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Arjmand B, Kokabi-Hamidpour S, Aghayan HR, Alavi-Moghadam S, Arjmand R, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Goodarzi P, Nasli-Esfahani E, Nikandish M. Stem Cell-Based Modeling Protocol for Parkinson's Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2736:105-114. [PMID: 36749483 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2022_473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, which is mainly characterized by unintended or uncontrollable body movements. Pathophysiologically, disturbances in the neurotransmission system of the brain like dopaminergic system and synaptic dysfunction are classified as top-rated causes of the onset of Parkinson's disease, which symptoms can be different according to the involvement of neurotransmission system type and the effect of the disease on the motor and non-motor systems. Although some pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches have been applied to control and slow down the progression of the disease, a definitive cure has not yet been discovered. One of the factors involved in this issue is the lack of appropriate laboratory models to investigate the pathological mechanisms involved in the disease as well as various aspects of candidate drugs, which ultimately leads to the failure of drug discovery and development pipelines. To deal with these challenges, the application of stem cells, especially cellular reprogramming of somatic cells to human pluripotent stem cells, also known as induced pluripotent stem cells, has been able to promise a new chapter in the modeling of Parkinson's disease. Induced pluripotent stem cells have the stemness capability; therefore, they can differentiate into any type of cell such as nerve cells. Also, since these cells are obtained from the reprogramming of somatic cells in the patient's body, they maintain the patient's genetic content, which can play an important role in increasing the quality of disease modeling and the validity of the results of laboratory studies. Therefore, the procedure for modeling induced pluripotent stem cells for Parkinson's disease is explained in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Arjmand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Iranian Cancer Control Center (MACSA), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shayesteh Kokabi-Hamidpour
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Aghayan
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Alavi-Moghadam
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasta Arjmand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Parisa Goodarzi
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensieh Nasli-Esfahani
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohsen Nikandish
- AJA Cancer Epidemiology Research and Treatment Center (AJA-CERTC), AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Ozgoren OK, Sequiera GL, Ferrari Bardile C, Gjervan SC, Salman A, Lehman A, Turvey SE, Ross CJD, Stockler S, Pouladi MA. Generation of a human induced pluripotent stem cell line from a patient with hypomyelinating leukodystrophy 22 (HLD22). Stem Cell Res 2023; 71:103174. [PMID: 37531724 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2023.103174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypomyelinating Leukodystrophy 22 (HLD22) is caused by a stoploss mutation in CLDN11. To study the molecular mechanisms underlying HLD22, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were generated from patient fibroblasts carrying the stop-loss mutation in CLDN11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz K Ozgoren
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Glen Lester Sequiera
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Costanza Ferrari Bardile
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sophia C Gjervan
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Areesha Salman
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anna Lehman
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colin J D Ross
- Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sylvia Stockler
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mahmoud A Pouladi
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V5Z 4H4, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Zhang J, Webster S, Duffin B, Bernstein MN, Steill J, Swanson S, Forsberg MH, Bolin J, Brown ME, Majumder A, Capitini CM, Stewart R, Thomson JA, Slukvin II. Generation of anti-GD2 CAR macrophages from human pluripotent stem cells for cancer immunotherapies. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:585-596. [PMID: 36638788 PMCID: PMC9968983 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages armed with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) provide a potent new option for treating solid tumors. However, genetic engineering and scalable production of somatic macrophages remains significant challenges. Here, we used CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing methods to integrate an anti-GD2 CAR into the AAVS1 locus of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). We then established a serum- and feeder-free differentiation protocol for generating CAR macrophages (CAR-Ms) through arterial endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition (EHT). CAR-M produced by this method displayed a potent cytotoxic activity against GD2-expressing neuroblastoma and melanoma in vitro and neuroblastoma in vivo. This study provides a new platform for the efficient generation of off-the-shelf CAR-Ms for antitumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Zhang
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Sarah Webster
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Bret Duffin
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | | | - John Steill
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Scott Swanson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Matthew H Forsberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Jennifer Bolin
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Matthew E Brown
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Aditi Majumder
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Christian M Capitini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53705, WI, USA
| | - Ron Stewart
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | | | - Igor I Slukvin
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Cell & Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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4
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Dai Y, Wang H, Sun R, Diao J, Ma Y, Shao M, Xu Y, Zhang Q, Gao Z, Zeng Z, Zhang L, Sun X. Modified Shenlingbaizhu Decoction represses the pluripotency of colorectal cancer stem cells by inhibiting TGF-β mediated EMT program. Phytomedicine 2022; 103:154234. [PMID: 35689903 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Modified Shenlingbaizhu Decoction (MSD) utilizes various phytomedicines has been applied to treat colorectal cancer (CRC). Colorectal cancer stem cells (CSCs) have proven to be tightly associated with CRC progression and metastasis. The mechanism of MSD's inhibitory effect on CSCs has not been determined. PURPOSE To figure out how MSD inhibits the pluripotency of CSCs and impedes the EMT program. METHODS The ingredients of MSD extracts were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). BALB/c-nu mice were transplanted into EGFP labeled SW480 CRC cells and the tumor weight and volume were recorded before and after various doses of MSD treatment. The concentration of TGF-β1 was quantified with an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. To delineate the logical relationship between EMT and CSCs regulated by MSD, TGF-β/Smad inhibitor and activator were adopted in tumor-bearing mice and diverse CRC cell lines. Cancer stem cell markers were analyzed by flow cytometry. In vitro analysis of cell motility and viability were done using CCK-8, wound healing, and invasion assay. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and western blotting (WB) were used for detecting protein expression. The collected results were statistically analyzed with GraphPad Prism 8.0. RESULTS MSD treatment significantly reduced the size of colorectal cancer tumors and lowered the serum content of TGF-β1 in mice. Importantly, MSD markedly reduced the expression of pluripotent factors and depressed CD133+ stem cells in the tumor tissues. The TGF-β/Smad inhibitor neutralized the EMT signaling and lowered the pluripotency by dephosphorylation of SMAD2/3. Similarly, MSD attenuated the pluripotency by limiting TGF-β/Smad signaling-induced EMT in vivo. MSD inhibited colorectal cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. CONCLUSIONS MSD inhibits the growth of colorectal cancer. It dampens the pluripotency of CSCs by repressing the TGF-β-induced EMT program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dai
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruibo Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianxin Diao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Ye Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yihua Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingyuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuowei Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China; Shunde Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528333, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyun Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510315, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuegang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China; Department of traditional Chinese medicine, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China.
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5
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Hur HJ, Lee JY, Kim DH, Cho MS, Lee S, Kim HS, Kim DW. Conditioned Medium of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Precursor Cells Exerts Neurorestorative Effects against Ischemic Stroke Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7787. [PMID: 35887140 PMCID: PMC9319001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that early therapeutic events of neural precursor cells (NPCs) transplantation to animals with acute ischemic stroke readily protected neuronal cell damage and improved behavioral recovery through paracrine mechanisms. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that administration of conditioned medium from NPCs (NPC-CMs) could recapitulate the beneficial effects of cell transplantation. Rats with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: PBS control, Vehicle (medium) controls, single (NPC-CM(S)) or multiple injections of NPC-CM(NPC-CM(M)) groups. A single intravenous injection of NPC-CM exhibited strong neuroregenerative potential to induce behavioral recovery, and multiple injections enhanced this activity further by suppressing inflammatory damage and inducing endogenous neurogenesis leading to histopathological and functional recovery. Proteome analysis of NPC-CM identified a number of proteins that are known to be associated with nervous system development, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis. In addition, transcriptome analysis revealed the importance of the inflammatory response during stroke recovery and some of the key hub genes in the interaction network were validated. Thus, our findings demonstrated that NPC-CM promoted functional recovery and reduced cerebral infarct and inflammation with enhanced endogenous neurogenesis, and the results highlighted the potency of NPC-CM in stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Hur
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.-J.H.); (D.-H.K.)
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ji Yong Lee
- Research Institute of Hyperbaric Medicine and Science, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju-si 26426, Korea;
| | - Do-Hun Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.-J.H.); (D.-H.K.)
- S. Biomedics Co., Ltd., Seoul 04979, Korea;
| | | | - Sangsik Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si 25601, Korea;
| | - Han-Soo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si 25601, Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (H.-J.H.); (D.-H.K.)
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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6
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Keller A, Spits C. The Impact of Acquired Genetic Abnormalities on the Clinical Translation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113246. [PMID: 34831467 PMCID: PMC8625075 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) are known to acquire chromosomal abnormalities, which range from point mutations to large copy number changes, including full chromosome aneuploidy. These aberrations have a wide-ranging influence on the state of cells, in both the undifferentiated and differentiated state. Currently, very little is known on how these abnormalities will impact the clinical translation of hPSC, and particularly their potential to prime cells for oncogenic transformation. A further complication is that many of these abnormalities exist in a mosaic state in culture, which complicates their detection with conventional karyotyping methods. In this review we discuss current knowledge on how these aberrations influence the cell state and how this may impact the future of research and the cells’ clinical potential.
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McKnight CL, Low YC, Elliott DA, Thorburn DR, Frazier AE. Modelling Mitochondrial Disease in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: What Have We Learned? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7730. [PMID: 34299348 PMCID: PMC8306397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases disrupt cellular energy production and are among the most complex group of inherited genetic disorders. Affecting approximately 1 in 5000 live births, they are both clinically and genetically heterogeneous, and can be highly tissue specific, but most often affect cell types with high energy demands in the brain, heart, and kidneys. There are currently no clinically validated treatment options available, despite several agents showing therapeutic promise. However, modelling these disorders is challenging as many non-human models of mitochondrial disease do not completely recapitulate human phenotypes for known disease genes. Additionally, access to disease-relevant cell or tissue types from patients is often limited. To overcome these difficulties, many groups have turned to human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to model mitochondrial disease for both nuclear-DNA (nDNA) and mitochondrial-DNA (mtDNA) contexts. Leveraging the capacity of hPSCs to differentiate into clinically relevant cell types, these models permit both detailed investigation of cellular pathomechanisms and validation of promising treatment options. Here we catalogue hPSC models of mitochondrial disease that have been generated to date, summarise approaches and key outcomes of phenotypic profiling using these models, and discuss key criteria to guide future investigations using hPSC models of mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron L. McKnight
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (C.L.M.); (Y.C.L.); (D.A.E.); (D.R.T.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Yau Chung Low
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (C.L.M.); (Y.C.L.); (D.A.E.); (D.R.T.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David A. Elliott
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (C.L.M.); (Y.C.L.); (D.A.E.); (D.R.T.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David R. Thorburn
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (C.L.M.); (Y.C.L.); (D.A.E.); (D.R.T.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ann E. Frazier
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (C.L.M.); (Y.C.L.); (D.A.E.); (D.R.T.)
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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8
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Monk R, Connor B. Cell Reprogramming to Model Huntington's Disease: A Comprehensive Review. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071565. [PMID: 34206228 PMCID: PMC8306243 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive decline of motor, cognitive, and psychiatric functions. HD results from an autosomal dominant mutation that causes a trinucleotide CAG repeat expansion and the production of mutant Huntingtin protein (mHTT). This results in the initial selective and progressive loss of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the striatum before progressing to involve the whole brain. There are currently no effective treatments to prevent or delay the progression of HD as knowledge into the mechanisms driving the selective degeneration of MSNs has been hindered by a lack of access to live neurons from individuals with HD. The invention of cell reprogramming provides a revolutionary technique for the study, and potential treatment, of neurological conditions. Cell reprogramming technologies allow for the generation of live disease-affected neurons from patients with neurological conditions, becoming a primary technique for modelling these conditions in vitro. The ability to generate HD-affected neurons has widespread applications for investigating the pathogenesis of HD, the identification of new therapeutic targets, and for high-throughput drug screening. Cell reprogramming also offers a potential autologous source of cells for HD cell replacement therapy. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the use of cell reprogramming to model HD and a discussion on recent advancements in cell reprogramming technologies that will benefit the HD field.
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Abstract
This protocol describes the production of hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) from human pluripotent stem cells and how to induce hepatic steatosis, a condition characterized by intracellular lipid accumulation. Following differentiation to an HLC phenotype, intracellular lipid accumulation is induced with a steatosis induction cocktail, allowing the user to examine the cellular processes that underpin hepatic steatosis. Furthermore, the renewable nature of our system, on a defined genetic background, permits in-depth mechanistic analysis, which may facilitate therapeutic target identification in the future. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Sinton et al. (2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Sinton
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Jose Meseguer-Ripolles
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 5 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Baltasar Lucendo-Villarin
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 5 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Amanda J. Drake
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - David C. Hay
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, 5 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
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10
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Vessoni AT, Zhang T, Quinet A, Jeong HC, Munroe M, Wood M, Tedone E, Vindigni A, Shay JW, Greenberg RA, Batista LF. Telomere erosion in human pluripotent stem cells leads to ATR-mediated mitotic catastrophe. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211982. [PMID: 33851958 PMCID: PMC8050844 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202011014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that short telomeres activate an ATM-driven DNA damage response that leads to senescence in terminally differentiated cells. However, technical limitations have hampered our understanding of how telomere shortening is signaled in human stem cells. Here, we show that telomere attrition induces ssDNA accumulation (G-strand) at telomeres in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), but not in their differentiated progeny. This led to a unique role for ATR in the response of hPSCs to telomere shortening that culminated in an extended S/G2 cell cycle phase and a longer period of mitosis, which was associated with aneuploidy and mitotic catastrophe. Loss of p53 increased resistance to death, at the expense of increased mitotic abnormalities in hPSCs. Taken together, our data reveal an unexpected dominant role of ATR in hPSCs, combined with unique cell cycle abnormalities and, ultimately, consequences distinct from those observed in their isogenic differentiated counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tianpeng Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Annabel Quinet
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ho-Chang Jeong
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Michael Munroe
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Matthew Wood
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Enzo Tedone
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | | | - Jerry W. Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Roger A. Greenberg
- Department of Cancer Biology, Penn Center for Genome Integrity, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Luis F.Z. Batista
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
- Correspondence to Luis F.Z. Batista:
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11
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Penev A, Bazley A, Shen M, Boeke JD, Savage SA, Sfeir A. Alternative splicing is a developmental switch for hTERT expression. Mol Cell 2021; 81:2349-2360.e6. [PMID: 33852895 PMCID: PMC8943697 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Telomere length control is critical for cellular lifespan and tumor suppression. Telomerase is transiently activated in the inner cell mass of the developing blastocyst to reset telomere reserves. Its silencing upon differentiation leads to gradual telomere shortening in somatic cells. Here, we report that transcriptional regulation through cis-regulatory elements only partially accounts for telomerase activation in pluripotent cells. Instead, developmental control of telomerase is primarily driven by an alternative splicing event, centered around hTERT exon 2. Skipping of exon 2 triggers hTERT mRNA decay in differentiated cells, and conversely, its retention promotes telomerase accumulation in pluripotent cells. We identify SON as a regulator of exon 2 alternative splicing and report a patient carrying a SON mutation and suffering from insufficient telomerase and short telomeres. In summary, our study highlights a critical role for hTERT alternative splicing in the developmental regulation of telomerase and implicates defective splicing in telomere biology disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Penev
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Andrew Bazley
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael Shen
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jef D Boeke
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Sharon A Savage
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Agnel Sfeir
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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12
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Fiorenzano A, Sozzi E, Parmar M, Storm P. Dopamine Neuron Diversity: Recent Advances and Current Challenges in Human Stem Cell Models and Single Cell Sequencing. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061366. [PMID: 34206038 PMCID: PMC8226961 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons are a heterogeneous group of cells that share a common neurotransmitter phenotype and are in close anatomical proximity but display different functions, sensitivity to degeneration, and axonal innervation targets. The A9 DA neuron subtype controls motor function and is primarily degenerated in Parkinson’s disease (PD), whereas A10 neurons are largely unaffected by the condition, and their dysfunction is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Currently, DA neurons can only be reliably classified on the basis of topographical features, including anatomical location in the midbrain and projection targets in the forebrain. No systematic molecular classification at the genome-wide level has been proposed to date. Although many years of scientific efforts in embryonic and adult mouse brain have positioned us to better understand the complexity of DA neuron biology, many biological phenomena specific to humans are not amenable to being reproduced in animal models. The establishment of human cell-based systems combined with advanced computational single-cell transcriptomics holds great promise for decoding the mechanisms underlying maturation and diversification of human DA neurons, and linking their molecular heterogeneity to functions in the midbrain. Human pluripotent stem cells have emerged as a useful tool to recapitulate key molecular features of mature DA neuron subtypes. Here, we review some of the most recent advances and discuss the current challenges in using stem cells, to model human DA biology. We also describe how single cell RNA sequencing may provide key insights into the molecular programs driving DA progenitor specification into mature DA neuron subtypes. Exploiting the state-of-the-art approaches will lead to a better understanding of stem cell-derived DA neurons and their use in disease modeling and regenerative medicine.
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13
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Abstract
Dedifferentiation of cell identity to a progenitor-like or stem cell-like state with increased cellular plasticity is frequently observed in cancer formation. During this process, a subpopulation of cells in tumours acquires a stem cell-like state partially resembling to naturally occurring pluripotent stem cells that are temporarily present during early embryogenesis. Such characteristics allow these cancer stem cells (CSCs) to give rise to the whole tumour with its entire cellular heterogeneity and thereby support metastases formation while being resistant to current cancer therapeutics. Cancer development and progression are demarcated by transcriptional dysregulation. In this article, we explore the epigenetic mechanisms shaping gene expression during tumorigenesis and cancer stem cell formation, with an emphasis on 3D chromatin architecture. Comparing the pluripotent stem cell state and epigenetic reprogramming to dedifferentiation in cellular transformation provides intriguing insight to chromatin dynamics. We suggest that the 3D chromatin architecture could be used as a target for re-sensitizing cancer stem cells to therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Feng
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences Old Road, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Xingguo Liu
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Joint School of Life Sciences, Hefei Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510530, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Siim Pauklin
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences Old Road, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK.
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Yamashita T, Kushida Y, Abe K, Dezawa M. Non-Tumorigenic Pluripotent Reparative Muse Cells Provide a New Therapeutic Approach for Neurologic Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040961. [PMID: 33924240 PMCID: PMC8074773 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Muse cells are non-tumorigenic endogenous reparative pluripotent cells with high therapeutic potential. They are identified as cells positive for the pluripotent surface marker SSEA-3 in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, and connective tissue. Muse cells also express other pluripotent stem cell markers, are able to differentiate into cells representative of all three germ layers, self-renew from a single cell, and are stress tolerant. They express receptors for sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which is actively produced by damaged cells, allowing circulating cells to selectively home to damaged tissue. Muse cells spontaneously differentiate on-site into multiple tissue-constituent cells with few errors and replace damaged/apoptotic cells with functional cells, thereby contributing to tissue repair. Intravenous injection of exogenous Muse cells to increase the number of circulating Muse cells enhances their reparative activity. Muse cells also have a specific immunomodulatory system, represented by HLA-G expression, allowing them to be directly administered without HLA-matching or immunosuppressant treatment. Owing to these unique characteristics, clinical trials using intravenously administered donor-Muse cells have been conducted for myocardial infarction, stroke, epidermolysis bullosa, spinal cord injury, perinatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muse cells have the potential to break through the limitations of current cell therapies for neurologic diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muse cells provide a new therapeutic strategy that requires no HLA-matching or immunosuppressant treatment for administering donor-derived cells, no gene introduction or differentiation induction for cell preparation, and no surgery for delivering the cells to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.A.)
| | - Yoshihiro Kushida
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
| | - Koji Abe
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (T.Y.); (K.A.)
| | - Mari Dezawa
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-22-717-8025; Fax: +81-22-717-8030
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15
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Yiangou L, Davis RP, Mummery CL. Using Cardiovascular Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for COVID-19 Research: Why the Heart Fails. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:385-397. [PMID: 33306986 PMCID: PMC7833904 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak that became a pandemic in 2020, causing more than 30 million infections and 1 million deaths to date. As the scientific community has looked for vaccines and drugs to treat or eliminate the virus, unexpected features of the disease have emerged. Apart from respiratory complications, cardiovascular disease has emerged as a major indicator of poor prognosis in COVID-19. It has therefore become of utmost importance to understand how SARS-CoV-2 damages the heart. Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) cardiovascular derivatives were rapidly recognized as an invaluable tool to address this, not least because one of the major receptors for the virus is not recognized by SARS-CoV-2 in mice. Here, we outline how hPSC-derived cardiovascular cells have been utilized to study COVID-19, and their potential for further understanding the cardiac pathology and in therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loukia Yiangou
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Richard P Davis
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands.
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16
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Morozko EL, Smith-Geater C, Monteys AM, Pradhan S, Lim RG, Langfelder P, Kachemov M, Kulkarni JA, Zaifman J, Hill A, Stocksdale JT, Cullis PR, Wu J, Ochaba J, Miramontes R, Chakraborty A, Hazra TK, Lau A, St-Cyr S, Orellana I, Kopan L, Wang KQ, Yeung S, Leavitt BR, Reidling JC, Yang XW, Steffan JS, Davidson BL, Sarkar PS, Thompson LM. PIAS1 modulates striatal transcription, DNA damage repair, and SUMOylation with relevance to Huntington's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2021836118. [PMID: 33468657 PMCID: PMC7848703 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021836118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage repair genes are modifiers of disease onset in Huntington's disease (HD), but how this process intersects with associated disease pathways remains unclear. Here we evaluated the mechanistic contributions of protein inhibitor of activated STAT-1 (PIAS1) in HD mice and HD patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and find a link between PIAS1 and DNA damage repair pathways. We show that PIAS1 is a component of the transcription-coupled repair complex, that includes the DNA damage end processing enzyme polynucleotide kinase-phosphatase (PNKP), and that PIAS1 is a SUMO E3 ligase for PNKP. Pias1 knockdown (KD) in HD mice had a normalizing effect on HD transcriptional dysregulation associated with synaptic function and disease-associated transcriptional coexpression modules enriched for DNA damage repair mechanisms as did reduction of PIAS1 in HD iPSC-derived neurons. KD also restored mutant HTT-perturbed enzymatic activity of PNKP and modulated genomic integrity of several transcriptionally normalized genes. The findings here now link SUMO modifying machinery to DNA damage repair responses and transcriptional modulation in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva L Morozko
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Charlene Smith-Geater
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Alejandro Mas Monteys
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cell and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Subrata Pradhan
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Ryan G Lim
- Institute of Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Peter Langfelder
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Marketta Kachemov
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Jayesh A Kulkarni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Josh Zaifman
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Austin Hill
- Incisive Genetics Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada V6A 0H9
| | | | - Pieter R Cullis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
- NanoMedicines Innovation Network, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Joseph Ochaba
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Ricardo Miramontes
- Institute of Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Tapas K Hazra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Alice Lau
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Sophie St-Cyr
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cell and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Iliana Orellana
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Lexi Kopan
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Keona Q Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Sylvia Yeung
- Institute of Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Blair R Leavitt
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Jack C Reidling
- Institute of Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - X William Yang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Joan S Steffan
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Institute of Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Beverly L Davidson
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cell and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Partha S Sarkar
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Leslie M Thompson
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697;
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Institute of Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697
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Moran-Horowich A, Lemos DR. Methods for the Study of Renal Fibrosis in Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Kidney Organoids. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2299:435-445. [PMID: 34028759 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1382-5_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of kidney injury and fibrosis can now be studied using kidney organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). Mature kidney organoids contain nephrons and stromal cells with fibrogenic potential, spatially organized in a manner that resembles the anatomy of the kidney. Organoid nephron damage and interstitial fibrosis can be induced under well-controlled experimental conditions in vitro, making this an ideal system for the study of tissue-intrinsic cell signaling and intercellular crosstalk mechanisms in the absence of systemic signals and immune cells that are present in vivo. Here we describe methods for the generation of kidney organoids from a widely used hPSC line, and for the induction and analysis of nephron damage and interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dario R Lemos
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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18
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Lehman BJ, Lopez-Diaz FJ, Santisakultarm TP, Fang L, Shokhirev MN, Diffenderfer KE, Manor U, Emerson BM. Dynamic regulation of CTCF stability and sub-nuclear localization in response to stress. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009277. [PMID: 33411704 PMCID: PMC7790283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear protein CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) has diverse roles in chromatin architecture and gene regulation. Functionally, CTCF associates with thousands of genomic sites and interacts with proteins, such as cohesin, or non-coding RNAs to facilitate specific transcriptional programming. In this study, we examined CTCF during the cellular stress response in human primary cells using immune-blotting, quantitative real time-PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequence (ChIP-seq) analysis, mass spectrometry, RNA immunoprecipitation-sequence analysis (RIP-seq), and Airyscan confocal microscopy. Unexpectedly, we found that CTCF is exquisitely sensitive to diverse forms of stress in normal patient-derived human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). In HMECs, a subset of CTCF protein forms complexes that localize to Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor (SC-35)-containing nuclear speckles. Upon stress, this species of CTCF protein is rapidly downregulated by changes in protein stability, resulting in loss of CTCF from SC-35 nuclear speckles and changes in CTCF-RNA interactions. Our ChIP-seq analysis indicated that CTCF binding to genomic DNA is largely unchanged. Restoration of the stress-sensitive pool of CTCF protein abundance and re-localization to nuclear speckles can be achieved by inhibition of proteasome-mediated degradation. Surprisingly, we observed the same characteristics of the stress response during neuronal differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). CTCF forms stress-sensitive complexes that localize to SC-35 nuclear speckles during a specific stage of neuronal commitment/development but not in differentiated neurons. We speculate that these particular CTCF complexes serve a role in RNA processing that may be intimately linked with specific genes in the vicinity of nuclear speckles, potentially to maintain cells in a certain differentiation state, that is dynamically regulated by environmental signals. The stress-regulated activity of CTCF is uncoupled in persistently stressed, epigenetically re-programmed "variant" HMECs and certain cancer cell lines. These results reveal new insights into CTCF function in cell differentiation and the stress-response with implications for oxidative damage-induced cancer initiation and neuro-degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina J. Lehman
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Fernando J. Lopez-Diaz
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Thom P. Santisakultarm
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Linjing Fang
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Maxim N. Shokhirev
- Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kenneth E. Diffenderfer
- Stem Cell Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Uri Manor
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Beverly M. Emerson
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Suzuki T, Akatsuka H, Masuhara K, Sato T, Suzuki Y. Impaired Autophagy in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Induced from iPS Cell of Distal Myopathy with Rimmed Vacuole Patient. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 2020; 45:243-248. [PMID: 33300597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We generated induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from a patient with distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles (DMRV), in which sialic acids synthesis is reported to be defective. In this study, we examined whether the differentiation to retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and autophagy was affected in the patient derived cells. METHODS Patient derived iPS cells were established through the transduction of re-programming factors into peripheral mononuclear cells via retrovirus vectors. RPE cells were induced from iPS cells through aggregation culture. Then the autophagy induced by amino acid starvation was estimated by measuring LC3-containing "puncta" structure. RESULTS A 3D aggregate culture of patient-derived iPS cells resulted in some irregular shapes, and the aggregate contained large vacuoles filled with lipid droplets and cellular components such as damaged mitochondria. RPE cells induced from patient-derived iPS cells showed impaired autophagy flux under amino acid starvation. CONCLUSION These findings were similar to those of sialidosis patient-derived iPS cells, in which cleavage of terminal sialic acids in oligosaccharide chains is defective. This suggests that the control of both the addition and removal of sialic acids are pivotal for autophagy progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Suzuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.
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Pálóczi J, Szántai Á, Kobolák J, Bock I, Ruivo E, Kiss B, Gáspár R, Pipis J, Ocsovszki I, Táncos Z, Fehér A, Dinnyés A, Onódi Z, Madonna R, Ferdinandy P, Görbe A. Systematic analysis of different pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes as potential testing model for cardiocytoprotection. Vascul Pharmacol 2020; 133-134:106781. [PMID: 32827678 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2020.106781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes are potential sources for testing cardiocytoprotective molecules against ischemia/reperfusion injury in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here we performed a systematic analysis of two different induced pluripotent stem cell lines (iPSC 3.4 and 4.1) and an embryonic stem cell (ESC) line-derived cardiac myocytes at two different developmental stages. Cell viability in simulated ischemia/reperfusion (SI/R)-induced injury and a known cardiocytoprotective NO-donor, S-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) was tested. RESULTS After analysis of full embryoid bodies (EBs) and cardiac marker (VCAM and cardiac troponin I) positive cells of three lines at 6 conditions (32 different conditions altogether), we found significant SI/R injury-induced cell death in both full EBs and VCAM+ cardiac cells at later stage of their differentiation. Moreover, full EBs of the iPS 4.1 cell line after oxidative stress induction by SNAP was protected at day-8 samples. CONCLUSION We have shown that 4.1 iPS-derived cardiomyocyte line could serve as a testing platform for cardiocytoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pálóczi
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, 6720 Hungary
| | - Á Szántai
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, 6720 Hungary
| | - J Kobolák
- Biotalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, 2100 Hungary
| | - I Bock
- Biotalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, 2100 Hungary
| | - E Ruivo
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, 6720 Hungary
| | - B Kiss
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, 6720 Hungary; MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085 Hungary
| | - R Gáspár
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, 6720 Hungary
| | - J Pipis
- Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, 6722 Hungary
| | - I Ocsovszki
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, 6720 Hungary
| | - Z Táncos
- Biotalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, 2100 Hungary
| | - A Fehér
- Biotalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, 2100 Hungary
| | - A Dinnyés
- Biotalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, 2100 Hungary; Molecular Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Szent István University, Gödöllő, 2100 Hungary
| | - Z Onódi
- MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085 Hungary
| | - R Madonna
- Institute of Cardiology, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area Medicine, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa; Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Texas Medical School in Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - P Ferdinandy
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, 6720 Hungary; Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, 6722 Hungary; MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085 Hungary; Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - A Görbe
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, 6720 Hungary; Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, 6722 Hungary; MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085 Hungary; Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, 6720, Hungary.
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21
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Ranjzad P, Jinks J, Salahi AP, Bantounas I, Derby B, Kimber SJ, Woolf AS, Wong JKF. Aberrant Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Kidney Precursor Cells inside Mouse Vascularized Bioreactors. Nephron Clin Pract 2020; 144:509-524. [PMID: 32756058 PMCID: PMC7592943 DOI: 10.1159/000509425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have documented the in vitro differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into kidney cells. Fewer studies have followed the fates of such kidney precursor cells (KPCs) inside animals, a more life-like setting. Here, we tested the hypothesis that implanting hPSC-derived KPCs into an in vivo milieu surgically engineered to be highly vascular would enhance their maturation into kidney tissues. METHODS 3D printed chambers containing KPCs were implanted into the thighs of adult immunodeficient mice. In some chambers, an arterial and venous flow-through (AVFT) was surgically fashioned. After 3 weeks and 3 months, implants were studied by histology, using qualitative and quantitative methods. RESULTS After 3 weeks, chambers containing AVFTs were richer in small vessels than contralateral chambers without AVFTs. Glomeruli with capillary loops and diverse types of tubules were detected in all chambers. At 3 months, chambers contained only rudimentary tubules and glomeruli that appeared avascular. In chambers with AVFTs, prominent areas of muscle-like cells were also detected near tubules and the abnormal tissues immunostained for transforming growth factor β1. These features have similarities to renal dysplasia, a typical histological signature of human congenital kidney malformations. CONCLUSIONS This study urges a note of caution regarding the in vivo fates of hPSC-derived kidney precursors, with pathological differentiation appearing to follow a period of increased vascularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Ranjzad
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Jinks
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Amir P Salahi
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Bantounas
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Derby
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Susan J Kimber
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian S Woolf
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom,
- Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom,
| | - Jason K F Wong
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
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22
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Abstract
Diabetes is one of the most challenging health concerns facing society. Available drugs treat the symptoms but there is no cure. This presents an urgent need to better understand human diabetes in order to develop improved treatments or target remission. New disease models need to be developed that more accurately describe the pathology of diabetes. Organoid technology provides an opportunity to fill this knowledge gap. Organoids are 3D structures, established from pluripotent stem cells or adult stem/progenitor cells, that recapitulate key aspects of the in vivo tissues they mimic. In this review we briefly introduce organoids and their benefits; we focus on organoids generated from tissues important for glucose homeostasis and tissues associated with diabetic complications. We hope this review serves as a touchstone to demonstrate how organoid technology extends the research toolbox and can deliver a step change of discovery in the field of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Tsakmaki
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, Department of Diabetes, Diabetes Research Group, Hodgkin Building, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Patricia Fonseca Pedro
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, Department of Diabetes, Diabetes Research Group, Hodgkin Building, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Gavin A Bewick
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, Department of Diabetes, Diabetes Research Group, Hodgkin Building, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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23
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Sim H, Lee JE, Yoo HM, Cho S, Lee H, Baek A, Kim J, Seo H, Kweon MN, Kim HG, Jeon YJ, Son MY, Kim J. Iroquois Homeobox Protein 2 Identified as a Potential Biomarker for Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3455. [PMID: 32422864 PMCID: PMC7278941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is initiated after the occurrence of motor symptoms, such as resting tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. According to previous reports, non-motor symptoms, notably gastrointestinal dysfunction, could potentially be early biomarkers in PD patients as such symptoms occur earlier than motor symptoms. However, connecting PD to the intestine is methodologically challenging. Thus, we generated in vitro human intestinal organoids from PD patients and ex vivo mouse small intestinal organoids from aged transgenic mice. Both intestinal organoids (IOs) contained the human LRRK2 G2019S mutation, which is the most frequent genetic cause of familial and sporadic PD. By conducting comprehensive genomic comparisons with these two types of IOs, we determined that a particular gene, namely, Iroquois homeobox protein 2 (IRX2), showed PD-related expression patterns not only in human pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived neuroectodermal spheres but also in human PSC-derived neuronal cells containing dopaminergic neurons. We expected that our approach of using various cell types presented a novel technical method for studying the effects of multi-organs in PD pathophysiology as well as for the development of diagnostic markers for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuna Sim
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.S.); (J.-E.L.); (S.C.); (H.L.); (A.B.); (Y.-J.J.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Joo-Eun Lee
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.S.); (J.-E.L.); (S.C.); (H.L.); (A.B.); (Y.-J.J.)
| | - Hee Min Yoo
- Group for Biometrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Korea;
| | - Sunwha Cho
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.S.); (J.-E.L.); (S.C.); (H.L.); (A.B.); (Y.-J.J.)
| | - Hana Lee
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.S.); (J.-E.L.); (S.C.); (H.L.); (A.B.); (Y.-J.J.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Aruem Baek
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.S.); (J.-E.L.); (S.C.); (H.L.); (A.B.); (Y.-J.J.)
| | - Jisun Kim
- Department of Molecular & Life Sciences, College of Science & Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (J.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Hyemyung Seo
- Department of Molecular & Life Sciences, College of Science & Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea; (J.K.); (H.S.)
| | - Mi-Na Kweon
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine/Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Hyung Gun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea;
| | - Young-Joo Jeon
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.S.); (J.-E.L.); (S.C.); (H.L.); (A.B.); (Y.-J.J.)
| | - Mi-Young Son
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.S.); (J.-E.L.); (S.C.); (H.L.); (A.B.); (Y.-J.J.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Janghwan Kim
- Stem Cell Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (H.S.); (J.-E.L.); (S.C.); (H.L.); (A.B.); (Y.-J.J.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
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24
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Koga T, Chaim IA, Benitez JA, Markmiller S, Parisian AD, Hevner RF, Turner KM, Hessenauer FM, D'Antonio M, Nguyen NPD, Saberi S, Ma J, Miki S, Boyer AD, Ravits J, Frazer KA, Bafna V, Chen CC, Mischel PS, Yeo GW, Furnari FB. Longitudinal assessment of tumor development using cancer avatars derived from genetically engineered pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:550. [PMID: 31992716 PMCID: PMC6987220 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14312-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cellular models aimed at elucidating cancer biology do not recapitulate pathobiology including tumor heterogeneity, an inherent feature of cancer that underlies treatment resistance. Here we introduce a cancer modeling paradigm using genetically engineered human pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) that captures authentic cancer pathobiology. Orthotopic engraftment of the neural progenitor cells derived from hiPSCs that have been genome-edited to contain tumor-associated genetic driver mutations revealed by The Cancer Genome Atlas project for glioblastoma (GBM) results in formation of high-grade gliomas. Similar to patient-derived GBM, these models harbor inter-tumor heterogeneity resembling different GBM molecular subtypes, intra-tumor heterogeneity, and extrachromosomal DNA amplification. Re-engraftment of these primary tumor neurospheres generates secondary tumors with features characteristic of patient samples and present mutation-dependent patterns of tumor evolution. These cancer avatar models provide a platform for comprehensive longitudinal assessment of human tumor development as governed by molecular subtype mutations and lineage-restricted differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Koga
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Isaac A Chaim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. Mail Code 0761, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jorge A Benitez
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sebastian Markmiller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Alison D Parisian
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kristen M Turner
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Florian M Hessenauer
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Matteo D'Antonio
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. Mail Code 0761, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nam-Phuong D Nguyen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0404, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shahram Saberi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0662, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jianhui Ma
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shunichiro Miki
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Antonia D Boyer
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - John Ravits
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0662, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kelly A Frazer
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. Mail Code 0761, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0831, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Vineet Bafna
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., Mail Code 0404, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Clark C Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Paul S Mischel
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. Mail Code 0761, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Ludwig Cancer Research San Diego Branch, 9500 Gilman Dr., CMM-East Room 3055, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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25
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Hsu HS, Liu CC, Lin JH, Hsu TW, Hsu JW, Li AFY, Hung SC. Involvement of collagen XVII in pluripotency gene expression and metabolic reprogramming of lung cancer stem cells. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:5. [PMID: 31928533 PMCID: PMC6956558 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0593-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advancements in cancer biology field suggest that glucose metabolism is a potential target for cancer treatment. However, little if anything is known about the metabolic profile of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and the related underlying mechanisms. METHODS The metabolic phenotype in lung CSC was first investigated. The role of collagen XVII, a putative stem cell or CSC candidate marker, in regulating metabolic reprogramming in lung CSC was subsequently studied. Through screening the genes involved in glycolysis, we identified the downstream targets of collagen XVII that were involved in metabolic reprogramming of lung CSCs. Collagen XVII and its downstream targets were then used to predict the prognosis of lung cancer patients. RESULTS We showed that an aberrant upregulation of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in lung CSCs is associated with the maintenance of CSC-like features, since blocking glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation reduces sphere formation, chemoresistance, and tumorigenicity. We also showed that the Oct4-hexokinase 2 (HK2) pathway activated by collagen XVII-laminin-332 through FAK-PI3K/AKT-GSB3β/β-catenin activation induced the upregulation of glycolysis and maintenance of CSC-like features. Finally, we showed that collagen XVII, Oct4, and HK2 could be valuable markers to predict the prognosis of lung cancer patients. CONCULSIONS These data suggest the Oct4-HK2 pathway regulated by collagen XVII plays an important role in metabolic reprogramming and maintenance of CSC-like features in lung CSCs, which may aid in the development of new strategies in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Shui Hsu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chi Liu
- Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Traumatology, Emergency Department, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Han Lin
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Wei Hsu
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jyuan-Wei Hsu
- Division of Traumatology, Emergency Department, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Anna Fen-Yau Li
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Hung
- Drug Development Center, Institute of New Drug Development, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, Department of Orthopaedics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 105, Taiwan.
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26
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MacFarlane EM, Bruin JE. Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: A Unique Tool for Toxicity Testing in Pancreatic Progenitor and Endocrine Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:604998. [PMID: 33542706 PMCID: PMC7851047 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.604998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide, and epidemiological studies report an association between diabetes incidence and environmental pollutant exposure. There are >84,000 chemicals in commerce, many of which are released into the environment without a clear understanding of potential adverse health consequences. While in vivo rodent studies remain an important tool for testing chemical toxicity systemically, we urgently need high-throughput screening platforms in biologically relevant models to efficiently prioritize chemicals for in depth toxicity analysis. Given the increasing global burden of obesity and diabetes, identifying chemicals that disrupt metabolism should be a high priority. Pancreatic endocrine cells are key regulators of systemic metabolism, yet often overlooked as a target tissue in toxicology studies. Immortalized β-cell lines and primary human, porcine, and rodent islets are widely used for studying the endocrine pancreas in vitro, but each have important limitations in terms of scalability, lifespan, and/or biological relevance. Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) culture is a powerful tool for in vitro toxicity testing that addresses many of the limitations with other β-cell models. Current in vitro differentiation protocols can efficiently generate glucose-responsive insulin-secreting β-like cells that are not fully mature, but still valuable for high-throughput toxicity screening in vitro. Furthermore, hPSCs can be applied as a model of developing pancreatic endocrine cells to screen for chemicals that influence endocrine cell formation during critical windows of differentiation. Given their versatility, we recommend using hPSCs to identify potential β-cell toxins, which can then be prioritized as chemicals of concern for metabolic disruption.
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27
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Hsu J, Reilly A, Hayes BJ, Clough CA, Konnick EQ, Torok-Storb B, Gulsuner S, Wu D, Becker PS, Keel SB, Abkowitz JL, Doulatov S. Reprogramming identifies functionally distinct stages of clonal evolution in myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood 2019; 134:186-198. [PMID: 31010849 PMCID: PMC6624967 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2018884338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid neoplasms, including myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), are genetically heterogeneous disorders driven by clonal acquisition of somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HPCs). The order of premalignant mutations and their impact on HPC self-renewal and differentiation remain poorly understood. We show that episomal reprogramming of MDS patient samples generates induced pluripotent stem cells from single premalignant cells with a partial complement of mutations, directly informing the temporal order of mutations in the individual patient. Reprogramming preferentially captured early subclones with fewer mutations, which were rare among single patient cells. To evaluate the functional impact of clonal evolution in individual patients, we differentiated isogenic MDS induced pluripotent stem cells harboring up to 4 successive clonal abnormalities recapitulating a progressive decrease in hematopoietic differentiation potential. SF3B1, in concert with epigenetic mutations, perturbed mitochondrial function leading to accumulation of damaged mitochondria during disease progression, resulting in apoptosis and ineffective erythropoiesis. Reprogramming also informed the order of premalignant mutations in patients with complex karyotype and identified 5q deletion as an early cytogenetic anomaly. The loss of chromosome 5q cooperated with TP53 mutations to perturb genome stability, promoting acquisition of structural and karyotypic abnormalities. Reprogramming thus enables molecular and functional interrogation of preleukemic clonal evolution, identifying mitochondrial function and chromosome stability as key pathways affected by acquisition of somatic mutations in MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Hsu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Andreea Reilly
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Brian J Hayes
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; and
| | - Courtnee A Clough
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | | | - David Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
| | - Pamela S Becker
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; and
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and
| | - Siobán B Keel
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Janis L Abkowitz
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Sergei Doulatov
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, and
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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28
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Sebastian S, Hourd P, Chandra A, Williams DJ, Medcalf N. The management of risk and investment in cell therapy process development: a case study for neurodegenerative disease. Regen Med 2019; 14:465-488. [PMID: 31210581 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2018-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies must achieve clinical efficacy and safety with reproducible and cost-effective manufacturing. This study addresses process development issues using the exemplar of a human pluripotent stem cell-based dopaminergic neuron cell therapy product. Early identification and correction of risks to product safety and the manufacturing process reduces the expensive and time-consuming bridging studies later in development. A New Product Introduction map was used to determine the developmental requirements specific to the product. Systematic Risk Analysis is exemplified here. Expected current value-based prioritization guides decisions about the sequence of process studies and whether and if an early abandonment of further research is appropriate. The application of the three tools enabled prioritization of the development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Sebastian
- Centre for Biological Engineering, Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical & Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Paul Hourd
- Centre for Biological Engineering, Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical & Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Amit Chandra
- Centre for Biological Engineering, Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical & Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - David J Williams
- Centre for Biological Engineering, Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical & Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Nicholas Medcalf
- Centre for Biological Engineering, Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical & Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
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29
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Hess DL, Kelly-Goss MR, Cherepanova OA, Nguyen AT, Baylis RA, Tkachenko S, Annex BH, Peirce SM, Owens GK. Perivascular cell-specific knockout of the stem cell pluripotency gene Oct4 inhibits angiogenesis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:967. [PMID: 30814500 PMCID: PMC6393549 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08811-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The stem cell pluripotency factor Oct4 serves a critical protective role during atherosclerotic plaque development by promoting smooth muscle cell (SMC) investment. Here, we show using Myh11-CreERT2 lineage-tracing with inducible SMC and pericyte (SMC-P) knockout of Oct4 that Oct4 regulates perivascular cell migration and recruitment during angiogenesis. Knockout of Oct4 in perivascular cells significantly impairs perivascular cell migration, increases perivascular cell death, delays endothelial cell migration, and promotes vascular leakage following corneal angiogenic stimulus. Knockout of Oct4 in perivascular cells also impairs perfusion recovery and decreases angiogenesis following hindlimb ischemia. Transcriptomic analyses demonstrate that expression of the migratory gene Slit3 is reduced following loss of Oct4 in cultured SMCs, and in Oct4-deficient perivascular cells in ischemic hindlimb muscle. Together, these results provide evidence that Oct4 plays an essential role within perivascular cells in injury- and hypoxia-induced angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Hess
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, 415 Lane Road, Suite 1010, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Molly R Kelly-Goss
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, 415 Lane Road, Suite 1010, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Olga A Cherepanova
- Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NB50, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Anh T Nguyen
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, 415 Lane Road, Suite 1010, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Richard A Baylis
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, 415 Lane Road, Suite 1010, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Svyatoslav Tkachenko
- Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, JJN3-01, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Brian H Annex
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, 415 Lane Road, Suite 1010, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Shayn M Peirce
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, 415 Lane Road, Suite 1010, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Gary K Owens
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, 415 Lane Road, Suite 1010, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia-School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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30
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Abstract
Musculoskeletal birth defects are frequent, yet their causes remain insufficiently investigated. Aside from genetic factors, exposure to environmental toxicants is suspected to contribute to the etiology of skeletal malformations. However, most chemicals in the environment are insufficiently characterized for their potential to cause harm to the differentiation of osteoblasts, the bone-forming cells and thereby the development of the skeleton.This lack of information primarily stems from animal testing being prohibitively expensive and time-consuming, which has prompted the development of predictive in vitro alternative methods. With the advent of mouse embryonic stem cells, which represent cells with the potential to become any of the 200 cell types in the body, among them osteoblasts, the past 15 years have borne suitable opportunities to assess chemicals in vitro. However, with an increasing understanding of the differences between mouse and human embryonic development, a need for human-specific developmental toxicity testing has risen. This chapter provides a detailed protocol on how to differentiate human embryonic stem cells into the osteogenic lineage, how to assess differentiation inhibition and how to evaluate such findings in relation to the mitochondrial activity of human embryonic stem cells and human fibroblasts, while exposed to a potential toxicant. Together, these endpoints allow for a human-specific screening of developmental toxicity specifically related to the osteogenic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph V Madrid
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Steven R Sera
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Nicole R L Sparks
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Nicole I Zur Nieden
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
- Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
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Giacomelli E, Mummery CL, Bellin M. Human heart disease: lessons from human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3711-3739. [PMID: 28573431 PMCID: PMC5597692 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2546-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Technical advances in generating and phenotyping cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC-CMs) are now driving their wider acceptance as in vitro models to understand human heart disease and discover therapeutic targets that may lead to new compounds for clinical use. Current literature clearly shows that hPSC-CMs recapitulate many molecular, cellular, and functional aspects of human heart pathophysiology and their responses to cardioactive drugs. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of hPSC-CMs models that have been described to date and highlight their most recent and remarkable contributions to research on cardiovascular diseases and disorders with cardiac traits. We conclude discussing immediate challenges, limitations, and emerging solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Giacomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente, Building Zuidhorst, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - M Bellin
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Chen YW, Huang SX, de Carvalho ALRT, Ho SH, Islam MN, Volpi S, Notarangelo LD, Ciancanelli M, Casanova JL, Bhattacharya J, Liang AF, Palermo LM, Porotto M, Moscona A, Snoeck HW. A three-dimensional model of human lung development and disease from pluripotent stem cells. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:542-549. [PMID: 28436965 PMCID: PMC5777163 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recapitulation of lung development from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in three dimensions (3D) would allow deeper insight into human development, as well as the development of innovative strategies for disease modelling, drug discovery and regenerative medicine. We report here the generation from hPSCs of lung bud organoids (LBOs) that contain mesoderm and pulmonary endoderm and develop into branching airway and early alveolar structures after xenotransplantation and in Matrigel 3D culture. Expression analysis and structural features indicated that the branching structures reached the second trimester of human gestation. Infection in vitro with respiratory syncytial virus, which causes small airway obstruction and bronchiolitis in infants, led to swelling, detachment and shedding of infected cells into the organoid lumens, similar to what has been observed in human lungs. Introduction of mutation in HPS1, which causes an early-onset form of intractable pulmonary fibrosis, led to accumulation of extracellular matrix and mesenchymal cells, suggesting the potential use of this model to recapitulate fibrotic lung disease in vitro. LBOs therefore recapitulate lung development and may provide a useful tool to model lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Chen
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sarah Xuelian Huang
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ana Luisa Rodrigues Toste de Carvalho
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Siu-Hong Ho
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Stefano Volpi
- Division of Immunology and Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- U.O. Pediatria 2, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Division of Immunology and Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Ciancanelli
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jahar Bhattacharya
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alice F. Liang
- OCS Microscopy Core, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016
| | - Laura M Palermo
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Matteo Porotto
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Anne Moscona
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hans-Willem Snoeck
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Tavian D, Missaglia S, Castagnetta M, Degiorgio D, Pennisi EM, Coleman RA, Dell'Era P, Mora C, Angelini C, Coviello DA. Generation of induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as disease modelling of NLSDM. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 121:28-34. [PMID: 28391974 PMCID: PMC5434246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neutral Lipid Storage Disease with Myopathy (NLSDM) is a rare defect of triacylglycerol metabolism, characterized by the abnormal storage of neutral lipid in organelles known as lipid droplets (LDs). The main clinical features are progressive myopathy and cardiomyopathy. The onset of NLSDM is caused by autosomal recessive mutations in the PNPLA2 gene, which encodes adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). Despite its name, this enzyme is present in a wide variety of cell types and catalyzes the first step in triacylglycerol lipolysis and the release of fatty acids. Here, we report the derivation of NLSDM-induced pluripotent stem cells (NLSDM-iPSCs) from fibroblasts of two patients carrying different PNPLA2 mutations. The first patient was homozygous for the c.541delAC, while the second was homozygous for the c.662G>C mutation in the PNPLA2 gene. We verified that the two types of NLSDM-iPSCs possessed properties of embryonic-like stem cells and could differentiate into the three germ layers in vitro. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that iPSCs had an abnormal accumulation of triglycerides in LDs, the hallmark of NLSDM. Furthermore, NLSDM-iPSCs were deficient in long chain fatty acid lipolysis, when subjected to a pulse chase experiment with oleic acid. Collectively, these results demonstrate that NLSDM-iPSCs are a promising in vitro model to investigate disease mechanisms and screen drug compounds for NLSDM, a rare disease with few therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tavian
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CRIBENS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, pz Buonarroti 30, Milan 20145, Italy; Psychology Department, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 1, Milan 20123, Italy.
| | - S Missaglia
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CRIBENS, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, pz Buonarroti 30, Milan 20145, Italy; Psychology Department, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 1, Milan 20123, Italy
| | - M Castagnetta
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Via Volta 6, Genoa 16128, Italy
| | - D Degiorgio
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Via Volta 6, Genoa 16128, Italy; Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, c/o Advanced Biotechnology Center, L.go R. Benzi, 10, Genoa 16132, Italy
| | - E M Pennisi
- UOC Neurologia, San Filippo Neri Hospital, via Martinotti 20, Rome 00135, Italy
| | - R A Coleman
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - P Dell'Era
- Cellular Fate Reprogramming Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - C Mora
- Cellular Fate Reprogramming Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia 25123, Italy
| | - C Angelini
- IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale S. Camillo, Venice, Italy
| | - D A Coviello
- Laboratory of Human Genetics, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Via Volta 6, Genoa 16128, Italy
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Wei M, Lü L, Lin P, Chen Z, Quan Z, Tang Z. Multiple cellular origins and molecular evolution of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Lett 2016; 379:253-61. [PMID: 26940139 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is an aggressive malignancy associated with unfavorable prognosis and for which no effective treatments are available. Its molecular pathogenesis is poorly understood. Genome-wide sequencing and high-throughput technologies have provided critical insights into the molecular basis of ICC while sparking a heated debate on the cellular origin. Cancer exhibits variabilities in origin, progression and cell biology. Recent evidence suggests that ICC has multiple cellular origins, including differentiated hepatocytes; intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells (IBECs)/cholangiocytes; pluripotent stem cells, such as hepatic stem/progenitor cells (HPCs) and biliary tree stem/progenitor cells (BTSCs); and peribiliary gland (PBG). However, both somatic mutagenesis and epigenomic features are highly cell type-specific. Multiple cellular origins may have profoundly different genomic landscapes and key signaling pathways, driving phenotypic variation and thereby posing significant challenges to personalized medicine in terms of achieving the optimal drug response and patient outcome. Considering this information, we have summarized the latest experimental evidence and relevant literature to provide an up-to-date view of the cellular origin of ICC, which will contribute to establishment of a hierarchical model of carcinogenesis and allow for improvement of the anatomical-based classification of ICC. These new insights have important implications for both the diagnosis and treatment of ICC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoyan Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lisheng Lü
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Peiyi Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhisheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiwei Quan
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhaohui Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
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35
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Gómez-Lechón MJ, Tolosa L, Donato MT. Metabolic activation and drug-induced liver injury: in vitro approaches for the safety risk assessment of new drugs. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:752-68. [PMID: 26691983 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a significant leading cause of hepatic dysfunction, drug failure during clinical trials and post-market withdrawal of approved drugs. Many cases of DILI are unexpected reactions of an idiosyncratic nature that occur in a small group of susceptible individuals. Intensive research efforts have been made to understand better the idiosyncratic DILI and to identify potential risk factors. Metabolic bioactivation of drugs to form reactive metabolites is considered an initiation mechanism for idiosyncratic DILI. Reactive species may interact irreversibly with cell macromolecules (covalent binding, oxidative damage), and alter their structure and activity. This review focuses on proposed in vitro screening strategies to predict and reduce idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity associated with drug bioactivation. Compound incubation with metabolically competent biological systems (liver-derived cells, subcellular fractions), in combination with methods to reveal the formation of reactive intermediates (e.g., formation of adducts with liver proteins, metabolite trapping or enzyme inhibition assays), are approaches commonly used to screen the reactivity of new molecules in early drug development. Several cell-based assays have also been proposed for the safety risk assessment of bioactivable compounds. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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MESH Headings
- Activation, Metabolic
- Animals
- Cell Culture Techniques/trends
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/epidemiology
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/metabolism
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/pathology
- Coculture Techniques/trends
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/trends
- Drugs, Investigational/adverse effects
- Drugs, Investigational/chemistry
- Drugs, Investigational/pharmacokinetics
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques/trends
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Microfluidics/methods
- Microfluidics/trends
- Microsomes, Liver/drug effects
- Microsomes, Liver/enzymology
- Microsomes, Liver/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/drug effects
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism
- Pluripotent Stem Cells/pathology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Risk Assessment
- Risk Factors
- Tissue Scaffolds/trends
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Affiliation(s)
- M José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- CIBEREHD, FIS, Spain
| | - Laia Tolosa
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - M Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- CIBEREHD, FIS, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
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36
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Sławek S, Szmyt K, Fularz M, Dziudzia J, Boruczkowski M, Sikora J, Kaczmarek M. Pluripotency transcription factors in lung cancer-a review. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:4241-9. [PMID: 26581906 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Diagnosis of lung cancer in an early stage is still a challenge due to the asymptomatic course of early stages of the disease and the lack of a standard screening program for the population. Nowadays, learning about the mechanisms that lead to cancerogenesis in the lung is crucial for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Recently, many studies have proved that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for the initiation, progression, metastasis, recurrence, and even resistance of chemo- and radiotherapeutic treatment in patients with lung cancer. The expression of pluripotency transcription factors is responsible for stemness properties. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of CSCs and pluripotency transcription factors in lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Sławek
- Department of Immunology, Chair of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Szmyt
- Department of Immunology, Chair of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Fularz
- Department of Immunology, Chair of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Dziudzia
- Department of Immunology, Chair of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Boruczkowski
- Department of Immunology, Chair of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jan Sikora
- Department of Immunology, Chair of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kaczmarek
- Department of Immunology, Chair of Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenomyosis is a proliferative uterine dysfunction with unknown aetiology. One possible mechanism of its development involves disturbances in stem cell differentiation in uterine tissue. Previously, we identified pluripotent/multipotent cells in the bovine uterus, therefore our present study focused on determining expression of pluripotency markers, NANOG, OCT4 and SOX2, in bovine adenomyotic tissues and cells. FINDINGS Immunolocalisation revealed protein expression of NANOG, OCT4 and SOX2 in both normal and adenomyotic uteri. mRNA expression for NANOG and OCT4 was increased in tissues obtained from uteri with adenomyosis compared to controls, but at the protein level there were no significant differences. mRNA expression for all three pluripotency markers was higher in myometrial cells isolated from uteri with adenomyotic lesions than in those isolated from normal uteri. The protein level of NANOG and SOX2 was decreased in stromal cells from adenomyotic tissues, whereas the level of OCT4 and SOX2 was increased in myometrial cells obtained from dysfunctional uteri. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate significant changes in expression of pluripotency markers in adenomyotic compared to normal uteri, which suggest the involvement of uterine stem cells in adenomyosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Łupicka
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Barbara Socha
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Agata Szczepańska
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Anna Korzekwa
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland.
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Abstract
B cells differentiate from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (pHSCs) in a series of distinct stages. During early embryonic development, pHSCs migrate into the fetal liver, where they develop and mature to B cells in a transient wave, which preferentially populates epithelia and lung as well as gut-associated lymphoid tissues. This is followed by continuous B cell development throughout life in the bone marrow to immature B cells that migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues, where they mature. At early stages of development, before B cell maturation, the gene loci encoding the heavy and light chains of immunoglobulin that determine the B cell receptor composition undergo stepwise rearrangements of variable region-encoding gene segments. Throughout life, these gene rearrangements continuously generate B cell repertoires capable of recognizing a plethora of self-antigens and non-self-antigens. The microenvironment in which these B cell repertoires develop provide signaling molecules that play critical roles in promoting gene rearrangements, proliferation, survival, or apoptosis, and that help to distinguish self-reactive from non-self-reactive B cells at four distinct checkpoints. This refinement of the B cell repertoire directly contributes to immunity, and defects in the process contribute to autoimmune disease.
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39
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Moruś M, Baran M, Rost-Roszkowska M, Skotnicka-Graca U. Plant stem cells as innovation in cosmetics. Acta Pol Pharm 2014; 71:701-707. [PMID: 25362798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The stem cells thanks to their ability of unlimited division number or transformation into different cell types creating organs, are responsible for regeneration processes. Depending on the organism in which the stem cells exists, they divide to the plant or animal ones. The later group includes the stem cells existing in both embryo's and adult human's organs. It includes, among others, epidermal stem cells, located in the hair follicle relieves and also in its basal layers, and responsible for permanent regeneration of the epidermis. Temporary science looks for method suitable for stimulation of the epidermis stem cells, amongst the other by delivery of e.g., growth factors for proliferation that decrease with the age. One of the methods is the use of the plant cell culture technology, including a number of methods that should ensure growth of plant cells, issues or organs in the environment with the microorganism-free medium. It uses abilities of the different plant cells to dedifferentiation into stem cells and coming back to the pluripotent status. The extracts obtained this way from the plant stem cells are currently used for production of both common or professional care cosmetics. This work describes exactly impact of the plant stem cell extract, coming from one type of the common apple tree (Uttwiler Spätlauber) to human skin as one of the first plant sorts, which are used in cosmetology and esthetic dermatology.
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40
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Song Y, Xiao L, Fu J, Huang W, Wang Q, Zhang X, Yang S. Increased expression of the pluripotency markers sex-determining region Y-box 2 and Nanog homeobox in ovarian endometriosis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014; 12:42. [PMID: 24884521 PMCID: PMC4031377 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The precise etiology of endometriosis is not fully understood; the involvement of stem cells theory is a new hypothesis. Related studies mainly focus on stemness-related genes, and pluripotency markers may play a role in the etiology of endometriosis. We aimed to analyze the transcription pluripotency factors sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2), Nanog homeobox (NANOG), and octamer-binding protein 4 (OCT4) in the endometrium of reproductive-age women with and without ovarian endometriosis. METHODS We recruited 26 women with laparoscopy-diagnosed ovarian endometriosis (endometriosis group) and 16 disease-free women (control group) to the study. Endometrial and endometriotic samples were collected. SOX2, NANOG, and OCT4 expression were analyzed with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Compared to the control group, SOX2 mRNA and protein expression was significantly higher in the eutopic endometrium of participants in the endometriosis group. In the endometriosis group, SOX2 and NANOG mRNA and protein expression were significantly increased in ectopic endometrium compared with eutopic endometrium; there was a trend towards lower OCT4 mRNA expression and higher OCT4 protein expression in ectopic endometrium. CONCLUSIONS The transcription pluripotency factors SOX2 and NANOG were overexpression in ovarian endometriosis, their role in pathogenesis of endometriosis should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Jing Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Qiushi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Xianghui Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Shiyuan Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, P. R. China
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41
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Ma R, Minsky N, Morshed SA, Davies TF. Stemness in human thyroid cancers and derived cell lines: the role of asymmetrically dividing cancer stem cells resistant to chemotherapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E400-9. [PMID: 24823711 PMCID: PMC3942234 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have the ability to self-renew through symmetric and asymmetric cell division. CSCs may arise from mutations within an embryonic stem cell/progenitor cell population or via epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and recent advances in the study of thyroid stem cells have led to a growing recognition of the likely central importance of CSCs in thyroid tumorigenesis. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to establish the presence of a stem cell population in human thyroid tumors and to identify, isolate, and characterize CSCs in thyroid cancer cell lines. RESULTS 1) Human thyroid cancers (n = 10) and thyroid cancer cell lines (n = 6) contained a stem cell population as evidenced by pluripotent stem cell gene expression. 2) Pulse-chase experiments with thyroid cancer cells identified a label-retaining cell population, a primary characteristic of CSCs, which at mitosis divided their DNA both symmetrically and asymmetrically and included a population of cells expressing the progenitor marker, stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA-1). 3) Cells positive for SSEA-1 expressed additional stem cell markers including Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog were confirmed as CSCs by their tumor-initiating properties in vivo, their resistance to chemotherapy, and their multipotent capability. 4) SSEA-1-positive cells showed enhanced vimentin expression and decreased E-cadherin expression, indicating their likely derivation via EMT. CONCLUSIONS Cellular diversity in thyroid cancer occurs through both symmetric and asymmetric cell division, and SSEA-1-positive cells are one form of CSCs that appear to have arisen via EMT and may be the source of malignant thyroid tumor formation. This would suggest that thyroid cancer CSCs were the result of thyroid cancer transformation rather than the source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risheng Ma
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York 10468
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Sanchez-Danes A, Benzoni P, Memo M, Dell'Era P, Raya A, Consiglio A. Induced pluripotent stem cell-based studies of Parkinson's disease: challenges and promises. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2013; 12:1114-1127. [PMID: 24040813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A critical step in the development of effective therapeutics to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) is the identification of molecular pathogenic mechanisms underlying this chronically progressive neurodegenerative disease. However, while animal models have provided valuable information about the molecular basis of PD, the lack of faithful cellular and animal models that recapitulate human pathophysiology is delaying the development of new therapeutics. The reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) using delivery of defined combinations of transcription factors is a groundbreaking discovery that opens great opportunities for modeling human diseases, including PD, since iPSC can be generated from patients and differentiated into disease-relevant cell types, which would capture the patients' genetic complexity. Furthermore, human iPSC-derived neuronal models offer unprecedented access to early stages of the disease, allowing the investigation of the events that initiate the pathologic process in PD. Recently, human iPSC-derived neurons from patients with familial and sporadic PD have been generated and importantly they recapitulate some PD-related cell phenotypes, including abnormal α-synuclein accumulation in vitro, and alterations in the autophagy machinery. This review highlights the current PD iPSC-based models and discusses the potential future research directions of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Antonella Consiglio
- Institute for Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Ben-Yosef D, Boscolo FS, Amir H, Malcov M, Amit A, Laurent LC. Genomic analysis of hESC pedigrees identifies de novo mutations and enables determination of the timing and origin of mutational events. Cell Rep 2013; 4:1288-302. [PMID: 24035391 PMCID: PMC3894204 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the association between mutational load and cancer, the observation
that genetic aberrations are frequently found in human pluripotent stem cells
(hPSCs) is of concern. Prior studies in human induced pluripotent stem cells
(hiPSCs) have shown that deletions and regions of loss of heterozygosity (LOH)
tend to arise during reprogramming and early culture, whereas duplications more
frequently occur during long-term culture. For the corresponding experiments in
human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), we studied two sets of hESC lines: one
including the corresponding parental DNA and the other generated from single
blastomeres from four sibling embryos. Here, we show that genetic aberrations
observed in hESCs can originate during preimplantation embryo development and/or
early derivation. These early aberrations are mainly deletions and LOH, whereas
aberrations arising during long-term culture of hESCs are more frequently
duplications. Our results highlight the importance of close monitoring of
genomic integrity and the development of improved methods for derivation and
culture of hPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalit Ben-Yosef
- Wolfe PGD Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital,
Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler Medical
School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Francesca S. Boscolo
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Reproductive
Medicine, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, The Sanford Consortium for
Regenerative Medicine, 7880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-0695,
USA
- The Scripps Research Institute Center for Regenerative Medicine,
Department of Chemical Physiology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road SP30-3021, La
Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hadar Amir
- Wolfe PGD Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital,
Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Reproductive
Medicine, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, The Sanford Consortium for
Regenerative Medicine, 7880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-0695,
USA
| | - Mira Malcov
- Wolfe PGD Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital,
Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
| | - Ami Amit
- Wolfe PGD Stem Cell Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital,
Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 64239, Israel
| | - Louise C. Laurent
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Reproductive
Medicine, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, The Sanford Consortium for
Regenerative Medicine, 7880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-0695,
USA
- The Scripps Research Institute Center for Regenerative Medicine,
Department of Chemical Physiology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road SP30-3021, La
Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2013.08.009
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Dentelli P, Barale C, Togliatto G, Trombetta A, Olgasi C, Gili M, Riganti C, Toppino M, Brizzi MF. A diabetic milieu promotes OCT4 and NANOG production in human visceral-derived adipose stem cells. Diabetologia 2013; 56:173-84. [PMID: 23064289 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2734-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Successful outcomes have been obtained by exploiting adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) in regenerative medicine. NADPH oxidase (NOX)-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to control stem cell self-renewal. Several high glucose (HG)-mediated effects depend on NOX-generated ROS. In this study, we investigated whether, and how mechanistically, HG concentrations control ASC fate in patients with diabetes. METHODS ASCs from the visceral adipose tissue of non-diabetic (N-ASCs) and diabetic participants (D-ASCs), identified by surface markers, were counted and evaluated for ROS generation and stem cell properties. Their ability to release soluble factors was assessed by BioPlex analysis. To reproduce an in vitro diabetic glucose milieu, N-ASCs were cultured in HG (25 mmol/l) or normal glucose (NG) concentration (5 mmol/l), as control. ASC pluripotency was assessed by in vitro study. The p47(phox) NOX subunit, AKT and octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4; also known as POU5F1) were knocked down by small-interfering RNA technology. Stem-cell features were evaluated by sphere cluster formation. RESULTS The ASC number was higher in diabetic patients than in non-diabetic controls. Production of OCT4 and NANOG, stem-cell-specific transcription factors, was upregulated in D-ASCs compared with N-ASCs. Moreover, we found that ROS production and AKT activation drove D-ASC, but not N-ASC, secretion. When N-ASCs were cultured in vitro in the presence of HG, they also expressed OCT4/NANOG and formed spheres. By knock-down of the p47(phox) NOX subunit, AKT and OCT4 we demonstrated that NOX-generated ROS and their downstream signals are crucial for HG-mediated ASC de-differentiation and proinflammatory cytokine production. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We herein provide a rationale for exploiting D-ASCs in regenerative medicine and/or exploiting HG preconditioning to increase ASCs ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dentelli
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Torino, Italy
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Abstract
The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, which posits that the illness is the end state of abnormal neurodevelopmental processes that started years before the illness onset, is widely accepted, and has long been dominant for childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorders. This selective review updates our 2005 review of recent studies that have impacted, or have the greatest potential to modify or extend, the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia. Longitudinal whole-population studies support a dimensional, rather than categorical, concept of psychosis. New studies suggest that placental pathology could be a key measure in future prenatal high-risk studies. Both common and rare genetic variants have proved surprisingly diagnostically nonspecific, and copy number variants (CNVs) associated with schizophrenia are often also associated with autism, epilepsy and intellectual deficiency. Large post-mortem gene expression studies and prospective developmental multi-modal brain imaging studies are providing critical data for future clinical and high-risk developmental brain studies. Whether there can be greater molecular specificity for phenotypic characterization is a subject of current intense study and debate, as is the possibility of neuronal phenotyping using human pluripotent-inducible stem cells. Biological nonspecificity, such as in timing or nature of early brain development, carries the possibility of new targets for broad preventive treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Rapoport
- Child Psychiatry Branch, NIH, NIMH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Abstract
AIMS Development of a human cell-derived reentrant arrhythmia model is needed for studying the mechanisms of disease and accurate drug response. METHODS AND RESULTS We differentiated human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into cardiomyocytes, and then re-plated them into cell sheets that proved capable of forming electrically coupled assemblies. We monitored the function of these re-plated sheets optically with the Ca(2+) sensitive dye Fluo-4, and found that they generated characteristic waves of activity whose velocity and patterns of propagation depended upon the concentration of sodium channel blockers; lidocaine and tetrodotoxin, and also the time after re-plating, as well as the applied stimulation frequency. Importantly, reentrant spiral-wave propagation could be generated in these sheets by applying high-frequency stimulation, particularly when cell-density in the sheets was relatively low. This was because cardiac troponin T-positive cells were more non-homogeneously distributed at low cell densities. Especially in such sheets, we could terminate spiral waves by administering the anti-arrhythmic drugs; nifekalant, E-4031, sotalol, and quinidine. We also found that in these sheets, nifekalant showed a clear dose-dependent increase in the size of the unexcitable 'cores' of these induced spiral waves, an important parallel with the treatment for ventricular tachycardia in the clinical situation, which was not shown properly in cardiac-cell sheets derived from dissociated rodent hearts. CONCLUSIONS We have succeeded in creating from hPSCs a valuable type of cardiomyocyte sheet that is capable of generating reentrant arrhythmias, and thus is demonstrably useful for screening and testing all sorts of drugs with anti-arrhythmic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Kadota
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, iCeMS Research Building, Yoshida Honmachi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Gropp M, Shilo V, Vainer G, Gov M, Gil Y, Khaner H, Matzrafi L, Idelson M, Kopolovic J, Zak NB, Reubinoff BE. Standardization of the teratoma assay for analysis of pluripotency of human ES cells and biosafety of their differentiated progeny. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45532. [PMID: 23049812 PMCID: PMC3458078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Teratoma tumor formation is an essential criterion in determining the pluripotency of human pluripotent stem cells. However, currently there is no consistent protocol for assessment of teratoma forming ability. Here we present detailed characterization of a teratoma assay that is based on subcutaneous co-transplantation of defined numbers of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) with mitotically inactivated feeder cells and Matrigel into immunodeficient mice. The assay was highly reproducible and 100% efficient when 100,000 hESCs were transplanted. It was sensitive, promoting teratoma formation after transplantation of 100 hESCs, though larger numbers of animals and longer follow-up were required. The assay could detect residual teratoma forming cells within differentiated hESC populations however its sensitivity was decreased in the presence of differentiated cells. Our data lay the foundation, for standardization of a teratoma assay for pluripotency analysis. The assay can also be used for bio-safety analysis of pluripotent stem cell-derived differentiated progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Gropp
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy and Department of Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Gilad Vainer
- The Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Miri Gov
- CellCure NeuroSciences Ltd., Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaniv Gil
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy and Department of Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hanita Khaner
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy and Department of Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Maria Idelson
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy and Department of Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Juri Kopolovic
- The Department of Pathology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Benjamin E. Reubinoff
- The Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy and Department of Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Pires de Carvalho P, Hamel KM, Duarte R, King AGS, Haque M, Dietrich MA, Wu X, Shah F, Burk D, Reis RL, Rood J, Zhang P, Lopez M, Gimble JM, Dasa V. Comparison of infrapatellar and subcutaneous adipose tissue stromal vascular fraction and stromal/stem cells in osteoarthritic subjects. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 8:757-62. [PMID: 22807102 DOI: 10.1002/term.1565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since inflammatory mechanisms have been postulated to link obesity to osteoarthritis, the current study evaluated the ratio of immune cells to multipotent stromal cells within the infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SQ) of the knee; each depot has potential as a source of regenerative cells. The immunophenotypes of stromal vascular fraction (SVF) and adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) of the IPFP and SQ were determined in tissues from osteoarthritic subjects (n = 7) undergoing total knee replacement. Based on a subset of surface antigens, the immunophenotype of ASCs from SQ of OA subjects was not significantly different from that of relatively healthy and leaner subjects undergoing elective liposuction surgery. Flow-cytometry comparison of SVF cell populations in the IPFP of OA subjects resembled those within the subject's own matched SQ, with the exception of the endothelial marker CD31(+) , which was significantly greater in cells from SQ. In the OA subjects, lower numbers of capillary-like structures and higher numbers of stromal and alkaline phosphatase colony-forming units in the IPFP vs SQ were consistent with this finding; however, ASCs from both depots in OA subjects exhibited comparable adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation potential. Thus, the IPFP contains an ASC and immune cell population similar to that of donor-matched SQ, making it an alternative ASC source for tissue regeneration. Further studies will be needed to determine whether IPFP immune cell infiltrates play an aetiological role in osteoarthritis equivalent to that shown in diabetes associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pires de Carvalho
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; 3Bs Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Avepark, Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3Bs PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Werbowetski-Ogilvie TE, Morrison LC, Fiebig-Comyn A, Bhatia M. In vivo generation of neural tumors from neoplastic pluripotent stem cells models early human pediatric brain tumor formation. Stem Cells 2012; 30:392-404. [PMID: 22213600 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified gene signatures in malignant tumors that are associated with human embryonic stem cells, suggesting a molecular relationship between aggressive cancers and pluripotency. Here, we characterize neural precursors (NPs) derived from transformed human embryonic stem cells (N-t-hESCs) that exhibit neoplastic features of human brain tumors. NPs derived from t-hESCs have enhanced cell proliferation and an inability to mature toward the astrocytic lineage, compared with progeny derived from normal human embryonic stem cells (N-hESCs) independent of adherent or neurosphere outgrowth. Intracranial transplantation of NPs derived from N-t-hESCs and N-hESCs into NOD SCID mice revealed development of neuroectoderm tumors exclusively from the N-t-hESCs NPs and not from normal N-hESCs. These tumors infiltrated the ventricles and the cerebellum of recipient mice and displayed morphological, phenotypic, and molecular features associated with classic medulloblastoma including retention of a pluripotent signature. Importantly, N-t-hESCs did not exhibit cytogenetic changes associated with medulloblastoma, suggesting that aberrant cellular and molecular properties precede the acquisition of karyotypic changes thus underscoring the value of this model system of human medulloblastoma. Our study demonstrates that NPs from a starting population of neoplastic human pluripotent parent cells possess brain tumor-initiating cell capacity, thereby providing a model system to investigate initiation and progression of primitive human neural cancers that are difficult to assess using somatic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamra E Werbowetski-Ogilvie
- Department of Biochemistry, Michael G. Degroote School of Medicine, McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
Somatic stem cells can be found in many rapidly regenerating tissues, e.g., the skin, gastrointestinal mucosa, and hematopoietic system, but are also present at low numbers in non-regenerative organs such as the heart and brain. In these organs, somatic stem cells aid in normal tissue homeostasis and repair after injury as well as self-renewal and the generation of specific progenitor cells during differentiation. Cancer stem-like cells are a small subpopulation of self-renewing cells that are able to proliferate upon appropriate stimulation and differentiate into heterogeneous lineages in tumors. Modulation of the behavior of normal tissue stem cells and cancer stem-like cells is an emerging and thriving new field of research. The present review gives an overview of the state-of-the-art findings and highlights perspectives for future scientific developments and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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