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Wang B, Shen WB, Townsel C, Baracco L, Logue J, Reece EA, Frieman MB, Yang P. Placental SARS-CoV-2 infection and its implications for increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Am J Perinatol 2024. [PMID: 38729183 DOI: 10.1055/a-2323-0854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pregnant women are at increased risk of COVID-19. This could be explained through the prism of physiologic and immunologic changes in pregnancy. In addition, certain immunological reactions originate in the placenta in response to viral infections. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate whether SARS-CoV-2 can infect the human placenta and discuss its implications in the pathogenesis of adverse pregnancy outcomes. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a retrospective cohort study in which we collected placental specimens from pregnant women who had a laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. We performed RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) assay on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues to establish the in vivo evidence for placental infectivity by this corona virus. In addition, we infected trophoblast isolated from uninfected term human placenta with SARS-CoV-2 variants to further provide in vitro evidence for such an infectivity. RESULTS There was a total of 21 cases enrolled, which included five cases of spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB) and two intrauterine fetal demises (IUFDs). Positive staining of positive-sense strand (PSS) of SARS-CoV-2 virions was detected in 15 placentas including four SPTB and both IUFDs. In vitro infection assay demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 virions were highly capable of infecting both cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast. CONCLUSION This study implies that placental SARS-CoV-2 infection may be associated with an increased risk of adverse obstetrical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Wang
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Wei-Bin Shen
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Courtney Townsel
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Lauren Baracco
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - James Logue
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - E Albert Reece
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Peixin Yang
- Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
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2
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Logue J, Melville VM, Ardanuy J, Frieman MB. CNP blocks mitochondrial depolarization and inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro and in vivo. bioRxiv 2023:2023.06.09.544327. [PMID: 37333151 PMCID: PMC10274905 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.09.544327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has claimed over 6.5 million lives worldwide and continues to have lasting impacts on the world's healthcare and economic systems. Several approved and emergency authorized therapeutics that inhibit early stages of the virus replication cycle have been developed however, effective late-stage therapeutical targets have yet to be identified. To that end, our lab identified that 2',3' cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) inhibits SARS-CoV-2 virion assembly. We show that CNP inhibits the generation of new SARS-CoV-2 virions, reducing intracellular titers without inhibiting viral structural protein translation. Additionally, we show that targeting of CNP to mitochondria is necessary for inhibition, blocking mitochondrial depolarization and implicating CNP's proposed role as an inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeabilization transition pore (mPTP) as the mechanism of virion assembly inhibition. We also demonstrate that an adenovirus expressing virus expressing both human ACE2 and CNP inhibits SARS-CoV-2 titers to undetectable levels in lungs of mice. Collectively, this work shows the potential of CNP to be a new SARS-CoV-2 antiviral target.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Logue
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore,Maryland, USA
- Center for Pathogen Research, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore,Maryland, USA
| | - Victoria M. Melville
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore,Maryland, USA
- Center for Pathogen Research, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore,Maryland, USA
| | - Jeremy Ardanuy
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore,Maryland, USA
- Center for Pathogen Research, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore,Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew B. Frieman
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore,Maryland, USA
- Center for Pathogen Research, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore,Maryland, USA
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3
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Logue J, Melville VM, Ardanuy J, Frieman MB. CNP blocks mitochondrial depolarization and inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro and in vivo. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011870. [PMID: 38117830 PMCID: PMC10766180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has claimed over 6.5 million lives worldwide and continues to have lasting impacts on the world's healthcare and economic systems. Several approved and emergency authorized therapeutics that inhibit early stages of the virus replication cycle have been developed however, effective late-stage therapeutical targets have yet to be identified. To that end, our lab identified that 2',3' cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) inhibits SARS-CoV-2 virion assembly. We show that CNP inhibits the generation of new SARS-CoV-2 virions, reducing intracellular titers without inhibiting viral structural protein translation. Additionally, we show that targeting of CNP to mitochondria is necessary for inhibition, blocking mitochondrial depolarization and implicating CNP's proposed role as an inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeabilization transition pore (mPTP) as the mechanism of virion assembly inhibition. We also demonstrate that an adenovirus expressing virus expressing both human ACE2 and CNP inhibits SARS-CoV-2 titers to undetectable levels in lungs of mice. Collectively, this work shows the potential of CNP to be a new SARS-CoV-2 antiviral target.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Logue
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Pathogen Research, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Victoria M. Melville
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Pathogen Research, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Ardanuy
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Pathogen Research, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew B. Frieman
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Pathogen Research, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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4
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O'Meara TR, Nanishi E, McGrath ME, Barman S, Dong D, Dillen C, Menon M, Seo HS, Dhe-Paganon S, Ernst RK, Levy O, Frieman MB, Dowling DJ. Reduced SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine immunogenicity and protection in mice with diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:1107-1120.e6. [PMID: 37595760 PMCID: PMC10841117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are associated with an increased risk of severe outcomes from infectious diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019. These conditions are also associated with distinct responses to immunization, including an impaired response to widely used severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccines. OBJECTIVE We sought to establish a connection between reduced immunization efficacy via modeling the effects of metabolic diseases on vaccine immunogenicity that is essential for the development of more effective vaccines for this distinct vulnerable population. METHODS A murine model of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance was used to model the effects of comorbid T2DM and obesity on vaccine immunogenicity and protection. RESULTS Mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) developed obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and glucose intolerance. Relative to mice fed a normal diet, HFD mice vaccinated with a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine exhibited significantly lower anti-spike IgG titers, predominantly in the IgG2c subclass, associated with a lower type 1 response, along with a 3.83-fold decrease in neutralizing titers. Furthermore, enhanced vaccine-induced spike-specific CD8+ T-cell activation and protection from lung infection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge were seen only in mice fed a normal diet but not in HFD mice. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated impaired immunity following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA immunization in a murine model of comorbid T2DM and obesity, supporting the need for further research into the basis for impaired anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity in T2DM and investigation of novel approaches to enhance vaccine immunogenicity among those with metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R O'Meara
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Etsuro Nanishi
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Marisa E McGrath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Soumik Barman
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Danica Dong
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Carly Dillen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Manisha Menon
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Hyuk-Soo Seo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Robert K Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Md
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - David J Dowling
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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5
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Sunshine S, Puschnik AS, Replogle JM, Laurie MT, Liu J, Zha BS, Nuñez JK, Byrum JR, McMorrow AH, Frieman MB, Winkler J, Qiu X, Rosenberg OS, Leonetti MD, Ye CJ, Weissman JS, DeRisi JL, Hein MY. Systematic functional interrogation of SARS-CoV-2 host factors using Perturb-seq. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6245. [PMID: 37803001 PMCID: PMC10558542 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic and proteomic screens have identified numerous host factors of SARS-CoV-2, but efficient delineation of their molecular roles during infection remains a challenge. Here we use Perturb-seq, combining genetic perturbations with a single-cell readout, to investigate how inactivation of host factors changes the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the host response in human lung epithelial cells. Our high-dimensional data resolve complex phenotypes such as shifts in the stages of infection and modulations of the interferon response. However, only a small percentage of host factors showed such phenotypes upon perturbation. We further identified the NF-κB inhibitor IκBα (NFKBIA), as well as the translation factors EIF4E2 and EIF4H as strong host dependency factors acting early in infection. Overall, our study provides massively parallel functional characterization of host factors of SARS-CoV-2 and quantitatively defines their roles both in virus-infected and bystander cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sunshine
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Joseph M Replogle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew T Laurie
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jamin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California, Berkeley-UCSF Joint Graduate Program in Bioengineering, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Beth Shoshana Zha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James K Nuñez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Janie R Byrum
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Juliane Winkler
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaojie Qiu
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Oren S Rosenberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Chun Jimmie Ye
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan S Weissman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Marco Y Hein
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter Campus (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Biochemistry, Vienna, Austria.
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6
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Li M, Ayyanathan K, Dittmar M, Miller J, Tapescu I, Lee JS, McGrath ME, Xue Y, Vashee S, Schultz DC, Frieman MB, Cherry S. SARS-CoV-2 ORF6 protein does not antagonize interferon signaling in respiratory epithelial Calu-3 cells during infection. mBio 2023; 14:e0119423. [PMID: 37377442 PMCID: PMC10470815 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01194-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused millions of deaths, posing a substantial threat to global public health. Viruses evolve different strategies to antagonize or evade host immune responses. While ectopic expression of SARS-CoV-2 accessory protein ORF6 blocks interferon (IFN) production and downstream IFN signaling, the role of ORF6 in IFN signaling during bona fide viral infection of respiratory cells is unclear. By comparing wild-type (WT) and ORF6-deleted (ΔORF6) SARS-CoV-2 infection and IFN signaling in respiratory cells, we found that ΔORF6 SARS-CoV-2 replicates more efficiently than WT virus and, thus, stimulates more robust immune signaling. Loss of ORF6 does not alter innate signaling in infected cells: both WT and ΔORF6 virus induce delayed IFN responses only in bystander cells. Moreover, expression of ORF6 in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection has no effect on Sendai virus-stimulated IFN induction: robust translocation of IRF3 is observed in both SARS-CoV-2 infected and bystander cells. Furthermore, IFN pretreatment potently blocks WT and ΔORF6 virus replication similarly, and both viruses fail to suppress the induction of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) upon IFN-β treatment. However, upon treatment with IFN-β, only bystander cells induce STAT1 translocation during infection with WT virus, whereas ΔORF6 virus-infected cells now show translocation. This suggests that under conditions of high IFN activation, ORF6 can attenuate STAT1 activation. These data provide evidence that ORF6 is not sufficient to antagonize IFN production or IFN signaling in SARS-CoV-2-infected respiratory cells but may impact the efficacy of therapeutics that stimulate innate immune pathways. IMPORTANCE Previous studies identified several SARS-CoV-2 proteins, including ORF6, that antagonize host innate immune responses in the context of overexpression of viral proteins in non-respiratory cells. We set out to determine the role of ORF6 in IFN responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection of respiratory cells. Using a deletion strain, we observed no reduction of infection and no difference in evasion of IFN signaling, with responses limited to bystander cells. Moreover, stimulation of Sendai virus-induced IFN production or IFN-β-stimulated ISG expression was comparable between SARS-CoV-2 virus and SARS-CoV-2 lacking ORF6 virus, suggesting that ORF6 is not sufficient to counteract IFN induction or IFN signaling during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Kasirajan Ayyanathan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark Dittmar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jesse Miller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Iulia Tapescu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jae Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marisa E. McGrath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yong Xue
- J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - David C. Schultz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew B. Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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7
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Rodriguez-Rodriguez BA, Ciabattoni GO, Duerr R, Valero-Jimenez AM, Yeung ST, Crosse KM, Schinlever AR, Bernard-Raichon L, Rodriguez Galvan J, McGrath ME, Vashee S, Xue Y, Loomis CA, Khanna KM, Cadwell K, Desvignes L, Frieman MB, Ortigoza MB, Dittmann M. A neonatal mouse model characterizes transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 variants and reveals a role for ORF8. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3026. [PMID: 37230979 PMCID: PMC10211296 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38783-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Small animal models have been a challenge for the study of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, with most investigators using golden hamsters or ferrets. Mice have the advantages of low cost, wide availability, less regulatory and husbandry challenges, and the existence of a versatile reagent and genetic toolbox. However, adult mice do not robustly transmit SARS-CoV-2. Here we establish a model based on neonatal mice that allows for transmission of clinical SARS-CoV-2 isolates. We characterize tropism, respiratory tract replication and transmission of ancestral WA-1 compared to variants Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), Omicron BA.1 and Omicron BQ.1.1. We identify inter-variant differences in timing and magnitude of infectious particle shedding from index mice, both of which shape transmission to contact mice. Furthermore, we characterize two recombinant SARS-CoV-2 lacking either the ORF6 or ORF8 host antagonists. The removal of ORF8 shifts viral replication towards the lower respiratory tract, resulting in significantly delayed and reduced transmission in our model. Our results demonstrate the potential of our neonatal mouse model to characterize viral and host determinants of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, while revealing a role for an accessory protein in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grace O Ciabattoni
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ralf Duerr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Vaccine Center, NYU Grossmann of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ana M Valero-Jimenez
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Stephen T Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Keaton M Crosse
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Austin R Schinlever
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Lucie Bernard-Raichon
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Joaquin Rodriguez Galvan
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Marisa E McGrath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Sanjay Vashee
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Yong Xue
- Department of Synthetic Biology and Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Cynthia A Loomis
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Kamal M Khanna
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ludovic Desvignes
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- High Containment Laboratories - Office of Science and Research, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Mila B Ortigoza
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Meike Dittmann
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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8
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Rao X, Razavi M, Mihai G, Wei Y, Braunstein Z, Frieman MB, Sun XJ, Gong Q, Chen J, Zhao G, Liu Z, Quon MJ, Dong L, Rajagopalan S, Zhong J. Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4/Midline-1 Axis Promotes T Lymphocyte Motility in Atherosclerosis. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2204194. [PMID: 36683148 PMCID: PMC10037965 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
T cells play a crucial role in atherosclerosis, with its infiltration preceding the formation of atheroma. However, how T-cell infiltration is regulated in atherosclerosis remains largely unknown. Here, this work demonstrates that dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) is a novel regulator of T-cell motility in atherosclerosis. Single-cell ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing and flow cytometry show that CD4+ T cells in atherosclerotic patients display a marked increase of DPP4. Lack of DPP4 in hematopoietic cells or T cells reduces T-cell infiltration and atherosclerotic plaque volume in atherosclerosis mouse models. Mechanistically, DPP4 deficiency reduces T-cell motility by suppressing the expression of microtubule associated protein midline-1 (Mid1) in T cells. Deletion of either DPP4 or Mid1 inhibits chemokine-induced shape change and motility, while restitution of Mid1 in Dpp4-/- T cell largely restores its migratory ability. Thus, DPP4/Mid1, as a novel regulator of T-cell motility, may be a potential inflammatory target in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoquan Rao
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of Internal MedicineTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430030P. R. China
- Cardiovascular Research InstituteCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhio44106USA
| | - Michael Razavi
- Cardiovascular Research InstituteCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhio44106USA
| | - Georgeta Mihai
- Brigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts02115USA
| | - Yingying Wei
- Cardiovascular Research InstituteCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhio44106USA
| | | | - Matthew B. Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland21201USA
| | - Xiao Jian Sun
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland21201USA
| | - Quan Gong
- Department of ImmunologySchool of MedicineYangtze UniversityJingzhouHubei434023P. R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- Sinopharm Dongfeng General HospitalHubei University of MedicineShiyanHubei442008P. R. China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of CardiologyShandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinanShandong250021P. R. China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430030P. R. China
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430030P. R. China
| | - Michael J. Quon
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland21201USA
| | - Lingli Dong
- Division of Rheumatology and ImmunologyDepartment of Internal MedicineTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430030P. R. China
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Cardiovascular Research InstituteCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhio44106USA
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Cardiovascular Research InstituteCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOhio44106USA
- Wexner Medical CenterThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhio43210USA
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical ImmunologyTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430030P. R. China
- Division of Rheumatology and ImmunologyDepartment of Internal MedicineTongji HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei430030P. R. China
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9
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Logue J, Johnson RM, Patel N, Zhou B, Maciejewski S, Foreman B, Zhou H, Portnoff AD, Tian JH, Rehman A, McGrath ME, Haupt RE, Weston SM, Baracco L, Hammond H, Guebre-Xabier M, Dillen C, Madhangi M, Greene AM, Massare MJ, Glenn GM, Smith G, Frieman MB. Immunogenicity and protection of a variant nanoparticle vaccine that confers broad neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 variants. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1130. [PMID: 36854666 PMCID: PMC9972327 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged with elevated transmission and a higher risk of infection for vaccinated individuals. We demonstrate that a recombinant prefusion-stabilized spike (rS) protein vaccine based on Beta/B.1.351 (rS-Beta) produces a robust anamnestic response in baboons against SARS-CoV-2 variants when given as a booster one year after immunization with NVX-CoV2373. Additionally, rS-Beta is highly immunogenic in mice and produces neutralizing antibodies against WA1/2020, Beta/B.1.351, and Omicron/BA.1. Mice vaccinated with two doses of Novavax prototype NVX-CoV2373 (rS-WU1) or rS-Beta alone, in combination, or heterologous prime-boost, are protected from challenge. Virus titer is undetectable in lungs in all vaccinated mice, and Th1-skewed cellular responses are observed. We tested sera from a panel of variant spike protein vaccines and find broad neutralization and inhibition of spike:ACE2 binding from the rS-Beta and rS-Delta vaccines against a variety of variants including Omicron. This study demonstrates that rS-Beta vaccine alone or in combination with rS-WU1 induces antibody-and cell-mediated responses that are protective against challenge with SARS-CoV-2 variants and offers broader neutralizing capacity than a rS-WU1 prime/boost regimen alone. Together, these nonhuman primate and murine data suggest a Beta variant booster dose could elicit a broad immune response to fight new and future SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Logue
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Center for Pathogen Research, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Robert M Johnson
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Center for Pathogen Research, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Nita Patel
- Novavax, Inc, 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Novavax, Inc, 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | | | - Bryant Foreman
- Novavax, Inc, 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Haixia Zhou
- Novavax, Inc, 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | | | - Jing-Hui Tian
- Novavax, Inc, 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Asma Rehman
- Novavax, Inc, 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Marisa E McGrath
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Center for Pathogen Research, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Robert E Haupt
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Center for Pathogen Research, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Stuart M Weston
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Center for Pathogen Research, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Lauren Baracco
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Center for Pathogen Research, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Holly Hammond
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Center for Pathogen Research, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 1164, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | - Carly Dillen
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Center for Pathogen Research, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - M Madhangi
- Novavax, Inc, 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Ann M Greene
- Novavax, Inc, 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | | | - Greg M Glenn
- Novavax, Inc, 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Gale Smith
- Novavax, Inc, 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Center for Pathogen Research, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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10
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Nanishi E, Borriello F, Seo HS, O’Meara TR, McGrath ME, Saito Y, Chen J, Diray-Arce J, Song K, Xu AZ, Barman S, Menon M, Dong D, Caradonna TM, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Schmidt AG, Baden LR, Ernst RK, Dillen C, Yu J, Chang A, Hilgers L, Platenburg PP, Dhe-Paganon S, Barouch DH, Ozonoff A, Zanoni I, Frieman MB, Dowling DJ, Levy O. Carbohydrate fatty acid monosulphate: oil-in-water adjuvant enhances SARS-CoV-2 RBD nanoparticle-induced immunogenicity and protection in mice. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:18. [PMID: 36788219 PMCID: PMC9927065 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines that protect vulnerable populations is a public health priority. Here, we took a systematic and iterative approach by testing several adjuvants and SARS-CoV-2 antigens to identify a combination that elicits antibodies and protection in young and aged mice. While demonstrating superior immunogenicity to soluble receptor-binding domain (RBD), RBD displayed as a protein nanoparticle (RBD-NP) generated limited antibody responses. Comparison of multiple adjuvants including AddaVax, AddaS03, and AS01B in young and aged mice demonstrated that an oil-in-water emulsion containing carbohydrate fatty acid monosulphate derivative (CMS:O/W) most effectively enhanced RBD-NP-induced cross-neutralizing antibodies and protection across age groups. CMS:O/W enhanced antigen retention in the draining lymph node, induced injection site, and lymph node cytokines, with CMS inducing MyD88-dependent Th1 cytokine polarization. Furthermore, CMS and O/W synergistically induced chemokine production from human PBMCs. Overall, CMS:O/W adjuvant may enhance immunogenicity and protection of vulnerable populations against SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuro Nanishi
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Francesco Borriello
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,Present Address: Generate Biomedicines, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Hyuk-Soo Seo
- grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Timothy R. O’Meara
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Marisa E. McGrath
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Yoshine Saito
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Jing Chen
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Research Computing Group, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Joann Diray-Arce
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Kijun Song
- grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA
| | - Andrew Z. Xu
- grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA
| | - Soumik Barman
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Manisha Menon
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Danica Dong
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Timothy M. Caradonna
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Blake M. Hauser
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Lindsey R. Baden
- grid.62560.370000 0004 0378 8294Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Robert K. Ernst
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Carly Dillen
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XCenter for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Aiquan Chang
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XCenter for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | | | | | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- grid.65499.370000 0001 2106 9910Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XCenter for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Al Ozonoff
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.66859.340000 0004 0546 1623Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA ,grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Matthew B. Frieman
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - David J. Dowling
- grid.2515.30000 0004 0378 8438Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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11
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Haupt R, Baracco L, Harberts EM, Loganathan M, Kerstetter LJ, Krammer F, Coughlan L, Ernst RK, Frieman MB. Enhancing the protection of influenza virus vaccines with BECC TLR4 adjuvant in aged mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:715. [PMID: 36639569 PMCID: PMC9838488 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27965-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a leading cause of respiratory disease worldwide often resulting in severe morbidity and mortality. We have previously shown that the Bacterial Enzymatic Combinatorial Chemistry (BECC) adjuvants, BECC438 and BECC470, formulated with an influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) protein vaccine, offer greater protection from influenza virus challenge in mouse respiratory models using adult mice than standard HA:adjuvant combinations. In this study, we determined that immunization with HA + BECC adjuvants also significantly broadened the epitopes targeted on HA as compared with other adjuvants, resulting in increased titers of antibodies directed against the highly conserved HA stalk domain. Importantly, we demonstrate that BECC470 combined with an influenza virus HA protein antigen in a prime-only immunization regimen was able to achieve complete protection from challenge in a ~ 12-month-old mouse aged model. Together, this demonstrates the heightened protection provided by the BECC470 adjuvant in an influenza virus vaccine model and shows the enhanced immune response, as compared to other adjuvants elicited by the formulation of HA with BECC470.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Haupt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Pathogen Research, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Therapeutic Discovery Branch, Molecular Biology Division, USAMRIID, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Lauren Baracco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Pathogen Research, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erin M Harberts
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Lucas J Kerstetter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VARPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lynda Coughlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Robert K Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Pathogen Research, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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12
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Sajadi MM, Myers A, Logue J, Saadat S, Shokatpour N, Quinn J, Newman M, Deming M, Rikhtegaran Tehrani Z, Magder LS, Karimi M, Abbasi A, Shlyak M, Baracco L, Frieman MB, Crotty S, Harris AD. Mucosal and Systemic Responses to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccination Determined by Severity of Primary Infection. mSphere 2022; 7:e0027922. [PMID: 36321826 PMCID: PMC9769618 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00279-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
With much of the world infected with or vaccinated against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (commonly abbreviated SARS-CoV-2; abbreviated here SARS2), understanding the immune responses to the SARS2 spike (S) protein in different situations is crucial to controlling the pandemic. We studied the clinical, systemic, mucosal, and cellular responses to two doses of SARS2 mRNA vaccines in 62 individuals with and without prior SARS2 infection that were divided into three groups based on antibody serostatus prior to vaccination and/or degree of disease symptoms among those with prior SARS2 infection: antibody negative (naive), low symptomatic, and symptomatic. Antibody negative were subjects who were antibody negative (i.e., those with no prior infection). Low symptomatic subjects were those who were antibody negative and had minimal or no symptoms at time of SARS2 infection. Symptomatic subjects were those who were antibody positive and symptomatic at time of SARS2 infection. All three groups were then studied when they received their SARS2 mRNA vaccines. In the previously SARS2-infected (based on antibody test) low symptomatic and symptomatic groups, reactogenic symptoms related to a recall response were elicited after the first vaccination. Anti-S trimer IgA and IgG titers, and neutralizing antibody titers, peaked after the 1st vaccination in the previously SARS2-infected groups and were significantly higher than for the SARS2 antibody-negative group in the plasma and nasal samples at most time points. Nasal and plasma IgA antibody responses were significantly higher in the low symptomatic group than in the symptomatic group at most time points. After the first vaccination, differences in cellular immunity were not evident between groups, but the activation-induced cell marker (AIM+) CD4+ cell response correlated with durability of IgG humoral immunity against the SARS2 S protein. In those SARS2-infected subjects, severity of infection dictated plasma and nasal IgA responses in primary infection as well as response to vaccination (peak responses and durability), which could have implications for continued protection against reinfection. Lingering differences between the SARS2-infected and SARS2-naive up to 10 months postvaccination could explain the decreased reinfection rates in the SARS2-infected vaccinees recently reported and suggests that additional strategies (such as boosting of the SARS2-naive vaccinees) are needed to narrow the differences observed between these groups. IMPORTANCE This study on SARS2 vaccination in those with and without previous exposure to the virus demonstrates that severity of infection dictates IgA responses in primary infection as well as response to vaccination (peak responses and durability), which could have implications for continued protection against reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M. Sajadi
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amber Myers
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - James Logue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Saman Saadat
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Narjes Shokatpour
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James Quinn
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michelle Newman
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Meagan Deming
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Laurence S. Magder
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maryam Karimi
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Abdolrahim Abbasi
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mike Shlyak
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauren Baracco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew B. Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Anthony D. Harris
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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13
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Brook B, Fatou B, Kumar Checkervarty A, Barman S, Sweitzer C, Bosco AN, Sherman AC, Baden LR, Morrocchi E, Sanchez-Schmitz G, Palma P, Nanishi E, O'Meara TR, McGrath ME, Frieman MB, Soni D, van Haren SD, Ozonoff A, Diray-Arce J, Steen H, Dowling DJ, Levy O. The mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 demonstrates impaired T H1 immunogenicity in human elders in vitro and aged mice in vivo. Res Sq 2022:rs.3.rs-2395118. [PMID: 36597547 PMCID: PMC9810224 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2395118/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
mRNA vaccines have been key to addressing the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic but have impaired immunogenicity and durability in vulnerable older populations. We evaluated the mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 in human in vitro whole blood assays with supernatants from adult (18-50 years) and elder (≥60 years) participants measured by mass spectrometry and proximity extension assay proteomics. BNT162b2 induced increased expression of soluble proteins in adult blood (e.g., C1S, PSMC6, CPN1), but demonstrated reduced proteins in elder blood (e.g., TPM4, APOF, APOC2, CPN1, and PI16), including 30-85% lower induction of TH1-polarizing cytokines and chemokines (e.g., IFNγ, and CXCL10). Elder TH1 impairment was validated in mice in vivo and associated with impaired humoral and cellular immunogenicity. Our study demonstrates the utility of a human in vitro platform to model age-specific mRNA vaccine activity, highlights impaired TH1 immunogenicity in older adults, and provides rationale for developing enhanced mRNA vaccines with greater immunogenicity in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Brook
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benoit Fatou
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abhinav Kumar Checkervarty
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF) Centre of Excellence, St Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Soumik Barman
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cali Sweitzer
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna-Nicole Bosco
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy C Sherman
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lindsey R Baden
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elena Morrocchi
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Academic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO), Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and Vaccinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Guzman Sanchez-Schmitz
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paolo Palma
- Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Chair of Pediatrics, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Italy
| | - Etsuro Nanishi
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy R O'Meara
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marisa E McGrath
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dheeraj Soni
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon D van Haren
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Al Ozonoff
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joann Diray-Arce
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hanno Steen
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J Dowling
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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14
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O’Meara TR, Nanishi E, McGrath ME, Barman S, Dong D, Dillen C, Menon M, Seo HS, Dhe-Paganon S, Ernst RK, Levy O, Frieman MB, Dowling DJ. Reduced SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine immunogenicity and protection in mice with diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. bioRxiv 2022:2022.12.07.519460. [PMID: 36523401 PMCID: PMC9753785 DOI: 10.1101/2022.12.07.519460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are associated with an increased risk of severe outcomes from infectious diseases, including COVID-19. These conditions are also associated with distinct responses to immunization, including an impaired response to widely used SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. Objective To establish a connection between reduced immunization efficacy via modeling the effects of metabolic diseases on vaccine immunogenicity that is essential for the development of more effective vaccines for this distinct vulnerable population. Methods We utilized a murine model of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance to model the effects of comorbid T2DM and obesity on vaccine immunogenicity and protection. Results Mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) developed obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and glucose intolerance. Relative to mice fed a normal diet (ND), HFD mice vaccinated with a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine exhibited significantly lower anti-spike IgG titers, predominantly in the IgG2c subclass, associated with a lower type 1 response, along with a 3.83-fold decrease in neutralizing titers. Furthermore, enhanced vaccine-induced spike-specific CD8 + T cell activation and protection from lung infection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge were seen only in ND mice but not in HFD mice. Conclusion We demonstrate impaired immunity following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA immunization in a murine model of comorbid T2DM and obesity, supporting the need for further research into the basis for impaired anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity in T2DM and investigation of novel approaches to enhance vaccine immunogenicity among those with metabolic diseases. Capsule summary Obesity and type 2 diabetes impair SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine efficacy in a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R. O’Meara
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Etsuro Nanishi
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Marisa E. McGrath
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Soumik Barman
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Danica Dong
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Carly Dillen
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Manisha Menon
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Hyuk-Soo Seo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Robert K. Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA 02142
| | - Matthew B. Frieman
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - David J. Dowling
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
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15
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Shen WB, Elahi M, Logue J, Yang P, Baracco L, Reece EA, Wang B, Li L, Blanchard TG, Han Z, Rissman RA, Frieman MB, Yang P. SARS-CoV-2 invades cognitive centers of the brain and induces Alzheimer's-like neuropathology. bioRxiv 2022:2022.01.31.478476. [PMID: 35132414 PMCID: PMC8820661 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.31.478476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2 and the phenotypes of infected neurons are still in debate. Long COVID manifests with "brain diseases" and the cause of these brain dysfunction is mysterious. Here, we analyze 34 age- and underlying disease-matched COVID-19 or non-COVID-19 human brains. SARS-CoV-2 RNA, nucleocapsid, and spike proteins are present in neurons of the cognitive centers of all COVID-19 patients, with its non-structural protein NSF2 detected in adult cases but not in the infant case, indicating viral replications in mature neurons. In adult COVID-19 patients without underlying neurodegeneration, SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers Aβ and p-tau deposition, degenerating neurons, microglia activation, and increased cytokine, in some cases with Aβ plaques and p-tau pretangles. The number of SARS-CoV-2 + cells is higher in patients with neurodegenerative diseases than in those without such conditions. SARS-CoV-2 further activates microglia and induces Aβ and p-tau deposits in non-Alzheimer's neurodegenerative disease patients. SARS-CoV-2 infects mature neurons derived from inducible pluripotent stem cells from healthy and Alzheimer's disease (AD) individuals through its receptor ACE2 and facilitator neuropilin-1. SARS-CoV-2 triggers AD-like gene programs in healthy neurons and exacerbates AD neuropathology. An AD infectious etiology gene signature is identified through SARS-CoV-2 infection and silencing the top three downregulated genes in human primary neurons recapitulates the neurodegenerative phenotypes of SARS-CoV-2. Thus, our data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 invades the brain and activates an AD-like program.
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16
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Logue J, Chakraborty AR, Johnson R, Goyal G, Rodas M, Taylor LJ, Baracco L, McGrath ME, Haupt R, Furlong BA, Soong M, Prabhala P, Horvath V, Carlson KE, Weston S, Ingber DE, DePamphilis ML, Frieman MB. PIKfyve-specific inhibitors restrict replication of multiple coronaviruses in vitro but not in a murine model of COVID-19. Commun Biol 2022; 5:808. [PMID: 35962188 PMCID: PMC9372968 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03766-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has claimed more than 6 million lives and continues to test the world economy and healthcare systems. To combat this pandemic, the biological research community has shifted efforts to the development of medical countermeasures, including vaccines and therapeutics. However, to date, the only small molecules approved for the treatment of COVID-19 in the United States are the nucleoside analogue Remdesivir and the protease inhibitor Paxlovid, though multiple compounds have received Emergency Use Authorization and many more are currently being tested in human efficacy trials. One such compound, Apilimod, is being considered as a COVID-19 therapeutic in a Phase II efficacy trial. However, at the time of writing, there are no published efficacy data in human trials or animal COVID-19 models. Here we show that, while Apilimod and other PIKfyve inhibitors have potent antiviral activity in various cell lines against multiple human coronaviruses, these compounds worsen disease in a COVID-19 murine model when given prophylactically or therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Logue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Arup R Chakraborty
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-2790, USA
| | - Robert Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Girija Goyal
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Melissa Rodas
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Louis J Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Lauren Baracco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Marisa E McGrath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Robert Haupt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Brooke A Furlong
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mercy Soong
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Pranav Prabhala
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Viktor Horvath
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kenneth E Carlson
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Stuart Weston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Melvin L DePamphilis
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-2790, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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17
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Nanishi E, McGrath ME, O'Meara TR, Barman S, Yu J, Wan H, Dillen CA, Menon M, Seo HS, Song K, Xu AZ, Sebastian L, Brook B, Bosco AN, Borriello F, Ernst RK, Barouch DH, Dhe-Paganon S, Levy O, Frieman MB, Dowling DJ. mRNA booster vaccination protects aged mice against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. Commun Biol 2022; 5:790. [PMID: 35933439 PMCID: PMC9357006 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03765-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant evades vaccine-induced immunity. While a booster dose of ancestral mRNA vaccines effectively elicits neutralizing antibodies against variants, its efficacy against Omicron in older adults, who are at the greatest risk of severe disease, is not fully elucidated. Here, we evaluate multiple longitudinal immunization regimens of mRNA BNT162b2 to assess the effects of a booster dose provided >8 months after the primary immunization series across the murine lifespan, including in aged 21-month-old mice. Boosting dramatically enhances humoral and cell-mediated responses with evidence of Omicron cross-recognition. Furthermore, while younger mice are protected without a booster dose, boosting provides sterilizing immunity against Omicron-induced lung infection in aged 21-month-old mice. Correlational analyses reveal that neutralizing activity against Omicron is strongly associated with protection. Overall, our findings indicate age-dependent vaccine efficacy and demonstrate the potential benefit of mRNA booster immunization to protect vulnerable older populations against SARS-CoV-2 variants. A longitudinal study in mice reveals that a booster dose of mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 enhances humoral and cell-mediated responses and provides sterilizing immunity against Omicron-induced lung infection in aged animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuro Nanishi
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marisa E McGrath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Timothy R O'Meara
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Soumik Barman
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huahua Wan
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carly A Dillen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Manisha Menon
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyuk-Soo Seo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kijun Song
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Z Xu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luke Sebastian
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Byron Brook
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna-Nicole Bosco
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesco Borriello
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Generate Biomedicines, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert K Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David J Dowling
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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18
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Davenport BJ, Catala A, Weston SM, Johnson RM, Ardanuy J, Hammond HL, Dillen C, Frieman MB, Catalano CE, Morrison TE. Phage-like particle vaccines are highly immunogenic and protect against pathogenic coronavirus infection and disease. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:57. [PMID: 35618725 PMCID: PMC9135756 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00481-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The response by vaccine developers to the COVID-19 pandemic has been extraordinary with effective vaccines authorized for emergency use in the United States within 1 year of the appearance of the first COVID-19 cases. However, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants and obstacles with the global rollout of new vaccines highlight the need for platforms that are amenable to rapid tuning and stable formulation to facilitate the logistics of vaccine delivery worldwide. We developed a "designer nanoparticle" platform using phage-like particles (PLPs) derived from bacteriophage lambda for a multivalent display of antigens in rigorously defined ratios. Here, we engineered PLPs that display the receptor-binding domain (RBD) protein from SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV, alone (RBDSARS-PLPs and RBDMERS-PLPs) and in combination (hCoV-RBD PLPs). Functionalized particles possess physiochemical properties compatible with pharmaceutical standards and retain antigenicity. Following primary immunization, BALB/c mice immunized with RBDSARS- or RBDMERS-PLPs display serum RBD-specific IgG endpoint and live virus neutralization titers that, in the case of SARS-CoV-2, were comparable to those detected in convalescent plasma from infected patients. Further, these antibody levels remain elevated up to 6 months post-prime. In dose-response studies, immunization with as little as one microgram of RBDSARS-PLPs elicited robust neutralizing antibody responses. Finally, animals immunized with RBDSARS-PLPs, RBDMERS-PLPs, and hCoV-RBD PLPs were protected against SARS-CoV-2 and/or MERS-CoV lung infection and disease. Collectively, these data suggest that the designer PLP system provides a platform for facile and rapid generation of single and multi-target vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett J Davenport
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alexis Catala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stuart M Weston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy Ardanuy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Holly L Hammond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carly Dillen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carlos E Catalano
- Program in Structural Biology and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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19
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Shen WB, Turan S, Wang B, Cojocaru L, Harman C, Logue J, Reece EA, Frieman MB, Yang P. A SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant Case Manifesting as Extensive Placental Infection and Fetal Transmission. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2022; 87:165-172. [PMID: 35526532 PMCID: PMC9233045 DOI: 10.1159/000524905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies indicate a very low rate of SARS-CoV-2 detection in the placenta or occasionally a low rate of vertical transmission in COVID-19 pregnancy. SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant has become a dominant strain over the world and possesses higher infectivity due to mutations in its spike receptor-binding motif. CASE PRESENTATION To determine whether SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant has increased potential for placenta infection and vertical transmission, we analyzed SARS-CoV-2 infection in the placenta, umbilical cord, and fetal membrane from a case where an unvaccinated mother and her neonate were COVID-19 positive. A 35-year-old primigravida with COVID-19 underwent an emergent cesarean delivery due to placental abruption in the setting of premature rupture of membranes. The neonate tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 within the first 24 h, and then again on days of life 2, 6, 13, and 21. The placenta exhibited intervillositis, increased fibrin deposition, and syncytiotrophoblast necrosis. Sequencing of viral RNA from fixed placental tissue revealed SAR-CoV-2 B.1.167.2 (Delta) variant. Both spike protein and viral RNA were abundantly present in syncytiotrophoblasts, cytotrophoblasts, umbilical cord vascular endothelium, and fetal membranes. CONCLUSION We report with strong probability the first SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant transplacental transmission. Placental cells exhibited extensive apoptosis, senescence, and ferroptosis after SARS-CoV-2 Delta infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Bin Shen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,
| | - Shifa Turan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Liviu Cojocaru
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher Harman
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James Logue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - E Albert Reece
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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20
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DeGrace MM, Ghedin E, Frieman MB, Krammer F, Grifoni A, Alisoltani A, Alter G, Amara RR, Baric RS, Barouch DH, Bloom JD, Bloyet LM, Bonenfant G, Boon ACM, Boritz EA, Bratt DL, Bricker TL, Brown L, Buchser WJ, Carreño JM, Cohen-Lavi L, Darling TL, Davis-Gardner ME, Dearlove BL, Di H, Dittmann M, Doria-Rose NA, Douek DC, Drosten C, Edara VV, Ellebedy A, Fabrizio TP, Ferrari G, Fischer WM, Florence WC, Fouchier RAM, Franks J, García-Sastre A, Godzik A, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, Gordon A, Haagmans BL, Halfmann PJ, Ho DD, Holbrook MR, Huang Y, James SL, Jaroszewski L, Jeevan T, Johnson RM, Jones TC, Joshi A, Kawaoka Y, Kercher L, Koopmans MPG, Korber B, Koren E, Koup RA, LeGresley EB, Lemieux JE, Liebeskind MJ, Liu Z, Livingston B, Logue JP, Luo Y, McDermott AB, McElrath MJ, Meliopoulos VA, Menachery VD, Montefiori DC, Mühlemann B, Munster VJ, Munt JE, Nair MS, Netzl A, Niewiadomska AM, O'Dell S, Pekosz A, Perlman S, Pontelli MC, Rockx B, Rolland M, Rothlauf PW, Sacharen S, Scheuermann RH, Schmidt SD, Schotsaert M, Schultz-Cherry S, Seder RA, Sedova M, Sette A, Shabman RS, Shen X, Shi PY, Shukla M, Simon V, Stumpf S, Sullivan NJ, Thackray LB, Theiler J, Thomas PG, Trifkovic S, Türeli S, Turner SA, Vakaki MA, van Bakel H, VanBlargan LA, Vincent LR, Wallace ZS, Wang L, Wang M, Wang P, Wang W, Weaver SC, Webby RJ, Weiss CD, Wentworth DE, Weston SM, Whelan SPJ, Whitener BM, Wilks SH, Xie X, Ying B, Yoon H, Zhou B, Hertz T, Smith DJ, Diamond MS, Post DJ, Suthar MS. Defining the risk of SARS-CoV-2 variants on immune protection. Nature 2022; 605:640-652. [PMID: 35361968 PMCID: PMC9345323 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04690-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The global emergence of many severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants jeopardizes the protective antiviral immunity induced after infection or vaccination. To address the public health threat caused by the increasing SARS-CoV-2 genomic diversity, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases within the National Institutes of Health established the SARS-CoV-2 Assessment of Viral Evolution (SAVE) programme. This effort was designed to provide a real-time risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2 variants that could potentially affect the transmission, virulence, and resistance to infection- and vaccine-induced immunity. The SAVE programme is a critical data-generating component of the US Government SARS-CoV-2 Interagency Group to assess implications of SARS-CoV-2 variants on diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics, and for communicating public health risk. Here we describe the coordinated approach used to identify and curate data about emerging variants, their impact on immunity and effects on vaccine protection using animal models. We report the development of reagents, methodologies, models and notable findings facilitated by this collaborative approach and identify future challenges. This programme is a template for the response to rapidly evolving pathogens with pandemic potential by monitoring viral evolution in the human population to identify variants that could reduce the effectiveness of countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marciela M DeGrace
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Elodie Ghedin
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rama R Amara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Louis-Marie Bloyet
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gaston Bonenfant
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adrianus C M Boon
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eli A Boritz
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
- Vaccine Research Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Debbie L Bratt
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
- CAMRIS, Contractor for NIAID, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Traci L Bricker
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Liliana Brown
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - William J Buchser
- High Throughput Screening Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Liel Cohen-Lavi
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tamarand L Darling
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Meredith E Davis-Gardner
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bethany L Dearlove
- US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Han Di
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Meike Dittmann
- Microbiology Department, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole A Doria-Rose
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
- Vaccine Research Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
- Vaccine Research Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
| | - Venkata-Viswanadh Edara
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ali Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Thomas P Fabrizio
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Will M Fischer
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - William C Florence
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - John Franks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam Godzik
- University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Ana Silvia Gonzalez-Reiche
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aubree Gordon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Integrated Research Facility, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Yaoxing Huang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah L James
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lukasz Jaroszewski
- University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert M Johnson
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Terry C Jones
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Astha Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lisa Kercher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Eilay Koren
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Richard A Koup
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
- Vaccine Research Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eric B LeGresley
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Mariel J Liebeskind
- High Throughput Screening Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brandi Livingston
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - James P Logue
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yang Luo
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
- Vaccine Research Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Victoria A Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Vineet D Menachery
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Barbara Mühlemann
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Berlin, Germany
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vincent J Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jenny E Munt
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Manoj S Nair
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Antonia Netzl
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Sijy O'Dell
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
- Vaccine Research Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Marjorie C Pontelli
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Barry Rockx
- Department Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Morgane Rolland
- US Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Paul W Rothlauf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sinai Sacharen
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Stephen D Schmidt
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
- Vaccine Research Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert A Seder
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
- Vaccine Research Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mayya Sedova
- University of California Riverside School of Medicine, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Reed S Shabman
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Maulik Shukla
- University of Chicago Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Spencer Stumpf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nancy J Sullivan
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
- Vaccine Research Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Larissa B Thackray
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - James Theiler
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sanja Trifkovic
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sina Türeli
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel A Turner
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria A Vakaki
- High Throughput Screening Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura A VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Leah R Vincent
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Zachary S Wallace
- Department of Informatics, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Li Wang
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maple Wang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Carol D Weiss
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - David E Wentworth
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stuart M Weston
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bradley M Whitener
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samuel H Wilks
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Baoling Ying
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hyejin Yoon
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- CDC COVID-19 Emergency Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tomer Hertz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics Faculty of Health Sciences Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel.
| | - Derek J Smith
- Center for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Diane J Post
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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21
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Schultz DC, Johnson RM, Ayyanathan K, Miller J, Whig K, Kamalia B, Dittmar M, Weston S, Hammond HL, Dillen C, Ardanuy J, Taylor L, Lee JS, Li M, Lee E, Shoffler C, Petucci C, Constant S, Ferrer M, Thaiss CA, Frieman MB, Cherry S. Pyrimidine inhibitors synergize with nucleoside analogues to block SARS-CoV-2. Nature 2022; 604:134-140. [PMID: 35130559 PMCID: PMC10377386 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04482-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has infected more than 261 million people and has led to more than 5 million deaths in the past year and a half1 ( https://www.who.org/ ). Individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection typically develop mild-to-severe flu-like symptoms, whereas infection of a subset of individuals leads to severe-to-fatal clinical outcomes2. Although vaccines have been rapidly developed to combat SARS-CoV-2, there has been a dearth of antiviral therapeutics. There is an urgent need for therapeutics, which has been amplified by the emerging threats of variants that may evade vaccines. Large-scale efforts are underway to identify antiviral drugs. Here we screened approximately 18,000 drugs for antiviral activity using live virus infection in human respiratory cells and validated 122 drugs with antiviral activity and selectivity against SARS-CoV-2. Among these candidates are 16 nucleoside analogues, the largest category of clinically used antivirals. This included the antivirals remdesivir and molnupiravir, which have been approved for use in COVID-19. RNA viruses rely on a high supply of nucleoside triphosphates from the host to efficiently replicate, and we identified a panel of host nucleoside biosynthesis inhibitors as antiviral. Moreover, we found that combining pyrimidine biosynthesis inhibitors with antiviral nucleoside analogues synergistically inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and in vivo against emerging strains of SARS-CoV-2, suggesting a clinical path forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Schultz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Robert M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kasirajan Ayyanathan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jesse Miller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kanupriya Whig
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brinda Kamalia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark Dittmar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stuart Weston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Holly L Hammond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carly Dillen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy Ardanuy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Louis Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jae Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Minghua Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emily Lee
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Clarissa Shoffler
- Metabolomics Core, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher Petucci
- Metabolomics Core, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Marc Ferrer
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Christoph A Thaiss
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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22
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Sievers BL, Chakraborty S, Xue Y, Gelbart T, Gonzalez JC, Cassidy AG, Golan Y, Prahl M, Gaw SL, Arunachalam PS, Blish CA, Boyd SD, Davis MM, Jagannathan P, Nadeau KC, Pulendran B, Singh U, Scheuermann RH, Frieman MB, Vashee S, Wang TT, Tan GS. Antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection or mRNA vaccines have reduced neutralizing activity against Beta and Omicron pseudoviruses. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabn7842. [PMID: 35025672 PMCID: PMC8891085 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abn7842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants that have mutations associated with increased transmission and antibody escape have arisen over the course of the current pandemic. Although the current vaccines have largely been effective against past variants, the number of mutations found on the Omicron (B.1.1.529) spike protein appear to diminish the protection conferred by preexisting immunity. Using vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudoparticles expressing the spike protein of several SARS-CoV-2 variants, we evaluated the magnitude and breadth of the neutralizing antibody response over time in individuals after infection and in mRNA-vaccinated individuals. We observed that boosting increases the magnitude of the antibody response to wild-type (D614), Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants; however, the Omicron variant was the most resistant to neutralization. We further observed that vaccinated healthy adults had robust and broad antibody responses, whereas responses may have been reduced in vaccinated pregnant women, underscoring the importance of learning how to maximize mRNA vaccine responses in pregnant populations. Findings from this study show substantial heterogeneity in the magnitude and breadth of responses after infection and mRNA vaccination and may support the addition of more conserved viral antigens to existing SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saborni Chakraborty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Yong Xue
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037 and Rockville, MD, 20850 USA
| | - Terri Gelbart
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037 and Rockville, MD, 20850 USA
| | - Joseph C. Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Arianna G. Cassidy
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94115 USA
| | - Yarden Golan
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94115 USA
| | - Mary Prahl
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115 USA
| | - Stephanie L. Gaw
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94115 USA
| | - Prabhu S. Arunachalam
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Catherine A. Blish
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158 USA
| | - Scott D. Boyd
- Departments of Pathology and of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Mark M. Davis
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Kari C. Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | - Upinder Singh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
| | | | - Matthew B. Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201 USA
| | - Sanjay Vashee
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037 and Rockville, MD, 20850 USA
| | - Taia T. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305 USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, 94158 USA
| | - Gene S. Tan
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037 and Rockville, MD, 20850 USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037 USA
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23
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Nanishi E, Borriello F, O’Meara TR, McGrath ME, Saito Y, Haupt RE, Seo HS, van Haren SD, Cavazzoni CB, Brook B, Barman S, Chen J, Diray-Arce J, Doss-Gollin S, De Leon M, Prevost-Reilly A, Chew K, Menon M, Song K, Xu AZ, Caradonna TM, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Schmidt AG, Sherman AC, Baden LR, Ernst RK, Dillen C, Weston SM, Johnson RM, Hammond HL, Mayer R, Burke A, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ, Strych U, Chang A, Yu J, Sage PT, Barouch DH, Dhe-Paganon S, Zanoni I, Ozonoff A, Frieman MB, Levy O, Dowling DJ. An aluminum hydroxide:CpG adjuvant enhances protection elicited by a SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain vaccine in aged mice. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabj5305. [PMID: 34783582 PMCID: PMC10176044 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abj5305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Global deployment of vaccines that can provide protection across several age groups is still urgently needed to end the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Although vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 based on mRNA and adenoviral vector technologies have been rapidly developed, additional practical and scalable SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are required to meet global demand. Protein subunit vaccines formulated with appropriate adjuvants represent an approach to address this urgent need. The receptor binding domain (RBD) is a key target of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies but is poorly immunogenic. We therefore compared pattern recognition receptor (PRR) agonists alone or formulated with aluminum hydroxide (AH) and benchmarked them against AS01B and AS03-like emulsion-based adjuvants for their potential to enhance RBD immunogenicity in young and aged mice. We found that an AH and CpG adjuvant formulation (AH:CpG) produced an 80-fold increase in anti-RBD neutralizing antibody titers in both age groups relative to AH alone and protected aged mice from the SARS-CoV-2 challenge. The AH:CpG-adjuvanted RBD vaccine elicited neutralizing antibodies against both wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and the B.1.351 (beta) variant at serum concentrations comparable to those induced by the licensed Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. AH:CpG induced similar cytokine and chemokine gene enrichment patterns in the draining lymph nodes of both young adult and aged mice and enhanced cytokine and chemokine production in human mononuclear cells of younger and older adults. These data support further development of AH:CpG-adjuvanted RBD as an affordable vaccine that may be effective across multiple age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuro Nanishi
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Francesco Borriello
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Present address: Generate Biomedicines, Cambridge, MA, USA 02139
| | - Timothy R. O’Meara
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Marisa E. McGrath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Yoshine Saito
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Robert E. Haupt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Hyuk-Soo Seo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Simon D. van Haren
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Cecilia B. Cavazzoni
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Byron Brook
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Soumik Barman
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Jing Chen
- Research Computing Group, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Joann Diray-Arce
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Simon Doss-Gollin
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Maria De Leon
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Alejandra Prevost-Reilly
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Katherine Chew
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Manisha Menon
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Kijun Song
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Andrew Z. Xu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | | | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA 02139
| | - Blake M. Hauser
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA 02139
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA 02139
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Amy C. Sherman
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Lindsey R. Baden
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Robert K. Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Carly Dillen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Stuart M. Weston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Robert M. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Holly L. Hammond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Romana Mayer
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Allen Burke
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Maria E. Bottazzi
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA 77030
- National School of Tropical Medicine and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA 77030
| | - Peter J. Hotez
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA 77030
- National School of Tropical Medicine and Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA 77030
| | - Ulrich Strych
- Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA 77030
- National School of Tropical Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA 77030
| | - Aiquan Chang
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Jingyou Yu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Peter T. Sage
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Al Ozonoff
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
| | - Matthew B. Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 21201
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Broad Institute of MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA 02142
| | - David J. Dowling
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 02115
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24
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Boras B, Jones RM, Anson BJ, Arenson D, Aschenbrenner L, Bakowski MA, Beutler N, Binder J, Chen E, Eng H, Hammond H, Hammond J, Haupt RE, Hoffman R, Kadar EP, Kania R, Kimoto E, Kirkpatrick MG, Lanyon L, Lendy EK, Lillis JR, Logue J, Luthra SA, Ma C, Mason SW, McGrath ME, Noell S, Obach RS, O' Brien MN, O'Connor R, Ogilvie K, Owen D, Pettersson M, Reese MR, Rogers TF, Rosales R, Rossulek MI, Sathish JG, Shirai N, Steppan C, Ticehurst M, Updyke LW, Weston S, Zhu Y, White KM, García-Sastre A, Wang J, Chatterjee AK, Mesecar AD, Frieman MB, Anderson AS, Allerton C. Preclinical characterization of an intravenous coronavirus 3CL protease inhibitor for the potential treatment of COVID19. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6055. [PMID: 34663813 PMCID: PMC8523698 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has become a global pandemic. 3CL protease is a virally encoded protein that is essential across a broad spectrum of coronaviruses with no close human analogs. PF-00835231, a 3CL protease inhibitor, has exhibited potent in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 as a single agent. Here we report, the design and characterization of a phosphate prodrug PF-07304814 to enable the delivery and projected sustained systemic exposure in human of PF-00835231 to inhibit coronavirus family 3CL protease activity with selectivity over human host protease targets. Furthermore, we show that PF-00835231 has additive/synergistic activity in combination with remdesivir. We present the ADME, safety, in vitro, and in vivo antiviral activity data that supports the clinical evaluation of PF-07304814 as a potential COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britton Boras
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, La Jolla, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Rhys M Jones
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, La Jolla, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Brandon J Anson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Dan Arenson
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | | | - Malina A Bakowski
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nathan Beutler
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Joseph Binder
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, La Jolla, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Emily Chen
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Heather Eng
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Holly Hammond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jennifer Hammond
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Robert E Haupt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Robert Hoffman
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, La Jolla, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Eugene P Kadar
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Rob Kania
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, La Jolla, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Emi Kimoto
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | | | - Lorraine Lanyon
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Emma K Lendy
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jonathan R Lillis
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Sandwich, CT13 9ND, UK
| | - James Logue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Suman A Luthra
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chunlong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Stephen W Mason
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, NY, 10965, USA
| | - Marisa E McGrath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Stephen Noell
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - R Scott Obach
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Matthew N O' Brien
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Lake Forest, IL, 60045, USA
| | - Rebecca O'Connor
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Kevin Ogilvie
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Dafydd Owen
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Martin Pettersson
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Matthew R Reese
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Thomas F Rogers
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- UC San Diego Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Romel Rosales
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jean G Sathish
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, NY, 10965, USA
| | - Norimitsu Shirai
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Claire Steppan
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Martyn Ticehurst
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Sandwich, CT13 9ND, UK
| | - Lawrence W Updyke
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Stuart Weston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Yuao Zhu
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, NY, 10965, USA
| | - Kris M White
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Arnab K Chatterjee
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Andrew D Mesecar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | | | - Charlotte Allerton
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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25
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Dong J, Zost SJ, Greaney AJ, Starr TN, Dingens AS, Chen EC, Chen RE, Case JB, Sutton RE, Gilchuk P, Rodriguez J, Armstrong E, Gainza C, Nargi RS, Binshtein E, Xie X, Zhang X, Shi PY, Logue J, Weston S, McGrath ME, Frieman MB, Brady T, Tuffy KM, Bright H, Loo YM, McTamney PM, Esser MT, Carnahan RH, Diamond MS, Bloom JD, Crowe JE. Genetic and structural basis for SARS-CoV-2 variant neutralization by a two-antibody cocktail. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:1233-1244. [PMID: 34548634 PMCID: PMC8543371 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00972-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular basis for immune recognition of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein antigenic sites will inform the development of improved therapeutics. We determined the structures of two human monoclonal antibodies-AZD8895 and AZD1061-which form the basis of the investigational antibody cocktail AZD7442, in complex with the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 to define the genetic and structural basis of neutralization. AZD8895 forms an 'aromatic cage' at the heavy/light chain interface using germ line-encoded residues in complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) 2 and 3 of the heavy chain and CDRs 1 and 3 of the light chain. These structural features explain why highly similar antibodies (public clonotypes) have been isolated from multiple individuals. AZD1061 has an unusually long LCDR1; the HCDR3 makes interactions with the opposite face of the RBD from that of AZD8895. Using deep mutational scanning and neutralization escape selection experiments, we comprehensively mapped the crucial binding residues of both antibodies and identified positions of concern with regards to virus escape from antibody-mediated neutralization. Both AZD8895 and AZD1061 have strong neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern with antigenic substitutions in the RBD. We conclude that germ line-encoded antibody features enable recognition of the SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD and demonstrate the utility of the cocktail AZD7442 in neutralizing emerging variant viruses.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/chemistry
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigenic Variation
- Binding Sites
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/virology
- Complementarity Determining Regions/chemistry
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- Humans
- Mutation
- Protein Domains
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Dong
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Seth J Zost
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Allison J Greaney
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences & Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tyler N Starr
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam S Dingens
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elaine C Chen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rachel E Sutton
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jessica Rodriguez
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Erica Armstrong
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christopher Gainza
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel S Nargi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elad Binshtein
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Xianwen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - James Logue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Stuart Weston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Marisa E McGrath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Tyler Brady
- Microbial Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Kevin M Tuffy
- Microbial Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Helen Bright
- Microbial Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Microbial Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Mark T Esser
- Microbial Sciences, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences & Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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26
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Gorman MJ, Patel N, Guebre-Xabier M, Zhu AL, Atyeo C, Pullen KM, Loos C, Goez-Gazi Y, Carrion R, Tian JH, Yuan D, Bowman KA, Zhou B, Maciejewski S, McGrath ME, Logue J, Frieman MB, Montefiori D, Mann C, Schendel S, Amanat F, Krammer F, Saphire EO, Lauffenburger DA, Greene AM, Portnoff AD, Massare MJ, Ellingsworth L, Glenn G, Smith G, Alter G. Fab and Fc contribute to maximal protection against SARS-CoV-2 following NVX-CoV2373 subunit vaccine with Matrix-M vaccination. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100405. [PMID: 34485950 PMCID: PMC8405506 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently approved vaccines have shown remarkable efficacy in limiting SARS-CoV-2-associated disease. However, with the variety of vaccines, immunization strategies, and waning antibody titers, defining the correlates of immunity across a spectrum of antibody titers is urgently required. Thus, we profiled the humoral immune response in a cohort of non-human primates immunized with a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (NVX-CoV2373) at two doses, administered as a single- or two-dose regimen. Both antigen dose and boosting significantly altered neutralization titers and Fc-effector profiles, driving unique vaccine-induced antibody fingerprints. Combined differences in antibody effector functions and neutralization were associated with distinct levels of protection in the upper and lower respiratory tract. Moreover, NVX-CoV2373 elicited antibodies that functionally targeted emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Collectively, the data presented here suggest that a single dose may prevent disease via combined Fc/Fab functions but that two doses may be essential to block further transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nita Patel
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | - Alex L. Zhu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Virology and Immunology Program, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Krista M. Pullen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Carolin Loos
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yenny Goez-Gazi
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 West Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Ricardo Carrion
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 West Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Jing-Hui Tian
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Dansu Yuan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Bin Zhou
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | - Marisa E. McGrath
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - James Logue
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Matthew B. Frieman
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Colin Mann
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Douglas A. Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ann M. Greene
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gregory Glenn
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Gale Smith
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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27
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Xiao J, de Mesquita JB, Leung NHL, Adenaiye O, Tai S, Frieman MB, Hong F, Chu DKW, Ip DKM, Cowling BJ, Milton DK. Viral RNA and infectious influenza virus on mobile phones of influenza patients in Hong Kong and the United States. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1730-1734. [PMID: 34534320 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile phones are among the most highly touched personal objects. As part of a broader study on the contribution of fomites to influenza transmission, between 2017-19, we swabbed mobile phones from 138 influenza patients in two locations. Influenza viral RNA detection rates were 23% (23/99) and 36% (14/39) in Hong Kong and Maryland, respectively. In Hong Kong, infectious influenza virus was recovered from 3/23 mobile phones. Mobile phone influenza contamination was positively associated with upper-respiratory viral load and negatively associated with age. Cleaning personal objects of influenza patients should be recommended and individuals should avoid sharing objects with influenza patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Xiao
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jacob Bueno de Mesquita
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Nancy H L Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Oluwasanmi Adenaiye
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Sheldon Tai
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Filbert Hong
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel K W Chu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dennis K M Ip
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Benjamin J Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Donald K Milton
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
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28
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Haupt RE, Harberts EM, Kitz RJ, Strohmeier S, Krammer F, Ernst RK, Frieman MB. Novel TLR4 adjuvant elicits protection against homologous and heterologous Influenza A infection. Vaccine 2021; 39:5205-5213. [PMID: 34362603 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a leading cause of respiratory disease worldwide often resulting in hospitalization or death. In this study, TLR4 immunostimulatory molecules, Bacterial Enzymatic Combinatorial Chemistry (BECC) 438 and BECC470 were found to be superior IAV vaccine adjuvants when compared to the classic adjuvant alhydrogel (alum) and Phosphorylated Hexa-Acyl Disaccharide (PHAD), a synthetic TLR4 agonist. BECC molecules allow for antigen sparing of a recombinant HA (rHA) protein, elicit a more balanced IgG1/IgG2a response, and were protective in a prime only dosing schedule. Importantly, BECC molecules afford protection from a heterologous IAV strain demonstrating that a cross-protective influenza vaccine is possible when the antigen is effectively adjuvanted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Haupt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erin M Harberts
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert J Kitz
- Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Pathology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert K Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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29
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Schultz DC, Johnson RM, Ayyanathan K, Miller J, Whig K, Kamalia B, Dittmar M, Weston S, Hammond HL, Dillen C, Castellana L, Lee JS, Li M, Lee E, Constant S, Ferrer M, Thaiss CA, Frieman MB, Cherry S. Pyrimidine biosynthesis inhibitors synergize with nucleoside analogs to block SARS-CoV-2 infection. bioRxiv 2021:2021.06.24.449811. [PMID: 34189531 PMCID: PMC8240684 DOI: 10.1101/2021.06.24.449811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the dearth of approved drugs to treat viral infections, with only ∼90 FDA approved drugs against human viral pathogens. To identify drugs that can block SARS-CoV-2 replication, extensive drug screening to repurpose approved drugs is underway. Here, we screened ∼18,000 drugs for antiviral activity using live virus infection in human respiratory cells. Dose-response studies validate 122 drugs with antiviral activity and selectivity against SARS-CoV-2. Amongst these drug candidates are 16 nucleoside analogs, the largest category of clinically used antivirals. This included the antiviral Remdesivir approved for use in COVID-19, and the nucleoside Molnupirivir, which is undergoing clinical trials. RNA viruses rely on a high supply of nucleoside triphosphates from the host to efficiently replicate, and we identified a panel of host nucleoside biosynthesis inhibitors as antiviral, and we found that combining pyrimidine biosynthesis inhibitors with antiviral nucleoside analogs synergistically inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and in vivo suggesting a clinical path forward.
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30
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Martin-Sancho L, Lewinski MK, Pache L, Stoneham CA, Yin X, Becker ME, Pratt D, Churas C, Rosenthal SB, Liu S, Weston S, De Jesus PD, O'Neill AM, Gounder AP, Nguyen C, Pu Y, Curry HM, Oom AL, Miorin L, Rodriguez-Frandsen A, Zheng F, Wu C, Xiong Y, Urbanowski M, Shaw ML, Chang MW, Benner C, Hope TJ, Frieman MB, García-Sastre A, Ideker T, Hultquist JF, Guatelli J, Chanda SK. Functional landscape of SARS-CoV-2 cellular restriction. Mol Cell 2021; 81:2656-2668.e8. [PMID: 33930332 PMCID: PMC8043580 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A deficient interferon (IFN) response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has been implicated as a determinant of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To identify the molecular effectors that govern IFN control of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we conducted a large-scale gain-of-function analysis that evaluated the impact of human IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) on viral replication. A limited subset of ISGs were found to control viral infection, including endosomal factors inhibiting viral entry, RNA binding proteins suppressing viral RNA synthesis, and a highly enriched cluster of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi-resident ISGs inhibiting viral assembly/egress. These included broad-acting antiviral ISGs and eight ISGs that specifically inhibited SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 replication. Among the broad-acting ISGs was BST2/tetherin, which impeded viral release and is antagonized by SARS-CoV-2 Orf7a protein. Overall, these data illuminate a set of ISGs that underlie innate immune control of SARS-CoV-2/SARS-CoV-1 infection, which will facilitate the understanding of host determinants that impact disease severity and offer potential therapeutic strategies for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martin-Sancho
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mary K Lewinski
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, and the VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Lars Pache
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Charlotte A Stoneham
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, and the VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Xin Yin
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mark E Becker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dexter Pratt
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher Churas
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sara B Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sophie Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stuart Weston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Paul D De Jesus
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alan M O'Neill
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Anshu P Gounder
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Courtney Nguyen
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yuan Pu
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Heather M Curry
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aaron L Oom
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, and the VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA
| | - Ariel Rodriguez-Frandsen
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fan Zheng
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chunxiang Wu
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yong Xiong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Matthew Urbanowski
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA
| | - Megan L Shaw
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA; Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
| | - Max W Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher Benner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Thomas J Hope
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA; The Tisch Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA
| | - Trey Ideker
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Judd F Hultquist
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - John Guatelli
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, and the VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Sumit K Chanda
- Immunity and Pathogenesis Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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31
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Nanishi E, Borriello F, O'Meara TR, McGrath ME, Saito Y, Haupt RE, Seo HS, van Haren SD, Brook B, Chen J, Diray-Arce J, Doss-Gollin S, Leon MD, Chew K, Menon M, Song K, Xu AZ, Caradonna TM, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Schmidt AG, Sherman AC, Baden LR, Ernst RK, Dillen C, Weston SM, Johnson RM, Hammond HL, Mayer R, Burke A, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ, Strych U, Chang A, Yu J, Barouch DH, Dhe-Paganon S, Zanoni I, Ozonoff A, Frieman MB, Levy O, Dowling DJ. Alum:CpG adjuvant enables SARS-CoV-2 RBD-induced protection in aged mice and synergistic activation of human elder type 1 immunity. bioRxiv 2021. [PMID: 34031655 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.20.444848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Global deployment of vaccines that can provide protection across several age groups is still urgently needed to end the COVID-19 pandemic especially for low- and middle-income countries. While vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 based on mRNA and adenoviral-vector technologies have been rapidly developed, additional practical and scalable SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are needed to meet global demand. In this context, protein subunit vaccines formulated with appropriate adjuvants represent a promising approach to address this urgent need. Receptor-binding domain (RBD) is a key target of neutralizing antibodies (Abs) but is poorly immunogenic. We therefore compared pattern recognition receptor (PRR) agonists, including those activating STING, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR9, alone or formulated with aluminum hydroxide (AH), and benchmarked them to AS01B and AS03-like emulsion-based adjuvants for their potential to enhance RBD immunogenicity in young and aged mice. We found that the AH and CpG adjuvant formulation (AH:CpG) demonstrated the highest enhancement of anti-RBD neutralizing Ab titers in both age groups (∼80-fold over AH), and protected aged mice from the SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Notably, AH:CpG-adjuvanted RBD vaccine elicited neutralizing Abs against both wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and B.1.351 variant at serum concentrations comparable to those induced by the authorized mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine. AH:CpG induced similar cytokine and chemokine gene enrichment patterns in the draining lymph nodes of both young adult and aged mice and synergistically enhanced cytokine and chemokine production in human young adult and elderly mononuclear cells. These data support further development of AH:CpG-adjuvanted RBD as an affordable vaccine that may be effective across multiple age groups. One Sentence Summary Alum and CpG enhance SARS-CoV-2 RBD protective immunity, variant neutralization in aged mice and Th1-polarizing cytokine production by human elder leukocytes.
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32
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Saadat S, Rikhtegaran Tehrani Z, Logue J, Newman M, Frieman MB, Harris AD, Sajadi MM. Binding and Neutralization Antibody Titers After a Single Vaccine Dose in Health Care Workers Previously Infected With SARS-CoV-2. JAMA 2021; 325:1467-1469. [PMID: 33646292 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.30.21250843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study compares titers of binding and neutralizing antibodies after a single mRNA coronavirus vaccine dose in health care workers previously infected with SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Saadat
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | | | - James Logue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Michelle Newman
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Anthony D Harris
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Mohammad M Sajadi
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
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33
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Saadat S, Rikhtegaran Tehrani Z, Logue J, Newman M, Frieman MB, Harris AD, Sajadi MM. Binding and Neutralization Antibody Titers After a Single Vaccine Dose in Health Care Workers Previously Infected With SARS-CoV-2. JAMA 2021; 325:1467-1469. [PMID: 33646292 PMCID: PMC7922233 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.3341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saman Saadat
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | | | - James Logue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Michelle Newman
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Matthew B. Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Anthony D. Harris
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Mohammad M. Sajadi
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
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34
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Boras B, Jones RM, Anson BJ, Arenson D, Aschenbrenner L, Bakowski MA, Beutler N, Binder J, Chen E, Eng H, Hammond H, Hammond J, Haupt RE, Hoffman R, Kadar EP, Kania R, Kimoto E, Kirkpatrick MG, Lanyon L, Lendy EK, Lillis JR, Logue J, Luthra SA, Ma C, Mason SW, McGrath ME, Noell S, Obach RS, O'Brien MN, O'Connor R, Ogilvie K, Owen D, Pettersson M, Reese MR, Rogers TF, Rossulek MI, Sathish JG, Shirai N, Steppan C, Ticehurst M, Updyke LW, Weston S, Zhu Y, Wang J, Chatterjee AK, Mesecar AD, Frieman MB, Anderson AS, Allerton C. Discovery of a Novel Inhibitor of Coronavirus 3CL Protease for the Potential Treatment of COVID-19. bioRxiv 2021. [PMID: 32935104 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.12.293498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has become a global pandemic. 3CL protease is a virally encoded protein that is essential across a broad spectrum of coronaviruses with no close human analogs. The designed phosphate prodrug PF-07304814 is metabolized to PF-00835321 which is a potent inhibitor in vitro of the coronavirus family 3CL pro, with selectivity over human host protease targets. Furthermore, PF-00835231 exhibits potent in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 as a single agent and it is additive/synergistic in combination with remdesivir. We present the ADME, safety, in vitro , and in vivo antiviral activity data that supports the clinical evaluation of this compound as a potential COVID-19 treatment.
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35
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Gorman MJ, Patel N, Guebre-Xabier M, Zhu A, Atyeo C, Pullen KM, Loos C, Goez-Gazi Y, Carrion R, Tian JH, Yaun D, Bowman K, Zhou B, Maciejewski S, McGrath ME, Logue J, Frieman MB, Montefiori D, Mann C, Schendel S, Amanat F, Krammer F, Saphire EO, Lauffenburger D, Greene AM, Portnoff AD, Massare MJ, Ellingsworth L, Glenn G, Smith G, Alter G. Collaboration between the Fab and Fc contribute to maximal protection against SARS-CoV-2 in nonhuman primates following NVX-CoV2373 subunit vaccine with Matrix-M™ vaccination. bioRxiv 2021:2021.02.05.429759. [PMID: 33564763 PMCID: PMC7872351 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.05.429759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently approved vaccines have already shown remarkable protection in limiting SARS-CoV-2 associated disease. However, immunologic mechanism(s) of protection, as well as how boosting alters immunity to wildtype and newly emerging strains, remain incompletely understood. Here we deeply profiled the humoral immune response in a cohort of non-human primates immunized with a stable recombinant full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein (NVX-CoV2373) at two dose levels, administered as a single or two-dose regimen with a saponin-based adjuvant Matrix-M™. While antigen dose had some effect on Fc-effector profiles, both antigen dose and boosting significantly altered overall titers, neutralization and Fc-effector profiles, driving unique vaccine-induced antibody fingerprints. Combined differences in antibody effector functions and neutralization were strongly associated with distinct levels of protection in the upper and lower respiratory tract, pointing to the presence of combined, but distinct, compartment-specific neutralization and Fc-mechanisms as key determinants of protective immunity against infection. Moreover, NVX-CoV2373 elicited antibodies functionally target emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, collectively pointing to the critical collaborative role for Fab and Fc in driving maximal protection against SARS-CoV-2. Collectively, the data presented here suggest that a single dose may prevent disease, but that two doses may be essential to block further transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants. HIGHLIGHTS NVX-CoV2373 subunit vaccine elicits receptor blocking, virus neutralizing antibodies, and Fc-effector functional antibodies.The vaccine protects against respiratory tract infection and virus shedding in non-human primates (NHPs).Both neutralizing and Fc-effector functions contribute to protection, potentially through different mechanisms in the upper and lower respiratory tract.Both macaque and human vaccine-induced antibodies exhibit altered Fc-receptor binding to emerging mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Gorman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nita Patel
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | - Alex Zhu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Krista M Pullen
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Carolin Loos
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yenny Goez-Gazi
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute. 8715 West Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Ricardo Carrion
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute. 8715 West Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Jing-Hui Tian
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Dansu Yaun
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kathryn Bowman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | - Marisa E McGrath
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - James Logue
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Colin Mann
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Douglas Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ann M Greene
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gregory Glenn
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Gale Smith
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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36
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Tian JH, Patel N, Haupt R, Zhou H, Weston S, Hammond H, Logue J, Portnoff AD, Norton J, Guebre-Xabier M, Zhou B, Jacobson K, Maciejewski S, Khatoon R, Wisniewska M, Moffitt W, Kluepfel-Stahl S, Ekechukwu B, Papin J, Boddapati S, Jason Wong C, Piedra PA, Frieman MB, Massare MJ, Fries L, Bengtsson KL, Stertman L, Ellingsworth L, Glenn G, Smith G. SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein vaccine candidate NVX-CoV2373 immunogenicity in baboons and protection in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:372. [PMID: 33446655 PMCID: PMC7809486 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20653-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread throughout the world with an urgent need for a safe and protective vaccine to effectuate herd protection and control the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we report the development of a SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine (NVX-CoV2373) from the full-length spike (S) protein that is stable in the prefusion conformation. NVX-CoV2373 S form 27.2-nm nanoparticles that are thermostable and bind with high affinity to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor. In mice, low-dose NVX-CoV2373 with saponin-based Matrix-M adjuvant elicit high titer anti-S IgG that blocks hACE2 receptor binding, neutralize virus, and protects against SARS-CoV-2 challenge with no evidence of vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease. NVX-CoV2373 also elicits multifunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, CD4+ follicular helper T cells (Tfh), and antigen-specific germinal center (GC) B cells in the spleen. In baboons, low-dose levels of NVX-CoV2373 with Matrix-M was also highly immunogenic and elicited high titer anti-S antibodies and functional antibodies that block S-protein binding to hACE2 and neutralize virus infection and antigen-specific T cells. These results support the ongoing phase 1/2 clinical evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of NVX-CoV2373 with Matrix-M (NCT04368988).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hui Tian
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Nita Patel
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Robert Haupt
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Haixia Zhou
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Stuart Weston
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Holly Hammond
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - James Logue
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | | | - James Norton
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | | | - Bin Zhou
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Kelsey Jacobson
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | | | - Rafia Khatoon
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | | | - Will Moffitt
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | | | - Betty Ekechukwu
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - James Papin
- Department of Pathology, Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young, BMS 203, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Sarathi Boddapati
- Catalent Cell & Gene Therapy, 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20874, USA
| | - C Jason Wong
- Catalent Cell & Gene Therapy, 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20874, USA
| | - Pedro A Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | | | - Louis Fries
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gregory Glenn
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Gale Smith
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA.
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37
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Tian JH, Patel N, Haupt R, Zhou H, Weston S, Hammond H, Logue J, Portnoff AD, Norton J, Guebre-Xabier M, Zhou B, Jacobson K, Maciejewski S, Khatoon R, Wisniewska M, Moffitt W, Kluepfel-Stahl S, Ekechukwu B, Papin J, Boddapati S, Jason Wong C, Piedra PA, Frieman MB, Massare MJ, Fries L, Bengtsson KL, Stertman L, Ellingsworth L, Glenn G, Smith G. SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein vaccine candidate NVX-CoV2373 immunogenicity in baboons and protection in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:372. [PMID: 33446655 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.29.178509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread throughout the world with an urgent need for a safe and protective vaccine to effectuate herd protection and control the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we report the development of a SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine (NVX-CoV2373) from the full-length spike (S) protein that is stable in the prefusion conformation. NVX-CoV2373 S form 27.2-nm nanoparticles that are thermostable and bind with high affinity to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor. In mice, low-dose NVX-CoV2373 with saponin-based Matrix-M adjuvant elicit high titer anti-S IgG that blocks hACE2 receptor binding, neutralize virus, and protects against SARS-CoV-2 challenge with no evidence of vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease. NVX-CoV2373 also elicits multifunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, CD4+ follicular helper T cells (Tfh), and antigen-specific germinal center (GC) B cells in the spleen. In baboons, low-dose levels of NVX-CoV2373 with Matrix-M was also highly immunogenic and elicited high titer anti-S antibodies and functional antibodies that block S-protein binding to hACE2 and neutralize virus infection and antigen-specific T cells. These results support the ongoing phase 1/2 clinical evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of NVX-CoV2373 with Matrix-M (NCT04368988).
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- COVID-19/genetics
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19/virology
- COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
- COVID-19 Vaccines/genetics
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Papio
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/administration & dosage
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hui Tian
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Nita Patel
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Robert Haupt
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Haixia Zhou
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Stuart Weston
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Holly Hammond
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - James Logue
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | | | - James Norton
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | | | - Bin Zhou
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Kelsey Jacobson
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | | | - Rafia Khatoon
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | | | - Will Moffitt
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | | | - Betty Ekechukwu
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - James Papin
- Department of Pathology, Division of Comparative Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton L. Young, BMS 203, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Sarathi Boddapati
- Catalent Cell & Gene Therapy, 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20874, USA
| | - C Jason Wong
- Catalent Cell & Gene Therapy, 20 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20874, USA
| | - Pedro A Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | | | - Louis Fries
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gregory Glenn
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Gale Smith
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA.
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38
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Keech C, Albert G, Cho I, Robertson A, Reed P, Neal S, Plested JS, Zhu M, Cloney-Clark S, Zhou H, Smith G, Patel N, Frieman MB, Haupt RE, Logue J, McGrath M, Weston S, Piedra PA, Desai C, Callahan K, Lewis M, Price-Abbott P, Formica N, Shinde V, Fries L, Lickliter JD, Griffin P, Wilkinson B, Glenn GM. Phase 1-2 Trial of a SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine. N Engl J Med 2020; 383:2320-2332. [PMID: 32877576 PMCID: PMC7494251 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2026920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 819] [Impact Index Per Article: 204.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NVX-CoV2373 is a recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (rSARS-CoV-2) nanoparticle vaccine composed of trimeric full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins and Matrix-M1 adjuvant. METHODS We initiated a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 1-2 trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the rSARS-CoV-2 vaccine (in 5-μg and 25-μg doses, with or without Matrix-M1 adjuvant, and with observers unaware of trial-group assignments) in 131 healthy adults. In phase 1, vaccination comprised two intramuscular injections, 21 days apart. The primary outcomes were reactogenicity; laboratory values (serum chemistry and hematology), according to Food and Drug Administration toxicity scoring, to assess safety; and IgG anti-spike protein response (in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] units). Secondary outcomes included unsolicited adverse events, wild-type virus neutralization (microneutralization assay), and T-cell responses (cytokine staining). IgG and microneutralization assay results were compared with 32 (IgG) and 29 (neutralization) convalescent serum samples from patients with Covid-19, most of whom were symptomatic. We performed a primary analysis at day 35. RESULTS After randomization, 83 participants were assigned to receive the vaccine with adjuvant and 25 without adjuvant, and 23 participants were assigned to receive placebo. No serious adverse events were noted. Reactogenicity was absent or mild in the majority of participants, more common with adjuvant, and of short duration (mean, ≤2 days). One participant had mild fever that lasted 1 day. Unsolicited adverse events were mild in most participants; there were no severe adverse events. The addition of adjuvant resulted in enhanced immune responses, was antigen dose-sparing, and induced a T helper 1 (Th1) response. The two-dose 5-μg adjuvanted regimen induced geometric mean anti-spike IgG (63,160 ELISA units) and neutralization (3906) responses that exceeded geometric mean responses in convalescent serum from mostly symptomatic Covid-19 patients (8344 and 983, respectively). CONCLUSIONS At 35 days, NVX-CoV2373 appeared to be safe, and it elicited immune responses that exceeded levels in Covid-19 convalescent serum. The Matrix-M1 adjuvant induced CD4+ T-cell responses that were biased toward a Th1 phenotype. (Funded by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04368988).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Keech
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Gary Albert
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Iksung Cho
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Andreana Robertson
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Patricia Reed
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Susan Neal
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Joyce S Plested
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Mingzhu Zhu
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Shane Cloney-Clark
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Haixia Zhou
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Gale Smith
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Nita Patel
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Robert E Haupt
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - James Logue
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Marisa McGrath
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Stuart Weston
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Pedro A Piedra
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Chinar Desai
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Kathleen Callahan
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Maggie Lewis
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Patricia Price-Abbott
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Neil Formica
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Vivek Shinde
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Louis Fries
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Jason D Lickliter
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Paul Griffin
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Bethanie Wilkinson
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Gregory M Glenn
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
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Keech C, Albert G, Cho I, Robertson A, Reed P, Neal S, Plested JS, Zhu M, Cloney-Clark S, Zhou H, Smith G, Patel N, Frieman MB, Haupt RE, Logue J, McGrath M, Weston S, Piedra PA, Desai C, Callahan K, Lewis M, Price-Abbott P, Formica N, Shinde V, Fries L, Lickliter JD, Griffin P, Wilkinson B, Glenn GM. Phase 1-2 Trial of a SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine. N Engl J Med 2020. [PMID: 32877576 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2026920.)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NVX-CoV2373 is a recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (rSARS-CoV-2) nanoparticle vaccine composed of trimeric full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins and Matrix-M1 adjuvant. METHODS We initiated a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 1-2 trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the rSARS-CoV-2 vaccine (in 5-μg and 25-μg doses, with or without Matrix-M1 adjuvant, and with observers unaware of trial-group assignments) in 131 healthy adults. In phase 1, vaccination comprised two intramuscular injections, 21 days apart. The primary outcomes were reactogenicity; laboratory values (serum chemistry and hematology), according to Food and Drug Administration toxicity scoring, to assess safety; and IgG anti-spike protein response (in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] units). Secondary outcomes included unsolicited adverse events, wild-type virus neutralization (microneutralization assay), and T-cell responses (cytokine staining). IgG and microneutralization assay results were compared with 32 (IgG) and 29 (neutralization) convalescent serum samples from patients with Covid-19, most of whom were symptomatic. We performed a primary analysis at day 35. RESULTS After randomization, 83 participants were assigned to receive the vaccine with adjuvant and 25 without adjuvant, and 23 participants were assigned to receive placebo. No serious adverse events were noted. Reactogenicity was absent or mild in the majority of participants, more common with adjuvant, and of short duration (mean, ≤2 days). One participant had mild fever that lasted 1 day. Unsolicited adverse events were mild in most participants; there were no severe adverse events. The addition of adjuvant resulted in enhanced immune responses, was antigen dose-sparing, and induced a T helper 1 (Th1) response. The two-dose 5-μg adjuvanted regimen induced geometric mean anti-spike IgG (63,160 ELISA units) and neutralization (3906) responses that exceeded geometric mean responses in convalescent serum from mostly symptomatic Covid-19 patients (8344 and 983, respectively). CONCLUSIONS At 35 days, NVX-CoV2373 appeared to be safe, and it elicited immune responses that exceeded levels in Covid-19 convalescent serum. The Matrix-M1 adjuvant induced CD4+ T-cell responses that were biased toward a Th1 phenotype. (Funded by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04368988).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Keech
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Gary Albert
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Iksung Cho
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Andreana Robertson
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Patricia Reed
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Susan Neal
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Joyce S Plested
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Mingzhu Zhu
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Shane Cloney-Clark
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Haixia Zhou
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Gale Smith
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Nita Patel
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Robert E Haupt
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - James Logue
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Marisa McGrath
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Stuart Weston
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Pedro A Piedra
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Chinar Desai
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Kathleen Callahan
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Maggie Lewis
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Patricia Price-Abbott
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Neil Formica
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Vivek Shinde
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Louis Fries
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Jason D Lickliter
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Paul Griffin
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Bethanie Wilkinson
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
| | - Gregory M Glenn
- From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (C.K., G.A., I.C., A.R., P.R., S.N., J.S.P., M.Z., S.C.-C., H.Z., G.S., N.P., C.D., K.C., M.L., P.P.-A., N.F., V.S., L.F., B.W., G.M.G.), and the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.B.F., R.E.H., J.L., M.M.G., S.W.); Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (P.A.P.); and Nucleus Network, Melbourne, VIC (J.D.L.), and Q-Pharm, Herston, QLD (P.G.) - both in Australia
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Gordon DE, Hiatt J, Bouhaddou M, Rezelj VV, Ulferts S, Braberg H, Jureka AS, Obernier K, Guo JZ, Batra J, Kaake RM, Weckstein AR, Owens TW, Gupta M, Pourmal S, Titus EW, Cakir M, Soucheray M, McGregor M, Cakir Z, Jang G, O'Meara MJ, Tummino TA, Zhang Z, Foussard H, Rojc A, Zhou Y, Kuchenov D, Hüttenhain R, Xu J, Eckhardt M, Swaney DL, Fabius JM, Ummadi M, Tutuncuoglu B, Rathore U, Modak M, Haas P, Haas KM, Naing ZZC, Pulido EH, Shi Y, Barrio-Hernandez I, Memon D, Petsalaki E, Dunham A, Marrero MC, Burke D, Koh C, Vallet T, Silvas JA, Azumaya CM, Billesbølle C, Brilot AF, Campbell MG, Diallo A, Dickinson MS, Diwanji D, Herrera N, Hoppe N, Kratochvil HT, Liu Y, Merz GE, Moritz M, Nguyen HC, Nowotny C, Puchades C, Rizo AN, Schulze-Gahmen U, Smith AM, Sun M, Young ID, Zhao J, Asarnow D, Biel J, Bowen A, Braxton JR, Chen J, Chio CM, Chio US, Deshpande I, Doan L, Faust B, Flores S, Jin M, Kim K, Lam VL, Li F, Li J, Li YL, Li Y, Liu X, Lo M, Lopez KE, Melo AA, Moss FR, Nguyen P, Paulino J, Pawar KI, Peters JK, Pospiech TH, Safari M, Sangwan S, Schaefer K, Thomas PV, Thwin AC, Trenker R, Tse E, Tsui TKM, Wang F, Whitis N, Yu Z, Zhang K, Zhang Y, Zhou F, Saltzberg D, Hodder AJ, Shun-Shion AS, Williams DM, White KM, Rosales R, Kehrer T, Miorin L, Moreno E, Patel AH, Rihn S, Khalid MM, Vallejo-Gracia A, Fozouni P, Simoneau CR, Roth TL, Wu D, Karim MA, Ghoussaini M, Dunham I, Berardi F, Weigang S, Chazal M, Park J, Logue J, McGrath M, Weston S, Haupt R, Hastie CJ, Elliott M, Brown F, Burness KA, Reid E, Dorward M, Johnson C, Wilkinson SG, Geyer A, Giesel DM, Baillie C, Raggett S, Leech H, Toth R, Goodman N, Keough KC, Lind AL, Klesh RJ, Hemphill KR, Carlson-Stevermer J, Oki J, Holden K, Maures T, Pollard KS, Sali A, Agard DA, Cheng Y, Fraser JS, Frost A, Jura N, Kortemme T, Manglik A, Southworth DR, Stroud RM, Alessi DR, Davies P, Frieman MB, Ideker T, Abate C, Jouvenet N, Kochs G, Shoichet B, Ott M, Palmarini M, Shokat KM, García-Sastre A, Rassen JA, Grosse R, Rosenberg OS, Verba KA, Basler CF, Vignuzzi M, Peden AA, Beltrao P, Krogan NJ. Comparative host-coronavirus protein interaction networks reveal pan-viral disease mechanisms. Science 2020; 370:eabe9403. [PMID: 33060197 PMCID: PMC7808408 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe9403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a grave threat to public health and the global economy. SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to the more lethal but less transmissible coronaviruses SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Here, we have carried out comparative viral-human protein-protein interaction and viral protein localization analyses for all three viruses. Subsequent functional genetic screening identified host factors that functionally impinge on coronavirus proliferation, including Tom70, a mitochondrial chaperone protein that interacts with both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 ORF9b, an interaction we structurally characterized using cryo-electron microscopy. Combining genetically validated host factors with both COVID-19 patient genetic data and medical billing records identified molecular mechanisms and potential drug treatments that merit further molecular and clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Gordon
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Joseph Hiatt
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mehdi Bouhaddou
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Veronica V Rezelj
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724, Paris, cedex 15, France
| | - Svenja Ulferts
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology I, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hannes Braberg
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alexander S Jureka
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Kirsten Obernier
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jeffrey Z Guo
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jyoti Batra
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Robyn M Kaake
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Tristan W Owens
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Meghna Gupta
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sergei Pourmal
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Erron W Titus
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Merve Cakir
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Margaret Soucheray
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael McGregor
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zeynep Cakir
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gwendolyn Jang
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Matthew J O'Meara
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tia A Tummino
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Helene Foussard
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ajda Rojc
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Dmitry Kuchenov
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ruth Hüttenhain
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jiewei Xu
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Manon Eckhardt
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Danielle L Swaney
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Fabius
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Manisha Ummadi
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Beril Tutuncuoglu
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ujjwal Rathore
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Maya Modak
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Paige Haas
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kelsey M Haas
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zun Zar Chi Naing
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ernst H Pulido
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ying Shi
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Inigo Barrio-Hernandez
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Danish Memon
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Eirini Petsalaki
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Alistair Dunham
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Miguel Correa Marrero
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - David Burke
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Cassandra Koh
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724, Paris, cedex 15, France
| | - Thomas Vallet
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724, Paris, cedex 15, France
| | - Jesus A Silvas
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Caleigh M Azumaya
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Christian Billesbølle
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Axel F Brilot
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Melody G Campbell
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Amy Diallo
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Miles Sasha Dickinson
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Devan Diwanji
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nadia Herrera
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nick Hoppe
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Huong T Kratochvil
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yanxin Liu
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gregory E Merz
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michelle Moritz
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Henry C Nguyen
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Carlos Nowotny
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Cristina Puchades
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alexandrea N Rizo
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ursula Schulze-Gahmen
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Amber M Smith
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ming Sun
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Beam Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Iris D Young
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel Asarnow
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Justin Biel
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alisa Bowen
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Julian R Braxton
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jen Chen
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Cynthia M Chio
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Un Seng Chio
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ishan Deshpande
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Loan Doan
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Bryan Faust
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sebastian Flores
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mingliang Jin
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kate Kim
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Victor L Lam
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Fei Li
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Junrui Li
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yen-Li Li
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yang Li
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Xi Liu
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Megan Lo
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kyle E Lopez
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Arthur A Melo
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Frank R Moss
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Joana Paulino
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Komal Ishwar Pawar
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jessica K Peters
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Thomas H Pospiech
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Maliheh Safari
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Smriti Sangwan
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kaitlin Schaefer
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Paul V Thomas
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Aye C Thwin
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Raphael Trenker
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Eric Tse
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tsz Kin Martin Tsui
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Natalie Whitis
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zanlin Yu
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kaihua Zhang
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yang Zhang
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Fengbo Zhou
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel Saltzberg
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anthony J Hodder
- Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Amber S Shun-Shion
- Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Daniel M Williams
- Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Kris M White
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Romel Rosales
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Thomas Kehrer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Elena Moreno
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Arvind H Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Suzannah Rihn
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Mir M Khalid
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Parinaz Fozouni
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Camille R Simoneau
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Theodore L Roth
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David Wu
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mohd Anisul Karim
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Maya Ghoussaini
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Ian Dunham
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Francesco Berardi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari 'ALDO MORO', Via Orabona, 4 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Sebastian Weigang
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maxime Chazal
- Département de Virologie, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
| | - Jisoo Park
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - James Logue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Marisa McGrath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Stuart Weston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Robert Haupt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - C James Hastie
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Matthew Elliott
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Fiona Brown
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Kerry A Burness
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Elaine Reid
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Mark Dorward
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Clare Johnson
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Stuart G Wilkinson
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Anna Geyer
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Daniel M Giesel
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Carla Baillie
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Samantha Raggett
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Hannah Leech
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Rachel Toth
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Nicola Goodman
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | | | - Abigail L Lind
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Kafi R Hemphill
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Oki
- Synthego Corporation, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - Kevin Holden
- Synthego Corporation, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | | | - Katherine S Pollard
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Andrej Sali
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David A Agard
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - James S Fraser
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Adam Frost
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Natalia Jura
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tanja Kortemme
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- The University of California, Berkeley-University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Aashish Manglik
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel R Southworth
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Robert M Stroud
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Dario R Alessi
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Paul Davies
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Trey Ideker
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department to Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Carmen Abate
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari 'ALDO MORO', Via Orabona, 4 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Département de Virologie, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
| | - Georg Kochs
- Institute of Virology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Brian Shoichet
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Massimo Palmarini
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Robert Grosse
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology I, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oren S Rosenberg
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kliment A Verba
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group Structural Biology Consortium, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Marco Vignuzzi
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, CNRS UMR 3569, Institut Pasteur, 75724, Paris, cedex 15, France.
| | - Andrew A Peden
- Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Pedro Beltrao
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SD, UK.
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI) COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
- QBI, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Weston S, Baracco L, Keller C, Matthews K, McGrath ME, Logue J, Liang J, Dyall J, Holbrook MR, Hensley LE, Jahrling PB, Yu W, MacKerell AD, Frieman MB. The SKI complex is a broad-spectrum, host-directed antiviral drug target for coronaviruses, influenza, and filoviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:30687-30698. [PMID: 33184176 PMCID: PMC7720140 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012939117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has made it clear that we have a desperate need for antivirals. We present work that the mammalian SKI complex is a broad-spectrum, host-directed, antiviral drug target. Yeast suppressor screening was utilized to find a functional genetic interaction between proteins from influenza A virus (IAV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) with eukaryotic proteins that may be potential host factors involved in replication. This screening identified the SKI complex as a potential host factor for both viruses. In mammalian systems siRNA-mediated knockdown of SKI genes inhibited replication of IAV and MERS-CoV. In silico modeling and database screening identified a binding pocket on the SKI complex and compounds predicted to bind. Experimental assays of those compounds identified three chemical structures that were antiviral against IAV and MERS-CoV along with the filoviruses Ebola and Marburg and two further coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. The mechanism of antiviral activity is through inhibition of viral RNA production. This work defines the mammalian SKI complex as a broad-spectrum antiviral drug target and identifies lead compounds for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Weston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Lauren Baracco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Chloe Keller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Krystal Matthews
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Marisa E McGrath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - James Logue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Janie Liang
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Julie Dyall
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Lisa E Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Peter B Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Wenbo Yu
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Alexander D MacKerell
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- University of Maryland Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201;
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Guebre-Xabier M, Patel N, Tian JH, Zhou B, Maciejewski S, Lam K, Portnoff AD, Massare MJ, Frieman MB, Piedra PA, Ellingsworth L, Glenn G, Smith G. NVX-CoV2373 vaccine protects cynomolgus macaque upper and lower airways against SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Vaccine 2020; 38:7892-7896. [PMID: 33139139 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.18.256578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for a safe and protective vaccine to control the global spread of SARS-CoV-2 and prevent COVID-19. Here, we report the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine (NVX-CoV2373) produced from the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein stabilized in the prefusion conformation. Cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) immunized with NVX-CoV2373 and the saponin-based Matrix-M™ adjuvant induced anti-S antibody that was neutralizing and blocked binding to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor. Following intranasal and intratracheal challenge with SARS-CoV-2, immunized macaques were protected against upper and lower infection and pulmonary disease. These results support ongoing phase 1/2 clinical studies of the safety and immunogenicity of NVX-CoV2327 vaccine (NCT04368988).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nita Patel
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Jing-Hui Tian
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Bin Zhou
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | | | - Kristal Lam
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | | | | | - Matthew B Frieman
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Pedro A Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | | | - Gregory Glenn
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Gale Smith
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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43
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Guebre-Xabier M, Patel N, Tian JH, Zhou B, Maciejewski S, Lam K, Portnoff AD, Massare MJ, Frieman MB, Piedra PA, Ellingsworth L, Glenn G, Smith G. NVX-CoV2373 vaccine protects cynomolgus macaque upper and lower airways against SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Vaccine 2020; 38:7892-7896. [PMID: 33139139 PMCID: PMC7584426 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for a safe and protective vaccine to control the global spread of SARS-CoV-2 and prevent COVID-19. Here, we report the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine (NVX-CoV2373) produced from the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein stabilized in the prefusion conformation. Cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) immunized with NVX-CoV2373 and the saponin-based Matrix-M™ adjuvant induced anti-S antibody that was neutralizing and blocked binding to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor. Following intranasal and intratracheal challenge with SARS-CoV-2, immunized macaques were protected against upper and lower infection and pulmonary disease. These results support ongoing phase 1/2 clinical studies of the safety and immunogenicity of NVX-CoV2327 vaccine (NCT04368988).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nita Patel
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Jing-Hui Tian
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Bin Zhou
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | | | - Kristal Lam
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | | | | | - Matthew B Frieman
- University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Pedro A Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | | | - Gregory Glenn
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
| | - Gale Smith
- Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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44
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Weston S, Coleman CM, Haupt R, Logue J, Matthews K, Li Y, Reyes HM, Weiss SR, Frieman MB. Broad Anti-coronavirus Activity of Food and Drug Administration-Approved Drugs against SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro and SARS-CoV In Vivo. J Virol 2020; 94:e01218-20. [PMID: 32817221 PMCID: PMC7565640 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01218-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in China at the end of 2019 and has rapidly caused a pandemic, with over 20 million recorded COVID-19 cases in August 2020 (https://covid19.who.int/). There are no FDA-approved antivirals or vaccines for any coronavirus, including SARS-CoV-2. Current treatments for COVID-19 are limited to supportive therapies and off-label use of FDA-approved drugs. Rapid development and human testing of potential antivirals is urgently needed. Numerous drugs are already approved for human use, and subsequently, there is a good understanding of their safety profiles and potential side effects, making them easier to fast-track to clinical studies in COVID-19 patients. Here, we present data on the antiviral activity of 20 FDA-approved drugs against SARS-CoV-2 that also inhibit SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). We found that 17 of these inhibit SARS-CoV-2 at non-cytotoxic concentrations. We directly followed up seven of these to demonstrate that all are capable of inhibiting infectious SARS-CoV-2 production. Moreover, we evaluated two of these, chloroquine and chlorpromazine, in vivo using a mouse-adapted SARS-CoV model and found that both drugs protect mice from clinical disease.IMPORTANCE There are no FDA-approved antivirals for any coronavirus, including SARS-CoV-2. Numerous drugs are already approved for human use that may have antiviral activity and therefore could potentially be rapidly repurposed as antivirals. Here, we present data assessing the antiviral activity of 20 FDA-approved drugs against SARS-CoV-2 that also inhibit SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in vitro We found that 17 of these inhibit SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that they may have pan-anti-coronaviral activity. We directly followed up seven of these and found that they all inhibit infectious-SARS-CoV-2 production. Moreover, we evaluated chloroquine and chlorpromazine in vivo using mouse-adapted SARS-CoV. We found that neither drug inhibited viral replication in the lungs, but both protected against clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Weston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher M Coleman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Haupt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James Logue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Krystal Matthews
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yize Li
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hanako M Reyes
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Susan R Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Muñoz-Fontela C, Dowling WE, Funnell SGP, Gsell PS, Riveros-Balta AX, Albrecht RA, Andersen H, Baric RS, Carroll MW, Cavaleri M, Qin C, Crozier I, Dallmeier K, de Waal L, de Wit E, Delang L, Dohm E, Duprex WP, Falzarano D, Finch CL, Frieman MB, Graham BS, Gralinski LE, Guilfoyle K, Haagmans BL, Hamilton GA, Hartman AL, Herfst S, Kaptein SJF, Klimstra WB, Knezevic I, Krause PR, Kuhn JH, Le Grand R, Lewis MG, Liu WC, Maisonnasse P, McElroy AK, Munster V, Oreshkova N, Rasmussen AL, Rocha-Pereira J, Rockx B, Rodríguez E, Rogers TF, Salguero FJ, Schotsaert M, Stittelaar KJ, Thibaut HJ, Tseng CT, Vergara-Alert J, Beer M, Brasel T, Chan JFW, García-Sastre A, Neyts J, Perlman S, Reed DS, Richt JA, Roy CJ, Segalés J, Vasan SS, Henao-Restrepo AM, Barouch DH. Animal models for COVID-19. Nature 2020; 586:509-515. [PMID: 32967005 PMCID: PMC8136862 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2787-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 572] [Impact Index Per Article: 143.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the aetiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an emerging respiratory infection caused by the introduction of a novel coronavirus into humans late in 2019 (first detected in Hubei province, China). As of 18 September 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has spread to 215 countries, has infected more than 30 million people and has caused more than 950,000 deaths. As humans do not have pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2, there is an urgent need to develop therapeutic agents and vaccines to mitigate the current pandemic and to prevent the re-emergence of COVID-19. In February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) assembled an international panel to develop animal models for COVID-19 to accelerate the testing of vaccines and therapeutic agents. Here we summarize the findings to date and provides relevant information for preclinical testing of vaccine candidates and therapeutic agents for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Muñoz-Fontela
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - William E Dowling
- Centre for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Randy A Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Miles W Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Peking, China
| | - Ian Crozier
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Dohm
- Animal Resources Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - W Paul Duprex
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- VIDO-Intervac, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Courtney L Finch
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa E Gralinski
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Amy L Hartman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne J F Kaptein
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - William B Klimstra
- Department of Immunology, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Philip R Krause
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Inserm, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | | | - Wen-Chun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pauline Maisonnasse
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Inserm, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Anita K McElroy
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vincent Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Nadia Oreshkova
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Angela L Rasmussen
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia Mailman |School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joana Rocha-Pereira
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barry Rockx
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Estefanía Rodríguez
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas F Rogers
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Hendrik Jan Thibaut
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chien-Te Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Trevor Brasel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jasper F W Chan
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Douglas S Reed
- Department of Immunology, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Chad J Roy
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Seshadri S Vasan
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Martin-Sancho L, Lewinski MK, Pache L, Stoneham CA, Yin X, Pratt D, Churas C, Rosenthal SB, Liu S, De Jesus PD, O'Neill AM, Gounder AP, Nguyen C, Pu Y, Oom AL, Miorin L, Rodriguez-Frandsen A, Urbanowski M, Shaw ML, Chang MW, Benner C, Frieman MB, García-Sastre A, Ideker T, Hultquist JF, Guatelli J, Chanda SK. Functional Landscape of SARS-CoV-2 Cellular Restriction. bioRxiv 2020:2020.09.29.319566. [PMID: 33024967 PMCID: PMC7536870 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.29.319566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A deficient interferon response to SARS-CoV-2 infection has been implicated as a determinant of severe COVID-19. To identify the molecular effectors that govern interferon control of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we conducted a large-scale gain-of-function analysis that evaluated the impact of human interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) on viral replication. A limited subset of ISGs were found to control viral infection, including endosomal factors that inhibited viral entry, nucleic acid binding proteins that suppressed viral RNA synthesis, and a highly enriched cluster of ER and Golgi-resident ISGs that inhibited viral translation and egress. These included the type II integral membrane protein BST2/tetherin, which was found to impede viral release, and is targeted for immune evasion by SARS-CoV-2 Orf7a protein. Overall, these data define the molecular basis of early innate immune control of viral infection, which will facilitate the understanding of host determinants that impact disease severity and offer potential therapeutic strategies for COVID-19.
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Funnell SGP, Dowling WE, Muñoz-Fontela C, Gsell PS, Ingber DE, Hamilton GA, Delang L, Rocha-Pereira J, Kaptein S, Dallmeier KH, Neyts J, Rosenke K, de Wit E, Feldmann H, Maisonnasse P, Le Grand R, Frieman MB, Coleman CM. Emerging preclinical evidence does not support broad use of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4253. [PMID: 32848158 PMCID: PMC7450055 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17907-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for drugs, therapies and vaccines to be available to protect the human population against COVID-19. One of the first approaches taken in the COVID-19 global response was to consider repurposing licensed drugs. This commentary highlights an extraordinary international collaborative effort of independent researchers who have recently all come to the same conclusion—that chloroquine or hydroxchloroquine are unlikely to provide clinical benefit against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G P Funnell
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Manor Farm Road, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP40JG, UK.
| | - W E Dowling
- Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, 1901 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite 1003, Washington, DC, 20006, USA
| | - C Muñoz-Fontela
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Strasse. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - P-S Gsell
- World Health Organisation, Avenue Appia, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - D E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, CLSB5, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - G A Hamilton
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, 5th Floor, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - L Delang
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Global Virus Network, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Rocha-Pereira
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Global Virus Network, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Kaptein
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Global Virus Network, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K H Dallmeier
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Global Virus Network, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Neyts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Global Virus Network, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - K Rosenke
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Hamilton, 59840, MT, USA
| | - E de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Hamilton, 59840, MT, USA
| | - H Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Hamilton, 59840, MT, USA
| | - P Maisonnasse
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 92265, France
| | - R Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases » (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, 92265, France
| | - M B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - C M Coleman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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Moitra P, Alafeef M, Dighe K, Frieman MB, Pan D. Selective Naked-Eye Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Mediated by N Gene Targeted Antisense Oligonucleotide Capped Plasmonic Nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2020; 14:7617-7627. [PMID: 32437124 PMCID: PMC7263075 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The current outbreak of the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) demands its rapid, convenient, and large-scale diagnosis to downregulate its spread within as well as across the communities. But the reliability, reproducibility, and selectivity of majority of such diagnostic tests fail when they are tested either to a viral load at its early representation or to a viral gene mutated during its current spread. In this regard, a selective "naked-eye" detection of SARS-CoV-2 is highly desirable, which can be tested without accessing any advanced instrumental techniques. We herein report the development of a colorimetric assay based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), when capped with suitably designed thiol-modified antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) specific for N-gene (nucleocapsid phosphoprotein) of SARS-CoV-2, could be used for diagnosing positive COVID-19 cases within 10 min from the isolated RNA samples. The thiol-modified ASO-capped AuNPs agglomerate selectively in the presence of its target RNA sequence of SARS-CoV-2 and demonstrate a change in its surface plasmon resonance. Further, the addition of RNaseH cleaves the RNA strand from the RNA-DNA hybrid leading to a visually detectable precipitate from the solution mediated by the additional agglomeration among the AuNPs. The selectivity of the assay has been monitored in the presence of MERS-CoV viral RNA with a limit of detection of 0.18 ng/μL of RNA having SARS-CoV-2 viral load. Thus, the current study reports a selective and visual "naked-eye" detection of COVID-19 causative virus, SARS-CoV-2, without the requirement of any sophisticated instrumental techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parikshit Moitra
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear
Medicine and Pediatrics, Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis,
University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Health
Sciences Facility III, 670 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201,
United States
| | - Maha Alafeef
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear
Medicine and Pediatrics, Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis,
University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Health
Sciences Facility III, 670 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201,
United States
- Bioengineering Department, University of
Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
United States
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Jordan
University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110,
Jordan
| | - Ketan Dighe
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental
Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County,
Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Facility, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland
21250, United States
| | - Matthew B. Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore
Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Dipanjan Pan
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear
Medicine and Pediatrics, Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis,
University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Health
Sciences Facility III, 670 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201,
United States
- Bioengineering Department, University of
Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801,
United States
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental
Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County,
Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Facility, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland
21250, United States
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Abstract
The recent emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from the Hubei province in China in late 2019 demonstrates the epidemic potential of coronaviruses. The rapid spread of this virus across the world in only 2 months highlights the transmissibility of this family of viruses and the significant morbidity and mortality that they can cause. We highlight the current state of knowledge of coronavirus biology while answering questions concerning the current outbreak of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Weston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Sheahan TP, Frieman MB. The continued epidemic threat of SARS-CoV-2 and implications for the future of global public health. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 40:37-40. [PMID: 32569751 PMCID: PMC7269927 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new coronavirus (CoV) called SARS-CoV-2 emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019 as the etiological agent of a viral pneumonia called COVID-19. The global spread of SARS-CoV-2 has been so extensive that the WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Below, we discuss the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and provide the historical context, which strongly suggests emerging CoVs provide an immediate threat to global public health and will continue to do so in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Sheahan
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Matthew B Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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