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Lefrançois J, Otis C, Moreau M, Visser M, Bessey L, Gonzales A, Pelletier JP, Martel-Pelletier J, Troncy E, Sauvé F. Comparison of intradermal and serum testing for environmental allergen-specific immunoglobulin E determination in a laboratory colony of cats with naturally acquired atopic syndrome. Vet Dermatol 2024; 35:305-316. [PMID: 38192079 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergen testing is used to select antigens included in the desensitisation vaccine. Intradermal skin test (IDT) is the gold standard in cats, yet allergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E serological testing (ASIS) is often used. Feline data are lacking regarding the agreement between IDT and ASIS results. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The first objective of the study was to establish a colony of cats with naturally acquired feline atopic syndrome (FAS). Further objectives were to define their hypersensitivity disorder to detail the allergen tests results, and to assess similarity between the allergen tests. ANIMALS Thirty-five cats with FAS and 10 control cats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Enrolled cats went through a five phase-screening and quarantine process before joining the colony. An elimination diet trial was performed on all FAS cats. ASIS and IDT were consecutively performed on all cats under sedation. RESULTS Reactions to 34 allergens were compiled for the 45 cats. Global sensitivity and specificity of ASIS were 34.7% and 78.9%, respectively. Only flea (ICC = 0.26, p = 0.040) and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (ICC = 0.48, p < 0.001) allergens had a significant intraclass correlation (weak agreement). Two FAS cats had negative tests including one cat with a concomitant food allergy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study depicts the first reported colony of cats with naturally acquired FAS. This is the first feline study to compare and show the poor agreement between allergen tests with a panel of 34 allergens. This colony also harbours two cats with FAS with negative allergen tests. These may represent the first described cats with an intrinsic form of atopic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Lefrançois
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Colombe Otis
- Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maxim Moreau
- Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marike Visser
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development (VMRD), Zoetis Inc, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Lauren Bessey
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development (VMRD), Zoetis Inc, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrea Gonzales
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development (VMRD), Zoetis Inc, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Pelletier
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, CHUM Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Johanne Martel-Pelletier
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, CHUM Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric Troncy
- Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Quebec (GREPAQ), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Sauvé
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Chen C, Martins M, Nooruzzaman M, Yettapu D, Diel DG, Reinhart JM, Urbasic A, Robinson H, Varga C, Fang Y. Spatial and temporal clustering of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Illinois household cats, 2021-2023. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299388. [PMID: 38696456 PMCID: PMC11065222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence and spatial and temporal clustering of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in household cats within 63 counties in Illinois from October 2021 to May 2023. The analysis followed a stepwise approach. First, in a choropleth point map, we illustrated the distribution of county-level seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Next, spatial interpolation was used to predict the seroprevalence in counties without recorded data. Global and local clustering methods were used to identify the extent of clustering and the counties with high or low seroprevalence, respectively. Next, temporal, spatial, and space-time scan statistic was used to identify periods and counties with higher-than-expected seroprevalence. In the last step, to identify more distinct areas in counties with high seroprevalence, city-level analysis was conducted to identify temporal and space-time clusters. Among 1,715 samples tested by serological assays, 244 samples (14%) tested positive. Young cats had higher seropositivity than older cats, and the third quarter of the year had the highest odds of seropositivity. Three county-level space-time clusters with higher-than-expected seroprevalence were identified in the northeastern, central-east, and southwest regions of Illinois, occurring between June and October 2022. In the city-level analysis, 2 space-time clusters were identified in Chicago's downtown and the southwestern suburbs of Chicago between June and September 2022. Our results suggest that the high density of humans and cats in large cities such as Chicago, might play a role in the transmission and clustering of SARS-CoV-2. Our study provides an in-depth analysis of SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology in Illinois household cats, which will aid in COVID-19 control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chen
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mathias Martins
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Dipankar Yettapu
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Diego G. Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Reinhart
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ashlee Urbasic
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at Veterinary Specialty Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Buffalo Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hannah Robinson
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at Veterinary Specialty Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Buffalo Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Csaba Varga
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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Giselbrecht J, Jähne S, Bergmann M, Meli ML, Teichmann-Knorrn S, Zablotski Y, Pennisi MG, Layachi N, Serra R, Bo S, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Hartmann K. Evaluation of a Revised Point-of-Care Test for the Detection of Feline Leukaemia p27 Antigen and Anti-p15E Antibodies in Cats. Viruses 2024; 16:614. [PMID: 38675954 PMCID: PMC11054206 DOI: 10.3390/v16040614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The first point-of-care (PoC) test (v-RetroFel®; modified version 2021) determining the presence of FeLV p27 antigen and FeLV anti-p15E antibodies has become recently commercially available to identify different feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infection outcomes. This study aimed to assess this PoC test's performance concerning FeLV p27 antigen and FeLV anti-p15E antibody detection. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV) were assessed after ten minutes (recommended) and 20 min (prolonged) incubation times. The test results were evaluated as either positive or negative. Serum samples from 934 cats were included, originating from Italy (n = 269), Portugal (n = 240), Germany (n = 318), and France (n = 107). FeLV p27 antigen and anti-p15E antibodies were measured by reference standard ELISAs and compared to the PoC test results. The PoC test was easy to perform and the results easy to interpret. Sensitivity and specificity for FeLV p27 antigen were 82.8% (PPV: 57.8%) and 96.0% (NPV: 98.8%) after both, ten and 20 minues of incubation time. Sensitivity and specificity for anti-p15E antibodies were 31.4% (PPV: 71.6%) and 96.9% (NPV: 85.1%) after ten minutes incubation time; sensitivity was improved by a prolonged incubation time (20 min) to 40.0% (PPV: 76.3%), while specificity remained the same (96.9%, NPV: 86.7%). Despite the improved sensitivity using the prolonged incubation time, lower than ideal sensitivities for both p27 antigen and especially anti-p15E antibodies were found, indicating that the PoC test in its current version needs further improvement prior to application in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Giselbrecht
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Stéphanie Jähne
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Michèle Bergmann
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Yury Zablotski
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Serra
- Investigacao Veterinaria Independente, 1700-119 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Stefano Bo
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Bo-Ferro, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Barua S, Hoque M, Adekanmbi F, Kelly P, Jenkins-Moore M, Torchetti MK, Chenoweth K, Wood T, Wang C. Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in dogs and cats, USA. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1669-1674. [PMID: 34374631 PMCID: PMC8381919 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1967101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To provide more complete data on SARS-CoV-2 infections in dogs and cats in the U.S., we conducted a serosurvey on convenience serum samples from dogs (n=1336) and cats (n=956) collected from 48 states of the USA in 2020. An ELISA targeting the antibody against nucleocapsid identified eleven positive and two doubtful samples in cats, and five positive and five doubtful samples in dogs. A surrogate neutralization assay detecting antibodies blocking the attachment of the spike protein to ACE2 was positive with three of the ELISA positive and doubtful samples, and one of 463 randomly selected ELISA negative samples. These four positive samples were confirmed by SARS-CoV-2 virus neutralization testing. All were from cats, in New York, Florida, and New Jersey (n=2). The serosurvey results, one of the largest yet completed on dogs and cats globally, support the OIE and CDC positions that currently there is no evidence that pets play a role in the spread of SARS CoV-2 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subarna Barua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Monirul Hoque
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | - Patrick Kelly
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts & Nevis
| | - Melinda Jenkins-Moore
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Mia Kim Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kelly Chenoweth
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Theresa Wood
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Chengming Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Porcellato I, Silvestri S, Sforna M, Banelli A, Lo Giudice A, Mechelli L, Brachelente C. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in feline melanocytic tumors: A preliminary investigation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 242:110337. [PMID: 34715601 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The presence and the role of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in different types of tumors, but particularly in melanoma, has become more and more investigated during the last decade, both in human and veterinary medicine. Melanocytic tumors are quite rare in cats, with diffuse iris melanoma being the most commonly diagnosed in this species. The aim of this study was to characterize the lymphocytic infiltration in feline melanocytic tumors and to analyze their association with the histological features of malignancy recognized in these tumors, as well as with the expression of the most commonly used immunohistochemical markers. Thirty-eight feline melanocytic tumors were retrospectively selected; histological and immunohistochemical characterization of the tumors (histologic criteria of malignancy; S100, Melan A, and PNL2 expression) and of TILs (presence/absence, density, distribution, and grade; CD3, CD20 expression) were performed and associations between them tested. Results showed that TILs grade increased with cellular pleomorphism (P < 0.05) and, within the group of cutaneous melanocytic tumors, also with the mitotic count (P < 0.05). On the other hand, TILs grade was inversely associated with the percentage of neoplastic cells positive for Melan A (P < 0.05) and PNL2 (P < 0.05). Both CD3+ and CD20+ lymphocytes increased significantly with TILs grade and in association with mitotic count, when stratified in low/high quantity. This preliminary study suggests that TILs in feline melanoma may be associated with histologic features of malignancy and loss of melanocytic-specific markers, such as Melan A and PNL2. Further studies, with a larger cohort and follow-up information, are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Porcellato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Serenella Silvestri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Clinical Haematology and Immunology Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry and Translational, Medicine University of Perugia Centre for Haemato-Oncologic Research (CREO), Piazzale Giorgio Menghini 9, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Monica Sforna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Agnese Banelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Adriana Lo Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca Mechelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Brachelente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy
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van der Leij WJR, Broens EM, Hesselink JW, Schuurman N, Vernooij JCM, Egberink HF. Serological Screening for Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Dutch Shelter Cats. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081634. [PMID: 34452497 PMCID: PMC8402678 DOI: 10.3390/v13081634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic raised concerns that companion animals might be infected with, and could become a reservoir of, SARS-CoV-2. As cats are popular pets and susceptible to Coronavirus, we investigated the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in shelter cats housed in Dutch animal shelters during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this large-scale cross-sectional study, serum samples of shelter cats were collected during the second wave of human COVID-19 infections in The Netherlands. Seroprevalence was determined by using an indirect protein-based ELISA validated for cats, and a Virus Neutralization Test (VNT) as confirmation. To screen for feline SARS-CoV-2 shedding, oropharyngeal and rectal swabs of cats positive for ELISA and/or VNT were analyzed using PCR tests. In 28 Dutch animal shelters, 240 shelter cats were convenience sampled. Two of these cats (0.8%; CI 95%: 0.1–3.0%) were seropositive, as evidenced by the presence of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. The seropositive animals tested PCR negative for SARS-CoV-2. Based on the results of this study, it is unlikely that shelter cats could be a reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 or pose a (significant) risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. J. R. van der Leij
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Shelter Medicine Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Els M. Broens
- Veterinary Microbiological Diagnostic Centre (VMDC), Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Jan Willem Hesselink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 108, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Nancy Schuurman
- Virology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (N.S.); (H.F.E.)
| | - Johannes C. M. Vernooij
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Herman F. Egberink
- Virology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (N.S.); (H.F.E.)
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Spiri AM, Riond B, Stirn M, Novacco M, Meli ML, Boretti FS, Herbert I, Hosie MJ, Hofmann-Lehmann R. Modified-Live Feline Calicivirus Vaccination Reduces Viral RNA Loads, Duration of RNAemia, and the Severity of Clinical Signs after Heterologous Feline Calicivirus Challenge. Viruses 2021; 13:1505. [PMID: 34452370 PMCID: PMC8402717 DOI: 10.3390/v13081505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a common cat virus causing clinical signs such as oral ulcerations, fever, reduced general condition, pneumonia, limping and occasionally virulent-systemic disease. Efficacious FCV vaccines protect against severe disease but not against infection. FCV is a highly mutagenic RNA virus whose high genetic diversity poses a challenge in vaccine design. The use of only one modified-live FCV strain over several decades might have driven the viral evolution towards more vaccine-resistant variants. The present study investigated the clinical signs, duration, and amount of FCV shedding, RNAemia, haematological changes and acute phase protein reaction in SPF cats after subcutaneous modified-live single strain FCV vaccination or placebo injection and two subsequent oronasal heterologous FCV challenge infections with two different field strains. Neither clinical signs nor FCV shedding from the oropharynx and FCV RNAemia were detected after vaccination. After the first experimental infection, vaccinated cats had significantly lower clinical scores, less increased body temperature and lower acute phase protein levels than control cats. The viral RNA loads from the oropharynx and duration and amount of RNAemia were significantly lower in the vaccinated animals. No clinical signs were observed in any of the cats after the second experimental infection. In conclusion, FCV vaccination was beneficial for protecting cats from severe clinical signs, reducing viral loads and inflammation after FCV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Spiri
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.R.); (M.S.); (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Barbara Riond
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.R.); (M.S.); (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Martina Stirn
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.R.); (M.S.); (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Marilisa Novacco
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.R.); (M.S.); (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.R.); (M.S.); (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Felicitas S. Boretti
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Imogen Herbert
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (I.H.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (I.H.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (B.R.); (M.S.); (M.N.); (M.L.M.); (R.H.-L.)
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8
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Tirado TC, Bavia L, Ambrosio AR, Campos MP, de Almeida Santiago M, Messias-Reason IJ, Figueiredo FB. A comparative approach on the activation of the three complement system pathways in different hosts of Visceral Leishmaniasis after stimulation with Leishmania infantum. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 120:104061. [PMID: 33667529 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease that affects mainly humans and dogs, with the latter being important reservoirs of the parasite. Conversely, cats are naturally resistant. The immune system can offer important explanation to this problematic as there is no evidence on the role that the complement system plays in cats. In this context, effect of the complement system from human, dog and cat sera on Leishmania infantum was evaluated. Activation of the classical, alternative and lectin pathways was assessed through hemolytic and ELISA assays. Lytic activity of the complement on the parasite's viability was investigated by Transmission Electron Microscopy and Flow Cytometry. Complement proteins were more consumed in dog serum on the classical and alternative pathways, leading to less hemolytic activity, and only in cat serum they were consumed on the lectin pathway when incubated with L. infantum. Lytic activity on the parasite's surface was more accentuated in human serum, and varied throughout the parasite's developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Cristina Tirado
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCruz), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Lorena Bavia
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Molecular, Departamento de Patologia Médica, Universidade Federal Do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Altair Rogerio Ambrosio
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Molecular, Departamento de Patologia Médica, Universidade Federal Do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Monique Paiva Campos
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCruz), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Iara Jose Messias-Reason
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Molecular, Departamento de Patologia Médica, Universidade Federal Do Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Borges Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCruz), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Hamer SA, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Zecca IB, Davila E, Auckland LD, Roundy CM, Tang W, Torchetti MK, Killian ML, Jenkins-Moore M, Mozingo K, Akpalu Y, Ghai RR, Spengler JR, Barton Behravesh C, Fischer RSB, Hamer GL. SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Viral Isolations among Serially Tested Cats and Dogs in Households with Infected Owners in Texas, USA. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050938. [PMID: 34069453 PMCID: PMC8159091 DOI: 10.3390/v13050938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the ecological and epidemiological roles of pets in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is critical for animal and human health, identifying household reservoirs, and predicting the potential enzootic maintenance of the virus. We conducted a longitudinal household transmission study of 76 dogs and cats living with at least one SARS-CoV-2-infected human in Texas and found that 17 pets from 25.6% of 39 households met the national case definition for SARS-CoV-2 infections in animals. This includes three out of seventeen (17.6%) cats and one out of fifty-nine (1.7%) dogs that were positive by RT-PCR and sequencing, with the virus successfully isolated from the respiratory swabs of one cat and one dog. Whole-genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 obtained from all four PCR-positive animals were unique variants grouping with genomes circulating among people with COVID-19 in Texas. Re-sampling showed persistence of viral RNA for at least 25 d-post initial test. Additionally, seven out of sixteen (43.8%) cats and seven out of fifty-nine (11.9%) dogs harbored SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies upon initial sampling, with relatively stable or increasing titers over the 2–3 months of follow-up and no evidence of seroreversion. The majority (82.4%) of infected pets were asymptomatic. ‘Reverse zoonotic’ transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from infected people to animals may occur more frequently than recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Hamer
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (A.P.-C.); (I.B.Z.); (E.D.); (L.D.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-979-847-5693
| | - Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (A.P.-C.); (I.B.Z.); (E.D.); (L.D.A.)
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viruses and Measles, SARS-CoV-2 National Reference Laboratory and Regional Reference Laboratory in the Americas (PAHO/WHO), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Italo B. Zecca
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (A.P.-C.); (I.B.Z.); (E.D.); (L.D.A.)
| | - Edward Davila
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (A.P.-C.); (I.B.Z.); (E.D.); (L.D.A.)
| | - Lisa D. Auckland
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (A.P.-C.); (I.B.Z.); (E.D.); (L.D.A.)
| | - Christopher M. Roundy
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University and AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.M.R.); (W.T.); (G.L.H.)
| | - Wendy Tang
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University and AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.M.R.); (W.T.); (G.L.H.)
| | - Mia Kim Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA APHIS VS, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (M.K.T.); (M.L.K.); (M.J.-M.); (K.M.)
| | - Mary Lea Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA APHIS VS, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (M.K.T.); (M.L.K.); (M.J.-M.); (K.M.)
| | - Melinda Jenkins-Moore
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA APHIS VS, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (M.K.T.); (M.L.K.); (M.J.-M.); (K.M.)
| | - Katie Mozingo
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USDA APHIS VS, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (M.K.T.); (M.L.K.); (M.J.-M.); (K.M.)
| | - Yao Akpalu
- Brazos County Health Department, Bryan, TX 77803, USA;
| | - Ria R. Ghai
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (R.R.G.); (J.R.S.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Jessica R. Spengler
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (R.R.G.); (J.R.S.); (C.B.B.)
| | - Casey Barton Behravesh
- National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (R.R.G.); (J.R.S.); (C.B.B.)
| | | | - Gabriel L. Hamer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University and AgriLife Research, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.M.R.); (W.T.); (G.L.H.)
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Klaus J, Palizzotto C, Zini E, Meli ML, Leo C, Egberink H, Zhao S, Hofmann-Lehmann R. SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Antibody Response in a Symptomatic Cat from Italy with Intestinal B-Cell Lymphoma. Viruses 2021; 13:527. [PMID: 33806922 PMCID: PMC8004793 DOI: 10.3390/v13030527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was first identified in early 2020, rare cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in pet cats have been reported worldwide. Some reports of cats with SARS-CoV-2 showed self-limiting respiratory or gastrointestinal disease after suspected human-to-feline transmission via close contact with humans with SARS-CoV-2. In the present study, we investigated a cat with SARS-CoV-2 that was presented to a private animal clinic in Northern Italy in May 2020 in a weak clinical condition due to an underlying intestinal B-cell lymphoma. The cat developed signs of respiratory tract disease, including a sneeze, a cough and ocular discharge, three days after an oropharyngeal swab tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA using two real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays for the envelope (E) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA was detectable prior to the onset of clinical signs. Five and six months after positive molecular results, the serological testing substantiated the presence of a SARS-CoV-2 infection in the cat with the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies and neutralizing activity in a surrogate virus neutralization assay (sVNT). To the best of our knowledge, this extends the known duration of seropositivity of SARS-CoV-2 in a cat. Our study provides further evidence that cats are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 under natural conditions and strengthens the assumption that comorbidities may play a role in the development of clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Klaus
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.L.M.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Carlo Palizzotto
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy; (E.Z.); (C.L.)
| | - Eric Zini
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy; (E.Z.); (C.L.)
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Marina L. Meli
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.L.M.); (R.H.-L.)
| | - Chiara Leo
- AniCura Istituto Veterinario Novara, Strada Provinciale 9, 28060 Granozzo con Monticello, Novara, Italy; (E.Z.); (C.L.)
| | - Herman Egberink
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.E.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shan Zhao
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (H.E.); (S.Z.)
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, and Center for Clinical Studies, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.L.M.); (R.H.-L.)
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11
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Chiba S, Halfmann PJ, Hatta M, Maemura T, Fan S, Armbrust T, Swartley OM, Crawford LK, Kawaoka Y. Protective Immunity and Persistent Lung Sequelae in Domestic Cats after SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:660-663. [PMID: 33496650 PMCID: PMC7853591 DOI: 10.3201/eid2702.203884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 readily transmits between domestic cats. We found that domestic cats that recover from an initial infection might be protected from reinfection. However, we found long-term persistence of inflammation and other lung lesions after infection, despite a lack of clinical symptoms and limited viral replication in the lungs.
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12
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Olivry T, Mueller RS. Critically appraised topic on adverse food reactions of companion animals (9): time to flare of cutaneous signs after a dietary challenge in dogs and cats with food allergies. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:158. [PMID: 32448251 PMCID: PMC7247231 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02379-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At this time, elimination diets followed by oral food challenges (OFCs) represent the "gold standard" for diagnosing skin-manifesting food allergies (FA) in dogs and cats. Regrettably, there is no clear consensus on how long one should wait for clinical signs to flare after an OFC before diagnosing or ruling-out a FA in a dog or a cat. RESULTS We searched two databases on October 23, 2019 to look for specific information on the time for a flare of clinical signs to occur during OFCs after elimination diets in dogs and cats with skin-manifesting FAs. Altogether, we reviewed the study results of nine papers that included 234 dogs and four articles containing data from 83 cats. As multiple OFCs could be done in the same patient and not all animals included were subjected to an OFC, we were able to compile 315 and 72 times to flare (TTF) after an OFC in dogs and cats, respectively. When regrouping all cases together, about 9% of dogs and 27% of cats exhibited a flare of clinical signs in the first day after an OFC; 21% of dogs and 29% of cats had such relapse by the end of the second day. The time needed for 50 and 90% of dogs to exhibit a deterioration of clinical signs (TTF50 and TTF90) was 5 and 14, respectively; in cats, these times were 4 and 7 days, respectively. By 14 days after an OFC, nearly all food-allergic patients from both species had had a relapse of clinical signs. These results are limited by the likely under-reporting of flares that occur on the first day immediately following an OFC, the time in which IgE-mediated acute allergic reactions typically develop. CONCLUSION Veterinary clinicians performing an OFC need to wait for 14 and 7 days for more than 90% of dogs and cats with a skin-manifesting FA to have a flare of clinical signs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA
| | - Ralf S. Mueller
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
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13
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Barradas PF, de Sousa R, Vilhena H, Oliveira AC, Luz MF, Granada S, Cardoso L, Lopes AP, Gonçalves H, Mesquita JR, Ferreira P, Amorim I, Gärtner F. Serological and molecular evidence of Bartonella henselae in cats from Luanda city, Angola. Acta Trop 2019; 195:142-144. [PMID: 30995436 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A total of 100 domestic cats from Luanda (Angola) were tested for the presence of antibodies against Bartonella henselae and spotted fever group of Rickettsia (SFGR) using indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Molecular screening targeting the riboflavin synthase (ribC) gene for Bartonella and outer membrane protein B (ompB) gene for Rickettsia, using conventional PCR and sequencing was also performed in cat´s blood samples. Sixty-six percent of the cats from Luanda had IgG antibodies against Bartonella species but none of them had antibodies against SFGR. Of the total seroreactive cats for Bartonella henselae, 4.5% had an IgG titre of 64 (cut-off), 60.6% a titre of 128, 28.8% a titre of 256 and 6.1% a titre of 512. A statistically significant association was observed between seropositivity for Bartonella henselae and the lack of access to prophylaxis against ectoparasites (p = 0.018). Molecular detection and further sequence analysis of the positive amplicons allowed identification of Bartonella henselae in a 2-year old male cat. To the best of our knowledge this study confirms for the first time, the presence of Bartonela henselae circulating in domestic cats from Luanda. This fact call the attention for the possible cases of cat-scratch disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia F Barradas
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Oporto, Portugal
| | - Rita de Sousa
- National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hugo Vilhena
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal; Center for Investigation Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama, Coimbra, Portugal; Baixo Vouga Veterinary Hospital, Águeda, Portugal
| | | | | | - Sara Granada
- Casa dos Animais Veterinary Clinic, Luanda, Angola
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Patrícia Lopes
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Hernâni Gonçalves
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - João R Mesquita
- EpiUnit, Epidemiology Research Unit, Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto, Portugal; EpiUnit, Epidemiology Research Unit, Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Ferreira
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Oporto, Portugal; Institute of Research and Innovation in Health, Portugal (i3S), Oporto, Portugal; Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Oporto, Portugal
| | - Irina Amorim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Oporto, Portugal; Institute of Research and Innovation in Health, Portugal (i3S), Oporto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS)Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto
| | - Fátima Gärtner
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Oporto, Portugal; EpiUnit, Epidemiology Research Unit, Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS)Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto.
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14
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Ramirez DA, Collins KP, Aradi AE, Conger KA, Gustafson DL. Kinetics of Cyclophosphamide Metabolism in Humans, Dogs, Cats, and Mice and Relationship to Cytotoxic Activity and Pharmacokinetics. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:257-268. [PMID: 30567881 PMCID: PMC6939680 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CP), a prodrug that is enzymatically converted to the cytotoxic 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide (4OHCP) by hepatic enzymes, is commonly used in both human and veterinary medicine to treat cancers and modulate the immune system. We investigated the metabolism of CP in humans, dogs, cats, and mice using liver microsomes; apparent K M, V max, and intrinsic clearance (V max/K M) parameters were estimated. The interspecies and intraspecies variations in kinetics were vast. Dog microsomes were, on average, 55-fold more efficient than human microsomes, 2.8-fold more efficient than cat microsomes, and 1.2-fold more efficient than mouse microsomes at catalyzing CP bioactivation. These differences translated to cell-based systems. Breast cancer cells exposed to 4OHCP via CP bioactivation by microsomes resulted in a stratification of cytotoxicity that was dependent on the species of microsomes measured by IC50: dog (31.65 μM), mouse (44.95 μM), cat (272.6 μM), and human (1857 μM). The contributions of cytochrome P450s, specifically, CYP2B, CYP2C, and CYP3A, to CP bioactivation were examined: CYP3A inhibition resulted in no change in 4OHCP formation; CYP2B inhibition slightly reduced 4OHCP in humans, cats, and mice; and CYP2C inhibition drastically reduced 4OHCP formation in each species. Semiphysiologic modeling of CP metabolism using scaled metabolic parameters resulted in simulated data that closely matched published pharmacokinetic profiles, determined by noncompartmental analysis. The results highlight differential CP metabolism delineated by species and demonstrate the importance of metabolism on CP clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique A Ramirez
- Department of Clinical Sciences (D.A.R., A.E.A., D.L.G.) and School of Biomedical Engineering (K.P.C., K.A.C., D.L.G.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (D.L.G.), Colorado
| | - Keagan P Collins
- Department of Clinical Sciences (D.A.R., A.E.A., D.L.G.) and School of Biomedical Engineering (K.P.C., K.A.C., D.L.G.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (D.L.G.), Colorado
| | - Allister E Aradi
- Department of Clinical Sciences (D.A.R., A.E.A., D.L.G.) and School of Biomedical Engineering (K.P.C., K.A.C., D.L.G.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (D.L.G.), Colorado
| | - Katherine A Conger
- Department of Clinical Sciences (D.A.R., A.E.A., D.L.G.) and School of Biomedical Engineering (K.P.C., K.A.C., D.L.G.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (D.L.G.), Colorado
| | - Daniel L Gustafson
- Department of Clinical Sciences (D.A.R., A.E.A., D.L.G.) and School of Biomedical Engineering (K.P.C., K.A.C., D.L.G.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (D.L.G.), Colorado
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15
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Ramirez DA, Collins KP, Aradi AE, Conger KA, Gustafson DL. Kinetics of Cyclophosphamide Metabolism in Humans, Dogs, Cats, and Mice and Relationship to Cytotoxic Activity and Pharmacokinetics. Drug Metab Dispos 2019. [PMID: 30567881 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083766]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CP), a prodrug that is enzymatically converted to the cytotoxic 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide (4OHCP) by hepatic enzymes, is commonly used in both human and veterinary medicine to treat cancers and modulate the immune system. We investigated the metabolism of CP in humans, dogs, cats, and mice using liver microsomes; apparent K M, V max, and intrinsic clearance (V max/K M) parameters were estimated. The interspecies and intraspecies variations in kinetics were vast. Dog microsomes were, on average, 55-fold more efficient than human microsomes, 2.8-fold more efficient than cat microsomes, and 1.2-fold more efficient than mouse microsomes at catalyzing CP bioactivation. These differences translated to cell-based systems. Breast cancer cells exposed to 4OHCP via CP bioactivation by microsomes resulted in a stratification of cytotoxicity that was dependent on the species of microsomes measured by IC50: dog (31.65 μM), mouse (44.95 μM), cat (272.6 μM), and human (1857 μM). The contributions of cytochrome P450s, specifically, CYP2B, CYP2C, and CYP3A, to CP bioactivation were examined: CYP3A inhibition resulted in no change in 4OHCP formation; CYP2B inhibition slightly reduced 4OHCP in humans, cats, and mice; and CYP2C inhibition drastically reduced 4OHCP formation in each species. Semiphysiologic modeling of CP metabolism using scaled metabolic parameters resulted in simulated data that closely matched published pharmacokinetic profiles, determined by noncompartmental analysis. The results highlight differential CP metabolism delineated by species and demonstrate the importance of metabolism on CP clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique A Ramirez
- Department of Clinical Sciences (D.A.R., A.E.A., D.L.G.) and School of Biomedical Engineering (K.P.C., K.A.C., D.L.G.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (D.L.G.), Colorado
| | - Keagan P Collins
- Department of Clinical Sciences (D.A.R., A.E.A., D.L.G.) and School of Biomedical Engineering (K.P.C., K.A.C., D.L.G.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (D.L.G.), Colorado
| | - Allister E Aradi
- Department of Clinical Sciences (D.A.R., A.E.A., D.L.G.) and School of Biomedical Engineering (K.P.C., K.A.C., D.L.G.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (D.L.G.), Colorado
| | - Katherine A Conger
- Department of Clinical Sciences (D.A.R., A.E.A., D.L.G.) and School of Biomedical Engineering (K.P.C., K.A.C., D.L.G.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (D.L.G.), Colorado
| | - Daniel L Gustafson
- Department of Clinical Sciences (D.A.R., A.E.A., D.L.G.) and School of Biomedical Engineering (K.P.C., K.A.C., D.L.G.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, and University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora (D.L.G.), Colorado
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16
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Marques CS, Santos AR, Gameiro A, Correia J, Ferreira F. CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 display opposite expression profiles in feline mammary metastatic disease, with the exception of HER2-overexpressing tumors. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:741. [PMID: 30012106 PMCID: PMC6048851 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4650-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The receptor CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12 play crucial roles in breast cancer. Despite the fact that the spontaneous feline mammary carcinoma (FMC) is considered a suitable model for breast cancer studies, the importance of the CXCR4/CXCL12 axis in FMC is completely unknown. Therefore, this work aims to elucidate the role of CXCR4 and its ligand in the progression of FMC and metastatic disease. METHODS CXCR4 and CXCL12 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence on primary tumors (PT), regional and distant metastases of female cats with mammary carcinoma and correlated with serum CXCL12 levels, tumor molecular subtypes and clinicopathological features. RESULTS CXCR4 was more expressed in PT than in metastases (p = 0.0067), whereas CXCL12 was highly expressed in metastatic lesions located in liver and lung (p < 0.0001), as reported for human breast cancer. Moreover, cats with CXCR4 positive PT exhibited significantly lower serum CXCL12 levels than cats with CXCR4 negative mammary carcinomas (p = 0.0324). At metastatic lesions, HER2-overexpressing tumors presented higher CXCR4 expression than the other molecular tumor subtypes (p = 0.012) and significant differences in overall (p = 0.0147) and disease-free survival (p = 0.0279) curves between the cats with CXCL12 positive and CXCL12 negative tumors were found. Indeed, CXCL12 negative PT were associated with unfavorable prognosis in cats with HER2-overexpressing tumors. CONCLUSIONS This work exposes part of the complex interaction between CXCR4 and CXCL12 in PT, but also in metastases of a breast cancer model. These findings could uncover novel therapeutic tools to be used in cats and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia S. Marques
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Santos
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Gameiro
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Correia
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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17
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Sparger EE, Murphy BG, Kamal FM, Arzi B, Naydan D, Skouritakis CT, Cox DP, Skorupski K. Investigation of immune cell markers in feline oral squamous cell carcinoma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 202:52-62. [PMID: 30078599 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common oral cancer in the cat and presents as a locally aggressive lesion for which an effective therapeutic protocol remains elusive. Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) shares many clinical characteristics with human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Accordingly, present studies were conducted to determine similarities for immune markers shared by feline OSCC and human HNSCC. Biopsies harvested from a feline patient cohort-1 (n = 12) were analyzed for lymphoid cell infiltrates by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results revealed unique patterns of T cell infiltration involving both neoplastic epithelium and stroma that were detected in most patient tumor biopsies (92%) examined by IHC staining for CD3. Intratumoral B cell infiltrates were detected within tumor stroma only, based on IHC staining for CD79a and CD20 for all patients within the same cohort-1. Infiltration of tumors by a regulatory CD4 T cell subset (Tregs) defined by expression of the forkhead transcription factor FoxP3, was also detected in biopsies from 57% of patients and involved infiltration of neoplastic epithelium and stroma. Patient biopsies were also examined for expression of immunomodulator cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and revealed positive but weak staining of neoplastic epithelium in a significant proportion of cases (75%). Interestingly, COX-2 expression was detected in both neoplastic epithelium and stroma. Blood collected from a second cohort of feline OSCC patients (n = 9) revealed an increased frequency of circulating CD4+FoxP3+ T cells when compared to healthy adult controls (n = 7) (P = 0.045), although frequencies of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells were comparable between patients and healthy pet cat controls. Lastly, biopsies from feline OSCC patients were characterized for histologic subtype using a classification scheme previously described for human HNSCC. This analysis revealed the conventional subtype as the predominant variant (75%) with conventional subtypes split evenly between well differentiated and moderately differentiated carcinomas. Two cases were classified as papillary and one case as basaloid subtypes. Correlations between subtype, immune marker scores or circulating Treg frequencies and clinical characteristics or outcome were not detected, most likely due to small patient numbers within patient cohorts. However, findings from these studies provide a preliminary step in the characterization of immune and histologic markers that will be critical to defining prognostic immune markers for feline OSCC and potential targets for testing of immunotherapeutics also relevant to human HNSCC in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen E Sparger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Brian G Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Farina Mustaffa Kamal
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Diane Naydan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Chrisoula T Skouritakis
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Darren P Cox
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Skorupski
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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18
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Rieder J, Mischke R. [Immunosuppressive therapy in dogs and cats. Properties of drugs and their use in various immune-mediated diseases]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2018; 46:105-118. [PMID: 29727898 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-180274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Veterinarians are regularly faced with the diagnosis and therapy of immune-mediated diseases. More frequently occurring immune-mediated diseases are immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, immunemediated thrombocytopenia and polyarthritis. Glucocorticoids are commonly used as first-line treatment because of their availability, efficacy and rapid action. Nevertheless, some patients do not respond to glucocorticoid therapy alone. Others require a rapid dose reduction because of severe side effects from glucocorticoid treatment. These patients benefit from adjuvant therapies. Ciclosporin preparations are licensed for use in veterinary medicine. The use of azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil and human immunoglobulin therapy has also been documented. This article describes the mode of action of certain immunosuppressive agents and their use in selected diseases from recent literature.
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19
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Sakai K, Maeda S, Yonezawa T, Matsuki N. Decreased plasma amino acid concentrations in cats with chronic gastrointestinal diseases and their possible contribution in the inflammatory response. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 195:1-6. [PMID: 29249312 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In humans, plasma amino acids (AAs) levels are used as dynamic nutritional markers. Moreover, some AAs are associated with chronic inflammation. In this study, we analyzed plasma AA profiles in cats with chronic gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. Eight healthy controls (HCs) and 12 client-owned cats with chronic GI diseases including chronic enteritis (n=8) and neoplasms (n=4) were recruited. Plasma albumin, total protein, and 22 AAs (11 essential and 11 non-essential AAs) levels were estimated. There was no significant difference in plasma albumin and total protein concentrations between the cats with chronic GI diseases and HCs. The plasma concentrations of 7 essential AAs (arginine, histidine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, taurine, and tryptophan) and 7 non-essential AAs (asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, hydroxyproline, proline, and serine) were significantly decreased in the cats with chronic GI diseases (P<0.05). Moreover, plasma histidine and tryptophan levels were inversely correlated with severity of symptoms (histidine: rs=-0.7781, P<0.005; tryptophan: rs=-0.6040, P<0.05). To examine the contribution of altered AAs levels in the inflammatory response, feline macrophages were stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with or without histidine, and the expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8) mRNA was quantified. The expression of IL-8 mRNA was significantly increased in the LPS-stimulated feline macrophages (P<0.05). Histidine almost suppressed the LPS-induced IL-8 expression in the feline macrophages (P<0.05). Our findings suggest that plasma AAs levels are more sensitive nutritional markers than albumin and total protein levels in cats with chronic GI diseases. There is a possibility that the decrease of histidine levels in cats with GI diseases is associated with chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Sakai
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Yonezawa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoaki Matsuki
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Costa GB, Miranda JB, Almeida GG, Silva de Oliveira J, Pinheiro MS, Gonçalves SA, Pimenta Dos Reis JK, Gonçalves R, Ferreira PCP, Bonjardim CA, Abrahão JS, Kroon EG, Trindade GDS. Detection of Vaccinia Virus in Urban Domestic Cats, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:360-362. [PMID: 28098542 PMCID: PMC5324812 DOI: 10.3201/eid2302.161341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated possible vaccinia virus (VACV) in urban house cats in Brazil. Serum samples from 6 cats were positive for VACV by PCR, indicating likely VACV circulation among house cats in urban areas of Brazil. This finding highlights the importance of epidemiologic surveillance to avoid outbreaks among urban human populations.
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21
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Foley J, Hurley K, Pesavento PA, Poland A, Pedersen NC. Virulent systemic feline calicivirus infection: Local cytokine modulation and contribution of viral mutants. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 8:55-61. [PMID: 16213763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Virulent systemic feline calicivirus (VS-FCV) is a novel, emerging pathogen with mortality up to 67% even in previously healthy adult cats; VS-FCV has resulted in at least six epidemics since 1998. Affected cats have systemic vascular compromise and hemorrhagic-fever like signs in part due to viral invasion of epithelium and endothelium, coupled with host cytokine responses. Affected skin tissues had, on average, 3.8 elevated cytokines compared with control tissue, with prominent upregulation in IL-10, TNF-α, and MIP-1α. Sequencing of most of the genomes of two VS-FCV strains documented patterns of virus relatedness and implicated changes in the capsid gene in the emerging phenotype, possibly through initiation of immune mechanisms manifest in the cytokine changes. Understanding the features contributing to the emergence of this disease is critical for management and prevention of this and similar outbreaks attributable to RNA viruses in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Foley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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22
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Gurkan M, Arikan S, Ozaytekin E, Dodurka T. Titres of alloantibodies against A and B blood types in non-pedigree domestic cats in Turkey: Assessing the transfusion reaction risk. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 7:301-5. [PMID: 15914059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2005] [Accepted: 02/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The severity of a transfusion reaction depends on alloantibody titres within the recipients' blood. Determination of an agglutination titre of naturally occurring alloantibody may help to assess the risk of transfusion reactions following an unmatched transfusion in a cat population. In this group of 312 cats 227 had blood type A, 78 had blood type B, and seven had type AB blood. All type B cats tested showed gross evidence of agglutinating anti-A antibody with plasma titres ranging from 2 to 256. Among the 227 type A domestic cats tested for plasma anti-B alloantibody titres, 70% had gross agglutination with titres ranging from 2 to 16, while 17.6% had microscopic agglutination. The remaining 12.4% of the type A cats were negative for both gross and microscopic agglutination. Based on agglutinating titres, the relative risk of a transfusion reaction when type A or AB blood was given to a type B cat was 6.4% with acute severe reaction, acute mild reactions in 85.9% and premature red cell destruction in 7.7%. On the other hand, transfusion of type AB blood or type B blood to type A cats carries a potential risk of acute mild transfusion reaction in 4.4% and premature red cell destruction in 83.3%. Transfusion of type A or B blood to type AB cats results in no apparent clinical transfusion reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Gurkan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey.
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23
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of chronic rhinitis in cats is poorly understood and consistently effective therapies are not currently available. Therefore, randomized clinical trials were conducted to evaluate a novel immunotherapy for treatment of chronic rhinitis in adult ( n=12) and young cats ( n=28). In addition, cytokine profiles in cats with chronic rhinitis were compared to those of healthy cats. Cats were treated with a potent stimulator of innate immunity (liposome–IL-2 DNA complexes) and the effects of treatment on clinical signs and immune function were assessed. In adult cats with chronic rhinitis, immunotherapy led to significant improvement in frequency of sneezing but not in other clinical signs when compared to the placebo group, whereas immunotherapy failed to improve clinical signs in younger cats. Analysis of cytokine expression in cats with rhinitis did not reveal evidence of a Th2 cytokine bias in cats with rhinitis. We conclude that chronic rhinitis in cats is not a Th2-biased disease and that immunotherapy may lead to clinical improvement in adult cats with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Veir
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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24
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Kadoya M, Momoi Y, Iwasaki T. Plasma histamine concentration and histamine detection in peripheral blood eosinophils in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 8:302-8. [PMID: 16650786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasma histamine levels were measured in 11 clinically healthy cats and 15 cats with allergic dermatitis. Histamine levels were markedly elevated in 5/15 allergic cats. A calcium ionophore, A23187, stimulates histamine release from feline peripheral blood cells. Immunostaining of blood smears from clinically healthy cats revealed that approximately 10% of eosinophils possessed histamine-containing granules. These results indicate that some peripheral eosinophils in cats contain histamine and can release histamine by appropriate stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiyo Kadoya
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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25
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Werner JA, Woo JC, Vernau W, Graham PS, Grahn RA, Lyons LA, Moore PF. Characterization of Feline Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Variable Region Genes for the Molecular Diagnosis of B-cell Neoplasia. Vet Pathol 2016; 42:596-607. [PMID: 16145206 DOI: 10.1354/vp.42-5-596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To develop a molecular-based assay so that the diagnosis of feline B-cell neoplasia can be facilitated, we have characterized 24 feline immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region ( IGH V) complementary DNA (cDNA) transcripts. Structural homology with rearranged human IGH V genes was found, and the sequence information was used to design a feline-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay to amplify the complementarity determining region 3 as a marker for B-cell clonality. Conserved primers derived from the second and third framework regions of V gene segments were used in conjunction with 2 sequence-specific primers and 1 degenerate primer derived from the J gene segments. Each PCR reaction was run in duplicate, and both native and denatured PCR products were evaluated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections from cats with confirmed B-cell neoplasia (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, plasmacytoma, and myeloma) were examined, and 15/22 (68.2%) cats produced results indicative of the presence of a monoclonal population of B cells. The evaluation of denatured PCR products (heteroduplex analysis) facilitated a more accurate interpretation in 3/15 (20%) cats. Pseudoclonality was a major reason for the failure to detect monoclonality. Poor DNA quality is a significant concern and was responsible for the removal of 2 cats from the study. Using this assay, FFPE normal feline lymphoid tissues and unfixed peripheral blood mononuclear cells were determined to be composed of polyclonal populations of B cells. This assay represents a useful adjunctive diagnostic tool for the diagnosis and investigation of feline B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Werner
- Department of Veterinary, Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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26
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Rydzewski L, Scheffold S, Hecht W, Burkhardt E, Kerner K, Klymiuk MC, Deinzer R, Reinacher M, Henrich M. Identification of a novel feline large granular lymphoma cell line (S87) as non-MHC-restricted cytotoxic T-cell line and assessment of its genetic instability. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 177:24-34. [PMID: 27436441 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Feline large granular lymphocyte lymphomas are rare but very aggressive tumors with a poor prognosis. In this study, a cell line from an abdominal effusion of a cat with large granular lymphoma was characterized. Immunophenotype staining was positive for CD3 and CD45R, and negative for CD4, CD8, CD56, CD79α, BLA.36 and NK1. A TCR γ gene rearrangement was detectable by PARR. Neither FeLV antigen nor exogenous FeLV provirus could be detected. A chromosomal instability associated with a centrosome hyperamplification could also be determined. The cell line is able to lyse target cells without antigen presentation or interaction with antigen presenting cells. Therefore, these cells were classified as genetically instable non-MHC-restricted cytotoxic T cells with large granular lymphocyte morphology.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cat Diseases/genetics
- Cat Diseases/immunology
- Cats/genetics
- Cats/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Genes, p53
- Genomic Instability
- Immunophenotyping
- Leukemia Virus, Feline/isolation & purification
- Lymphoma/genetics
- Lymphoma/immunology
- Lymphoma/veterinary
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Rydzewski
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig Universtity Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Svenja Scheffold
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig Universtity Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Hecht
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig Universtity Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Eberhard Burkhardt
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig Universtity Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Katharina Kerner
- Institute of Infectious Disease of Animals, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 85-89, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Michele C Klymiuk
- Veterinary Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology Justus-Liebig Universtity Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 106, 35392 Giessen,Germany
| | - Renate Deinzer
- Institute for Medical Psychology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 36, Giessen, Germany
| | - Manfred Reinacher
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig Universtity Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Manfred Henrich
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus-Liebig Universtity Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 96, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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27
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Arzi B, Mills-Ko E, Verstraete FJM, Kol A, Walker NJ, Badgley MR, Fazel N, Murphy WJ, Vapniarsky N, Borjesson DL. Therapeutic Efficacy of Fresh, Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Severe Refractory Gingivostomatitis in Cats. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 5:75-86. [PMID: 26582907 PMCID: PMC4704876 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising therapy for immune-mediated and inflammatory disorders, because of their potent immunomodulatory properties. In this study, we investigated the use of fresh, autologous, adipose-derived MSCs (ASCs) for feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS), a chronic, debilitating, idiopathic, oral mucosal inflammatory disease. Nine cats with refractory FCGS were enrolled in this pilot study. Each cat received 2 intravenous injections of 20 million autologous ASCs, 1 month apart. Oral biopsies were taken before and at 6 months after the first ASC injection. Blood immune cell subsets, serum protein, and cytokine levels were measured at 0, 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment to assess immunomodulatory effects. Seven of the 9 cats completed the study. Five cats responded to treatment by either complete clinical remission (n=3) or substantial clinical improvement (n=2). Two cats were nonresponders. Cats that responded to treatment also exhibited systemic immunomodulation demonstrated by decreased numbers of circulating CD8+ T cells, a normalization of the CD4/CD8 ratio, decreased neutrophil counts, and interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-1β concentration, and a temporary increase in serum IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α concentration. No clinical recurrence has occurred following complete clinical remission (follow-up of 6-24 months). In this study, cats with <15% cytotoxic CD8 T cells with low expression of CD8 (CD8lo) cells were 100% responsive to ASC therapy, whereas cats with >15% CD8lo cells were nonresponders. The relative absence of CD8lo cells may be a biomarker to predict response to ASC therapy, and may shed light on pathogenesis of FCGS and mechanisms by which ASCs decrease oral inflammation and affect T-cell phenotype. SIGNIFICANCE This study is the first to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of fresh, autologous, adipose-derived stem cell systemic therapy for a naturally occurring, chronic inflammatory disease in cats. The findings demonstrate that this therapy resulted in complete clinical and histological resolution or reduction in clinical disease severity and immune modulation in most cats. This study also identified a potentially useful biomarker that could dictate patient enrollment and shed light on immune modulation mechanism. As a naturally occurring animal model, FCGS also provides a strategic platform for potentially translatable therapy for the treatment of human oral inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Emily Mills-Ko
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Frank J M Verstraete
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Amir Kol
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Naomi J Walker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Megan R Badgley
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Nasim Fazel
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Natalia Vapniarsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Dori L Borjesson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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28
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Heilmann RM, Suchodolski JS. Is inflammatory bowel disease in dogs and cats associated with a Th1 or Th2 polarization? Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 168:131-4. [PMID: 26672910 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal immunity involves complex interactions to generate either immune tolerance or active immune responses. An imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that drive the recruitment of immune cells to the intestinal mucosa are a key characteristic of inflammatory bowel disease in humans, where distinctive helper-T-lymphocyte profiles help to discriminate between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. This review evaluates the current veterinary literature to determine whether a Th1/Th2 (and possibly also Th17) polarization also exists in canine and feline inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy M Heilmann
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, USA.
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, USA
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29
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Rodrigues AM, Fernandes GF, Araujo LM, Della Terra PP, dos Santos PO, Pereira SA, Schubach TMP, Burger E, Lopes-Bezerra LM, de Camargo ZP. Proteomics-Based Characterization of the Humoral Immune Response in Sporotrichosis: Toward Discovery of Potential Diagnostic and Vaccine Antigens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004016. [PMID: 26305691 PMCID: PMC4549111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sporothrix schenckii and associated species are agents of human and animal sporotrichosis that cause large sapronoses and zoonoses worldwide. Epidemiological surveillance has highlighted an overwhelming occurrence of the highly pathogenic fungus Sporothrix brasiliensis during feline outbreaks, leading to massive transmissions to humans. Early diagnosis of feline sporotrichosis by demonstrating the presence of a surrogate marker of infection can have a key role for selecting appropriate disease control measures and minimizing zoonotic transmission to humans. Methodology We explored the presence and diversity of serum antibodies (IgG) specific against Sporothrix antigens in cats with sporotrichosis and evaluated the utility of these antibodies for serodiagnosis. Antigen profiling included protein extracts from the closest known relatives S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and immunoblotting enabled us to characterize the major antigens of feline sporotrichosis from sera from cats with sporotrichosis (n = 49), healthy cats (n = 19), and cats with other diseases (n = 20). Principal Findings Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based quantitation of anti-Sporothrix IgG exhibited high sensitivity and specificity in cats with sporotrichosis (area under the curve, 1.0; 95% confidence interval, 0.94–1; P<0.0001) versus controls. The two sets of Sporothrix antigens were remarkably cross-reactive, supporting the hypothesis that antigenic epitopes may be conserved among closely related agents. One-dimensional immunoblotting indicated that 3-carboxymuconate cyclase (a 60-kDa protein in S. brasiliensis and a 70-kDa protein in S. schenckii) is the immunodominant antigen in feline sporotrichosis. Two-dimensional immunoblotting revealed six IgG-reactive isoforms of gp60 in the S. brasiliensis proteome, similar to the humoral response found in human sporotrichosis. Conclusions A convergent IgG-response in various hosts (mice, cats, and humans) has important implications for our understanding of the coevolution of Sporothrix and its warm-blooded hosts. We propose that 3-carboxymuconate cyclase has potential for the serological diagnosis of sporotrichosis and as target for the development of an effective multi-species vaccine against sporotrichosis in animals and humans. Sporotrichosis is a neglected fungal disease of humans and animals that remains a serious public-health problem. Sporothrix infections persist in cats, leading to continued transmission via cat-to-cat and cat-to-human contact. Cats are the major source of transmission of Sporothrix brasiliensis to the human population. We stress the importance of implementing health policies aimed at detecting Sporothrix infection in cats as an attempt to reduce massive zoonotic transmission to humans. Early diagnosis of feline sporotrichosis is critical to recognize outbreaks areas and effectively tackle future spread of the disease among humans. We explored the diversity of molecules that are expressed by S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii and that are recognized by immunoglobulin G. Upon infection, the cat delivers an IgG-mediated response against Sporothrix antigens, similar to the response in murine and human sporotrichosis. We detected remarkable cross-reactivity among S. brasiliensis and S. schenckii antigens, supporting the hypothesis that antigenic epitopes may be conserved among closely related species. One protein, 3-carboxymuconate cyclase, was prominent in immune profiles from infected animals, using both types of Sporothrix antigens. Knowledge of the immune response in feline sporotrichosis is critical to advancing techniques for serological diagnosis, developing vaccines, and improving our understanding of Sporothrix evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Messias Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AMR); (ZPdC)
| | - Geisa Ferreira Fernandes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leticia Mendes Araujo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Portella Della Terra
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Oliveira dos Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro Antonio Pereira
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (INI/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Eva Burger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | | | - Zoilo Pires de Camargo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AMR); (ZPdC)
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Grobman M, Krumme S, Outi H, Dodam JR, Reinero CR. Acute neurokinin-1 receptor antagonism fails to dampen airflow limitation or airway eosinophilia in an experimental model of feline asthma. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 18:176-81. [PMID: 25964467 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15581405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Feline allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the lower airways that may manifest with acute, life-threatening clinical signs. Tachykinins released from sensory nerves and immune cells binding neurokinin (NK)-1, NK-2 and NK-3 receptors have been implicated in asthma pathogenesis. Maropitant, an NK-1 receptor antagonist, blocks neuroimmune pathways and may be a viable treatment option for cats in asthmatic crisis. Using an experimental chronic allergic feline asthma model, we hypothesized that a single dose of maropitant given immediately after allergen challenge would blunt clinical signs, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and airway eosinophilia. METHODS Cats (n = 7) induced to have an asthmatic phenotype using Bermuda grass allergen (BGA) were enrolled in a prospective, placebo-controlled crossover design study. Cats randomly received maropitant (2 mg/kg SC) or placebo (saline SC) immediately post-BGA challenge, followed 12 h later by pulmonary mechanics testing and measurement of airway eosinophils. After a 2 week washout, cats were crossed-over to the alternate treatment. Study endpoints included subjective clinical scoring systems post-BGA challenge, ventilator-acquired pulmonary mechanics to assess AHR after bronchoprovocation with methacholine and collection of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid to quantify airway eosinophilia. Data were analyzed using a Mann-Whitney rank sum test with P <0.05 considered significant. RESULTS A single injection of maropitant failed to diminish clinical composite score (P = 0.902), visual analogue scale scoring (P = 0.710), AHR (P = 0.456) or airway eosinophilia (P = 0.165) compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE A single injection of maropitant given immediately post-allergen challenge was ineffective at blunting clinical signs, AHR and airway eosinophilia, and cannot be recommended as treatment for feline status asthmaticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Grobman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Stacy Krumme
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Hilton Outi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - John R Dodam
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Carol R Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Essex M, Hardy WD, Cotter SM, Jakowski RM. Immune response of healthy and leukemic cats to the feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen. Bibl Haematol 2015:483-8. [PMID: 169820 DOI: 10.1159/000397565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Feline leukemia is an infectious disease caused by a horizontally transmitted virus. Infection of animals or cultured cells with feline oncornaviruses results in the expression of a specific cell membrane antigen, feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen (FOCMA). The humoral antibody response to FOCMA is directly correlated with tumor progression. The measurement of this antibody is a useful tool for determining virus exposure. Using this procedure it was determined that cats living in leukemia "cluster" households as well as cats used as contact controls in virus injection experiments have a risk of infection of 90% or higher.
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Hardy WD, Geering G, Old LJ, de Harven E, Brodey RS, McDonough SK. Serological studies of the feline leukemia virus. Bibl Haematol 2015:343-54. [PMID: 4376371 DOI: 10.1159/000391726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Maruyama K, Dmochowski L, Rickard CG. Comparative studies of feline and human leukemia by mixed hemadsorption reaction. Bibl Haematol 2015:355-67. [PMID: 4950967 DOI: 10.1159/000391727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Leal RO, Gil S, Duarte A, McGahie D, Sepúlveda N, Niza MMRE, Tavares L. Evaluation of viremia, proviral load and cytokine profile in naturally feline immunodeficiency virus infected cats treated with two different protocols of recombinant feline interferon omega. Res Vet Sci 2015; 99:87-95. [PMID: 25747956 PMCID: PMC7111827 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
FIV-infected cats were treated with two protocols of rFeIFN-ω (sub-cutaneous vs oral). The cytokine profile was evaluated in FIV-cats undergoing rFeIFN-ω therapy. There was a decrease of IL-6 mRNA expression in cats treated with the oral protocol. There was a reduction of IL-6 plasma levels in cats treated subcutaneously. Independently of the protocol, rFeIFN seems to reduce pro-inflammatory stimuli.
This study assesses viremia, provirus and blood cytokine profile in naturally FIV-infected cats treated with two distinct protocols of interferon omega (rFeIFN-ω). Samples from FIV-cats previously submitted to two single-arm studies were used: 7/18 received the licensed/subcutaneous protocol (SC) while 11/18 were treated orally (PO). Viremia, provirus and blood mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, Interferon-γ and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α were monitored by Real-Time qPCR. Concurrent plasma levels of IL-6, IL-12p40 and IL-4 were assessed by ELISA. IL-6 plasma levels decreased in the SC group (p = 0.031). IL-6 mRNA expression (p = 0.037) decreased in the PO group, albeit not sufficiently to change concurrent plasma levels. Neither viremia nor other measured cytokines changed with therapy. Proviral load increased in the SC group (p = 0.031), which can be justified by a clinically irrelevant increase of lymphocyte count. Independently of the protocol, rFeIFN-ω seems to act on innate immunity by reducing pro-inflammatory stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo O Leal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, University of Lisbon (ULisboa), Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; Centre Hospitalier Vétérinaire Fregis, 43 Av. Aristide Briand, 94110 Arcueil, France
| | - Solange Gil
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, University of Lisbon (ULisboa), Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Ana Duarte
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, University of Lisbon (ULisboa), Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Nuno Sepúlveda
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK; Centro de Estatística e Aplicações da Universidade de Lisboa, FCUL, Bloco C6-Piso 4 Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria M R E Niza
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, University of Lisbon (ULisboa), Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal (CIISA), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, University of Lisbon (ULisboa), Av. Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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Day MJ, Karkare U, Schultz RD, Squires R, Tsujimoto H. Recommendations on vaccination for Asian small animal practitioners: a report of the WSAVA Vaccination Guidelines Group. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56:77-95. [PMID: 25291304 PMCID: PMC7166337 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In 2012 and 2013, the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) Vaccination Guidelines Group (VGG) undertook fact-finding visits to several Asian countries, with a view to developing advice for small companion animal practitioners in Asia related to the administration of vaccines to dogs and cats. The VGG met with numerous first opinion practitioners, small animal association leaders, academic veterinarians, government regulators and industry representatives and gathered further information from a survey of almost 700 veterinarians in India, China, Japan and Thailand. Although there were substantial differences in the nature and magnitude of the challenges faced by veterinarians in each country, and also differences in the resources available to meet those challenges, overall, the VGG identified insufficient undergraduate and postgraduate training in small companion animal microbiology, immunology and vaccinology. In most of the countries, there has been little academic research into small animal infectious diseases. This, coupled with insufficient laboratory diagnostic support, has limited the growth of knowledge concerning the prevalence and circulating strains of key infectious agents in most of the countries visited. Asian practitioners continue to recognise clinical infections that are now considered uncommon or rare in western countries. In particular, canine rabies virus infection poses a continuing threat to animal and human health in this region. Both nationally manufactured and international dog and cat vaccines are variably available in the Asian countries, but the product ranges are small and dominated by multi-component vaccines with a licensed duration of immunity (DOI) of only 1 year, or no description of DOI. Asian practitioners are largely unaware of current global trends in small animal vaccinology or of the WSAVA vaccination guidelines. Consequently, most practitioners continue to deliver annual revaccination with both core and non-core vaccines to adult animals, with little understanding that "herd immunity" is more important than frequent revaccination of individual animals within the population. In this paper, the VGG presents the findings of this project and makes key recommendations for the Asian countries. The VGG recommends that (1) Asian veterinary schools review and increase as needed the amount of instruction in small animal vaccinology within their undergraduate curriculum and increase the availability of pertinent postgraduate education for practitioners; (2) national small animal veterinary associations, industry veterinarians and academic experts work together to improve the scientific evidence base concerning small animal infectious diseases and vaccination in their countries; (3) national small animal veterinary associations take leadership in providing advice to practitioners based on improved local knowledge and global vaccination guidelines; (4) licensing authorities use this enhanced evidence base to inform and support the registration of improved vaccine product ranges for use in their countries, ideally with DOI for core vaccines similar or equal to those of equivalent products available in western countries (i.e. 3 or 4 years). The VGG also endorses the efforts made by Asian governments, non-governmental organisations and veterinary practitioners in working towards the goal of global elimination of canine rabies virus infection. In this paper, the VGG offers both a current pragmatic and future aspirational approach to small animal vaccination in Asia. As part of this project, the VGG delivered continuing education to over 800 Asian practitioners at seven events in four countries. Accompanying this document is a list of 80 frequently asked questions (with answers) that arose during these discussions. The VGG believes that this information will be of particular value to Asian veterinarians as they move towards implementing global trends in small companion animal vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Day
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, BS40 5DU
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Fu LL, Yan C, Liu ZZ, Kong DL, Lv L, Shi N. [Isolation and identification of Toxoplasma gondii strains from cats in Xuzhou region]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2014; 26:656-668. [PMID: 25856893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To isolate Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) strains from stray cats and explore their prevalence in Xuzhou City. METHODS The sera of 41 stray cats were collected to detect the antibodies of T. gondii by using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) kit. The tissues including the heart, brain and tongue from these cats were digested by acid pepsin solution and inoculated to Kunming mice. These suspicious isolates were subsequently identified by a specific PCR method. RESULTS A total of 11 strains were isolated from 41 stray cats, which were confirmed by the PCR results. Moreover, 17 cats (41.5%) were found to be positive with the antibodies of T. gondii. CONCLUSION A high prevalence of T. gondii infection was found in Xuzhou City, which indicates that the stray cats infected with T. gondii would be an important infection source that may infect humans and other animals in this area.
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Honneffer JB, Minamoto Y, Suchodolski JS. Microbiota alterations in acute and chronic gastrointestinal inflammation of cats and dogs. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:16489-16497. [PMID: 25469017 PMCID: PMC4248192 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i44.16489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is the collection of the living microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses) inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract. Novel bacterial identification approaches have revealed that the gastrointestinal microbiota of dogs and cats is, similarly to humans, a highly complex ecosystem. Studies in dogs and cats have demonstrated that acute and chronic gastrointestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are associated with alterations in the small intestinal and fecal microbial communities. Of interest is that these alterations are generally similar to the dysbiosis observed in humans with IBD or animal models of intestinal inflammation, suggesting that microbial responses to inflammatory conditions of the gut are conserved across mammalian host types. Studies have also revealed possible underlying susceptibilities in the innate immune system of dogs and cats with IBD, which further demonstrate the intricate relationship between gut microbiota and host health. Commonly identified microbiome changes in IBD are decreases in bacterial groups within the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, and increases within Proteobacteia. Furthermore, a reduction in the diversity of Clostridium clusters XIVa and IV (i.e., Lachnospiraceae and Clostridium coccoides subgroups) are associated with IBD, suggesting that these bacterial groups may play an important role in maintenance of gastrointestinal health. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the functional changes associated with intestinal dysbiosis in dogs and cats.
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Grobman ME, Krumme S, Dodam JR, Reinero CR. The TRPV1 receptor agonist capsaicin is an ineffective bronchoprovocant in an experimental model of feline asthma. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 17:915-8. [PMID: 25359787 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14555533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), a key feature of feline asthma, can be measured using bronchoprovocation testing. Limitations of both direct and indirect bronchoprovocants evaluated to date in experimental feline asthma have led to a search for a more specific indirect bronchoprovocant (ie, one which relies on existing inflammatory cells or activated neural pathways in diseased but not healthy airways). We hypothesized that capsaicin, a transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 agonist, would lead to dose-responsive increases in airway resistance as measured by ventilator-acquired pulmonary mechanics in experimentally asthmatic cats. METHODS Five cats induced to have asthma using Bermuda grass allergen (BGA) were studied. Twenty-four hours after aerosol challenge of BGA, cats were anesthetized and underwent neuromuscular blockade for ventilator-acquired pulmonary mechanics. Cats were monitored with pulse oximetry for hemoglobin desaturation. Parameters recorded on a breath-by-breath basis on the ventilator included airway resistance (Raw) and compliance. Saline at baseline and 10-fold increasing concentrations of capsaicin (0.4-4000.0 µM) were aerosolized for 30 s and data collected for 4 mins between doses. The intended endpoint of the study was a doubling in baseline airway resistance, halving of compliance or oxygen desaturation <75%. RESULTS All cats completed the trial, reaching the highest dose of capsaicin without reaching any of the aforementioned endpoints. No biologically significant alteration in any other pulmonary mechanics parameter was noted. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Capsaicin does not appear to be an effective bronchoprovocant in a feline asthma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Grobman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Stacy Krumme
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - John R Dodam
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Carol R Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Cornelissen JBWJ, van der Giessen JWB, Takumi K, Teunis PFM, Wisselink HJ. An experimental Toxoplasma gondii dose response challenge model to study therapeutic or vaccine efficacy in cats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104740. [PMID: 25184619 PMCID: PMC4153576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High numbers of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in the environment are a risk factor to humans. The environmental contamination might be reduced by vaccinating the definitive host, cats. An experimental challenge model is necessary to quantitatively assess the efficacy of a vaccine or drug treatment. Previous studies have indicated that bradyzoites are highly infectious for cats. To infect cats, tissue cysts were isolated from the brains of mice infected with oocysts of T. gondii M4 strain, and bradyzoites were released by pepsin digestion. Free bradyzoites were counted and graded doses (1000, 100, 50, 10), and 250 intact tissue cysts were inoculated orally into three cats each. Oocysts shed by these five groups of cats were collected from faeces by flotation techniques, counted microscopically and estimated by real time PCR. Additionally, the number of T. gondii in heart, tongue and brains were estimated, and serology for anti T. gondii antibodies was performed. A Beta-Poisson dose-response model was used to estimate the infectivity of single bradyzoites and linear regression was used to determine the relation between inoculated dose and numbers of oocyst shed. We found that real time PCR was more sensitive than microscopic detection of oocysts, and oocysts were detected by PCR in faeces of cats fed 10 bradyzoites but by microscopic examination. Real time PCR may only detect fragments of T. gondii DNA without the presence of oocysts in low doses. Prevalence of tissue cysts of T. gondii in tongue, heart and brains, and anti T. gondii antibody concentrations were all found to depend on the inoculated bradyzoite dose. The combination of the experimental challenge model and the dose response analysis provides a suitable reference for quantifying the potential reduction in human health risk due to a treatment of domestic cats by vaccination or by therapeutic drug application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan B. W. J. Cornelissen
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Department of Infection Biology, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Joke W. B. van der Giessen
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Department of Bacteriology and TSEs, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Katsuhisa Takumi
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter F. M. Teunis
- National Institute for Public Health and the Enviroment (RIVM), Centre for Epidemiology, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Henk J. Wisselink
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Department of Infection Biology, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Becker DJ, Hall RJ. Too much of a good thing: resource provisioning alters infectious disease dynamics in wildlife. Biol Lett 2014; 10:20140309. [PMID: 25055815 PMCID: PMC4126624 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2014.0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Provisioning of abundant food resources in human-altered landscapes can have profound effects on wildlife ecology, with important implications for pathogen transmission. While empirical studies have quantified the effects of provisioning on host behaviour and immunology, the net interactive effect of these components on host-pathogen dynamics is unknown. We use simple compartmental models to investigate how provisioning-induced changes to host demography, contact behaviour and immune defence influence pathogen invasion and persistence. We show that pathogen invasion success and equilibrium prevalence depend critically on how provisioning affects host immune defence and that moderate levels of provisioning can lead to drastically different outcomes of pathogen extinction or maximizing prevalence. These results highlight the need for further empirical studies to fully understand how provisioning affects pathogen transmission in urbanized environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Becker
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Richard J Hall
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Gourkow N, Hamon SC, Phillips CJC. Effect of gentle stroking and vocalization on behaviour, mucosal immunity and upper respiratory disease in anxious shelter cats. Prev Vet Med 2014; 117:266-75. [PMID: 25064364 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Emotional, behavioural, and health benefits of gentle stroking and vocalizations, otherwise known as gentling, have been documented for several species, but little is known about the effect of gentling on cats in stressful situations. In this study, 139 cats rated as anxious upon admission to an animal shelter were allocated to either a Gentled or Control group. Cats were gentled four times daily for 10 min over a period of 10 days, with the aid of a tool for cats that were too aggressive to handle. The cats' mood, or persistent emotional state, was rated daily for 10 d as Anxious, Frustrated or Content. Gentled cats were less likely to have negatively valenced moods (Anxious or Frustrated) than Control cats (Incidence Rate Ratio [IRR]=0.61 CI 0.42-0.88, P=0.007). Total secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) was quantified from faeces by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Gentled cats had increased S-IgA (6.9 ± 0.7 logeμg/g) compared to Control cats (5.9 ± 0.5 logeμg/g) (P<0.0001). Within the Gentled group of cats, S-IgA values were higher for cats that responded positively to gentling (7.03 ± 0.6, logeμg/g), compared with those that responded negatively (6.14 ± 0.8, logeμg/g). Combined conjunctival and oropharyngeal swab specimens were tested by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (rPCR) for feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1), feline calicivirus (FCV), Mycoplasma felis, Chlamydophila felis, and Bordetella bronchiseptica. There was a significant increase in shedding over time in Control cats (23%, 35%, 52% on days 1, 4 and 10, respectively), but not in gentled cats (32%, 26%, 30% on days 1, 4 and 10, respectively) (P=0.001). Onset of upper respiratory disease was determined by veterinary staff based on clinical signs, in particular ocular and/or nasal discharge. Control cats were 2.4 (CI: 1.35-4.15) times more likely to develop upper respiratory disease over time than gentled cats (P<0.0001). It is concluded that gentling anxious cats in animal shelters can induce positive affect (contentment), increase production of S-IgA, and reduce the incidence of upper respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Gourkow
- Centre for Animal Welfare and Ethics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | - Sara C Hamon
- Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York 10065, USA
| | - Clive J C Phillips
- Centre for Animal Welfare and Ethics, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia.
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SHIRAISHI R, NISHIMURA M, NAKASHIMA R, ENTA C, HIRAYAMA N. Neutralizing antibody response in dogs and cats inoculated with commercial inactivated rabies vaccines. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 76:605-9. [PMID: 24389741 PMCID: PMC4064152 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.13-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In Japan, the import quarantine regulation against rabies has required from 2005 that dogs and cats should be inoculated with the rabies vaccine and that the neutralizing antibody titer should be confirmed to be at least 0.5 international units (IU)/ml. The fluorescent antibody virus neutralization (FAVN) test is used as an international standard method for serological testing for rabies. To achieve proper immunization of dogs and cats at the time of import and export, changes in the neutralizing antibody titer after inoculation of the rabies vaccine should be understood in detail. However, few reports have provided this information. In this study, we aimed to determine evaluated, such changes by using sera from experimental dogs and cats inoculated with the rabies vaccine, and we tested samples using the routine FAVN test. In both dogs and cats, proper, regular vaccination enabled the necessary titer of neutralizing antibodies to be maintained in the long term. However, inappropriate timing of blood sampling after vaccination could result in insufficient detected levels of neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikiya SHIRAISHI
- Research Institute for Animal Science in Biochemistry &
Toxicology, 3–7–11 Hashimotodai, Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252–0132, Japan
| | - Masaaki NISHIMURA
- Research Institute for Animal Science in Biochemistry &
Toxicology, 3–7–11 Hashimotodai, Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252–0132, Japan
| | - Ryuji NAKASHIMA
- Research Institute for Animal Science in Biochemistry &
Toxicology, 3–7–11 Hashimotodai, Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252–0132, Japan
| | - Chiho ENTA
- Research Institute for Animal Science in Biochemistry &
Toxicology, 3–7–11 Hashimotodai, Midori-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252–0132, Japan
| | - Norio HIRAYAMA
- Azabu University, 1–17–71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara,
Kanagawa 252–5201, Japan
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Rypuła K, Płoneczka-Janeczko K, Bierowiec K, Kumala A, Sapikowski G. Prevalence of viral infections in cats in southwestern Poland in the years 2006 to 2010. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2014; 127:163-165. [PMID: 24693663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study included data from 676 cats in southwestern Poland examined between 2006 and 2010. Examinations were performed to diagnose the following infections: feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline coronavirus (FCoV), feline calicivirus (FCV), and feline herpesvirus (FHV). The presence of antibodies or antigens was assessed in samples from all cats. Among examined cats, 46.9% were positive for FCV, 50% for FHV, and 38.5% for FCoV. Retroviral infections were detected more rarely: FeLV in 6.4% and FIV in 4.3% of cases.
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Hohdatsu T, Yamazaki A, Yamada M, Kusuhara H, Kaneshima T, Koyama H. Ability of CD8+T Cell Anti-Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Activity Correlated with Peripheral CD4+T Cell Counts and Plasma Viremia. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 47:765-73. [PMID: 14605443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2003.tb03446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the host defense mechanism against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection, CD8(+) T cells specifically attack virus-infected cells and suppress the replication of the virus in a non-cytolytic manner by secreting soluble factors. In this study, we measured CD8(+) T cell anti-FIV activity in 30 FIV-infected cats. We investigated its relationship with the number of peripheral blood lymphocytes, particularly the CD4(+) T cell and CD8(+) T cell counts, and the relationship between anti-FIV activity and the number of T cells of CD8alpha(+)beta(lo) and CD8alpha(+)beta(-) phenotypes. A clearly significant correlation was observed between anti-FIV activity and the number of CD4(+) T cells. A weaker anti-FIV activity was associated with a greater decrease in the number of CD4(+) T cells. However, there was no significant correlation between anti-FIV activity and the number of B or CD8(+) T cells. Compared with SPF cats, FIV-infected cats had significantly higher CD8alpha(+)beta(lo) T cell and CD8alpha(+)beta(-) T cell counts, but, no significant correlation was observed between these cell counts and anti-FIV activity. This anti-FIV activity significantly correlated with plasma viremia, which was detected in cats with a weak anti-FIV activity. These results suggest that the anti-FIV activity of CD8(+) T cells plays an important role in plasma viremia and the maintenance of CD4(+) T cells in the body. It is unlikely that CD8alpha(+)beta(lo) or CD8alpha(+)beta(-) T cells appearing after FIV infection represent a phenotype of CD8(+) cells with anti-FIV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Hohdatsu
- Department of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Aomori 034-8628, Japan.
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Maksimov P, Zerweck J, Dubey JP, Pantchev N, Frey CF, Maksimov A, Reimer U, Schutkowski M, Hosseininejad M, Ziller M, Conraths FJ, Schares G. Serotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in cats (Felis domesticus) reveals predominance of type II infections in Germany. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80213. [PMID: 24244652 PMCID: PMC3820565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cats are definitive hosts of Toxoplasma gondii and play an essential role in the epidemiology of this parasite. The study aims at clarifying whether cats are able to develop specific antibodies against different clonal types of T. gondii and to determine by serotyping the T. gondii clonal types prevailing in cats as intermediate hosts in Germany. Methodology To establish a peptide-microarray serotyping test, we identified 24 suitable peptides using serological T. gondii positive (n=21) and negative cat sera (n=52). To determine the clonal type-specific antibody response of cats in Germany, 86 field sera from T. gondii seropositive naturally infected cats were tested. In addition, we analyzed the antibody response in cats experimentally infected with non-canonical T. gondii types (n=7). Findings Positive cat reference sera reacted predominantly with peptides harbouring amino acid sequences specific for the clonal T. gondii type the cats were infected with. When the array was applied to field sera from Germany, 98.8% (85/86) of naturally-infected cats recognized similar peptide patterns as T. gondii type II reference sera and showed the strongest reaction intensities with clonal type II-specific peptides. In addition, naturally infected cats recognized type II-specific peptides significantly more frequently than peptides of other type-specificities. Cats infected with non-canonical types showed the strongest reactivity with peptides presenting amino-acid sequences specific for both, type I and type III. Conclusions Cats are able to mount a clonal type-specific antibody response against T. gondii. Serotyping revealed for most seropositive field sera patterns resembling those observed after clonal type II-T. gondii infection. This finding is in accord with our previous results on the occurrence of T. gondii clonal types in oocysts shed by cats in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Maksimov
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
- * E-mail: (PM); (GS)
| | | | - Jitender P. Dubey
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, USDA, ARS, ANRI, BARC-East, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nikola Pantchev
- Vet Med Labor GmbH, Division of IDEXX Laboratories, Ludwigsburg, Germany
| | - Caroline F. Frey
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aline Maksimov
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ulf Reimer
- JPT, Peptide Technologies GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mike Schutkowski
- Institute for Biochemistry & Biotechnology, Department of Enzymology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Mario Ziller
- Workgroup Biomathematics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Franz J. Conraths
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Gereon Schares
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
- * E-mail: (PM); (GS)
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Tarigo JL, Scholl EH, Bird DM, Brown CC, Cohn LA, Dean GA, Levy MG, Doolan DL, Trieu A, Nordone SK, Felgner PL, Vigil A, Birkenheuer AJ. A novel candidate vaccine for cytauxzoonosis inferred from comparative apicomplexan genomics. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71233. [PMID: 23977000 PMCID: PMC3748084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytauxzoonosis is an emerging infectious disease of domestic cats (Felis catus) caused by the apicomplexan protozoan parasite Cytauxzoon felis. The growing epidemic, with its high morbidity and mortality points to the need for a protective vaccine against cytauxzoonosis. Unfortunately, the causative agent has yet to be cultured continuously in vitro, rendering traditional vaccine development approaches beyond reach. Here we report the use of comparative genomics to computationally and experimentally interpret the C. felis genome to identify a novel candidate vaccine antigen for cytauxzoonosis. As a starting point we sequenced, assembled, and annotated the C. felis genome and the proteins it encodes. Whole genome alignment revealed considerable conserved synteny with other apicomplexans. In particular, alignments with the bovine parasite Theileria parva revealed that a C. felis gene, cf76, is syntenic to p67 (the leading vaccine candidate for bovine theileriosis), despite a lack of significant sequence similarity. Recombinant subdomains of cf76 were challenged with survivor-cat antiserum and found to be highly seroreactive. Comparison of eleven geographically diverse samples from the south-central and southeastern USA demonstrated 91-100% amino acid sequence identity across cf76, including a high level of conservation in an immunogenic 226 amino acid (24 kDa) carboxyl terminal domain. Using in situ hybridization, transcription of cf76 was documented in the schizogenous stage of parasite replication, the life stage that is believed to be the most important for development of a protective immune response. Collectively, these data point to identification of the first potential vaccine candidate antigen for cytauxzoonosis. Further, our bioinformatic approach emphasizes the use of comparative genomics as an accelerated path to developing vaccines against experimentally intractable pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime L. Tarigo
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth H. Scholl
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David McK. Bird
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AJB); (DMB)
| | - Corrie C. Brown
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Leah A. Cohn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Gregg A. Dean
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Levy
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Denise L. Doolan
- Division of Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Queensland, Australia
| | - Angela Trieu
- Division of Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shila K. Nordone
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Philip L. Felgner
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Adam Vigil
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Birkenheuer
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AJB); (DMB)
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Truyen U, Parrish CR. Feline panleukopenia virus: its interesting evolution and current problems in immunoprophylaxis against a serious pathogen. Vet Microbiol 2013; 165:29-32. [PMID: 23561891 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination of cats against feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) has been a routine part of feline medicine for the past 40 or more years, and many of the same vaccines that were first developed in the 1960s are still in routine use today. However, there has been significant evolution of the virus in the last 40 years, in particular the emergence of canine parvovirus (CPV) in dogs in the late 1970s, which was a host range variant of the FPV-like virus, and the world-wide spread of the CPV-derived viruses since 1978. FPV and the various antigenic types of CPV have been isolated from cats, raccoons, and many different wild and captive carnivores. The consequences of these changes in the viral populations have not been investigated, and the effectiveness of the current vaccine protocols have not been reported. Here we review the recent findings about the evolution of the viruses in carnivores including cats, and describe a study that looks at the efficiency of vaccination of kittens using the standard protocols, which shows that many cats are not protected by those approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Truyen
- Institut für Tierhygiene und Öffentliches Veterinärwesen, Universität Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Longoni SS, López-Cespedes A, Sánchez-Moreno M, Bolio-Gonzalez ME, Sauri-Arceo CH, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Marín C. Detection of different Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies in cats from the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) using an iron superoxide dismutase excreted as antigen. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 35:469-76. [PMID: 22560557 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although human leishmaniasis has been reported in 20 states in Mexico, no case of leishmaniasis has been reported in cats to date. In the Yucatan Peninsula, it has been found that dogs may act as reservoirs for at least three Leishmania species (Leishmania mexicana, Leishmania braziliensis, and Leishmania panamensis). In this study we identified specific antibodies against these three Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi in the sera from 95 cats from two States on the Yucatan Peninsula, namely Quintana Roo and Yucatan, by ELISA and Western blot techniques using whole extract and an iron superoxide dismutase excreted by the parasites as antigens. As well as demonstrating the presence of trypanosomatid antibodies in the feline population on the Yucatan Peninsula, we were also able to confirm the high sensitivity and specificity of the iron superoxide dismutase antigen secreted by them, which may prove to be very useful in epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia S Longoni
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Belova S, Wilhelm S, Linek M, Beco L, Fontaine J, Bergvall K, Favrot C. Factors affecting allergen-specific IgE serum levels in cats. Can J Vet Res 2012; 76:45-51. [PMID: 22754094 PMCID: PMC3244287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pruritic skin diseases are common in cats and demand rigorous diagnostic workup for finding an underlying etiology. Measurement of a serum allergen-specific IgE in a pruritic cat is often used to make or confirm the diagnosis of a skin hypersensitivity disease, although current evidence suggests that elevated allergen-specific IgE do not always correlate with a clinical disease and vice versa. The aim of the study was to to assess the possible influence of age, deworming status, lifestyle, flea treatment, and gender on allergen-specific IgE levels and to evaluate the reliability of IgE testing in predicting the final diagnosis of a pruritic cat. For this purpose sera of 179 cats with pruritus of different causes and 20 healthy cats were evaluated for allergen-specific IgE against environmental, food and flea allergens using the Fc-epsilon receptor based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. The results of the study showed positive correlation between age, outdoor life style, absence of deworming, absence of flea control measures and levels of allergen-specific IgE. Gender and living area (urban versus rural) did not seem to affect the formation of allergen-specific IgE. According to these findings, evaluating allergen-specific IgE levels, is not a reliable test to diagnose hypersensitivity to food or environmental allergens in cats. On the contrary, this test can be successfully used for diagnosing feline flea bite hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - C. Favrot
- Address all correspondence to Dr. C. Favrot; telephone: (41) 446358375; fax: (41) 44638920; e-mail:
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Zheng X, Carver S, Troyer RM, Terwee JA, VandeWoude S. Prior virus exposure alters the long-term landscape of viral replication during feline lentiviral infection. Viruses 2011; 3:1891-908. [PMID: 22069521 PMCID: PMC3205387 DOI: 10.3390/v3101891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a feline model of lentiviral cross-species transmission using a puma lentivirus (PLV or FIVPco) which infects domestic cats but does not cause disease. Infection with PLV protects cats from CD4+ T-cell decline caused by subsequent infection with virulent feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). Previous studies implicate innate immune and/or cellular restriction mechanisms for FIV disease attenuation in PLV-infected cats. In this study, we evaluated viral infection and cytokine mRNA transcription in 12 different tissue reservoirs approximately five months post infection. We quantitated tissue proviral load, viral mRNA load and relative transcription of IL-10, IL-12p40 and IFNγ from tissues of cats exposed to FIV, PLV or both viruses and analyzed these parameters using a multivariate statistical approach. The distribution and intensity of FIV infection and IFNγ transcription differed between single and co-infected cats, characterized by higher FIV proviral loads and IFNγ expression in co-infected cat tissues. Variability in FIV mRNA load and IFNγ was significantly more constrained in co-infected versus singly infected cat tissues. Single-infected:co-infected ratios of FIV mRNA load compared to FIV proviral load indicated that active viral transcription was apparently inhibited during co-infection. These results indicate that previous PLV infection increases activation of tissue innate immunity and constrains the ability of FIV to productively infect tissue reservoirs of infection for months, independent of FIV proviral load, supporting a model in which innate immunity and/or modulation of target cell susceptibility play a key role in PLV-induced protection from FIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, 1619 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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