. Obes Rev 2010; 11:895-8. [PMID: 20202134 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2010.00717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although in several EU Member States many public interventions have been running for the prevention and/or management of obesity and other nutrition-related health conditions, few have yet been formally evaluated. The multidisciplinary team of the EATWELL project will gather benchmark data on healthy eating interventions in EU Member States and review existing information on the effectiveness of interventions using a three-stage procedure (i) Assessment of the intervention's impact on consumer attitudes, consumer behaviour and diets; (ii) The impact of the change in diets on obesity and health and (iii) The value attached by society to these changes, measured in life years gained, cost savings and quality-adjusted life years. Where evaluations have been inadequate, EATWELL will gather secondary data and analyse them with a multidisciplinary approach incorporating models from the psychology and economics disciplines. Particular attention will be paid to lessons that can be learned from private sector that are transferable to the healthy eating campaigns in the public sector. Through consumer surveys and workshops with other stakeholders, EATWELL will assess the acceptability of the range of potential interventions. Armed with scientific quantitative evaluations of policy interventions and their acceptability to stakeholders, EATWELL expects to recommend more appropriate interventions for Member States and the EU, providing a one-stop guide to methods and measures in interventions evaluation, and outline data collection priorities for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Traill
- Department of Agricultural and Food Economics, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
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Traill WB, Pérez-Cueto FJA, Shankar B, Brambila-Macias J, Bech-Larsen T, Aschemann-Witzel J, Strand M, Mazzocchi M, Capacci S, D'Addesa D, Saba A, Turrini A, Niedzwiedzka B, Kijowska V, Piorecka B, Infantes M, Wills J, Smillie L, Chalot F, Lyle D, Verbeke W. EATWELL project: approaching European healthy eating policies from a multi-disciplinary perspective. NUTR HOSP 2010; 25:867-868. [PMID: 21336449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
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Rothstein SJ, Dimaio J, Strand M, Rice D. Stable and heritable inhibition of the expression of nopaline synthase in tobacco expressing antisense RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 84:8439-43. [PMID: 16593903 PMCID: PMC299559 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.23.8439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense nopaline synthase (nos) (D-nopaline synthase; EC 1.5.1.19) RNA is stably expressed from the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter in transformed tobacco plants. The expression of a previously introduced wild-type nos gene is inhibited by the antisense RNA, with less nos enzyme activity detected (by a factor of 8-50) depending on the tissue analyzed. The steady-state levels of nos mRNA are reduced in the presence of the antisense RNA, implying that mRNA degradation is probably the main mode of action for the decrease in expression in this system. The antisense RNA-expressing gene and its inhibition of nos expression are shown to be heritable, demonstrating that it is a potentially useful method for the modification of phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Rothstein
- Ciba-Geigy Biotechnology, P. O. Box 12257, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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Abstract
Many issues in DNA barcoding need to be solved before it can reach its goal to become a general database for species identification. While species delimitations are more or less well established in several taxa, there are still many groups where this is not the case. Without the proper taxonomic background/knowledge and corroboration with other kinds of data, the DNA barcoding approach may fail to identify species accurately. The classification and taxonomy of phylum Nemertea (nemerteans, ribbon worms) are traditionally based on morphology, but are not corroborated by an increasing amount of genetic data when it comes to classification either into species or into higher taxa. The taxonomy of the phylum needs to be improved before the full potential of DNA barcoding can be utilized to make sure that valid Linnean names accompany the barcode sequences. We illustrate the problematic situation in the phylum Nemertea by a case study from the genus Cerebratulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sundberg
- Department of Zoology, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 463, SE-412 54 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Abstract
Recent studies suggest that insects use pattern recognition molecules to distinguish prokaryotic pathogens and fungi from "self" structures. Less understood is how the innate immune system of insects recognizes endoparasitic Hymenoptera and other eukaryotic invaders as foreign. Here we discuss candidate recognition factors and the strategies used by parasitoids to overcome host defense responses. We suggest that host-parasitoid systems are important experimental models for studying how the innate immune system of insects recognizes foreign invaders that are phylogenetically more closely related to their hosts. The strategies used by parasitoids suggest that insects may employ "hidden-self" recognition molecules for attacking foreign objects intruding the open circulatory system. BioEssays 23:344-351, 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Schmidt
- Department of Applied and Molecular Ecology, The University of Adelaide, Australia.
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21
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Abstract
Glycoconjugate-bound fucose, abundant in the parasite Schistosoma mansoni, has been found in the form of Fucalpha1,3GlcNAc, Fucalpha1,2Fuc, Fucalpha1,6GlcNAc, and perhaps Fucalpha1,4GlcNAc linkages. Here we quantify fucosyltransferase activities in three developmental stages of S. mansoni. Assays were performed using fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis with detection of radioactive fucose incorporation from GDP-[(14)C]-fucose into structurally defined acceptors. The total fucosyltransferase-specific activity in egg extracts was 50-fold higher than that in the other life stages tested (cercaria and adult worms). A fucosyltransferase was detected that transferred fucose to type-2 oligosaccharides (Galbeta1,4GlcNAc-R), both sialylated (with the sialic acid attached to the terminal Gal by alpha2,3 or 2,6 linkage) and nonsialylated. Another fucosyltransferase was identified that transferred fucose to lactose-based and type-2 fucosylated oligosaccharides, such as LNFIII (Galbeta1,4(Fucalpha1,3)GlcNAcbeta1,3Galbeta1,4Glc). A low level of fucosyltransferase that transfers fucose to no-sialylated type-1 oligosaccharides (Galbeta1,3GlcNAc-R) was also detected. These studies revealed multifucosylated products of the reactions. In addition, the effects of fucose-type iminosugars inhibitors were tested on schistosome fucosyltransferases. A new fucose-type 1-N-iminosugar was four- to sixfold more potent as an inhibitor of schistosome fucosyltransferases in vitro than was deoxyfuconojirimycin. In vivo, this novel 1-iminosugar blocked the expression of a fucosylated epitope (mAb 128C3/3 antigen) that is associated with the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Marques
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences and Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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22
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Abstract
Treatment means in factorial experiments are lattice ordered when there is an increase in mean response as the level of any factor is increased while holding the other factors fixed. Such means occur naturally in many experiments. A nonparametric test for lattice-ordered means involving a Kendall-type statistic will be summarized for k-factor factorial experiments. Specifically, the form of the test statistic and variance under the null hypothesis will be presented. In addition, a normalized version of the test statistic will be discussed and applied to relevant data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Strand
- Department of Statistics, University of California at Los Angeles, Box 951554, Los Angeles, California 90095-1554, USA.
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23
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Ribeiro de Jesus A, Araújo I, Bacellar O, Magalhães A, Pearce E, Harn D, Strand M, Carvalho EM. Human immune responses to Schistosoma mansoni vaccine candidate antigens. Infect Immun 2000; 68:2797-803. [PMID: 10768975 PMCID: PMC97490 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.5.2797-2803.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the naturally occurring immunological responses to the Schistosoma mansoni antigens paramyosin, IrV-5, Sm-23 (MAP-3), and triose phosphate isomerase (MAP-4), a total of 119 subjects from an area of endemicity for schistosomiasis, including "resistant" subjects (n = 17) were evaluated. Specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, and IgA levels for each of the antigens and the cytokine profile in culture supernatants from antigen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were determined. Although all the subjects had a high degree of contaminated water exposure, their infection levels were variable (0 to 1,128 eggs/g of stool). There were direct correlations between infection levels and levels of SWAP- and paramyosin-specific IgG1 and IgG4 (P < 0.05). However, an inverse correlation between infection levels and specific IgG2 to IrV-5 (P < 0.01) was observed. The evaluation of the cytokine profile (interleukin 5 [IL-5], IL-10, gamma interferon [IFN-gamma], and tumor necrosis factor alpha) in response to these antigens showed inverse correlations between the degree of infection and IFN-gamma levels in PBMC supernatants stimulated with paramyosin (P < 0.05) and IrV-5 (P < 0.01). Additionally, inverse correlations between the degree of infection and IL-5 levels in MAP-3- and MAP-4-stimulated PBMC supernatants (P < 0.01) were found. Logistic regression analysis was performed to adjust the results of cytokine profile by age. IL-5 production in MAP-3-stimulated PBMC supernatants was associated with lower infection levels (odds ratio = 11.2 [95% confidence interval, 2.7 to 45.8]).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ribeiro de Jesus
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
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24
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Abstract
The project 'The Register and Preventive Programs for Accidents and Injuries' enabled data collection on all the injured who sought medical aid in Koprivnica County (population 61,052), Croatia, since 1992. Children aged 1-4 years are 5.03% of the whole population of the district. Complex injury attributes were analysed. Binary attributes were classified as input: age, gender, place of injury; and output: severity of injury. A new application of information entropy was introduced and applied to the classification of injury-causes attributes. The information entropy was calculated for the classification of input attributes according to the minimum information content. The decision procedure is given as a sequential procedure separating important from unimportant causes of injury at each decision level. Thus a decision tree with increasing entropy, i.e. decreasing determinism, was obtained showing that age (0.5347 N), place (0.6062 N) and gender (0.6105 N) are measurable attributes in child injury ascertainment in a descending pattern. It was shown that this method is, at the same time, an optimal way of using an attribute decision process of injury causes classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Strand
- Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Rockefellerova, Croatia
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25
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Karanja DM, Boyer AE, Strand M, Colley DG, Nahlen BL, Ouma JH, Secor WE. Studies on schistosomiasis in western Kenya: II. Efficacy of praziquantel for treatment of schistosomiasis in persons coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus-1. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998; 59:307-11. [PMID: 9715952 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1998.59.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Praziquantel is the drug of choice for schistosomiasis chemotherapy. Although the exact mechanism of how praziquantel kills schistosomes remains poorly understood, the immune response of the host is an important factor in drug efficacy. It is thus possible that disease states of humans that lead to immunodeficiencies, such as infection with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), may render praziquantel less effective in treating schistosomiasis. To test this hypothesis, persons with high levels of Schistosoma mansoni infection who were or were not also infected with HIV-1 were treated with a standard regimen of praziquantel and monitored by quantitative fecal examination and plasma circulating cathodic antigen. Both groups responded to praziquantel therapy equally and individuals with low percentages (< 20%) of CD4+ T cells did not differ from individuals with higher CD4 cell percentages. These data demonstrate that persons with HIV-1 infection can be treated effectively for schistosomiasis with praziquantel.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Karanja
- Vector Biology and Control Research Centre, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu
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26
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Abstract
The glycans of schistosomes include many complex carbohydrates that contain fucose. Although the biological functions of these complex carbohydrates are not yet clearly understood, some of these structures are thought to play essential roles in the life cycle of the parasite. Here we present the molecular cloning and characterization of a fucosyltransferase of Schistosoma mansoni with a DNA sequence similarity of 84.6 and 63.7% to mouse and human fucosyltransferase type VII. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA indicated that this S. mansoni fucosyltransferase is the product of a single gene. The schistosome cDNA sequence that we obtained contains an open reading frame encoding a protein of 351 amino acids with a predicted molecular size of 40.5 kDa. From the amino acid sequence, we predicted two potential N-linked and one O-linked glycosylation site. Western blot studies of extracts from stably transfected CHO cells showed a band corresponding to the schistosome fucosyltransferase at 50 kDa, suggesting that the enzyme is indeed glycosylated. We further demonstrated the expression and enzymatic activity of the fucosyltransferase in the transfected cells by immunofluorescence studies and flow microfluorimetric analysis, which indicated that the enzyme is capable of synthesizing the SLeX blood group determinant but not the LeX determinant in CHO cells. The identification of a fucosyltransferase type VII in schistosomes further underscores the importance of fucose-containing glycans in schistosome glycobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Marques
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Science, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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27
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Hoffmann KF, Strand M. Molecular characterization of a 20.8-kDa Schistosoma mansoni antigen. Sequence similarity to tegumental associated antigens and dynein light chains. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:14509-15. [PMID: 9169407 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.23.14509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Survival of Schistosoma mansoni within the infected host requires the parasite to actively maintain its protective tegument. The components responsible for this maintenance are therefore attractive targets for immunoprophylaxis or chemotherapy. Here we report the molecular characterization of a 20.8-kDa tegumental antigen with sequence similarity to dynein light chains and tegumental associated antigens. A cDNA encoding the 20.8-kDa polypeptide contains an open reading frame of 181 amino acids and predicts an isoelectric point of 7.27. Expression of the 20.8-kDa antigen is developmentally regulated, with the highest concentration found in cercariae. Our data show that the 20.8-kDa polypeptide specifically interacts with a S. mansoni 10.4-kDa dynein light chain that we have previously described (Hoffmann, K. F., and Strand, M. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 26117-26123). Velocity sedimentation analysis of a parasite extract demonstrated that this 10.4-kDa dynein light chain and the 20.8-kDa polypeptide were present in a complex that sedimented at 4.4 Svedberg units. We have also shown by antibody cross-reactivity that a 20.8-kDa homolog of the S. mansoni antigen is present in Schistosoma japonicum, but not in Schistosoma hematobium or Fasciola hepatica. Because the 20.8-kDa polypeptide displays ideal characteristics of a potential vaccine candidate, including (i) expression in the tegument, (ii) significant divergence from mammalian brain cytoplasmic dynein, and (iii) a conserved homolog in S. japonicum, we are currently evaluating its immunoprophylactic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Hoffmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Center for Monoclonal Studies, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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28
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Strand M. Effect of mineral nutrition content on oxygen exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence in needles of Norway spruce. Tree Physiol 1997; 17:221-230. [PMID: 14759861 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/17.4.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic O(2) evolution at high irradiances (approximately 600-1000 micro mol m(-2) s(-1)) and O(2) uptake in darkness were measured in needles of control, irrigated and irrigated-fertilized trees of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Measurements were made at 20 degrees C and at high CO(2) concentrations. The results suggest that, at given times of the year, a major part of the variation in gross photosynthesis of current-year and one-year-old needles across treatments is associated with differences in needle N content. Furthermore, the rate of O(2) uptake measured after 5 or 10 min in darkness was positively correlated with both the preceding rate of gross O(2) evolution and the N content in fully expanded current-year needles. Measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence, taken simultaneously with measurements of O(2) evolution in current-year sun needles, showed that Stern-Volmer quenching of minimum fluorescence and the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence in the dark- and light-adapted state were strongly correlated with the gross rate of O(2) evolution. This suggests that the increased rate of gross photosynthesis in needles of irrigated-fertilized trees was associated with adjustments in the thermal energy dissipation within photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Strand
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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29
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30
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Wynn TA, Reynolds A, James S, Cheever AW, Caspar P, Hieny S, Jankovic D, Strand M, Sher A. IL-12 enhances vaccine-induced immunity to schistosomes by augmenting both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against the parasite. J Immunol 1996; 157:4068-78. [PMID: 8892641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The production of Th1-type cytokines is associated with strong cell-mediated immunity, while Th2-type cytokines typically dominate humoral immune responses. In mice vaccinated a single time with attenuated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni, the protection induced is associated with Th1 cytokine-dependent, cell-mediated immunity. In contrast, mice vaccinated multiple times display a more Th2-type dominant cytokine response and develop Ab-dependent resistance. We have previously shown that IL-12 enhances cell-mediated immunity in singly vaccinated mice. In the present study, we asked what effects administering IL-12 as an adjuvant would have on the development of a protective humoral response in multiply immunized animals. We found that multiply immunized/IL-12-treated mice displayed a marked increase in resistance to challenge infection, with some animals demonstrating complete protection. The IL-12-vaccinated mice developed strongly polarized Th1 responses but, importantly, also showed significant increases in parasite-specific Ab and, in particular, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG1 isotypes. Passive transfer demonstrated an enhanced ability of serum from these animals to protect naive recipients. In addition, animals vaccinated in the presence of IL-12 also developed macrophages with increased nitric oxide-dependent killing activity against the parasites. Together, these data demonstrate that IL-12, initially described as an adjuvant for cell-mediated immunity, may be used to simultaneously to promote both humoral and cell-mediated protective responses against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Wynn
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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31
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Wynn TA, Reynolds A, James S, Cheever AW, Caspar P, Hieny S, Jankovic D, Strand M, Sher A. IL-12 enhances vaccine-induced immunity to schistosomes by augmenting both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against the parasite. The Journal of Immunology 1996. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.157.9.4068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The production of Th1-type cytokines is associated with strong cell-mediated immunity, while Th2-type cytokines typically dominate humoral immune responses. In mice vaccinated a single time with attenuated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni, the protection induced is associated with Th1 cytokine-dependent, cell-mediated immunity. In contrast, mice vaccinated multiple times display a more Th2-type dominant cytokine response and develop Ab-dependent resistance. We have previously shown that IL-12 enhances cell-mediated immunity in singly vaccinated mice. In the present study, we asked what effects administering IL-12 as an adjuvant would have on the development of a protective humoral response in multiply immunized animals. We found that multiply immunized/IL-12-treated mice displayed a marked increase in resistance to challenge infection, with some animals demonstrating complete protection. The IL-12-vaccinated mice developed strongly polarized Th1 responses but, importantly, also showed significant increases in parasite-specific Ab and, in particular, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG1 isotypes. Passive transfer demonstrated an enhanced ability of serum from these animals to protect naive recipients. In addition, animals vaccinated in the presence of IL-12 also developed macrophages with increased nitric oxide-dependent killing activity against the parasites. Together, these data demonstrate that IL-12, initially described as an adjuvant for cell-mediated immunity, may be used to simultaneously to promote both humoral and cell-mediated protective responses against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Wynn
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - A Reynolds
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - S James
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - A W Cheever
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - P Caspar
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - S Hieny
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - D Jankovic
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - M Strand
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - A Sher
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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32
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Motyka V, Faiss M, Strand M, Kaminek M, Schmulling T. Changes in Cytokinin Content and Cytokinin Oxidase Activity in Response to Derepression of ipt Gene Transcription in Transgenic Tobacco Calli and Plants. Plant Physiol 1996; 112:1035-1043. [PMID: 12226431 PMCID: PMC158030 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.3.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic control of cytokinin oxidase by its substrate was investigated in planta using wild-type (WT) and conditionally ipt gene-expressing transgenic (IPT) tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) callus cultures and plants. The derepression of the tetracycline (Tc)-dependent ipt gene transcription was followed by a progressive, more than 100-fold increase in total cytokinin content in IPT calli. The activity of cytokinin oxidase extracted from these calli began to increase 16 to 20 h after gene derepression, and after 13 d it was 10-fold higher than from Tc-treated WT calli. An increase in cytokinin oxidase activity, as a consequence of elevated cytokinin levels, was found in detached leaves (8-fold after 4 d) and in roots of intact plants (4-fold after 3 d). The partially purified cytokinin oxidase from WT, repressed IPT, and Tc-derepressed IPT tobacco calli exhibited similar characteristics. It had the same broad pH optimum (pH 6.5-8.5), its activity in vitro was enhanced 4-fold in the presence of copper-imidazole, and the apparent Km(N6-[[delta]2iso-pentenyl]adenine) values were in the range of 3.1 to 4.9 [mu]M. The increase in cytokinin oxidase activity in cytokinin-overproducing tissue was associated with the accumulation of a glycosylated form of the enzyme. The present data indicate the substrate induction of cytokinin oxidase activity in different tobacco tissues, which may contribute to hormone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Motyka
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Ke dvoru 15, CZ-16630 Prague 6, Czech Republic (V.M.); Universitat Tubingen, Lehrstuhl fur Allgemeine Genetik, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076, Tubingen, Germany (M.F., T.S.)
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33
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Hoffmann KF, Strand M. Molecular identification of a Schistosoma mansoni tegumental protein with similarity to cytoplasmic dynein light chains. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:26117-23. [PMID: 8824255 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.42.26117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The tegument of Schistosoma mansoni contains a number of proteins that presumably function in its maintenance and/or repair against damage incurred from host-mediated humoral immune responses. Here, we show that the schistosome antigen identified by monoclonal antibody 709A2/2 is a cytoplasmic dynein light chain. Dynein light chains are components of dynein, an enzyme complex involved in various aspects of microtubule-based motility. Monoclonal antibody 709A2/2 recognizes two polypeptides, one of 8.9 kDa and a second of 7.6 kDa, as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We find that expression of S. mansoni dynein light chain is developmentally regulated and localized to the tegument in the schistosomula, lung stage worms, and adult worms, but is not present in the cercariae or ciliated miracidia. By Northern blot analysis of adult worm RNA, S. mansoni dynein light chain is encoded by a single message of approximately 600 base pairs. A cDNA encoding this polypeptide contains an open reading frame of 89 amino acids with a deduced molecular mass of 10.4 kDa. Coprecipitation of an apparent 18.4-kDa antigen with S. mansoni dynein light chain by monoclonal antibody 709A2/2 illustrates that this molecule has an affinity for other proteins. Such interactions may play a role in S. mansoni dynein light chain participation in organelle trafficking in S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Hoffmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Center for Monoclonal Studies, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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34
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Jankovic D, Aslund L, Oswald IP, Caspar P, Champion C, Pearce E, Coligan JE, Strand M, Sher A, James SL. Calpain is the target antigen of a Th1 clone that transfers protective immunity against Schistosoma mansoni. J Immunol 1996; 157:806-14. [PMID: 8752932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A CD4+ clone (clone B), characterized as Th1 based on its selective production of IFN-gamma and IL-2, was established from C57Bl/6 mice protectively immunized against Schistosoma mansoni by intradermal vaccination with soluble worm Ags, plus bacillus Calmette Guerin. In agreement with previous results demonstrating an IFN-gamma-dependent cell-mediated protective mechanism in this vaccination model, Ag-elicited peritoneal macrophages from syngeneic recipients of this clone were activated to kill schistosome larvae (schistosomula) in vitro. Moreover, recipients of clone B displayed significant resistance against cercarial challenge. By screening a battery of lambda(gt11) clones from an adult worm cDNA library, one recombinant (25B) was identified that stimulated clone B specifically. Analysis of the 25B cDNA insert revealed a nucleotide sequence identical with that of the large subunit of schistosome calpain, a Ca2+-activated neutral proteinase. By expressing the products of PCR subcloning, we identified a 146-amino acid region of the 25B gene containing immunologic activity equivalent to the whole polypeptide. Overlapping peptides spanning this region were synthesized, and a core epitope was identified with the sequence EWKGAWCDGS. Since clone B responds to supernatants from cultured schistosomula, we postulate that the recognition of calpain released by invading larvae and resulting induction of Th1 cytokines accounts for the protection mediated by the adoptively transferred clone. Our findings thus implicate calpain as a target of protective immunity in schistosomes and provide the first example of a candidate vaccine Ag for this parasite identified on the basis of T cell reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jankovic
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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35
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Jankovic D, Aslund L, Oswald IP, Caspar P, Champion C, Pearce E, Coligan JE, Strand M, Sher A, James SL. Calpain is the target antigen of a Th1 clone that transfers protective immunity against Schistosoma mansoni. The Journal of Immunology 1996. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.157.2.806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A CD4+ clone (clone B), characterized as Th1 based on its selective production of IFN-gamma and IL-2, was established from C57Bl/6 mice protectively immunized against Schistosoma mansoni by intradermal vaccination with soluble worm Ags, plus bacillus Calmette Guerin. In agreement with previous results demonstrating an IFN-gamma-dependent cell-mediated protective mechanism in this vaccination model, Ag-elicited peritoneal macrophages from syngeneic recipients of this clone were activated to kill schistosome larvae (schistosomula) in vitro. Moreover, recipients of clone B displayed significant resistance against cercarial challenge. By screening a battery of lambda(gt11) clones from an adult worm cDNA library, one recombinant (25B) was identified that stimulated clone B specifically. Analysis of the 25B cDNA insert revealed a nucleotide sequence identical with that of the large subunit of schistosome calpain, a Ca2+-activated neutral proteinase. By expressing the products of PCR subcloning, we identified a 146-amino acid region of the 25B gene containing immunologic activity equivalent to the whole polypeptide. Overlapping peptides spanning this region were synthesized, and a core epitope was identified with the sequence EWKGAWCDGS. Since clone B responds to supernatants from cultured schistosomula, we postulate that the recognition of calpain released by invading larvae and resulting induction of Th1 cytokines accounts for the protection mediated by the adoptively transferred clone. Our findings thus implicate calpain as a target of protective immunity in schistosomes and provide the first example of a candidate vaccine Ag for this parasite identified on the basis of T cell reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jankovic
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - L Aslund
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - I P Oswald
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - P Caspar
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - C Champion
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - E Pearce
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J E Coligan
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M Strand
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A Sher
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - S L James
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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36
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Abstract
Female members of the species Schistosoma mansoni require continual interaction with males to achieve sexual maturity [1,2]. The nature of the developmental stimuli provided by the adult male parasite are unknown. Aronstein and Strand have reported that the surface expression of an 86-kDa gynecophoral canal protein, SmGCP, is gender-specific in adult S. mansoni [3]. The antigen shows wide distribution on the surface of adult female worms, but in males surface expression is limited to the gynecophoral canal, the site of direct interaction between the mating pair. Expression of the antigen is undetectable or severely diminished in unmated male worms, suggesting a role for this glycoprotein in schistosome mating and/or egg production. We report here the molecular cloning and sequencing of a cDNA clone, SmGCP, which contains a deduced amino acid sequence of 688 residues with a predicted molecular mass of 79 kDa. SmGCP is encoded by a single RNA transcript of 2.4 kb. Enzymatic removal of N-linked glycans from native SmGCP results in a 7-kDa shift in molecular mass as observed by SDS-PAGE. SmGCP contains multiple short, conserved repeat regions with sequence similarity to the developmentally-regulated neural cell adhesion molecule fasciclin I. Although localized to the schistosome surface, SmGCP lacks a convincing transmembrane region. The identification of a gynecophoral canal-specific antigen may have implications for the reproductive development of schistosomes and may provide a novel target for anti-parasite therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Bostic
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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37
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Abstract
THe polyembryonic wasp Copidosoma floridanum produces up to 2000 individuals from a single egg. During the production of individual embryos the original anteroposterior axis of the egg is lost and axial patterning must subsequently be reestablished within each embryo. The mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. In most insects, egg polarity is established during oogenesis and early development takes place in a syncytium. In Drosophila melanogaster, the syncytium is considered essential for establishing the morphogenetic gradients that initiate segmental patterning. However, we found that development of C. floridanum occurs almost exclusively in a cellularized environment. To determine whether the D. melanogaster patterning cascade is conserved in the absence of a syncytium, we analyzed the expression of Even-skipped, Engrailed and Ultrabithorax/Abdominal-A during polyembryonic development. Here we show that in spite of the absence of a syncytium, the elements of the D. melanogaster segmentation hierarchy are conserved. The segment-polarity gene Engrailed and the homeotic genes Ultrabithorax/Abdominal-A are expressed in a conserved pattern relative to D. melanogaster. However, we detect an alteration in the expression of the Even-skipped antigen. Even-skipped is initially expressed in segmentally reiterated stripes and not in the pair-rule pattern as it is in D. melanogaster. We also observe that the expression of these regulatory proteins does not occur during the early proliferative phases of polyembryony. Our results indicate that a syncytium is not required for segmental patterning in this insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grbic
- Developmental Biology Program and Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53076, USA
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38
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Abstract
PURPOSE The goals of this study were to learn whether the DOTA chelator was useful for targeting lead radionuclides (203,212 Pb) to cells and tissues invaded by the Rauscher leukemia virus (RVB3) and to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of targeted 212Pb in treating the murine leukemia. METHODS AND MATERIALS Five to 6-week-old BALB/c mice were inoculated i.v. with RVB3. This virus causes marked splenomegaly and death by day 13 and day 70 postinfection, respectively. Biodistribution, tumor targeting, and toxicity studies were performed using varying doses of 212Pb-DOTA-103A. A heavy metal chelator, DMPS, was administered orally and parenterally in two phases of the toxicity study. RESULTS Biodistribution studies showed marked tumor targeting (58% ID/g spleen) in mice treated with 203Pb-103A as compared with mice treated with control antibody B3 (4.6% ID/g spleen). Histologic cure was achieved in all leukemic mice treated with 20 muCi212Pb-103A; however, all of the mice died with leukopenia and secondary++ bacterial infections due to severe bone marrow toxicity. Nonleukemic mice and mice treated with 20 muCi212Pb-B3 experienced less marrow toxicity and longer survival. Coadministration of the heavy metal chelator did not diminish the bone marrow toxicity. CONCLUSION An effective, nonlethal dose could not be established to treat this tumor. The severe bone marrow toxicity associated with this radionuclide may limit its usefulness in systemic radioimmunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ruble
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205. USA
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39
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Abstract
A 100-kDa astrocyte antigen previously shown to cross-react with a monoclonal antibody (MAb) generated against amino acids (aa) 598 to 609 of the transmembrane protein gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [HIV-1] has now been molecularly characterized and found to be an alpha-actinin (alpha-actinin) related protein. Western blot analyses of human astrocytoma cells fractionated by differential centrifugation and detergent phase separation showed that the antigen was membrane associated. The astrocyte protein was purified to apparent homogeneity by immunoaffinity chromatography. Amino acid analysis of three peptide fragments obtained by cleavage of the purified 100-kDa protein revealed sequence identities of 77, 83 and 100% to a non-muscle isoform of human alpha-actinin. In addition, the aa 598-609 sequence of gp41 recognized by MAb 781.4, and the aa 581-597 sequence recognized by another cross-reactive MAb 781.3, were 73% and 53% similar to regions of alpha-actinin. This molecular mimicry between gp41 and alpha-actinin was supported by antibody cross-reactivity in Western immunoblot and ELISA analyses. Both anti-gp41 and anti-alpha-actinin MAbs bind to the surface of the human astrocytoma cells as detected by a cell surface binding assay and immunofluorescence. Antibodies made against this immunodominant region of gp41 in the serum and CSF of HIV-infected individuals have access to astrocytes within the CNS. The identification of the astrocyte antigen as an alpha-actinin related protein will allow further work to determine how this immunological cross-reactivity could perturb astrocyte function and contribute to HIV neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Spehar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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40
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Strand M, Earley MC, Crouse GF, Petes TD. Mutations in the MSH3 gene preferentially lead to deletions within tracts of simple repetitive DNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:10418-21. [PMID: 7479796 PMCID: PMC40808 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.22.10418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic genomes contain tracts of DNA in which a single base or a small number of bases are repeated (microsatellites). Mutations in the yeast DNA mismatch repair genes MSH2, PMS1, and MLH1 increase the frequency of mutations for normal DNA sequences and destabilize microsatellites. Mutations of human homologs of MSH2, PMS1, and MLH1 also cause microsatellite instability and result in certain types of cancer. We find that a mutation in the yeast gene MSH3 that does not substantially affect the rate of spontaneous mutations at several loci increases microsatellite instability about 40-fold, preferentially causing deletions. We suggest that MSH3 has different substrate specificities than the other mismatch repair proteins and that the human MSH3 homolog (MRP1) may be mutated in some tumors with microsatellite instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Strand
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-3280, USA
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41
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Yuhasz SC, Parry C, Strand M, Amzel LM. Structural analysis of affinity maturation: the three-dimensional structures of complexes of an anti-nitrophenol antibody. Mol Immunol 1995; 32:1143-55. [PMID: 8544863 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(95)00063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Affinity maturation of the immune response to nitrophenol-containing antigens has been extensively investigated. Significant strides made during the past several years with the advent of PCR technology have provided a wealth of biochemical knowledge. Structural investigations of the phenomena have however been limited. We have determined the three-dimensional structure of the Fab fragment of 88C6/12, an anti-4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl acetic acid antibody complexed with the immunizing hapten and with a heteroclitic iodinated hapten. The crystallographic structure of the complexes reveals that the binding is stabilized by a number of hydrogen bonds and extensive van der Waals interactions between the hapten and the antibody. In addition, the Fab binding pocket contains a region of positive electrostatic potential well suited for interaction with the predominant resonance form of the nitrophenyl ring system. The observed heteroclicity towards the iodinated hapten is not a direct result of iodine-protein interactions, but results from the enhanced stability in the iodinated ring of the resonance form that binds the antibody. In addition this investigation provides a rationale for the strong preference for the substitution in the heavy chain from the germ-line gene encoded Trp 33 to Leu 33 in the mature anti-nitrophenol response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Yuhasz
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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42
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Strand M, Lundmark T. Recovery of photosynthesis in 1-year-old needles of unfertilized and fertilized Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) during spring. Tree Physiol 1995; 15:151-158. [PMID: 14965970 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/15.3.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic O(2) evolution and chlorophyll a fluorescence were measured in 1-year-old needles of unfertilized and fertilized trees of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) during recovery of photosynthesis from winter inhibition in northern Sweden. Measurements were made under laboratory conditions at 20 degrees C. In general, the CO(2)-saturated rate of O(2) evolution was higher in needles of fertilized trees than in needles of unfertilized trees over a wide range of incident photon flux densities. Furthermore, the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem (PS) II, as indicated by the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence (F(V)/F(M)) was higher in needles of fertilized trees than in needles of unfertilized trees. The largest differences in F(V)/F(M) between the two treatments occurred before the main recovery of photosynthesis from winter inhibition in late May. The rate of O(2) evolution was higher in needles of north-facing branches than in needles of south-facing branches in the middle of May. Simultaneous measurements of O(2) exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence indicated that differences in the rate of O(2) evolution between the two treatments were paralleled by differences in the rate of PS II electron transport determined by chlorophyll fluorescence. We suggest that, during recovery of photosynthesis from winter inhibition, the balance between carbon assimilation and PS II electron transport was maintained largely by adjustments in the nonphotochemical dissipation of excitation energy within PS II.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Strand
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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43
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Abstract
Praziquantel is the drug of choice for human schistosomiasis. The efficacy of this drug is impaired in immune-deficient mice. However, transfer to B cell-depleted mice of a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a 200-kDa GPI-anchored glycoprotein of S. mansoni restores the effectiveness of praziquantel. In order to characterize this target antigen, we have isolated and sequenced cDNA clones encoding the 200-kDa protein. Three overlapping cDNA clones contained the complete nucleotide sequence. The sequences of five tryptic peptides from the native 200-kDa protein could be matched with regions in the amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the isolated clones. This deduced amino acid sequence differed from sequences available in six databases. Praziquantel exposes epitopes on the worm surface that are normally not exposed, and we have shown by immunofluorescent staining that the fusion protein encoded by one of our cDNA clones expresses epitopes that are exposed on the surface of praziquantel-treated worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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44
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Abstract
An antigen expressed by astrocytes in human brain tissue and by various human astrocytoma cell lines was shown to cross-react with a monoclonal antibody generated against amino acids (aa) 584 to 609 of the transmembrane protein gp41 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). This region is an immunodominant segment of gp41, and high levels of antibodies against this epitope have been detected in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-infected individuals at all stages of HIV infection. Immunohistochemistry with this monoclonal antibody demonstrated the presence of a cross-reactive antigen in human brain tissue, with an increased frequency and intensity of staining in HIV-positive individuals when compared with HIV-negative controls. By using a panel of HIV-positive and -negative sera, we show that antibodies in HIV-positive serum specifically bound to the surfaces of human astrocytoma cells. HIV-positive sera depleted of antibodies recognizing gp41 aa 584 to 609 showed a significant diminution in cell surface binding. Conversely, the serum antibodies that bound to and were eluted from the aa 584 to 609 peptide also bound to the astrocyte cell surface. To identify the target antigen, the immunoreactivity of three astrocytoma cell lines was examined. By immunoprecipitation of metabolically labeled cell lysates and Western blot (immunoblot) analysis, we identified a protein of approximately 100 kDa as the target antigen. Cross-reactive antibodies between HIV proteins and astrocyte epitopes, such as this 100-kDa protein and others previously reported, suggests that an autoimmune response against these target antigens may disrupt the normal functions of astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Spehar
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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45
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Hawn TR, Strand M. Developmentally regulated localization and phosphorylation of SmIrV1, a Schistosoma mansoni antigen with similarity to calnexin. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:20083-9. [PMID: 8051095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Potential molecular targets of a protective humoral immune response against schistosomiasis have previously been identified based on their enhanced immunogenicity in mice vaccinated with irradiated cercaria as compared to chronically infected mice. One of these antigens, IrV1, has been molecularly cloned and its sequence shown to be similar to the molecular chaperone calnexin. In this investigation, we partially characterized IrV1 from different developmental stages of the schistosome. Immunoprecipitation studies with antibodies raised against a portion of recombinant IrV1 demonstrated its presence in cercaria, schistosomula, and adult worms with an apparent molecular mass on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 90 kDa. There was an approximate 6-fold increase in protein expression level during the cercaria to schistosomula transformation. Consistent with a potential role as a molecular chaperone, IrV1 was associated with several metabolically labeled proteins in co-immunoprecipitation studies with the adult worm tegumental fraction. Similar to calnexin, IrV1 was metabolically labeled with 32P in adult worms on serine and threonine residues and was one of the major phosphoproteins of this stage. This phosphorylation was developmentally regulated and coincided with the transformation of cercaria into schistosomula. The localization was also stage-specific as IrV1 was transported from internal regions of cercaria to the outer tegumental layer of schistosomula. The presence of IrV1 on the surface of schistosomula, an unprecedented localization for this family of endoplasmic reticulum proteins, supports additional studies of the immunoprophylactic potential of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Hawn
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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46
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Abstract
Synthetic peptides derived from the putative immunosuppressive region of HIV-1 gp41 were examined to identify the amino acids required for suppressive activity. The active sequence was similar to the pseudosubstrate regulatory peptide of protein kinase C and to a sequence from the cyclic immune peptides known as defensins. The activity of the gp41 peptides appeared to be dependent upon a structural conformation, possibly a looped motif like that found in defensins. This similarity to defensins, which can insert themselves into lipid bilayers, was further strengthened by demonstrating that gp41 peptides have the ability to associate with liposomes and lymphocyte membranes. These results suggest that the immunosuppressive region of gp41 may participate in the membrane interactions required for viral fusion and infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Monell
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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47
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Abstract
We have used two monoclonal antibodies, 128C3/3 and 504B1, to immunolocalize their carbohydrate epitopes in different developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni. Both epitopes contain fucose: mAb 128C3/3, as we have shown previously, recognizes fucose in a novel, possibly internal linkage (Levery et al. 1992) while mAb 504B1, as we show here, bound to the Le(x) epitope, which contains fucose alpha 1-->3 linked to N-acetyl-glucosamine. The tissue expression of these epitopes was strikingly different and both elicit an immune response in infected hosts. The mAb 128C3/3-defined epitope was exposed on the surface of all larval stages but not on adult worms; however, it was found in the excretory system of adult worms of both sexes. In contrast, surface expression of the Le(x) epitope was initiated after the transformation of cercariae to schistosomula and was maintained throughout the adult life in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Köster
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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48
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Abstract
Sm23, a surface protein of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni, belongs to the family of "cysteine-rich, hydrophobic proteins," which are expressed on mammalian hematopoietic cells or tumor cells. Sm23 shares the highly conserved hydrophobicity profile of these proteins, which predicts four transmembrane segments, but is in addition linked to the membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Our results suggest that Sm23 uses both the potential transmembrane domains and the GPI anchor for membrane insertion: (a) Sm23 was not released from the surface after cleavage with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PIPLC). (b) In a Triton X-114 phase-separation system, native [3H]ethanolamine- or [35S]methionine-labeled Sm23 partitioned into the detergent phase. Upon removal of the GPI anchor by PIPLC, the majority of the molecules stayed in the detergent-phase as expected of a transmembrane protein. (c) When full-length recombinant Sm23 was transcribed and translated in vitro, the polypeptide chain was inserted into microsomal membranes: Sm23 stayed associated with the membranes when they were incubated with carbonate buffer at pH 11.5, and membrane bound Sm23 was protected from digestion with proteinase K. (d) Recombinant Sm23, when expressed in the baculovirus expression system, was transported to the surface of infected insect cells, and similarly to the native protein it was not released from these cells after cleavage with PIPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Köster
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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49
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Soisson LA, Strand M. Schistosoma mansoni: induction of protective immunity in rats using a recombinant fragment of a parasite surface antigen. Exp Parasitol 1993; 77:492-4. [PMID: 8253163 DOI: 10.1006/expr.1993.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L A Soisson
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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50
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Soisson LA, Reid GD, Farah IO, Nyindo M, Strand M. Protective immunity in baboons vaccinated with a recombinant antigen or radiation-attenuated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni is antibody-dependent. J Immunol 1993; 151:4782-9. [PMID: 8409436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mice vaccinated with radiation-attenuated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni exhibit high levels of resistance to challenge infection. We have previously shown that sera from these mice recognize polypeptides that are expressed on the surface of newly transformed schistosomula. We have cloned and sequenced a cDNA that encodes a 62-kDa portion of one of these polypeptides. Vaccination of mice with this 62-kDa polypeptide (designated rlrV-5) elicits high antibody titers and significant resistance to challenge infection. We report here the results of a vaccination trial in baboons with the rlrV-5 or radiation-attenuated cercariae. rlrV-5 was presented either in the form of protein micelles or complexed with the outer membrane protein of meningococcus to form proteosomes. The level of protection achieved in these groups ranged from 0 to 54%, with a mean of 27.7%. In baboons exposed to radiation-attenuated cercariae the level of protection was very high, with a mean of 84%. The resistance observed after vaccination with rlrV-5 or radiation-attenuated cercariae was reflected in the overall histopathology. Vaccination of baboons with rlrV-5 or radiation-attenuated cercariae elicited an antibody response against epitopes exposed on the surface of newly transformed schistosomula. In the case of baboons vaccinated with radiation-attenuated cercariae, this response was not limited to epitopes encompassed by rlrV-5. Analysis of individual baboon sera by ELISA demonstrated that there was a direct correlation between the anti-rlrV-5 titer and resistance to challenge worm burden, suggesting that the immunoprotective mechanism is antibody-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Soisson
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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