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Prencipe F, Barzan C, Savian C, Spalluto G, Carosati E, De Amici M, Mosconi G, Gianferrara T, Federico S, Da Ros T. Gaucher Disease: A Glance from a Medicinal Chemistry Perspective. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300641. [PMID: 38329692 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Rare diseases are particular pathological conditions affecting a limited number of people and few drugs are known to be effective as therapeutic treatment. Gaucher disease, caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase, belongs to this class of disorders, and it is considered the most common among the Lysosomal Storage Diseases. The two main therapeutic approaches are the Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT) and the Substrate Reduction Therapy (SRT). ERT, consisting in replacing the defective enzyme by administering a recombinant enzyme, is effective in alleviating the visceral symptoms, hallmarks of the most common subtype of the disease whereas it has no effects when symptoms involve CNS, since the recombinant protein is unable to significantly cross the Blood Brain Barrier. The SRT strategy involves inhibiting glucosylceramide synthase (GCS), the enzyme responsible for the production of the associated storage molecule. The rational design of new inhibitors of GCS has been hampered by the lack of either the crystal structure of the enzyme or an in-silico model of the active site which could provide important information regarding the interactions of potential inhibitors with the target, but, despite this, interesting results have been obtained and are herein reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Prencipe
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara Barzan
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
- Molecular Genetics Institute, CNR Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Savian
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giampiero Spalluto
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Emanuele Carosati
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco De Amici
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milano Via Luigi Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Mosconi
- Fidia Farmaceutici Via Ponte della Fabbrica 3/A, 35021, Abano Terme, Italy
| | - Teresa Gianferrara
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stephanie Federico
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Tatiana Da Ros
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
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2
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Leng H, Simon AK, Horwood NJ. Blocking glycosphingolipid production alters autophagy in osteoclasts and improves myeloma bone disease. Autophagy 2024; 20:930-932. [PMID: 37771244 PMCID: PMC11062377 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2208931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are key constituents of membrane bilayers playing a role in structural integrity, cell signalling in microdomains, endosomes and lysosomes, and cell death pathways. Conversion of ceramide into GSLs is controlled by GCS (glucosylceramide synthase) and inhibitors of this enzyme for the treatment of lipid storage disorders and specific cancers. With a diverse range of functions attributed to GSLs, the ability of the GSC inhibitor, eliglustat, to reduce myeloma bone disease was investigated. In pre-clinical models of multiple myeloma, osteoclast-driven bone loss was reduced by eliglustat in a mechanistically separate manner to zoledronic acid, a bisphosphonate that prevents osteoclast-mediated bone destruction. Autophagic degradation of TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3), a key step for osteoclast differentiation, was inhibited by eliglustat as evidenced by TRAF3 lysosomal and cytoplasmic accumulation. By altering GSL composition, eliglustat prevented lysosomal degradation whilst exogenous addition of missing GSLs rescued TRAF3 degradation to restore osteoclast formation in bone marrow cells from myeloma patients. This work highlights the clinical potential of eliglustat as a therapy for myeloma bone disease. Furthermore, using eliglustat as a lysosomal inhibitor in osteoclasts may widen its therapeutic uses to other bone disorders such as bone metastasis, osteoporosis and inflammatory bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houfu Leng
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK, OX3 7FY
| | - Anna Katharina Simon
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK, OX3 7FY
| | - Nicole J. Horwood
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Rosalind Franklin Road, Norwich, UK, NR4 7UQ
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3
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Hu X, Yang P, Chai C, Liu J, Sun H, Wu Y, Zhang M, Zhang M, Liu X, Yu H. Structural and mechanistic insights into fungal β-1,3-glucan synthase FKS1. Nature 2023; 616:190-198. [PMID: 36949198 PMCID: PMC10032269 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05856-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
The membrane-integrated synthase FKS is involved in the biosynthesis of β-1,3-glucan, the core component of the fungal cell wall1,2. FKS is the target of widely prescribed antifungal drugs, including echinocandin and ibrexafungerp3,4. Unfortunately, the mechanism of action of FKS remains enigmatic and this has hampered development of more effective medicines targeting the enzyme. Here we present the cryo-electron microscopy structures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae FKS1 and the echinocandin-resistant mutant FKS1(S643P). These structures reveal the active site of the enzyme at the membrane-cytoplasm interface and a glucan translocation path spanning the membrane bilayer. Multiple bound lipids and notable membrane distortions are observed in the FKS1 structures, suggesting active FKS1-membrane interactions. Echinocandin-resistant mutations are clustered at a region near TM5-6 and TM8 of FKS1. The structure of FKS1(S643P) reveals altered lipid arrangements in this region, suggesting a drug-resistant mechanism of the mutant enzyme. The structures, the catalytic mechanism and the molecular insights into drug-resistant mutations of FKS1 revealed in this study advance the mechanistic understanding of fungal β-1,3-glucan biosynthesis and establish a foundation for developing new antifungal drugs by targeting FKS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlin Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Changdong Chai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanhuan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Greater Bay Biomedical Innocenter, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xiaotian Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Hongjun Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Jennemann R, Volz M, Bestvater F, Schmidt C, Richter K, Kaden S, Müthing J, Gröne HJ, Sandhoff R. Blockade of Glycosphingolipid Synthesis Inhibits Cell Cycle and Spheroid Growth of Colon Cancer Cells In Vitro and Experimental Colon Cancer Incidence In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910539. [PMID: 34638879 PMCID: PMC8508865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in humans. At early stages CRC is treated by surgery and at advanced stages combined with chemotherapy. We examined here the potential effect of glucosylceramide synthase (GCS)-inhibition on CRC biology. GCS is the rate-limiting enzyme in the glycosphingolipid (GSL)-biosynthesis pathway and overexpressed in many human tumors. We suppressed GSL-biosynthesis using the GCS inhibitor Genz-123346 (Genz), NB-DNJ (Miglustat) or by genetic targeting of the GCS-encoding gene UDP-glucose-ceramide-glucosyltransferase- (UGCG). GCS-inhibition or GSL-depletion led to a marked arrest of the cell cycle in Lovo cells. UGCG silencing strongly also inhibited tumor spheroid growth in Lovo cells and moderately in HCT116 cells. MS/MS analysis demonstrated markedly elevated levels of sphingomyelin (SM) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) that occurred in a Genz-concentration dependent manner. Ultrastructural analysis of Genz-treated cells indicated multi-lamellar lipid storage in vesicular compartments. In mice, Genz lowered the incidence of experimentally induced colorectal tumors and in particular the growth of colorectal adenomas. These results highlight the potential for GCS-based inhibition in the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Jennemann
- Lipid Pathobiochemistry Group, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.V.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Martina Volz
- Lipid Pathobiochemistry Group, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.V.); (R.S.)
| | - Felix Bestvater
- Light Microscopy Facility, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (F.B.); (C.S.)
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- Light Microscopy Facility, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (F.B.); (C.S.)
| | - Karsten Richter
- Core Facility Electron Microscopy, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (K.R.); (S.K.)
| | - Sylvia Kaden
- Core Facility Electron Microscopy, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (K.R.); (S.K.)
| | - Johannes Müthing
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany;
| | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Roger Sandhoff
- Lipid Pathobiochemistry Group, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.V.); (R.S.)
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5
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Hartwig P, Höglinger D. The Glucosylceramide Synthase Inhibitor PDMP Causes Lysosomal Lipid Accumulation and mTOR Inactivation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137065. [PMID: 34209164 PMCID: PMC8268262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, the biology of glycosphingolipids was elucidated with the help of glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) inhibitors such as 1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (PDMP). Additionally, PDMP gained interest because of its chemosensitizing effects. Several studies have successfully combined PDMP and anti-cancer drugs in the context of cancer therapy. However, the mechanism of action of PDMP is not fully understood and seems to go beyond glycolipid inhibition. Here, we used a functionalized sphingosine analogue (pacSph) to investigate the acute effects of PDMP on cellular sphingolipid distribution and found that PDMP, but not other GCS inhibitors, such as ND-DNJ (also called Miglustat), induced sphingolipid accumulation in lysosomes. This effect could be connected to defective export from lysosome, as monitored by the prolonged lysosomal staining of sphingolipids as well as by a delay in the metabolic conversion of the pacSph precursor. Additionally, other lipids such as lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA) and cholesterol were enriched in lysosomes upon PDMP treatment in a time-dependent manner. We could further correlate early LBPA enrichment with dissociation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) from lysosomes followed by nuclear translocation of its downtream target, transcription factor EB (TFEB). Altogether, we report here a timeline of lysosomal lipid accumulation events and mTOR inactivation arising from PDMP treatment.
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Huang L, Li X, Zhang C. Endosidin20-1 is more potent than endosidin20 in inhibiting plant cellulose biosynthesis and molecular docking analysis of cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors on modeled cellulose synthase structure. Plant J 2021; 106:1605-1624. [PMID: 33793980 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Endosidin20 (ES20) is a recently identified cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor (CBI) that targets the catalytic site of plant cellulose synthase (CESA). Here, we screened over 600 ES20 analogs and identified nine active analogs named ES20-1 to ES20-9. Among these, endosidin20-1 (ES20-1) had stronger inhibitory effects on plant growth and cellulose biosynthesis than ES20. At the biochemical level, we demonstrated that ES20-1, like ES20, directly interacts with CESA6. At the cellular level, this molecule, like ES20, induced the accumulation of cellulose synthase complexes at the Golgi apparatus and inhibited their secretion to the plasma membrane. Like ES20, ES20-1 likely targets the catalytic site of CESA. However, through molecular docking analysis using a modeled structure of full-length CESA6, we found that both ES20 and ES20-1 might have another target site at the transmembrane regions of CESA6. Besides ES20, other CBIs such as isoxaben, C17, and flupoxam are widely used tools to dissect the mechanism of cellulose biosynthesis and are also valuable resources for the development of herbicides. Here, based on mutant genetic analysis and molecular docking analysis, we have identified the potential target sites of these CBIs on a modeled CESA structure. Some bacteria also produce cellulose, and both ES20 and ES20-1 inhibited bacterial cellulose biosynthesis. Therefore, we conclude that ES20-1 is a more potent analog of ES20 that inhibits intrinsic cellulose biosynthesis in plants, and both ES20 and ES20-1 show an inhibitory effect on bacterial growth and cellulose synthesis, making them excellent tools for exploring the mechanisms of cellulose biosynthesis across kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Ciarkowska A, Ostrowski M, Kozakiewicz A. Biochemical Characterization of Recombinant UDPG-Dependent IAA Glucosyltransferase from Maize ( Zea mays). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073355. [PMID: 33805949 PMCID: PMC8037650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report a biochemical characterization of recombinant maize indole-3-acetyl-β-d-glucose (IAGlc) synthase which glucosylates indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and thus abolishes its auxinic activity affecting plant hormonal homeostasis. Substrate specificity analysis revealed that IAA is a preferred substrate of IAGlc synthase; however, the enzyme can also glucosylate indole-3-butyric acid and indole-3-propionic acid with the relative activity of 66% and 49.7%, respectively. KM values determined for IAA and UDP glucose are 0.8 and 0.7 mM, respectively. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is a competitive inhibitor of the synthase and causes a 1.5-fold decrease in the enzyme affinity towards IAA, with the Ki value determined as 117 μM, while IAA-Asp acts as an activator of the synthase. Two sugar-phosphate compounds, ATP and glucose-1-phosphate, have a unique effect on the enzyme by acting as activators at low concentrations and showing inhibitory effect at higher concentrations (above 0.6 and 4 mM for ATP and glucose-1-phosphate, respectively). Results of molecular docking revealed that both compounds can bind to the PSPG (plant secondary product glycosyltransferase) motif of IAGlc synthase; however, there are also different potential binding sites present in the enzyme. We postulate that IAGlc synthase may contain more than one binding site for ATP and glucose-1-phosphate as reflected in its activity modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ciarkowska
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-56-611-4520
| | - Maciej Ostrowski
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Anna Kozakiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
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Huang L, Li X, Zhang W, Ung N, Liu N, Yin X, Li Y, Mcewan RE, Dilkes B, Dai M, Hicks GR, Raikhel NV, Staiger CJ, Zhang C. Endosidin20 Targets the Cellulose Synthase Catalytic Domain to Inhibit Cellulose Biosynthesis. Plant Cell 2020; 32:2141-2157. [PMID: 32327535 PMCID: PMC7346566 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.20.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant cellulose is synthesized by rosette-structured cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs). Each CSC is composed of multiple subunits of CESAs representing three different isoforms. Individual CESA proteins contain conserved catalytic domains for catalyzing cellulose synthesis, other domains such as plant-conserved sequences, and class-specific regions that are thought to facilitate complex assembly and CSC trafficking. Because of the current lack of atomic-resolution structures for plant CSCs or CESAs, the molecular mechanism through which CESA catalyzes cellulose synthesis and whether its catalytic activity influences efficient CSC transport at the subcellular level remain unknown. Here, by performing chemical genetic analyses, biochemical assays, structural modeling, and molecular docking, we demonstrate that Endosidin20 (ES20) targets the catalytic site of CESA6 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Chemical genetic analysis revealed important amino acids that potentially participate in the catalytic activity of plant CESA6, in addition to previously identified conserved motifs across kingdoms. Using high spatiotemporal resolution live cell imaging, we found that inhibiting the catalytic activity of CESA6 by ES20 treatment reduced the efficiency of CSC transport to the plasma membrane. Our results demonstrate that ES20 is a chemical inhibitor of CESA activity and trafficking that represents a powerful tool for studying cellulose synthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Nolan Ung
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Nana Liu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Xianglin Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
| | - Robert E Mcewan
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Brian Dilkes
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Mingji Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906
| | - Glenn R Hicks
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- Uppsala Bio Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-75007, 19 Sweden
| | - Natasha V Raikhel
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Christopher J Staiger
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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9
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Kapil S, Petit C, Drago VN, Ronning DR, Sucheck SJ. Synthesis and in Vitro Characterization of Trehalose-Based Inhibitors of Mycobacterial Trehalose 6-Phosphate Phosphatases. Chembiochem 2019; 20:260-269. [PMID: 30402996 PMCID: PMC6467533 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
α,α'-Trehalose plays roles in the synthesis of several cell wall components involved in pathogenic mycobacteria virulence. Its absence in mammalian biochemistry makes trehalose-related biochemical processes potential targets for chemotherapy. The trehalose 6-phosphate synthase (TPS)/trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) pathway, also known as the OtsA/OtsB2 pathway, is the major pathway involved in the production of trehalose in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). In addition, TPP is essential for Mtb survival. We describe the synthesis of α,α'-trehalose derivatives in the forms of the 6-phosphonic acid 4 (TMP), the 6-methylenephosphonic acid 5 (TEP), and the 6-N-phosphonamide 6 (TNP). These non-hydrolyzable substrate analogues of TPP were examined as inhibitors of Mtb, Mycobacterium lentiflavum (Mlt), and Mycobacterium triplex (Mtx) TPP. In all cases the compounds were most effective in inhibiting Mtx TPP, with TMP [IC50 =(288±32) μm] acting most strongly, followed by TNP [IC50 =(421±24) μm] and TEP [IC50 =(1959±261) μm]. The results also indicate significant differences in the analogue binding profile when comparing Mtb TPP, Mlt TPP, and Mtx TPP homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunayana Kapil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States ;
| | - Cecile Petit
- Dr. C. Petit, EMBL Hamburg, c/oDESY, Building 25A, Notkestraß, e85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Victoria N. Drago
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States ;
| | - Donald R. Ronning
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States ;
| | - Steven J. Sucheck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft Street, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States ;
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Lukina E, Watman N, Dragosky M, Lau H, Avila Arreguin E, Rosenbaum H, Zimran A, Foster MC, Gaemers SJM, Peterschmitt MJ. Outcomes after 8 years of eliglustat therapy for Gaucher disease type 1: Final results from the Phase 2 trial. Am J Hematol 2019; 94:29-38. [PMID: 30264864 PMCID: PMC6587500 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Eliglustat is a first‐line oral therapy for adults with Gaucher disease type 1 (GD1) and poor, intermediate or extensive CYP2D6‐metabolizer phenotypes (>90% of patients). We report the final results of a Phase 2 trial and extension (NCT00358150) in previously untreated adult GD1 patients who had splenomegaly with thrombocytopenia and/or anemia and received 50 or 100 mg eliglustat tartrate (equivalent to 42 or 84 mg eliglustat) twice daily for 8 years. In total, 19 of 26 patients completed the trial. After 8 years of eliglustat, mean spleen and liver volumes decreased by 69% and 34%, respectively. Mean hemoglobin concentration and platelet count increased by 2.2 g/dL and 113%, respectively. All patients met at least 3 of 4 therapeutic goals established for patients on long‐term enzyme replacement therapy. Mean final values for patients with severe splenomegaly (n = 6), moderate‐to‐severe anemia (n = 6), or severe thrombocytopenia (n = 8) were similar to patients with milder disease at baseline and within long‐term therapeutic goal thresholds. Biomarker median percent changes from baseline were ‐91% for chitotriosidase, ‐87% for CCL18, ‐92% for glucosylsphingosine, and ‐80% for plasma glucosylceramide. Mean lumbar spine T‐score increased by 0.96, moving from the osteopenic to the normal range. Mean quality‐of‐life scores, mostly below normal at baseline, moved into ranges seen in healthy adults. Eliglustat was well‐tolerated; 98% of adverse events were mild or moderate and 94% were considered unrelated to treatment. Clinically meaningful improvements in all parameters continued or were maintained over 8 years, with the largest margins of improvement seen in the most severely affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lukina
- Department of Orphan DiseasesNational Research Center for HematologyMoscowRussia
| | - Nora Watman
- Division of HematologyHospital Ramos MejiaBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Marta Dragosky
- Department of HematologyIMAI‐ResearchBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Heather Lau
- Department of NeurologyNew York University School of MedicineNew YorkNew York
| | - Elsa Avila Arreguin
- Department of HematologyInstituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Hospital de EspecialidadesCol. La RazaMexico
| | | | - Ari Zimran
- Gaucher Clinic, Department of Medicine, Shaare Zedek Medical CenterJerusalemIsrael
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11
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Rugen MD, Vernet MMJL, Hantouti L, Soenens A, Andriotis VME, Rejzek M, Brett P, van den Berg RJBHN, Aerts JMFG, Overkleeft HS, Field RA. A chemical genetic screen reveals that iminosugar inhibitors of plant glucosylceramide synthase inhibit root growth in Arabidopsis and cereals. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16421. [PMID: 30401902 PMCID: PMC6219604 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34749-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Iminosugars are carbohydrate mimics that are useful as molecular probes to dissect metabolism in plants. To analyse the effects of iminosugar derivatives on germination and seedling growth, we screened a library of 390 N-substituted iminosugar analogues against Arabidopsis and the small cereal Eragrostis tef (Tef). The most potent compound identified in both systems, N-5-(adamantane-1-yl-ethoxy)pentyl- L-ido-deoxynojirimycin (L-ido-AEP-DNJ), inhibited root growth in agar plate assays by 92% and 96% in Arabidopsis and Tef respectively, at 10 µM concentration. Phenocopying the effect of L-ido-AEP-DNJ with the commercial inhibitor (PDMP) implicated glucosylceramide synthase as the target responsible for root growth inhibition. L-ido-AEP-DNJ was twenty-fold more potent than PDMP. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of ceramide:glucosylceramide ratios in inhibitor-treated Arabidopsis seedlings showed a decrease in the relative quantity of the latter, confirming that glucosylceramide synthesis is perturbed in inhibitor-treated plants. Bioinformatic analysis of glucosylceramide synthase indicates gene conservation across higher plants. Previous T-DNA insertional inactivation of glucosylceramide synthase in Arabidopsis caused seedling lethality, indicating a role in growth and development. The compounds identified herein represent chemical alternatives that can overcome issues caused by genetic intervention. These inhibitors offer the potential to dissect the roles of glucosylceramides in polyploid crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Rugen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Mathieu M J L Vernet
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Laila Hantouti
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Amalia Soenens
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vasilios M E Andriotis
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Devonshire Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Martin Rejzek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Paul Brett
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Richard J B H N van den Berg
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M F G Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hermen S Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
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12
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Xu J, Zhao W, Sun J, Huang Y, Wang P, Venkataramanan R, Yang D, Ma X, Rana A, Li S. Novel glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor based prodrug copolymer micelles for delivery of anticancer agents. J Control Release 2018; 288:212-226. [PMID: 30223045 PMCID: PMC6177216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy for cancers, we have developed a novel prodrug micellar formulation to co-deliver ceramide-generating anticancer agents and ceramide degradation inhibitor (PPMP). The prodrug nanocarrier is based on a well-defined POEG-b-PPPMP diblock copolymer. The hydrophilic block of POEG-b-PPPMP is POEG, and the hydrophobic block is composed of a number of PPMP units, which could work synergistically with loaded anticancer drugs. POEG-b-PPPMP was readily synthesized via a one-step reversible addition-fragment transfer (RAFT) polymerization from a PPMP monomer. The newly synthesized polymers were self-assembled into micelles and served as a carrier for several hydrophobic anticancer drugs including DOX, PTX and C6-ceramide. POEG-b-PPPMP prodrug polymer exhibited intrinsic antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. In addition, POEG-b-PPPMP prodrug polymer was comparable to free PPMP in selectively enhancing the production of pro-apoptotic ceramide species as well as down-regulating the mRNA expression of GCS. DOX-loaded POEG-b-PPPMP micelles exhibited an excellent stability of 42 days at 4 °C. Moreover, DOX loaded in POEG-b-PPPMP micelles showed higher levels of cytotoxicity than DOX loaded in a pharmacologically inert polymer (POEG-b-POM) and Doxil formulation in several tumor cell lines. Consistently, in a 4T1.2 murine breast cancer model, the tumor inhibition followed the order of DOX/POEG-b-PPPMP > DOX/POEG-b-POM ≥ Doxil > POEG-b-PPPMP > POEG-b-POM. Our data suggest that POEG-b-PPPMP micelles are a promising dual-functional carrier that warrants more studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieni Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Whenchen Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Yixian Huang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Raman Venkataramanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Da Yang
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ajay Rana
- Department of Surgery/Surgical Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Song Li
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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13
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Aoyama Y, Sobue S, Mizutani N, Inoue C, Kawamoto Y, Nishizawa Y, Ichihara M, Kyogashima M, Suzuki M, Nozawa Y, Murate T. Modulation of the sphingolipid rheostat is involved in paclitaxel resistance of the human prostate cancer cell line PC3-PR. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:551-557. [PMID: 28322796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Taxoids are anti-cancer drugs frequently used to treat solid tumors, but they are sometimes ineffective and tumors may become resistant to their action. Here, we examined the involvement of sphingolipid metabolic enzymes in paclitaxel (PTX) resistance using a human prostate cancer cell line, PC3, and its PTX-resistant subline, PC3-PR. PTX (20 nM) suppressed cell proliferation and increased various ceramide species in PC3, but not PC3-PR, cells. PC3-PR contained higher S1P levels than did PC3, regardless of PTX treatment. Western blotting revealed that PC3-PR cells expressed higher levels of sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) and glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) but lower levels of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) and neutral sphingomyelinase 2 than did PC3 cells. Inhibition of SPHK1 using siRNA or a pharmacological inhibitor decreased S1P levels in PC3-PR cells and inhibited proliferation in the presence or absence of PTX, suggesting that SPHK1 is at least partially responsible for PTX resistance. Similarly, GCS inhibitors (PDMP and PPMP) increased cellular ceramides and suppressed the proliferation of PC3-PR. However, inhibition of proteasome function or histone deacetylase activity increased SMase and ceramide levels and suppressed PC3-PR proliferation. These results suggest that modulation of metabolic enzyme expression and alteration of the sphingolipid rheostat protects cancer cells against PTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Aoyama
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Sayaka Sobue
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Naoki Mizutani
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Chisato Inoue
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kawamoto
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishizawa
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ichihara
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Mamoru Kyogashima
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 466-0064, Japan
| | - Motoshi Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Murate
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan.
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14
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Liu C, Dunaway-Mariano D, Mariano PS. Rational design of reversible inhibitors for trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatases. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 128:274-286. [PMID: 28192710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In some organisms, environmental stress triggers trehalose biosynthesis that is catalyzed collectively by trehalose 6-phosphate synthase, and trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase (T6PP). T6PP catalyzes the hydrolysis of trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P) to trehalose and inorganic phosphate and is a promising target for the development of antibacterial, antifungal and antihelminthic therapeutics. Herein, we report the design, synthesis and evaluation of a library of aryl d-glucopyranoside 6-sulfates to serve as prototypes for small molecule T6PP inhibitors. Steady-state kinetic techniques were used to measure inhibition constants (Ki) of a panel of structurally diverse T6PP orthologs derived from the pathogens Brugia malayi, Ascaris suum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Shigella boydii and Salmonella typhimurium. The binding affinities of the most active inhibitor of these T6PP orthologs, 4-n-octylphenyl α-d-glucopyranoside 6-sulfate (9a), were found to be in the low micromolar range. The Ki of 9a with the B. malayi T6PP ortholog is 5.3 ± 0.6 μM, 70-fold smaller than the substrate Michaelis constant. The binding specificity of 9a was demonstrated using several representative sugar phosphate phosphatases from the HAD enzyme superfamily, the T6PP protein fold family of origin. Lastly, correlations drawn between T6PP active site structure, inhibitor structure and inhibitor binding affinity suggest that the aryl d-glucopyranoside 6-sulfate prototypes will find future applications as a platform for development of tailored second-generation T6PP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunliang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Debra Dunaway-Mariano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Patrick S Mariano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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15
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Belmatoug N, Di Rocco M, Fraga C, Giraldo P, Hughes D, Lukina E, Maison-Blanche P, Merkel M, Niederau C, Plӧckinger U, Richter J, Stulnig TM, Vom Dahl S, Cox TM. Management and monitoring recommendations for the use of eliglustat in adults with type 1 Gaucher disease in Europe. Eur J Intern Med 2017; 37:25-32. [PMID: 27522145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In Gaucher disease, diminished activity of the lysosomal enzyme, acid β-glucosidase, leads to accumulation of glucosylceramides and related substrates, primarily in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Eliglustat is an oral substrate reduction therapy approved in the European Union and the United States as a first-line treatment for adults with type 1 Gaucher disease who have compatible CYP2D6 metabolism phenotypes. A European Advisory Council of experts in Gaucher disease describes the characteristics of eliglustat that are distinct from enzyme augmentation therapy (the standard of care) and miglustat (the other approved substrate reduction therapy) and recommends investigations and monitoring for patients on eliglustat therapy within the context of current recommendations for Gaucher disease management. RESULTS Eliglustat is a selective, potent inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase, the enzyme responsible for biosynthesis of glucosylceramides which accumulate in Gaucher disease. Extensive metabolism of eliglustat by CYP2D6, and, to a lesser extent, CYP3A of the cytochrome P450 pathway, necessitates careful consideration of the patient's CYP2D6 metaboliser status and use of concomitant medications which share metabolism by these pathways. Guidance on specific assessments and monitoring required for eliglustat therapy, including an algorithm to determine eligibility for eliglustat, are provided. CONCLUSIONS As a first-line therapy for type 1 Gaucher disease, eliglustat offers eligible patients a daily oral therapy alternative to biweekly infusions of enzyme therapy. Physicians will need to carefully assess individual Gaucher patients to determine their appropriateness for eliglustat therapy. The therapeutic response to eliglustat and use of concomitant medications will require long-term monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Belmatoug
- Referral Center for Lysosomal Diseases, University Beaujon Hospital Paris Nord Val de Seine, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Internal Medicine, 100 Boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110 Clichy, France.
| | - Maja Di Rocco
- Unit of Rare Diseases, Department Pediatrics, Gaslini Institute, Largo Gaslini 3, 16147 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Cristina Fraga
- Department of Haematology, HDES Hospital, Ponta Delgada, Av. D. Manuel I, PDL, Açores, Portugal.
| | - Pilar Giraldo
- Translational Research Unit, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Aragon, CIBER Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Derralynn Hughes
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, University College London, Department of Haematology, Pond St., London NW1 2QG, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Lukina
- Department of Orphan Diseases, Hematology Research Center, 4 Novy Zykovsky Lane, 125167 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Pierre Maison-Blanche
- Bichat University Hospital, Cardiology Unit, 46 Rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France.
| | - Martin Merkel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asklepios Klinik St. Georg, Lohmühlenstr. 5, 20099 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Claus Niederau
- Katholisches Klinikum Oberhausen GmbH, St. Josef Hospital, Department of Medicine, Academic Teaching Hospital, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Mülheimer Str. 83, 46045 Oberhausen, Germany.
| | - Ursula Plӧckinger
- Interdisziplinares Stoffwechsel-Centrum: Diabetes, Endokrinologie und Stoffwechsel, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13352 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Johan Richter
- Department of Hematology and Vascular Diseases, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Thomas M Stulnig
- Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stephan Vom Dahl
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, University of Duesseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225, Germany.
| | - Timothy M Cox
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 157, Level 5, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
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16
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Tanaka Y, Sasaki M, Ito F, Aoyama T, Sato-Okamoto M, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Chibana H, Shibata N. KRE5 Suppression Induces Cell Wall Stress and Alternative ER Stress Response Required for Maintaining Cell Wall Integrity in Candida glabrata. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161371. [PMID: 27548283 PMCID: PMC4993462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of cell wall integrity in fungi is required for normal cell growth, division, hyphae formation, and antifungal tolerance. We observed that endoplasmic reticulum stress regulated cell wall integrity in Candida glabrata, which possesses uniquely evolved mechanisms for unfolded protein response mechanisms. Tetracycline-mediated suppression of KRE5, which encodes a predicted UDP-glucose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, significantly increased cell wall chitin content and decreased cell wall β-1,6-glucan content. KRE5 repression induced endoplasmic reticulum stress-related gene expression and MAP kinase pathway activation, including Slt2p and Hog1p phosphorylation, through the cell wall integrity signaling pathway. Moreover, the calcineurin pathway negatively regulated cell wall integrity, but not the reduction of β-1,6-glucan content. These results indicate that KRE5 is required for maintaining both endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis and cell wall integrity, and that the calcineurin pathway acts as a regulator of chitin-glucan balance in the cell wall and as an alternative mediator of endoplasmic reticulum stress in C. glabrata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Tanaka
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masato Sasaki
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fumie Ito
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshio Aoyama
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Suzuka National College of Technology, Suzuka, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shibata
- Department of Infection and Host Defense, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
- * E-mail:
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17
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Kaidonis X, Byers S, Ranieri E, Sharp P, Fletcher J, Derrick-Roberts A. N-butyldeoxynojirimycin treatment restores the innate fear response and improves learning in mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA mice. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 118:100-10. [PMID: 27106513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA is a heritable neurodegenerative disorder resulting from the dysfunction of the lysosomal hydrolase sulphamidase. This leads to the primary accumulation of the complex carbohydrate heparan sulphate in a wide range of tissues and the secondary neuronal storage of gangliosides GM2 and GM3 in the brain. GM2 storage is associated with CNS deterioration in the GM2 gangliosidosis group of lysosomal storage disorders and may also contribute to MPS CNS disease. N-butyldeoxynojirimycin, an inhibitor of ceramide glucosyltransferase activity and therefore of ganglioside synthesis, was administered to MPS IIIA mice both prior to maximal GM2 and GM3 accumulation (early treatment) and after the maximum level of ganglioside had accumulated in the brain (late treatment) to determine if behaviour was altered by ganglioside level. Ceramide glucosyltransferase activity was decreased in both treatment groups; however, brain ganglioside levels were only decreased in the late treatment group. Learning in the water cross maze was improved in both groups and the innate fear response was also restored in both groups. A reduction in the expression of inflammatory gene Ccl3 was observed in the early treatment group, while IL1β expression was reduced in both treatment groups. Thus, it appears that NB-DNJ elicits a transient decrease in brain ganglioside levels, some modulation of inflammatory cytokines and a functional improvement in behaviour that can be elicited both before and after overt neurological changes manifest. SYNOPSIS NB-DNJ improves learning and restores the innate fear response in MPS IIIA mice by decreasing ceramide glucosyltransferase activity and transiently reducing ganglioside storage and/or modulating inflammatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia Kaidonis
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology (CYWHS site), North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Genetics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sharon Byers
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology (CYWHS site), North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Genetics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Enzo Ranieri
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology (CYWHS site), North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Sharp
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology (CYWHS site), North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Janice Fletcher
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology (CYWHS site), North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ainslie Derrick-Roberts
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology (CYWHS site), North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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18
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Abstract
Fungal infections due to Candida and Aspergillus species cause extensive morbidity and mortality, especially among immunosuppressed patients, and antifungal therapy is critical to patient management. Yet only a few drug classes are available to treat invasive fungal diseases, and this problem is compounded by the emergence of antifungal resistance. Echinocandin drugs are the preferred choice to treat candidiasis. They are the first cell wall-active agents and target the fungal-specific enzyme glucan synthase, which catalyzes the biosynthesis of β-1,3-glucan, a key cell wall polymer. Therapeutic failures occur rarely among common Candida species, with the exception of Candida glabrata, which is frequently multidrug resistant. Echinocandin resistance in susceptible species is always acquired during therapy. The mechanism of resistance involves amino acid changes in hot-spot regions of Fks subunits of glucan synthase, which decrease the sensitivity of the enzyme to drug. Cellular stress response pathways lead to drug adaptation, which promotes the formation of resistant fks strains. Clinical factors promoting echinocandin resistance include empiric therapy, prophylaxis, gastrointestinal reservoirs, and intra-abdominal infections. A better understanding of the echinocandin-resistance mechanism, along with cellular and clinical factors promoting resistance, will facilitate more effective strategies to overcome and prevent echinocandin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Perlin
- New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Public Health Research Institute, Newark, New Jersey
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Ersek A, Xu K, Antonopoulos A, Butters TD, Santo AE, Vattakuzhi Y, Williams LM, Goudevenou K, Danks L, Freidin A, Spanoudakis E, Parry S, Papaioannou M, Hatjiharissi E, Chaidos A, Alonzi DS, Twigg G, Hu M, Dwek RA, Haslam SM, Roberts I, Dell A, Rahemtulla A, Horwood NJ, Karadimitris A. Glycosphingolipid synthesis inhibition limits osteoclast activation and myeloma bone disease. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2279-92. [PMID: 25915583 DOI: 10.1172/jci59987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are essential constituents of cell membranes and lipid rafts and can modulate signal transduction events. The contribution of GSLs in osteoclast (OC) activation and osteolytic bone diseases in malignancies such as the plasma cell dyscrasia multiple myeloma (MM) is not known. Here, we tested the hypothesis that pathological activation of OCs in MM requires de novo GSL synthesis and is further enhanced by myeloma cell-derived GSLs. Glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) inhibitors, including the clinically approved agent N-butyl-deoxynojirimycin (NB-DNJ), prevented OC development and activation by disrupting RANKL-induced localization of TRAF6 and c-SRC into lipid rafts and preventing nuclear accumulation of transcriptional activator NFATc1. GM3 was the prevailing GSL produced by patient-derived myeloma cells and MM cell lines, and exogenous addition of GM3 synergistically enhanced the ability of the pro-osteoclastogenic factors RANKL and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) to induce osteoclastogenesis in precursors. In WT mice, administration of GM3 increased OC numbers and activity, an effect that was reversed by treatment with NB-DNJ. In a murine MM model, treatment with NB-DNJ markedly improved osteolytic bone disease symptoms. Together, these data demonstrate that both tumor-derived and de novo synthesized GSLs influence osteoclastogenesis and suggest that NB-DNJ may reduce pathological OC activation and bone destruction associated with MM.
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Mistry PK, Lukina E, Turkia HB, Amato D, Baris H, Dasouki M, Ghosn M, Mehta A, Packman S, Pastores G, Petakov M, Assouline S, Balwani M, Danda S, Hadjiev E, Ortega A, Shankar S, Solano MH, Ross L, Angell J, Peterschmitt MJ. Effect of oral eliglustat on splenomegaly in patients with Gaucher disease type 1: the ENGAGE randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015; 313:695-706. [PMID: 25688781 PMCID: PMC4962880 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Gaucher disease type 1 is characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and skeletal disease. A safe, effective oral therapy is needed. OBJECTIVE To determine whether eliglustat, a novel oral substrate reduction therapy, safely reverses clinical manifestations in untreated adults with Gaucher disease type 1. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted at 18 sites in 12 countries from November 2009 to July 2012 among eligible patients with splenomegaly plus thrombocytopenia and/or anemia. Of 72 patients screened, 40 were enrolled. INTERVENTIONS Patients were stratified by spleen volume and randomized 1:1 to receive eliglustat (50 or 100 mg twice daily; n = 20) or placebo (n = 20) for 9 months. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary efficacy end point was percentage change in spleen volume in multiples of normal from baseline to 9 months; secondary efficacy end points were change in hemoglobin level and percentage changes in liver volume and platelet count. RESULTS All patients had baseline splenomegaly and thrombocytopenia (mostly moderate or severe), most had mild or moderate hepatomegaly, and 20% had mild anemia. Least-square mean spleen volume decreased by 27.77% (95% CI, -32.57% to -22.97%) in the eliglustat group (from 13.89 to 10.17 multiples of normal) vs an increase of 2.26% (95% CI, -2.54% to 7.06%) in the placebo group (from 12.50 to 12.84 multiples of normal) for an absolute treatment difference of -30.03% (95% CI, -36.82% to -23.24%; P < .001). For the secondary end points, the least-square mean absolute differences between groups all favored eliglustat, with a 1.22-g/dL increase in hemoglobin level (95% CI, 0.57-1.88 g/dL; P < .001), 6.64% decrease in liver volume (95% CI, -11.37% to -1.91%; P = .007), and 41.06% increase in platelet count (95% CI, 23.95%-58.17%; P < .001). No serious adverse events occurred. One patient in the eliglustat group withdrew (non-treatment related); 39 of the 40 patients transitioned to an open-label extension study. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among previously untreated adults with Gaucher disease type 1, treatment with eliglustat compared with placebo for 9 months resulted in significant improvements in spleen volume, hemoglobin level, liver volume, and platelet count. The clinical significance of these findings is uncertain, and more definitive conclusions about clinical efficacy and utility will require comparison with the standard treatment of enzyme replacement therapy as well as longer-term follow-up. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00891202.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hagit Baris
- Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikvah, and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Majed Dasouki
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Marwan Ghosn
- Hôtel-Dieu de France University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | | | | | - Milan Petakov
- Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade University Medical School, Serbia
| | | | - Manisha Balwani
- Ikhan School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sumita Danda
- Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | | | - Maria Helena Solano
- Hospital de San Jose-Fundacion Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud San Jose, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Leorah Ross
- Genzyme, a Sanofi company, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Brabham C, Lei L, Gu Y, Stork J, Barrett M, DeBolt S. Indaziflam herbicidal action: a potent cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor. Plant Physiol 2014; 166:1177-85. [PMID: 25077797 PMCID: PMC4226351 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.241950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose biosynthesis is a common feature of land plants. Therefore, cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs) have a potentially broad-acting herbicidal mode of action and are also useful tools in decoding fundamental aspects of cellulose biosynthesis. Here, we characterize the herbicide indaziflam as a CBI and provide insight into its inhibitory mechanism. Indaziflam-treated seedlings exhibited the CBI-like symptomologies of radial swelling and ectopic lignification. Furthermore, indaziflam inhibited the production of cellulose within <1 h of treatment and in a dose-dependent manner. Unlike the CBI isoxaben, indaziflam had strong CBI activity in both a monocotylonous plant (Poa annua) and a dicotyledonous plant (Arabidopsis [Arabidopsis thaliana]). Arabidopsis mutants resistant to known CBIs isoxaben or quinoxyphen were not cross resistant to indaziflam, suggesting a different molecular target for indaziflam. To explore this further, we monitored the distribution and mobility of fluorescently labeled CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A (CESA) proteins in living cells of Arabidopsis during indaziflam exposure. Indaziflam caused a reduction in the velocity of YELLOW FLUORESCENT PROTEIN:CESA6 particles at the plasma membrane focal plane compared with controls. Microtubule morphology and motility were not altered after indaziflam treatment. In the hypocotyl expansion zone, indaziflam caused an atypical increase in the density of plasma membrane-localized CESA particles. Interestingly, this was accompanied by a cellulose synthase interacting1-independent reduction in the normal coincidence rate between microtubules and CESA particles. As a CBI, for which there is little evidence of evolved weed resistance, indaziflam represents an important addition to the action mechanisms available for weed management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Brabham
- Departments of Horticulture (C.B., J.S., S.D.) and Plant and Soil Science (M.B.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546; andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (L.L., Y.G.)
| | - Lei Lei
- Departments of Horticulture (C.B., J.S., S.D.) and Plant and Soil Science (M.B.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546; andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (L.L., Y.G.)
| | - Ying Gu
- Departments of Horticulture (C.B., J.S., S.D.) and Plant and Soil Science (M.B.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546; andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (L.L., Y.G.)
| | - Jozsef Stork
- Departments of Horticulture (C.B., J.S., S.D.) and Plant and Soil Science (M.B.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546; andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (L.L., Y.G.)
| | - Michael Barrett
- Departments of Horticulture (C.B., J.S., S.D.) and Plant and Soil Science (M.B.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546; andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (L.L., Y.G.)
| | - Seth DeBolt
- Departments of Horticulture (C.B., J.S., S.D.) and Plant and Soil Science (M.B.), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546; andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 (L.L., Y.G.)
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Abstract
The addition of a water-soluble extract from cacao-extracted powder (CEPWS) to a cariogenic model food, a white chocolate-like diet that contains 35% sucrose, significantly reduced caries scores in SPF rats infected with Streptococcus sobrinus 6715, compared to control rats fed a white chocolate-like diet. CEPWS markedly inhibited water-insoluble glucan (WIG) synthesis through crude glucosyltransferases (GTFs) from Streptococcus sobrinus B13N in vitro. GTF-inhibitor(s) in CEPWS was prepared through three-step fractionation, and was termed CEPWS-BT, which is a high molecular weight (>10 kDa) heat-stable matrix of sugar, protein, and polyphenol. When the inhibitory effect of CEPWS-BT on glucan synthesis was examined using the purified GTF-I, GTF-T, and GTF-U enzymes from S. sobrinus B13N, significant reduction in GTF-I and GTF-T activity as a result of adding CEPWS-BT at low concentrations was observed. These results suggest that the addition of CEPWS to cariogenic food could be useful in controlling dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Ito
- Health & Bioscience Laboratories, Meiji Seika Kaisha, Ltd., Sakado, Saitama, Japan.
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Ellinger D, Sode B, Falter C, Voigt CA. Resistance of callose synthase activity to free fatty acid inhibition as an indicator of Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat. Plant Signal Behav 2014; 9:e28982. [PMID: 25763484 PMCID: PMC4091610 DOI: 10.4161/psb.28982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum is the causal agent of Fusarium head blight (FHB); a devastating crop disease resulting in heavy yield losses and grain contamination with mycotoxins. We recently showed that the secreted lipase FGL1, a virulence factor of F. graminearum, targets plant defense-related callose biosynthesis during wheat head infection. This effector-like function is based on a FGL1-mediated release of polyunsaturated free fatty acids (FFA) that can inhibit callose synthase activity. The importance of FGL1 in successful wheat head colonization was demonstrated in FGL1 disruption mutants (Δfgl1), where infection was restricted to directly inoculated spikelets and accompanied by strong callose deposition in the spikelet's phloem. The application of polyunsaturated FFA to Δfgl1-infected spikelets prevented callose deposition in the phloem and partially restored wheat head colonization. The comparative analysis of 3 wheat cultivars revealed that the level of resistance to FHB correlated with resistance to FFA-dependent inhibition of callose biosynthesis. Therefore, resistance of callose biosynthesis to FFA inhibition might be used as marker and/or direct target in the breeding of FHB-resistant wheat cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Ellinger
- a Phytopathology and Biochemistry; Biocenter Klein Flottbek; University of Hamburg; Hamburg, Germany
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Guerriero G, Silvestrini L, Obersriebnig M, Salerno M, Pum D, Strauss J. Sensitivity of Aspergillus nidulans to the cellulose synthase inhibitor dichlobenil: insights from wall-related genes' expression and ultrastructural hyphal morphologies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80038. [PMID: 24312197 PMCID: PMC3843659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell wall constitutes an important target for the development of antifungal drugs, because of its central role in morphogenesis, development and determination of fungal-specific molecular features. Fungal walls are characterized by a network of interconnected glycoproteins and polysaccharides, namely α-, β-glucans and chitin. Cell walls promptly and dynamically respond to environmental stimuli by a signaling mechanism, which triggers, among other responses, modulations in wall biosynthetic genes’ expression. Despite the absence of cellulose in the wall of the model filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans, we found in this study that fungal growth, spore germination and morphology are affected by the addition of the cellulose synthase inhibitor dichlobenil. Expression analysis of selected genes putatively involved in cell wall biosynthesis, carried out at different time points of drug exposure (i.e. 0, 1, 3, 6 and 24 h), revealed increased expression for the putative mixed linkage β-1,3;1,4 glucan synthase celA together with the β-1,3-glucan synthase fksA and the Rho-related GTPase rhoA. We also compared these data with the response to Congo Red, a known plant/fungal drug affecting both chitin and cellulose biosynthesis. The two drugs exerted different effects at the cell wall level, as shown by gene expression analysis and the ultrastructural features observed through atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Although the concentration of dichlobenil required to affect growth of A. nidulans is approximately 10-fold higher than that required to inhibit plant cellulose biosynthesis, our work for the first time demonstrates that a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor affects fungal growth, changes fungal morphology and expression of genes connected to fungal cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gea Guerriero
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Fungal Genetics and Genomics Unit, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), University and Research Center Campus Tulln-Technopol, Tulln/Donau, Austria
- * E-mail: (GG); (JS)
| | - Lucia Silvestrini
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Fungal Genetics and Genomics Unit, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), University and Research Center Campus Tulln-Technopol, Tulln/Donau, Austria
| | - Michael Obersriebnig
- Institute of Wood Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), University and Research Center Campus Tulln-Technopol, Tulln/Donau, Austria
| | - Marco Salerno
- Nanophysics Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Dietmar Pum
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Joseph Strauss
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Fungal Genetics and Genomics Unit, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), University and Research Center Campus Tulln-Technopol, Tulln/Donau, Austria
- Health and Environment Department, Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH - AIT, University and Research Center Campus Tulln-Technopol, Tulln/Donau, Austria
- * E-mail: (GG); (JS)
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Chatterjee S, Alsaeedi N, Hou J, Bandaru VVR, Wu L, Halushka MK, Pili R, Ndikuyeze G, Haughey NJ. Use of a glycolipid inhibitor to ameliorate renal cancer in a mouse model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63726. [PMID: 23671696 PMCID: PMC3650082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In a xenograft model wherein, live renal cancer cells were implanted under the kidney capsule in mice, revealed a 30-fold increase in tumor volume over a period of 26 days and this was accompanied with a 32-fold increase in the level of lactosylceramide (LacCer). Mice fed D- threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (D-PDMP), an inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase and lactosylceramide synthase (LCS: β-1,4-GalT-V), showed marked reduction in tumor volume. This was accompanied by a decrease in the mass of lactosylceramide and an increase in glucosylceramide (GlcCer) level. Mechanistic studies revealed that D-PDMP inhibited cell proliferation and angiogenesis by inhibiting p44MAPK, p-AKT-1 pathway and mammalian target for rapamycin (mTOR). By linking glycosphingolipid synthesis with tumor growth, renal cancer progression and regression can be evaluated. Thus inhibiting glycosphingolipid synthesis can be a bonafide target to prevent the progression of other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subroto Chatterjee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Kitatani T, Takahashi S, Ikenoya S. [Pharmacological and clinical profiles of miglustat (Brazaves(®)) for the treatment of Niemann-Pick type C disease]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2013; 141:160-167. [PMID: 23470482 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.141.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Shayman JA. The design and clinical development of inhibitors of glycosphingolipid synthesis: will invention be the mother of necessity? Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 2013; 124:46-60. [PMID: 23874009 PMCID: PMC3715929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of glycosphingolipid storage diseases by synthesis inhibition was first proposed 40 years ago as an alternative approach to enzyme replacement therapy. We have pursued this strategy through the rational design of potent and selective inhibitors of glucosylceramide synthase, the first step in glycosphingolipid synthesis. Eliglustat tartrate was the result of these efforts and is currently the focus of phase 3 trials for type 1 Gaucher disease. Phase 2 studies showed a reduction in splenomegaly and hepatomegaly and improvements of anemia and thrombocytopenia at levels equivalent to or exceeding the historic response to imiglucerase. Structural analogues of eliglustat have also been designed that lack pgp-1 recognition and cross the blood brain barrier. These may have utility for central nervous system- based sphingolipidoses. Because glycosphingolipids are important regulators of receptor tyrosine kinases, glucosylceramide synthase inhibitors may also be beneficial for disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and polycystic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Shayman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5676, USA.
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Shi YF, Zhang XY, Han H, Chen SL, Cheng WX. [Effect of lemon essential oil on caries factors of Streptococcus sobrinus]. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2012; 47:739-742. [PMID: 23328100 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1002-0098.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism of lemon peel essential oil (LPE) on the cariogenicity of Streptococcus sobrinus (Ss). METHODS LPE was extracted by the authors, and the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) was measured by disc diffusion method. The LPE was used as the experimental group with concentrations ranging from 2.250 g/L to 0.281 g/L prepared with trypticase peptone yeast (TPY) culture medium, and TPY culture medium was used as the control group. Ss at the concentration of 10(8) CFU/ml was added to each group, and cultured for 6, 18, 24, 48 hours. Neson-Somogyi method was used to measure the content of reducing sugar, and glucosyltransferase (GTF) activity. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was measured by lactic acid and pyruvic acid continuous monitoring method. The content of water insoluble glucan (WIG) was measured by anthrone method, and the pH value of the culture solution was detected. The value of pH before the experiment and the time difference was alculated as ΔpH. RESULTS At the same time point, the activity of GTF and LDH and the concentration of WIG and the value ΔpH decreased gradually with the increase of concentration of LPE. There were significant differences between each experimental group and control group (P < 0.01). The control group had the maximum value, GTF: (6.71 ± 0.61) mIU, LDH: (135.8 ± 1.7) U/L, WIG: (47.15 ± 5.12) mg/L, ΔpH: (2.67 ± 0.01). The highest drug concentration group had the minimum value: GTF: (0.39 ± 0.07) mIU, LDH: (95.0 ± 5.4) U/L, WIG: (2.44 ± 0.38) mg/L, ΔpH: (0.61 ± 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The LPE below the MIC could still inhibit the GTF, LDH activity and lead to the decrease of WIG and the acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-fen Shi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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29
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Kim MA, Lee MJ, Jeong HK, Song HJ, Jeon HJ, Lee KY, Kim JG. A monoclonal antibody specific to glucosyltransferase B of Streptococcus mutans GS-5 and its glucosyltransferase inhibitory efficiency. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2012; 31:430-5. [PMID: 23244322 PMCID: PMC3526893 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2012.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucosyltransferase-B (GTFB) of Streptococcus mutans is considered a virulence factor because of its activity in the production of insoluble glucan, which is key to the bacterial attachment onto dental surfaces, leading to the formation of dental caries. Local passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies against GTFB is considered to be an effective way to prevent dental caries. Here we amplified a 1.3 kb fragment of the N-terminal half of the gtfB gene (193-1530) of S. mutans by PCR and expressed the truncated protein (GTFBN). The expressed, purified protein was used as an immunogen in BALB/c mice. We selected and established one hybridoma (HBN8) that was capable of producing anti-GTFBN using ELISA, dot blot, and Western blot analyses. The monoclonal anti-GTFBN antibody was purified by affinity chromatography and its isotype was confirmed as IgG2a. The anti-GTFBN antibody inhibited the enzymatic activity of crude glucosyltransferase of S. mutans GS-5 in a dose-dependent manner. These data suggest that the anti-GTFBN antibody could be used as a vaccine to prevent the aggregation of S. mutans on tooth surfaces, and thus prevent the formation of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ah Kim
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, School of Dentistry, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Lee
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, School of Dentistry, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Kyoung Jeong
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, School of Dentistry, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jeong Song
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, School of Dentistry, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Jeon
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, School of Dentistry, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Yeol Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gon Kim
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Institute of Oral Bioscience, School of Dentistry, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
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Polit JT, Ciereszko I. Sucrose synthase activity and carbohydrates content in relation to phosphorylation status of Vicia faba root meristems during reactivation from sugar depletion. J Plant Physiol 2012; 169:1597-1606. [PMID: 22770419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate starvation of Vicia faba root meristems leads to readjustment of carbohydrate metabolism and blocks the cell cycle in two principal control points (PCP1/2). The cell cycle reactivation is possible after sucrose provision, although with a delay of about 12h. During this period, the cells are sensitive to 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) and okadaic acid (OA), inhibitors of protein kinases and phosphatases, respectively. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether those inhibitors are involved in inhibition of cell cycle revival through interference with the activities of two sucrose-cleaving enzymes: sucrose synthase (SuSy; EC 2.4.1.13) and invertase (INV; EC 3.2.1.26). In sugar-starved cells, the in situ activity of both enzymes decreased significantly. Following supplementation of root meristems with sugar, INV remained inactive, but SuSy activity increased. Despite the lack of INV activity, glucose was present in meristem cells, but its content was low in cells treated with OA. In the latter case, the size of plastids was reduced, they had less starch, and Golgi structures were affected. In sugar-starved cells, SuSy activity was induced more by exogenous sucrose than by glucose. The sucrose-induced activity was strongly inhibited by OA (less by 6-DMAP) at early stages of regeneration, but not at the stages preceding DNA replication or mitotic activities. The results indicate that prolongation of regeneration and a marked decrease in the number of cells resuming proliferation (observed in previous studies) and resulting from the action of inhibitors, are correlated with the process of SuSy activation at the beginning of regeneration from sugar starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Teresa Polit
- Department of Cytophysiology, University of Łódź, ul. Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Łódź, Poland.
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Cabrera-Salazar MA, Deriso M, Bercury SD, Li L, Lydon JT, Weber W, Pande N, Cromwell MA, Copeland D, Leonard J, Cheng SH, Scheule RK. Systemic delivery of a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor reduces CNS substrates and increases lifespan in a mouse model of type 2 Gaucher disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43310. [PMID: 22912851 PMCID: PMC3422338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic Gaucher disease (nGD), also known as type 2 or type 3 Gaucher disease, is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GC). This deficiency impairs the degradation of glucosylceramide (GluCer) and glucosylsphingosine (GluSph), leading to their accumulation in the brains of patients and mouse models of the disease. These accumulated substrates have been thought to cause the severe neuropathology and early death observed in patients with nGD and mouse models. Substrate accumulation is evident at birth in both nGD mouse models and humans affected with the most severe type of the disease. Current treatment of non-nGD relies on the intravenous delivery of recombinant human glucocerebrosidase to replace the missing enzyme or the administration of glucosylceramide synthase inhibitors to attenuate GluCer production. However, the currently approved drugs that use these mechanisms do not cross the blood brain barrier, and thus are not expected to provide a benefit for the neurological complications in nGD patients. Here we report the successful reduction of substrate accumulation and CNS pathology together with a significant increase in lifespan after systemic administration of a novel glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor to a mouse model of nGD. To our knowledge this is the first compound shown to cross the blood brain barrier and reduce substrates in this animal model while significantly enhancing its lifespan. These results reinforce the concept that systemically administered glucosylceramide synthase inhibitors could hold enhanced therapeutic promise for patients afflicted with neuropathic lysosomal storage diseases.
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Kern C, Wolf C, Bender F, Berger M, Noack S, Schmalz S, Ilg T. Trehalose-6-phosphate synthase from the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis and Drosophila melanogaster: gene identification, cloning, heterologous functional expression and identification of inhibitors by high throughput screening. Insect Mol Biol 2012; 21:456-471. [PMID: 22762304 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2012.01151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose phosphate synthase (EC 2.4.1.15; TPS) is the crucial enzyme for the biosynthesis of trehalose, the main haemolymph sugar of insects, and therefore a potential insecticidal molecular target. In this study, we report the functional heterologous expression of Drosophila melanogaster TPS, the gene identification, full length cDNA cloning and functional expression of cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) TPS, and the Michaelis-Menten constants for their specific substrates glucose-6-phosphate and uridinediphosphate-glucose. A novel high throughput screening-compatible TPS assay and its use for the identification of the first potent insect TPS inhibitors from a large synthetic compound collection (>115 000 compounds) is described. One compound class that emerged in this screening, the 4-substituted 2,6-diamino-3,5-dicyano-4H-thiopyrans, was further investigated by analysing preliminary structure-activity relationships. Here, compounds were identified that show low µM to high nM half maximal inhibitory concentrations on insect TPS and that may serve as lead compounds for the development of insecticides with a novel mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kern
- Intervet Innovation GmbH, Zur Propstei, 55270 Schwabenheim, Germany
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Almagro G, Baroja-Fernández E, Muñoz FJ, Bahaji A, Etxeberria E, Li J, Montero M, Hidalgo M, Sesma MT, Pozueta-Romero J. No evidence for the occurrence of substrate inhibition of Arabidopsis thaliana sucrose synthase-1 (AtSUS1) by fructose and UDP-glucose. Plant Signal Behav 2012; 7:799-802. [PMID: 22751299 PMCID: PMC3583967 DOI: 10.4161/psb.20601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose synthase (SuSy) catalyzes the reversible conversion of sucrose and NDP into the corresponding nucleotide-sugars and fructose. The Arabidopsis genome possesses six SUS genes (AtSUS1-6) that code for proteins with SuSy activity. As a first step to investigate optimum fructose and UDP-glucose (UDPG) concentrations necessary to measure maximum sucrose-producing SuSy activity in crude extracts of Arabidopsis, in this work we performed kinetic analyses of recombinant AtSUS1 in two steps: (1) SuSy reaction at pH 7.5, and (2) chromatographic measurement of sucrose produced in step 1. These analyses revealed a typical Michaelis-Menten behavior with respect to both UDPG and fructose, with Km values of 50 μM and 25 mM, respectively. Unlike earlier studies showing the occurrence of substrate inhibition of UDP-producing AtSUS1 by fructose and UDP-glucose, these analyses also revealed no substrate inhibition of AtSUS1 at any UDPG and fructose concentration. By including 200 mM fructose and 1 mM UDPG in the SuSy reaction assay mixture, we found that sucrose-producing SuSy activity in leaves and stems of Arabidopsis were exceedingly higher than previously reported activities. Furthermore, we found that SuSy activities in organs of the sus1/sus2/sus3/sus4 mutant were ca. 80-90% of those found in WT plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología; Universidad Pública de Navarra; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Gobierno de Navarra; Mutiloako Etorbidea Zenbaki Gabe; Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología; Universidad Pública de Navarra; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Gobierno de Navarra; Mutiloako Etorbidea Zenbaki Gabe; Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología; Universidad Pública de Navarra; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Gobierno de Navarra; Mutiloako Etorbidea Zenbaki Gabe; Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología; Universidad Pública de Navarra; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Gobierno de Navarra; Mutiloako Etorbidea Zenbaki Gabe; Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Ed Etxeberria
- IFAS; Citrus Research and Education Center; University of Florida; Lake Alfred, FL USA
| | - Jun Li
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología; Universidad Pública de Navarra; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Gobierno de Navarra; Mutiloako Etorbidea Zenbaki Gabe; Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Manuel Montero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología; Universidad Pública de Navarra; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Gobierno de Navarra; Mutiloako Etorbidea Zenbaki Gabe; Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Maite Hidalgo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología; Universidad Pública de Navarra; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Gobierno de Navarra; Mutiloako Etorbidea Zenbaki Gabe; Nafarroa, Spain
| | - María Teresa Sesma
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología; Universidad Pública de Navarra; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Gobierno de Navarra; Mutiloako Etorbidea Zenbaki Gabe; Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología; Universidad Pública de Navarra; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Gobierno de Navarra; Mutiloako Etorbidea Zenbaki Gabe; Nafarroa, Spain
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Landström J, Persson K, Rademacher C, Lundborg M, Wakarchuk W, Peters T, Widmalm G. Small molecules containing hetero-bicyclic ring systems compete with UDP-Glc for binding to WaaG glycosyltransferase. Glycoconj J 2012; 29:491-502. [PMID: 22711644 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The α-1,3-glucosyltransferase WaaG is involved in the synthesis of the core region of lipopolysaccharides in E. coli. A fragment-based screening for inhibitors of the WaaG glycosyltrasferase donor site has been performed using NMR spectroscopy. Docking simulations were performed for three of the compounds of the fragment library that had shown binding activity towards WaaG and yielded 3D models for the respective complexes. The three ligands share a hetero-bicyclic ring system as a common structural motif and they compete with UDP-Glc for binding. Interestingly, one of the compounds promoted binding of uridine to WaaG, as seen from STD NMR titrations, suggesting a different binding mode for this ligand. We propose these compounds as scaffolds for the design of selective high-affinity inhibitors of WaaG. Binding of natural substrates, enzymatic activity and donor substrate selectivity were also investigated by NMR spectroscopy. Molecular dynamics simulations of WaaG were carried out with and without bound UDP and revealed structural changes compared to the crystal structure and also variations in flexibility for some amino acid residues between the two WaaG systems studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Landström
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lee JC, Francis S, Dutta D, Gupta V, Yang Y, Zhu JY, Tash JS, Schönbrunn E, Georg GI. Synthesis and evaluation of eight- and four-membered iminosugar analogues as inhibitors of testicular ceramide-specific glucosyltransferase, testicular β-glucosidase 2, and other glycosidases. J Org Chem 2012; 77:3082-98. [PMID: 22432895 PMCID: PMC3431965 DOI: 10.1021/jo202054g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Eight- and four-membered analogues of N-butyldeoxynojirimycin (NB-DNJ), a reversible male contraceptive in mice, were prepared and tested. A chiral pool approach was used for the synthesis of the target compounds. Key steps for the synthesis of the eight-membered analogues involve ring-closing metathesis and Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation and for the four-membered analogues Sharpless epoxidation, epoxide ring-opening (azide), and Mitsunobu reaction to form the four-membered ring. (3S,4R,5S,6R,7R)-1-Nonylazocane-3,4,5,6,7-pentaol (6) was moderately active against rat-derived ceramide-specific glucosyltransferase, and four of the other eight-membered analogues were weakly active against rat-derived β-glucosidase 2. Among the four-membered analogues, ((2R,3S,4S)-3-hydroxy-1-nonylazetidine-2,4-diyl)dimethanol (25) displayed selective inhibitory activity against mouse-derived ceramide-specific glucosyltransferase and was about half as potent as NB-DNJ against the rat-derived enzyme. ((2S,4S)-3-Hydroxy-1-nonylazetidine-2,4-diyl)dimethanol (27) was found to be a selective inhibitor of β-glucosidase 2, with potency similar to NB-DNJ. Additional glycosidase assays were performed to identify potential other therapeutic applications. The eight-membered iminosugars exhibited specificity for almond-derived β-glucosidase, and the 1-nonylazetidine 25 inhibited α-glucosidase (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) with an IC(50) of 600 nM and β-glucosidase (almond) with an IC(50) of 20 μM. Only N-nonyl derivatives were active, emphasizing the importance of a long lipophilic side chain for inhibitory activity of the analogues studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Chul Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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Nietupski JB, Pacheco JJ, Chuang WL, Maratea K, Li L, Foley J, Ashe KM, Cooper CGF, Aerts JMFG, Copeland DP, Scheule RK, Cheng SH, Marshall J. Iminosugar-based inhibitors of glucosylceramide synthase prolong survival but paradoxically increase brain glucosylceramide levels in Niemann-Pick C mice. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 105:621-8. [PMID: 22366055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Niemann Pick type C (NPC) disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease caused by mutations in NPC1 or NPC2, the gene products of which are involved in cholesterol transport in late endosomes. NPC is characterized by an accumulation of cholesterol, sphingomyelin and glycosphingolipids in the visceral organs, primarily the liver and spleen. In the brain, there is a redistribution of unesterified cholesterol and a concomitant accumulation of glycosphingolipids. It has been suggested that reducing the aberrant lysosomal storage of glycosphingolipids in the brain by a substrate reduction therapy (SRT) approach may prove beneficial. Inhibiting glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) using the iminosugar-based inhibitor miglustat (NB-DNJ) has been reported to increase the survival of NPC mice. Here, we tested the effects of Genz-529468, a more potent iminosugar-based inhibitor of GCS, in the NPC mouse. Oral administration of Genz-529468 or NB-DNJ to NPC mice improved their motor function, reduced CNS inflammation, and increased their longevity. However, Genz-529468 offered a wider therapeutic window and better therapeutic index than NB-DNJ. Analysis of the glycolipids in the CNS of the iminosugar-treated NPC mouse revealed that the glucosylceramide (GL1) but not the ganglioside levels were highly elevated. This increase in GL1 was likely caused by the off-target inhibition of the murine non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase, Gba2. Hence, the basis for the observed effects of these inhibitors in NPC mice might be related to their inhibition of Gba2 or another unintended target rather than a result of substrate reduction.
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Li J, Ezquer I, Bahaji A, Montero M, Ovecka M, Baroja-Fernández E, Muñoz FJ, Mérida A, Almagro G, Hidalgo M, Sesma MT, Pozueta-Romero J. Microbial volatile-induced accumulation of exceptionally high levels of starch in Arabidopsis leaves is a process involving NTRC and starch synthase classes III and IV. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2011; 24:1165-78. [PMID: 21649509 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-11-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microbial volatiles promote the accumulation of exceptionally high levels of starch in leaves. Time-course analyses of starch accumulation in Arabidopsis leaves exposed to fungal volatiles (FV) emitted by Alternaria alternata revealed that a microbial volatile-induced starch accumulation process (MIVOISAP) is due to stimulation of starch biosynthesis during illumination. The increase of starch content in illuminated leaves of FV-treated hy1/cry1, hy1/cry2, and hy1/cry1/cry2 Arabidopsis mutants was many-fold lower than that of wild-type (WT) leaves, indicating that MIVOISAP is subjected to photoreceptor-mediated control. This phenomenon was inhibited by cordycepin and accompanied by drastic changes in the Arabidopsis transcriptome. MIVOISAP was also accompanied by enhancement of the total 3-phosphoglycerate/Pi ratio, and a two- to threefold increase of the levels of the reduced form of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Using different Arabidopsis knockout mutants, we investigated the impact in MIVOISAP of downregulation of genes directly or indirectly related to starch metabolism. These analyses revealed that the magnitude of the FV-induced starch accumulation was low in mutants impaired in starch synthase (SS) classes III and IV and plastidial NADP-thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC). Thus, the overall data showed that Arabidopsis MIVOISAP involves a photocontrolled, transcriptionally and post-translationally regulated network wherein photoreceptor-, SSIII-, SSIV-, and NTRC-mediated changes in redox status of plastidial enzymes play important roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, Nafarroa, Spain
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Hughes D. Gaucher disease: hematologic and oncologic implications. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol 2011; 9:771-772. [PMID: 22252578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Abstract
Micafungin is a semisynthetic lipopeptide developed from Coleophoma empetri, which blocks the synthesis of β-1,3-D-glucan, an essential component of the fungal wall, though non-competitive inhibition of β-1,3-D-glucan synthetase. Micafungin is a dose-dependent candidacidal agent with excellent in vitro efficacy against most Candida spp. including species resistant to amphotericin B, such as Candida lusitaniae, several azoles, such as C. glabrata or C. krusei, and isolates not susceptible to other echinocandins. Moreover, this drug is active against Candida biofilms. Micafungin is a first-line drug for the treatment of candidemias and invasive candidiasis in adults and children (including neonates). This drug is approved for use in the treatment of invasive candidiasis and Candida esophagitis, as well as in the prophylaxis of Candida infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients or those at risk of prolonged neutropenia. Micafungin can be used both in the treatment and prevention of candidiasis in neonates, children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly, making it highly useful in patient groups in which the use of other antifungal drugs has not been authorized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Montejo
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Barakaldo, España.
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Abstract
Although cells undergo dramatic shape changes during cytokinesis, the role of the plasma membrane and lipids is poorly understood. We report that inactivation of glucosyl ceramide synthase (GCS), either by RNAi or with the small molecule PPMP, causes failure of cleavage furrow ingression. Using mass-spectrometry-based global lipid profiling, we identify individual lipids that are enhanced or depleted due to GCS inhibition. We show that GCS inhibition results in the mislocalization of actin and the ERM proteins, key cytoskeletal proteins that connect the plasma membrane to the actin cortex. Our data suggest that ceramides participate in mediating the interactions between the membrane and the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. E. Atilla-Gokcumen
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Dept. of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - A. V. Bedigian
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Dept. of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - S. Sasse
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Dept. of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Westfälische Wilhelms-University Münster, Institute for Neurobiology, Münster, Germany
| | - U. S. Eggert
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Dept. of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, England, UK
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Ashe KM, Bangari D, Li L, Cabrera-Salazar MA, Bercury SD, Nietupski JB, Cooper CGF, Aerts JMFG, Lee ER, Copeland DP, Cheng SH, Scheule RK, Marshall J. Iminosugar-based inhibitors of glucosylceramide synthase increase brain glycosphingolipids and survival in a mouse model of Sandhoff disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21758. [PMID: 21738789 PMCID: PMC3126858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropathic glycosphingolipidoses are a subgroup of lysosomal storage disorders for which there are no effective therapies. A potential approach is substrate reduction therapy using inhibitors of glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) to decrease the synthesis of glucosylceramide and related glycosphingolipids that accumulate in the lysosomes. Genz-529468, a blood-brain barrier-permeant iminosugar-based GCS inhibitor, was used to evaluate this concept in a mouse model of Sandhoff disease, which accumulates the glycosphingolipid GM2 in the visceral organs and CNS. As expected, oral administration of the drug inhibited hepatic GM2 accumulation. Paradoxically, in the brain, treatment resulted in a slight increase in GM2 levels and a 20-fold increase in glucosylceramide levels. The increase in brain glucosylceramide levels might be due to concurrent inhibition of the non-lysosomal glucosylceramidase, Gba2. Similar results were observed with NB-DNJ, another iminosugar-based GCS inhibitor. Despite these unanticipated increases in glycosphingolipids in the CNS, treatment nevertheless delayed the loss of motor function and coordination and extended the lifespan of the Sandhoff mice. These results suggest that the CNS benefits observed in the Sandhoff mice might not necessarily be due to substrate reduction therapy but rather to off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M. Ashe
- Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dinesh Bangari
- Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lingyun Li
- Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Scott D. Bercury
- Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Edward R. Lee
- Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Diane P. Copeland
- Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Seng H. Cheng
- Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ronald K. Scheule
- Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John Marshall
- Genzyme Corporation, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Rahim ZHA, Thurairajah N. Scanning electron microscopic study of Piper betle L. leaves extract effect against Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. J Appl Oral Sci 2011; 19:137-46. [PMID: 21552715 PMCID: PMC4243752 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572011000200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have shown that Piper betle L. leaves extract inhibits the adherence of Streptococcus mutans to glass surface, suggesting its potential role in controlling dental plaque development. OBJECTIVES In this study, the effect of the Piper betle L. extract towards S. mutans (with/without sucrose) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and on partially purified cell-associated glucosyltransferase activity were determined. MATERIAL AND METHODS S. mutans were allowed to adhere to glass beads suspended in 6 different Brain Heart Infusion broths [without sucrose; with sucrose; without sucrose containing the extract (2 mg mL(-1) and 4 mg mL(-1)); with sucrose containing the extract (2 mg mL(-1) and 4 mg mL(-1))]. Positive control was 0.12% chlorhexidine. The glass beads were later processed for SEM viewing. Cell surface area and appearance and, cell population of S. mutans adhering to the glass beads were determined upon viewing using the SEM. The glucosyltransferase activity (with/without extract) was also determined. One- and two-way ANOVA were used accordingly. RESULTS It was found that sucrose increased adherence and cell surface area of S. mutans (p<0.001). S. mutans adhering to 100 µm² glass surfaces (with/without sucrose) exhibited reduced cell surface area, fluffy extracellular appearance and cell population in the presence of the Piper betle L. leaves extract. It was also found that the extract inhibited glucosyltransferase activity and its inhibition at 2.5 mg mL(-1) corresponded to that of 0.12% chlorhexidine. At 4 mg mL(-1) of the extract, the glucosyltransferase activity was undetectable and despite that, bacterial cells still demonstrated adherence capacity. CONCLUSION The SEM analysis confirmed the inhibitory effects of the Piper betle L. leaves extract towards cell adherence, cell growth and extracellular polysaccharide formation of S. mutans visually. In bacterial cell adherence, other factors besides glucosyltransferase are involved.
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Tahmourespour A, Salehi R, Kermanshahi RK, Eslami G. The anti-biofouling effect of Lactobacillus fermentum-derived biosurfactant against Streptococcus mutans. Biofouling 2011; 27:385-392. [PMID: 21526440 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2011.575458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling in the oral cavity often causes serious problems. The ability of Streptococcus mutans to synthesize extracellular glucans from sucrose using glucosyltransferases (gtfs) is vital for the initiation and progression of dental caries. Recently, it was demonstrated that some biological compounds, such as secondary metabolites of probiotic bacteria, have an anti-biofouling effect. In this study, S. mutans was investigated for the anti-biofouling effect of Lactobacillus fermentum (L.f.)-derived biosurfactant. It was hypothesized that two enzymes produced by S. mutans, glucosyltransferases B and C, would be inhibited by the L.f.-biosurfactant. When these two enzymes were inhibited, fewer biofilms (or none) were formed. RNA was extracted from a 48-h biofilm of S. mutans formed in the presence or absence of L.f. biosurfactant, and the gene expression level of gtfB/C was quantified using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). L.f. biosurfactant showed substantial anti-biofouling activity because it reduced the process of attachment and biofilm production and also showed a reduction in gtfB/C gene expression (P value < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tahmourespour
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
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Zhou G, Ting PC, Aslanian R, Cao J, Kim DW, Kuang R, Lee JF, Schwerdt J, Wu H, Herr RJ, Zych AJ, Yang J, Lam S, Wainhaus S, Black TA, McNicholas PM, Xu Y, Walker SS. SAR studies of pyridazinone derivatives as novel glucan synthase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2890-3. [PMID: 21489787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of pyridazinone analogs has been developed as potent β-1,3-glucan synthase inhibitors through structure-activity relationship study of the lead 5-[4-(benzylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl]-4-morpholino-2-phenyl-pyridazin-3(2H)-one (1). The effect of changes to the core structure is described in detail. Optimization of the sulfonamide moiety led to the identification of important compounds with much improved systematic exposure while retaining good antifungal activity against the fungal strains Candida glabrata and Candida albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- Department of Chemical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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Bowen WH, Koo H. Biology of Streptococcus mutans-derived glucosyltransferases: role in extracellular matrix formation of cariogenic biofilms. Caries Res 2011; 45:69-86. [PMID: 21346355 PMCID: PMC3068567 DOI: 10.1159/000324598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 668] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of Streptococcus mutans in the etiology and pathogenesis of dental caries is certainly controversial, in part because excessive attention is paid to the numbers of S. mutans and acid production while the matrix within dental plaque has been neglected. S. mutans does not always dominate within plaque; many organisms are equally acidogenic and aciduric. It is also recognized that glucosyltransferases from S. mutans (Gtfs) play critical roles in the development of virulent dental plaque. Gtfs adsorb to enamel synthesizing glucans in situ, providing sites for avid colonization by microorganisms and an insoluble matrix for plaque. Gtfs also adsorb to surfaces of other oral microorganisms converting them to glucan producers. S. mutans expresses 3 genetically distinct Gtfs; each appears to play a different but overlapping role in the formation of virulent plaque. GtfC is adsorbed to enamel within pellicle whereas GtfB binds avidly to bacteria promoting tight cell clustering, and enhancing cohesion of plaque. GtfD forms a soluble, readily metabolizable polysaccharide and acts as a primer for GtfB. The behavior of soluble Gtfs does not mirror that observed with surface-adsorbed enzymes. Furthermore, the structure of polysaccharide matrix changes over time as a result of the action of mutanases and dextranases within plaque. Gtfs at distinct loci offer chemotherapeutic targets to prevent caries. Nevertheless, agents that inhibit Gtfs in solution frequently have a reduced or no effect on adsorbed enzymes. Clearly, conformational changes and reactions of Gtfs on surfaces are complex and modulate the pathogenesis of dental caries in situ, deserving further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Bowen
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Ting PC, Kuang R, Wu H, Aslanian RG, Cao J, Kim DW, Lee JF, Schwerdt J, Zhou G, Wainhaus S, Black TA, Cacciapuoti A, McNicholas PM, Xu Y, Walker SS. The synthesis and structure-activity relationship of pyridazinones as glucan synthase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1819-22. [PMID: 21316223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A structure-activity relationship study of the lead 5-[4-(benzylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl]-4-morpholino-2-phenyl-pyridazin-3(2H)-one 1 has resulted in the identification of 2-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-4-(3-fluorocyclopentyloxy)-5-[4-(isopropylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl]-pyridazin-3(2H)-one 11c as a β-1,3-glucan synthase inhibitor. Compound 11c exhibited significant efficacy in an in vivo mouse model of Candida glabrata infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline C Ting
- Department of Chemical Research, Merck Research Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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Abstract
Biofouling is a process of surface colonization by microorganisms through cell adhesion and production of extracellular polymers (polysaccharides and proteins). It often causes serious problems in the chemical, medical and pharmaceutical industries. Recently, it was demonstrated that some natural phenolic compounds found in plants and vegetables have an antibiofouling effect, reducing formation of biofilm by Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, Streptococcus mutans, a Gram-positive bacterium was investigated for the antibiofouling effect of polyphenols. It was hypothesized that the two enzymes, glucosyltransferase and fructosyltransferase, produced by S. mutans, would be inhibited by the natural phenolic compounds. When these two enzymes were inhibited, less (or no) biofilms were formed. Enzymes were separated from a S. mutans culture medium, and their activities were measured with five different polyphenols using microtiter-plates and high-performance liquid chromatography. The results of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were used to determine the enzyme inhibition effect of polyphenols on biofilm formation without killing the cells. Most of the polyphenols used showed considerable reduction of biofilm formation. Gallic acid and tannic acid showed significant enzyme inhibition effects below their MICs.
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Aerts JM, Boot RG, van Eijk M, Groener J, Bijl N, Lombardo E, Bietrix FM, Dekker N, Groen AK, Ottenhoff R, van Roomen C, Aten J, Serlie M, Langeveld M, Wennekes T, Overkleeft HS. Glycosphingolipids and insulin resistance. Adv Exp Med Biol 2011; 721:99-119. [PMID: 21910085 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0650-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids are structural membrane components, residing largely in the plasma membrane with their sugar-moieties exposed at the cell's surface. In recent times a crucial role for glycosphingolipids in insulin resistance has been proposed. A chronic state of insulin resistance is a rapidly increasing disease condition in Western and developing countries. It is considered to be the major underlying cause of the metabolic syndrome, a combination of metabolic abnormalities that increases the risk for an individual to develop Type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, polycystic ovary syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. As discussed in this chapter, the evidence for a direct regulatory interaction of glycosphingolipids with insulin signaling is still largely indirect. However, the recent finding in animal models that pharmacological reduction of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis ameliorates insulin resistance and prevents some manifestations of metabolic syndrome, supports the view that somehow glycosphingolipids act as critical regulators, Importantly, since reductions in glycosphingolipid biosynthesis have been found to be well tolerated, such approaches may have a therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Masciullo M, Santoro M, Modoni A, Ricci E, Guitton J, Tonali P, Silvestri G. Substrate reduction therapy with miglustat in chronic GM2 gangliosidosis type Sandhoff: results of a 3-year follow-up. J Inherit Metab Dis 2010; 33 Suppl 3:S355-61. [PMID: 20821051 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
GM2 gangliosidosis type Sandhoff is caused by a defect of beta-hexosaminidase, an enzyme involved in the catabolism of gangliosides. It has been proposed that substrate reduction therapy using N-butyl-deoxynojirimycin (miglustat) may delay neurological progression, at least in late-onset forms of GM2 gangliosidosis. We report the results of a 3-year treatment with miglustat (100 mg t.i.d) in a patient with chronic Sandhoff disease manifesting with an atypical, spinal muscular atrophy phenotype. The follow-up included serial neurological examinations, blood tests, abdominal ultrasound, and neurophysiologic, cognitive, brain, and muscle MRI studies. We document some minor effects on neurological progression in chronic Sandhoff disease by miglustat treatment, confirming the necessity of phase II therapeutic trials including early-stage patients in order to assess its putative efficacy in chronic Sandhoff disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Masciullo
- Department of Neuroscience, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
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Lo SM, McNamara J, Seashore MR, Mistry PK. Misdiagnosis of Niemann-Pick disease type C as Gaucher disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 2010; 33 Suppl 3:S429-33. [PMID: 20882348 PMCID: PMC3053412 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9214-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 09/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC) is a model for inborn errors of metabolism whose gene product mediates molecular trafficking rather than catabolizing macromolecules, as in classic lipidoses. We report the case of an infant who presented with hepatosplenomegaly without neurological abnormalities. Decreased activity of acid β-glucosidase and elevated serum chitotriosidase and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase on repeated measurements led to initial diagnosis of Gaucher disease (GD). Failure to respond to enzyme replacement therapy after one year, however, put the diagnosis in question. Cholesterol esterification assays in cultured skin fibroblasts and NPC gene analysis led to the correct diagnosis of NPC. The patient had markedly reduced cholesterol esterification and was a compound heterozygote for a known and a novel mutation in the NPC gene (395delC and 2068insTCCC), which are both predicted to lead to protein truncation. Although the full phenotype of NPC involves hepatosplenomegaly and neurodegenerative disease, the initial presentation in a pediatric patient may be restricted to visceral disease. Of interest, this patient had decreased activity of leukocyte acid β-glucosidase activity and elevated serum chitotriosidase to levels often seen in GD. Although acid β-glucosidase activity in leukocytes was low, it was in the normal range in skin fibroblasts. Therefore, diagnostic delay may occur in NPC due to false positive testing for GD. Diagnosis of NPC requires a high index of suspicion and should be considered in a patient with hepatosplenomegaly even in the absence of neurodevelopmental signs. Prompt diagnosis will become increasingly important as effective therapies are developed for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Lo
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joseph McNamara
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Margherita R. Seashore
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA, Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Pramod K. Mistry
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520-8064, USA
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