1
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Suthar MS. Durability of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Semin Immunol 2024; 73:101884. [PMID: 38861769 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2024.101884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Infection with SARS-CoV-2 in humans has caused a pandemic of unprecedented dimensions. SARS-CoV-2 is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets and targets ciliated epithelial cells in the nasal cavity, trachea, and lungs by utilizing the cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The innate immune response, including type I and III interferons, inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β), innate immune cells (monocytes, DCs, neutrophils, natural killer cells), antibodies (IgG, sIgA, neutralizing antibodies), and adaptive immune cells (B cells, CD8+ and CD4+ T cells) play pivotal roles in mitigating COVID-19 disease. Broad and durable B-cell- and T-cell immunity elicited by infection and vaccination is essential for protection against severe disease, hospitalization and death. However, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that evade neutralizing antibodies continue to jeopardize vaccine efficacy. In this review, we highlight our understanding the infection- and vaccine-mediated humoral, B and T cell responses, the durability of the immune responses, and how variants continue to threaten the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehul S Suthar
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory Center of Excellence of Influenza Research and Response (CEIRR), Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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2
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Zhang D, Kukkar D, Kim KH, Bhatt P. A comprehensive review on immunogen and immune-response proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and their applications in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129284. [PMID: 38211928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) prompts humoral immune responses in the human body. As the auxiliary diagnosis of a current infection, the existence of viral proteins can be checked from specific antibodies (Abs) induced by immunogenic viral proteins. For people with a weakened immune system, Ab treatment can help neutralize viral antigens to resist and treat the disease. On the other hand, highly immunogenic viral proteins can serve as effective markers for detecting prior infections. Additionally, the identification of viral particles or the presence of antibodies may help establish an immune defense against the virus. These immunogenic proteins rather than SARS-CoV-2 can be given to uninfected people as a vaccination to improve their coping ability against COVID-19 through the generation of memory plasma cells. In this work, we review immunogenic and immune-response proteins derived from SARS-CoV-2 with regard to their classification, origin, and diverse applications (e.g., prevention (vaccine development), diagnostic testing, and treatment (via neutralizing Abs)). Finally, advanced immunization strategies against COVID-19 are discussed along with the contemporary circumstances and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daohong Zhang
- College of Food Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, Shandong, China; Bio-Nanotechnology Research Institute, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, Shandong, China
| | - Deepak Kukkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India; University Center for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Poornima Bhatt
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India; University Center for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
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3
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Hormazábal J, Nuñez-Franz L, Rubilar P, Apablaza M, Vial C, Cortés LJ, González N, Vial P, Said M, González C, Olivares K, Aguilera X, Ramírez-Santana M. Factors influencing neutralizing antibody response to the original SARS-CoV-2 virus and the Omicron variant in a high vaccination coverage country, a population-based study. Vaccine X 2023; 15:100372. [PMID: 37693843 PMCID: PMC10492202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The study compared immunity to the original SARS-CoV-2 virus (Wuhan) and the Omicron variant using neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), that provide a good approximation of protective immunity. The results might help determine immunization strategies. DESIGN AND METHODS Unlike previous studies, we analyzed NAbs in a random sample of 110 IgG positive sera from individuals who participated in a population-based seroprevalence transversal study, carried out in May 2022 in two Chilean cities, a country with high vaccination coverage. RESULTS Our findings indicate that 98.2% of individuals had NAbs against Wuhan, 65.5% against Omicron, and 32.7% tested positive for Wuhan but not Omicron. Factors influencing protective immunity included a prior natural infection and the number of vaccines received. NAbs titers against the original virus were high, demonstrating vaccine effectiveness in the population. However, the level of antibodies decreased when measuring NAbs against Omicron, particularly among older individuals, indicating a decline in vaccine protection. Previous COVID-19 episodes acted as a natural booster, increasing NAbs titers against both virus strains. CONCLUSIONS Protective immunity against the original Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 virus is reduced when compared to Omicron variant. Updating vaccine to target emerging variants and continued monitoring of effectiveness at the population level are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hormazábal
- Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Loreto Nuñez-Franz
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Paola Rubilar
- Centro de Epidemiología y Políticas de Salud, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Cecilia Vial
- Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lina Jimena Cortés
- Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia González
- Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Vial
- Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Said
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Claudia González
- Centro de Epidemiología y Políticas de Salud, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kathya Olivares
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Ximena Aguilera
- Centro de Epidemiología y Políticas de Salud, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Muriel Ramírez-Santana
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
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4
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Nicolai E, Tomassetti F, Pelagalli M, Sarubbi S, Minieri M, Nisini A, Nuccetelli M, Ciotti M, Pieri M, Bernardini S. The Antibodies' Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: 1-Year Follow Up. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2661. [PMID: 37893035 PMCID: PMC10604657 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of vaccines has allowed the containment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at a global level. The present work aims to add data on vaccination by evaluating the level of neutralizing antibodies in individuals who have received a three-vaccination series. For this purpose, we ran a surveillance program directed at measuring the level of IgG Abs against the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) and surrogate virus neutralizing Ab (sVNT) anti-SARS-CoV-2 in the serum of individuals undergoing vaccination. This study was performed on employees from the University of Rome Tor Vergata and healthcare workers from the University Hospital who received the Vaxzevria vaccine (n = 56) and Comirnaty vaccine (n = 113), respectively. After the second dose, an increase in both RBD and sVNT Ab values was registered. In individuals who received the Comirnaty vaccine, the antibody titer was about one order of magnitude higher after 6 months from the first dose. All participants in this study received the Comirnaty vaccine as the third dose, which boosted the antibody response. Five months after the third dose, nearly one year from the first injection, the antibody level was >1000 BAU/mL (binding antibody units/mL). According to the values reported in the literature conferring protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection, our data indicate that individuals undergoing three vaccine doses present a low risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Nicolai
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (E.N.); (F.T.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (M.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Flaminia Tomassetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (E.N.); (F.T.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (M.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Martina Pelagalli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (E.N.); (F.T.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (M.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Serena Sarubbi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (E.N.); (F.T.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (M.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Marilena Minieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (E.N.); (F.T.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (M.M.); (S.B.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alberto Nisini
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marzia Nuccetelli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Ciotti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Virology Unit, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Massimo Pieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (E.N.); (F.T.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (M.M.); (S.B.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (E.N.); (F.T.); (M.P.); (S.S.); (M.M.); (S.B.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Viale Oxford 81, 00133 Rome, Italy;
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5
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Kayalı GA, Durmaz S, Şahin İN, Akkul B, Durusoy R, Akarca FK, Ulukaya S, Çiçek C. COVID-19 Infection, Vaccination, and Antibody Levels: Investigating Correlations through a Cohort Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1258. [PMID: 37515073 PMCID: PMC10385857 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study was to explore the potential correlation between COVID-19 infection or vaccination and levels of anti-nucleocapsid (anti-N) and anti-spike (anti-S) antibodies. METHODS Among 6050 healthcare workers at the Ege University Hospital, a cohort study with 162 participants divided into three arms with 54 participants each was conducted. The three groups were selected as follows: those diagnosed with COVID-19 and not vaccinated (group 1), those diagnosed with COVID-19 and subsequently vaccinated with CoronaVac (group 2), and those not diagnosed with COVID-19 but vaccinated with two doses of CoronaVac (group 3). Antibody levels measured at the sixth month of follow-up were defined as the primary outcome. RESULTS At the sixth month, all serum samples tested positive for anti-S. Anti-S levels were found to be significantly higher in group 2 than in the other groups (p < 0.001). There were no differences in antibody levels between groups 1 and 3 (p = 0.080). Average antibody levels were found to be lower in office workers and males. Anti-N antibodies were found to be positive in 85.1% of subjects at the sixth month. In group 2, anti-N antibodies were detected in all samples at the sixth month. Anti-N antibody levels were not significantly different between groups 1 and 2 (p = 0.165). Groups 1 and 2 had significantly higher antibody levels than group 3 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Vaccination or infection provide protection for at least 6 months. Those who have previously been diagnosed with COVID-19 do not need to be vaccinated in the early period before their antibody levels decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Akkuş Kayalı
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Seyfi Durmaz
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - İrem Nur Şahin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Betül Akkul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Raika Durusoy
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Funda Karbek Akarca
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Ulukaya
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Candan Çiçek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35100, Turkey
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6
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Ahmad M, Muttahir Uddin M, Ahad Wani A, Majeed I, Aziz R, Naqash M. Trend of SARS-Cov-2-Specific IgG Antibody Titers Among COVID-19 Pneumonia Patients: A Nine-Month Follow-Up. Cureus 2023; 15:e40860. [PMID: 37489184 PMCID: PMC10363370 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Understanding the dynamics of anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunoglobulin G (IgG) spike antibody titers after natural infection is important for understanding immunological memory. This longitudinal study was conducted to assess the trend in serum SARS-CoV-2 IgG spike antibody titers in a cohort of recovered cases up to nine months after SARS infection. Materials and methods We examined the neutralizing antibody response (IgG spike) in serum samples from a cohort of 86 SARS-CoV-2 quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-confirmed infection, comprising cases having minor COVID-19 pneumonia and severity, which was determined by CT severity scores. Patients were enrolled in August/September 2020 and serum samples have been processed at one, three, six, and nine months. CT severity scores were rated between 1-25 and antibody titers≥ 1.4 were considered positive. Results The mean anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibody titers at one month, three months, six months, and nine months were 22.02 ± 18.36, 14.62 ± 12.61, 8.93 ± 8.10, and 3.86 ± 5.70, respectively. The difference was statistically significant. The seropositivity rates (titer ≥1.4 IU) were 93.02%, 82.56%, 76.74%, and 58.14% at one, three, six, and nine months after infection, respectively. Cases with severe CT severity scores showed significantly higher mean antibody levels at all follow-up visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzoor Ahmad
- Department of General Medicine, SKIMS (Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences) Medical College, Srinagar, IND
| | | | - Abdul Ahad Wani
- Department of General Medicine, SKIMS (Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences) Medical College, Srinagar, IND
| | - Ishrat Majeed
- Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College (GMC), Srinagar, IND
| | - Ruquaya Aziz
- Department of Biochemistry, SKIMS (Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences) Medical College, Srinagar, IND
| | - Mubarak Naqash
- Department of General Medicine and Biochemistry, SKIMS (Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences) Medical College, Srinagar, IND
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7
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Perez-Saez J, Zaballa ME, Lamour J, Yerly S, Dubos R, Courvoisier DS, Villers J, Balavoine JF, Pittet D, Kherad O, Vuilleumier N, Kaiser L, Guessous I, Stringhini S, Azman AS. Long term anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody kinetics and correlate of protection against Omicron BA.1/BA.2 infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3032. [PMID: 37230973 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38744-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Binding antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 have shown to be correlates of protection against infection with pre-Omicron lineages. This has been challenged by the emergence of immune-evasive variants, notably the Omicron sublineages, in an evolving immune landscape with high levels of cumulative incidence and vaccination coverage. This in turn limits the use of widely available commercial high-throughput methods to quantify binding antibodies as a tool to monitor protection at the population-level. Here we show that anti-Spike RBD antibody levels, as quantified by the immunoassay used in this study, are an indirect correlate of protection against Omicron BA.1/BA.2 for individuals previously infected by SARS-CoV-2. Leveraging repeated serological measurements between April 2020 and December 2021 on 1083 participants of a population-based cohort in Geneva, Switzerland, and using antibody kinetic modeling, we found up to a three-fold reduction in the hazard of having a documented positive SARS-CoV-2 infection during the Omicron BA.1/BA.2 wave for anti-S antibody levels above 800 IU/mL (HR 0.30, 95% CI 0.22-0.41). However, we did not detect a reduction in hazard among uninfected participants. These results provide reassuring insights into the continued interpretation of SARS-CoV-2 binding antibody measurements as an independent marker of protection at both the individual and population levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Perez-Saez
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - María-Eugenia Zaballa
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Lamour
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Yerly
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Richard Dubos
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Delphine S Courvoisier
- General Directorate of Health, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Quality of Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Villers
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Didier Pittet
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Infection Control Program and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Omar Kherad
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hôpital de la Tour, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Vuilleumier
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Idris Guessous
- Department of Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division and Department of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Stringhini
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- University Centre for General Medicine and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrew S Azman
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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8
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Baker FL, Zúñiga TM, Smith KA, Batatinha H, Kulangara TS, Seckeler MD, Burgess SC, Katsanis E, Simpson RJ. Exercise mobilizes diverse antigen specific T-cells and elevates neutralizing antibodies in humans with natural immunity to SARS CoV-2. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 28:100600. [PMID: 36743994 PMCID: PMC9886396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data suggest that physical activity protects against severe COVID-19 and improves clinical outcomes, but how exercise augments the SARS-CoV-2 viral immune response has yet to be elucidated. Here we determine the antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell and humoral immunity to exercise in non-vaccinated individuals with natural immunity to SARS CoV-2, using whole-blood SARS-CoV-2 peptide stimulation assays, IFN-γ ELISPOT assays, 8-color flow cytometry, deep T-cell receptor (TCR) β sequencing, and anti-RBD-1 neutralizing antibody serology. We found that acute exercise reliably mobilized (∼2.5-fold increase) highly functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cells to the blood compartment in those with natural immunity to the virus. The mobilized cells reacted with spike protein (including alpha (α) and delta (δ)-variants), membrane, and nucleocapsid peptides in those previously infected but not in controls. Both groups reliably mobilized T-cells reacting with Epstein-Barr viral peptides. Exercise mobilized SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells maintained broad TCR-β diversity with no impact on CDR3 length or V and J family gene usage. Exercise predominantly mobilized MHC I restricted (i.e. CD8+) SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cells that recognized ORF1ab, surface, ORF7b, nucleocapsid, and membrane proteins. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies were transiently elevated ∼1.5-fold during exercise after infection. In conclusion, we provide novel data on a potential mechanism by which exercise could increase SARS-CoV-2 immunosurveillance via the mobilization and redistribution of antigen-specific CD8 T-cells and neutralizing antibodies. Further research is needed to define the tissue specific disease protective effects of exercise as SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve, as well as the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest L. Baker
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Corresponding author. School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, 1177 E. Fourth Street Shantz Building Room 308, Tucson, AZ, 85721, United States
| | - Tiffany M. Zúñiga
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kyle A. Smith
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Helena Batatinha
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Terese S. Kulangara
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Michael D. Seckeler
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Shane C. Burgess
- Department of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Emmanuel Katsanis
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Pathology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Richard J. Simpson
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States,The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, United States
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9
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Fernandes-Matano L, Salas-Lais AG, Grajales-Muñiz C, Hernández-Ávila M, Garfias-Becerra YO, Rodríguez-Sepúlveda MC, Segura-Sánchez C, Montes-Herrera D, Mendoza-Sánchez D, Angeles-Martínez J, Santos Coy-Arechavaleta A, Alvarado-Yaah JE, Santacruz-Tinoco CE, Ramón-Gallegos E, Muñoz-Medina JE. Longevity and Neutralizing Capacity of IgG Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Generated by the Application of BNT162b2, AZD1222, Convidecia, Sputnik V, and CoronaVac Vaccines: a Cohort Study in the Mexican Population. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0237622. [PMID: 36602375 PMCID: PMC9927513 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02376-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The WHO has approved the use of several vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic; experience over the last 2 years has indicated that dose demand can only be covered using more than one design. Therefore, having scientific evidence of the performance of the different vaccines applied in a country is highly relevant. In Mexico, 5 vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were used, allowing a cohort study to analyze the generation of anti-S1/S2 IgG antibodies and anti-RBD antibodies with neutralizing activity at 0, 21, 90, and 180 days after vaccination. Five groups of participants were formed on the basis of the type of vaccine received and were divided on the basis of whether they previously had or did not have COVID-19. After completing the vaccination schedule, the seroprevalence was 95.5, 97.5, 81.0, 95.2, and 90.0% (BNT162b2, AZD1222, Convidecia, Sputnik V, and CoronaVac, respectively). Among the participants without COVID-19 prior to vaccination, the largest amount of antibodies in the 90-day period was observed in the BNT162b2 group, and the amount of antibodies in the Sputnik V group decreased the least over time. Even though the percentages of seroconversion obtained in this study were lower than those currently reported in other parts of the world, the tested vaccines are able, in most cases, to induce a good production of IgG antibodies anti-S1/S2 and neutralizing capacity. The fact that there are people who have not produced antibodies during the study leaves open some questions that must be investigated to avoid the appearance of serious cases of COVID-19. IMPORTANCE Since the start of the vaccination programs against COVID-19 in 2020, it was evident that due to global shortages, the demand for the dose required in Mexico could only be covered by acquiring different vaccines. Therefore, determining the effectiveness of these and the longevity of acquired immunity is extremely important in a scenario where SARS-CoV-2 circulation becomes endemic and booster doses are required periodically. Our data reveal significant differences both in the generation of antibodies as well as in their longevity for the vaccines applied in the country but suggest that, in general, the Mexican population can reach a high capacity to neutralize the virus, therefore, regarding less the variant for which they were designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Fernandes-Matano
- Coordinación de Calidad de Insumos y Laboratorios Especializados, Instuto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Programa de Doctorado en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Mauricio Hernández-Ávila
- Dirección de Prestaciones Economicas y Sociales, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yonathan Omar Garfias-Becerra
- Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology, Conde De Valenciana Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (National Autonomous University of Mexico), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos Segura-Sánchez
- Dirección de Prestaciones Economicas y Sociales, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Montes-Herrera
- Laboratorio Central de Epidemiología, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Denisse Mendoza-Sánchez
- Laboratorio Central de Epidemiología, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Angeles-Martínez
- Laboratorio Central de Epidemiología, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Eva Ramón-Gallegos
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Programa de Doctorado en Biomedicina y Biotecnología Molecular, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Esteban Muñoz-Medina
- Coordinación de Calidad de Insumos y Laboratorios Especializados, Instuto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
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10
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Tanaka S, Umezawa J, Yamaji T, Abe SK, Hamada A, Kobayashi O, Ushijima T, Inoue M. SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response to Symptoms Indicative of COVID-19 in a Non-Infected Population in Japan: a Cross-Sectional Study. Jpn J Infect Dis 2023; 76:46-54. [PMID: 36184396 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2022.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating differences in antibody titers indicative of the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) between those who had experienced symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and those who had not. We used data from a cross-sectional survey conducted at the National Cancer Center, Japan, of 434 individuals with no previous COVID-19 infection. The participants self-reported symptoms from the start of 2020. A generalized linear model was used to compare the mean SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG nucleocapsid protein (N-IgG) titer with estimated confidence intervals according to the onset of symptoms indicative of COVID-19. We observed a tendency toward an association between higher mean N-IgG titers and occurrence of high fever within the past 8 months (P = 0.053). The mean N-IgG titer was higher in those with prior symptoms (P = 0.03) and those with over three symptoms (P < 0.01) than in those without symptoms. The mean N-IgG titer was higher in those with symptoms and those with more symptoms that might indicate COVID-19 relative to those without symptoms, suggesting that transient but contained SARS-CoV-2 infection had occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Tanaka
- Division of Prevention, National Cancer Center, Japan
| | - Jun Umezawa
- Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center, Japan
| | - Taiki Yamaji
- Division of Epidemiology, Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer Center, Japan
| | - Sarah K Abe
- Division of Prevention, National Cancer Center, Japan
| | - Akinobu Hamada
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Center, Japan
| | - Osamu Kobayashi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Cancer Center, Japan
| | | | - Manami Inoue
- Division of Prevention, National Cancer Center, Japan
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11
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Abebe EC, Dejenie TA. Protective roles and protective mechanisms of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 infection and their potential clinical implications. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1055457. [PMID: 36742320 PMCID: PMC9892939 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1055457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are central players in the humoral immunity that defends the body from SARS-CoV-2 infection by blocking viral entry into host cells and neutralizing their biological effects. Even though NAbs primarily work by neutralizing viral antigens, on some occasions, they may also combat the SARS-CoV-2 virus escaping neutralization by employing several effector mechanisms in collaboration with immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes. Besides their prophylactic and therapeutic roles, antibodies can be used for COVID-19 diagnosis, severity evaluation, and prognosis assessment in clinical practice. Furthermore, the measurement of NAbs could have key implications in determining individual or herd immunity against SARS-CoV-2, vaccine effectiveness, and duration of the humoral protective response, as well as aiding in the selection of suitable individuals who can donate convalescent plasma to treat infected people. Despite all these clinical applications of NAbs, using them in clinical settings can present some challenges. This review discusses the protective functions, possible protective mechanisms against SARS-CoV-2, and potential clinical applications of NAbs in COVID-19. This article also highlights the possible challenges and solutions associated with COVID-19 antibody-based prophylaxis, therapy, and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endeshaw Chekol Abebe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Asmamaw Dejenie
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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12
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Halfon P, Jordana S, Blachier S, Cartlamy P, Kbaier L, Psomas CK, Philibert P, Antoniotti G, Allemand-Sourrieu J, Rebaudet S, Cavaille G, Stavris C, Retornaz F, Chiche L, Penaranda G. Anti-spike protein to determine SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels: Is there a specific threshold conferring protection in immunocompromised patients? PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281257. [PMID: 37115758 PMCID: PMC10146437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying a specific threshold level of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies that confers protection in immunocompromised patients has been very challenging. The aim was to assess the threshold of 264 binding antibody units (BAU)/ml using four different SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays (Abbott, Beckman, Roche, and Siemens) and to establish a new optimal threshold of protection for each of the four antibody assays. METHODS This study was performed on data retrieved from 69 individuals, who received at least one dose of the Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 or Moderna COVID-19 vaccine (Spikevax) at the Alphabio Laboratory in Marseille, France (European Hospital, Alphabio-Biogroup). The results were compared to the percent inhibition calculated using a functional surrogate of a standardized virus neutralization test (Genscript). RESULTS Samples from 69 patients were analyzed. For a reference cutoff of 264 BAU/ml, assays showed moderate to good overall concordance with Genscript: 87% concordance for Abbott, 78% for Beckman, 75% for Roche, and 88% for Siemens. Overall concordance increased consistently after applying new thresholds, i.e., 148 BAU/ml (Abbott), 48 (Beckman), 559 (Roche), and 270 (Siemens). CONCLUSION We suggest specific adjusted thresholds (BAU/ml) for the four commercial antibody assays that are used to assess pre-exposure prophylaxis in immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Halfon
- Laboratoire Alphabio-Biogroup, Marseille, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Hôpital Européen, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Christina K Psomas
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Hôpital Européen, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Philibert
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Hôpital Européen, Marseille, France
| | | | - Julie Allemand-Sourrieu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Hôpital Européen, Marseille, France
| | - Stanislas Rebaudet
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Hôpital Européen, Marseille, France
| | - Guilhem Cavaille
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Hôpital Européen, Marseille, France
| | - Chloé Stavris
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Hôpital Européen, Marseille, France
| | - Frédérique Retornaz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Hôpital Européen, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Chiche
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine, Hôpital Européen, Marseille, France
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13
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Michielin G, Arefi F, Puhach O, Bellon M, Sattonnet-Roche P, L'Huillier AG, Eckerle I, Meyer B, Maerkl SJ. Clinical sensitivity and specificity of a high-throughput microfluidic nano-immunoassay combined with capillary blood microsampling for the identification of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgG serostatus. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283149. [PMID: 36952463 PMCID: PMC10035827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluate the diagnostic performance of dried blood microsampling combined with a high-throughput microfluidic nano-immunoassay (NIA) for the identification of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgG seropositivity. METHODS We conducted a serological study among 192 individuals with documented prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and 44 SARS-CoV-2 negative individuals. Participants with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection had a long interval of 11 months since their qRT-PCR positive test. Serum was obtained after venipuncture and tested with an automated electrochemiluminescence anti-SARS-CoV-2 S total Ig reference assay, a commercial ELISA anti-S1 IgG assay, and the index test NIA. In addition, 109 participants from the positive cohort and 44 participants from the negative cohort participated in capillary blood collection using three microsampling devices: Mitra, repurposed glucose test strips, and HemaXis. Samples were dried, shipped by regular mail, extracted, and measured with NIA. RESULTS Using serum samples, we achieve a clinical sensitivity of 98·33% and specificity of 97·62% on NIA, affirming the high performance of NIA in participants 11 months post infection. Combining microsampling with NIA, we obtain a clinical sensitivity of 95·05% using Mitra, 61·11% using glucose test strips, 83·16% using HemaXis, and 91·49% for HemaXis after automated extraction, without any drop in specificity. DISCUSSION High sensitivity and specificity was demonstrated when testing micro-volume capillary dried blood samples using NIA, which is expected to facilitate its use in large-scale studies using home-based sampling or samples collected in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire Michielin
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fatemeh Arefi
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olha Puhach
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Bellon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pascale Sattonnet-Roche
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud G L'Huillier
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Woman, Child and Adolescent Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabella Eckerle
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals & Faculty of Medicine, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Meyer
- Centre for Vaccinology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian J Maerkl
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Sansone E, Bonfanti C, Sala E, Renzetti S, Terlenghi L, Matteelli A, Tiraboschi MM, Pedrazzi T, Lombardo M, Rossi C, Indelicato AM, Caruso A, De Palma G. Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccine in a Big Italian COVID-19 Hospital: An 18-Month Follow-Up. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010008. [PMID: 36679853 PMCID: PMC9864433 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This is a longitudinal prospective study which was designed to assess the trend of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies targeting the Spike (anti-S) and Nucleocapside protein (anti-N) viral antigens over a 9-month period after the administration of an anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in a big COVID-19 hospital located in Northern Italy. PARTICIPANTS 7411 vaccinated workers were included in a linear mixed-effect model analysis performed to model the anti-S decay over the 9 months following the vaccination, during serological screening performed approximately 2, 4, and 9 months following the first jab administration. Serological tests performed in the 9 months preceding vaccine administration were retrospectively analysed to identify the burden of infections occurring before vaccination. RESULTS The serological assays were used for monitoring the antibody titres during the observational period. Vaccination significantly reduced the rate of infection and elicited a specific humoral response, which lasted during the whole observational period (9 months). A decay was observed in all considered subgroups. At 35 weeks, workers with no history of pre-vaccine infection showed a significantly lower anti-S titre (-2522 U/mL on average (-2589.7 to -2445.7)); younger workers showed significantly higher anti-S titres (140.2 U/mL on average (82.4 to 201.3)). Only seven immunocompromised workers did not show significant levels of anti-S antibodies; three of them, all females, showed a specific T-cell response. CONCLUSIONS Comparing the 9-month periods before and after the first vaccine dose, a significant reduction in infection rate was observed (1708 cases vs. 156). Pre-vaccine infection, especially if contracted during the first pandemic wave, greatly enhanced the response to vaccination, which was significantly affected also by age both in extent and duration (inversely related). A gender effect on the T-cell immune response was observed in a small group of workers who did not produce antibodies after vaccine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Sansone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Unit of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Carlo Bonfanti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Microbiology, University of Brescia—ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Emma Sala
- Unit of Occupational Health, Hygiene, Toxicology and Prevention, University Hospital ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Renzetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Unit of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigina Terlenghi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Microbiology, University of Brescia—ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Matteelli
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Mara Maria Tiraboschi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Unit of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Unit of Occupational Health, Hygiene, Toxicology and Prevention, University Hospital ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Tatiana Pedrazzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Unit of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Lombardo
- Chief Executive Office, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Camillo Rossi
- Chief Executive Office, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Microbiology, University of Brescia—ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Palma
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Unit of Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Unit of Occupational Health, Hygiene, Toxicology and Prevention, University Hospital ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence:
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15
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Venturini E, Giometto S, Tamborino A, Becciolini L, Bosis S, Corsello G, Del Barba P, Garazzino S, Lo Vecchio A, Pugi A, Signa S, Stera G, Trapani S, Castelli Gattinara G, Lucenteforte E, Galli L. Sensitivity of three commercial tests for SARS-CoV-2 serology in children: an Italian multicentre prospective study. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48:192. [PMID: 36461032 PMCID: PMC9716520 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01381-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND US Food and Drug Administration has issued Emergency Use Authorizations for hundreds of serological assays to support Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) diagnosis. The aim of this study is to evaluate, for the first time in children, the performance of three widely utilized SARS-CoV-2 serology commercial assays, Diesse Diagnostics (IgG, IgA, IgM) and Roche Diagnostics, both Roche Nucleocapsid (N) IgG and Roche Spike (S) IgG assays. METHODS Sensitivity and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for each of the three different serological tests and mixed and direct comparison were performed. Univariate and multivariate Poisson regression models were fitted to calculate incidence rate ratios and 95% CIs as estimate of the effects of age, gender, time on the serology title. A p-value < 0.05 indicated statistical significance. RESULTS Overall, 149 children were enrolled in the study. A low sensitivity was found for Diesse IgA, IgM and IgG. Compare to Diesse, Roche S had a higher sensitivity at 15-28 days from infection (0.94, 95%CI: 0.73-1.0) and Roche N at 28-84 days (0.78, 95%CI: 0.58-0.91). When a direct comparison of IgG tests sensitivity was feasible for patients with pairwise information, Roche S and Roche N showed a statistically significant higher sensitivity compared to Diesse in all the study periods, whereas there was no difference between the two Roche tests. CONCLUSION Roche S and Roche N serology tests seem to better perform in children. Large prospective studies are needed to better define the characteristics of those tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Venturini
- grid.413181.e0000 0004 1757 8562Infectious Disease Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Sabrina Giometto
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Unit of Medical Statistics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Agnese Tamborino
- grid.413181.e0000 0004 1757 8562Infectious Disease Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Becciolini
- grid.413181.e0000 0004 1757 8562Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology Laboratory, Meyer Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Samantha Bosis
- grid.414818.00000 0004 1757 8749Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corsello
- grid.10776.370000 0004 1762 5517Unit of Pediatrics and Neonatal Intensive Therapy, Department of Promotion of Maternal and Infantile and Internal Medicine Health, and Specialist Excellence “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Del Barba
- grid.18887.3e0000000417581884Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Garazzino
- grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Lo Vecchio
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XSection of Paediatrics, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pugi
- grid.413181.e0000 0004 1757 8562Clinical Trial Office, Meyer Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Signa
- grid.419504.d0000 0004 1760 0109Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Stera
- grid.6292.f0000 0004 1757 1758Postgraduate School of Pediatrics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sandra Trapani
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Guido Castelli Gattinara
- grid.414603.4Vaccination Unit, University Hospital Paediatric Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ersilia Lucenteforte
- grid.5395.a0000 0004 1757 3729Unit of Medical Statistics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luisa Galli
- grid.413181.e0000 0004 1757 8562Infectious Disease Unit, Meyer Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy ,grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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16
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Pérez-Bernal M, Hernández C, Ibargollín R, Martínez M, Soria M, Delgado M, Valdivia O, Dorta D, Domínguez A, Pérez E, Cabrera Y. SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD-specific IgA and IgG antibodies in breast milk after vaccination with the protein subunit vaccine Abdala. INFECTIOUS MEDICINE 2022; 1:253-261. [PMID: 38013910 PMCID: PMC9671870 DOI: 10.1016/j.imj.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background COVID-19 vaccines that trigger a strong secretory antibody response in breast milk may achieve effective passive protection of vulnerable newborns and breastfed infants of immunized mothers. The aim of this work was to investigate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD-specific IgA and IgG antibodies in breast milk, 5 and 9 weeks after vaccination with 3 doses of the protein subunit vaccine Abdala, compared to those found in breast milk from COVID-19-recovered women, collected at least 40 days after the infection. Methods SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD-specific IgA and IgG antibodies were semi-quantified by indirect ELISA, using a homemade standard generated by pooling twenty breast milk samples with high absorbance values according to preliminary data. The validity of the standard curves was proved following the European Medicines Agency Guideline. Two breast milk samples from 2 unvaccinated women who had not been infected with COVID-19 were included as negative controls. Potentially neutralizing antibodies was assessed by a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus neutralization test. Results High levels of anti-RBD IgA antibodies were detected in breast milk samples 9 weeks after vaccination and anti-RBD IgG antibodies rise from the fifth to the ninth week. In the post-COVID-19 time that was evaluated, the IgG-type response was notably higher compared to both post-vaccination periods. Neutralizing antibody titers were similar in breast milk from vaccinated and COVID-19 recovered women. Conclusions This is the first report about the immune response in breast milk after the administration of a COVID-19 protein subunit vaccine, which could provide analogous protection to that conferred by SARS-CoV-2 infection. This implies a potential passive immunity that breastfed infants receive from their mothers vaccinated with Abdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maylin Pérez-Bernal
- Research & Development Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Circunvalante Norte, Olivos III, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba
| | - Carlos Hernández
- Research & Development Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Circunvalante Norte, Olivos III, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba
| | - Rafael Ibargollín
- Research & Development Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Circunvalante Norte, Olivos III, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba
| | - Midalis Martínez
- Neonatology Service, General Hospital "Camilo Cienfuegos", 128 Bartolome Maso, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba
| | - Migdiala Soria
- Neonatology Service, General Hospital "Camilo Cienfuegos", 128 Bartolome Maso, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba
| | - Magali Delgado
- Research & Development Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Circunvalante Norte, Olivos III, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba
| | - Onel Valdivia
- Research & Development Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Circunvalante Norte, Olivos III, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba
| | - Dayamí Dorta
- Production Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Circunvalante Norte, Olivos III, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba
| | - Andy Domínguez
- Production Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Circunvalante Norte, Olivos III, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba
| | - Enrique Pérez
- Research & Development Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Circunvalante Norte, Olivos III, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba
| | - Yeosvany Cabrera
- Research & Development Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Circunvalante Norte, Olivos III, Sancti Spiritus, Cuba
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17
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Grassi T, Lobreglio G, Panico A, Rosato C, Zizza A, Lazzari R, Chicone M, Indino F, Bagordo F. Kinetics of Humoral Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in Healthcare Workers after the Third Dose of BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10111948. [PMID: 36423043 PMCID: PMC9696835 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection provided by COVID-19 vaccines is compromised due to waning immunity over time. This study aimed to assess the level of antibodies anti-S-RBD of SARS-CoV-2 in a cohort of healthcare workers before and, on average, one and four months after the third dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine. The determination of antibodies was carried out in serum samples using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA). All 34 participants (10 males, 24 females, 19 participants <50 years old, 15 participants ≥50 years old) showed a significant antibody level increase after the booster dose. Subsequently, a significant decrease in the antibody concentration was observed, with a reduction of about 60% after 150 days from the booster. Six subjects were infected by SARS-CoV-2 after the booster and showed a significantly higher antibody concentration on average four months after the third dose compared to naïve ones. Male and female participants had a similar trend in the antibody decline, while older subjects, compared to the younger ones, had a slightly slower decrease, even if they developed a lower level of antibodies after the third dose. These findings support the importance of the booster dose and underline the need for surveillance programs to better understand the antibody kinetics and optimize vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Grassi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giambattista Lobreglio
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology Unit, Vito Fazzi General Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessandra Panico
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (A.Z.)
| | - Chiara Rosato
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology Unit, Vito Fazzi General Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonella Zizza
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (A.Z.)
| | - Roberta Lazzari
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology Unit, Vito Fazzi General Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Michele Chicone
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology Unit, Vito Fazzi General Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Floriano Indino
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology Unit, Vito Fazzi General Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesco Bagordo
- Department of Pharmacy—Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy
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18
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L'Huillier AG, Pagano S, Baggio S, Meyer B, Andrey DO, Nehme M, Guessous I, Eberhardt CS, Huttner A, Posfay-Barbe KM, Yerly S, Siegrist CA, Kaiser L, Vuilleumier N. Autoantibodies against apolipoprotein A-1 after COVID-19 predict symptoms persistence. Eur J Clin Invest 2022; 52:e13818. [PMID: 35598178 PMCID: PMC9348059 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers different auto-antibodies, including anti-apolipoprotein A-1 IgGs (AAA1), which could be of concern as mediators of persistent symptoms. We determined the kinetics of AAA1 response over after COVID-19 and the impact of AAA1 on the inflammatory response and symptoms persistence. METHODS All serologies were assessed at one, three, six and twelve months in 193 hospital employees with COVID-19. ROC curve analyses and logistic regression models (LRM) were used to determine the prognostic accuracy of AAA1 and their association with patient-reported COVID-19 symptoms persistence at 12 months. Interferon (IFN)-α and-γ production by AAA1-stimulated human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) was assessed in vitro. RESULTS AAA1 seropositivity was 93% at one month and declined to 15% at 12 months after COVID-19. Persistent symptoms at 12 months were observed in 45.1% of participants, with a predominance of neurological (28.5%), followed by general (15%) and respiratory symptoms (9.3%). Over time, strength of correlations between AAA1 and anti-SARS-COV2 serologies decreased, but remained significant. From the 3rd month on, AAA1 levels predicted persistent respiratory symptoms (area under the curves 0.72-0.74; p < 0.001), independently of disease severity, age and gender (adjusted odds ratios 4.81-4.94; p = 0.02), while anti-SARS-CoV-2 serologies did not. AAA1 increased IFN-α production by HMDMs (p = 0.03), without affecting the IFN-γ response. CONCLUSION COVID-19 induces a marked though transient AAA1 response, independently predicting one-year persistence of respiratory symptoms. By increasing IFN-α response, AAA1 may contribute to persistent symptoms. If and how AAA1 levels assessment could be of use for COVID-19 risk stratification remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud G L'Huillier
- Department of Woman, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Child and Adolescent Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and of Medical Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Pagano
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and of Medical Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Baggio
- Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Meyer
- Centre for Vaccinology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Diego O Andrey
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and of Medical Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mayssam Nehme
- Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Idris Guessous
- Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christiane S Eberhardt
- Centre for Vaccinology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Angela Huttner
- Centre for Vaccinology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Klara M Posfay-Barbe
- Department of Woman, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Child and Adolescent Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Yerly
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and of Medical Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- Centre for Vaccinology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and of Medical Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Vuilleumier
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and of Medical Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
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19
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Sugiyama A, Kurisu A, Nagashima S, Hando K, Saipova K, Akhmedova S, Abe K, Imada H, Hussain MRA, Ouoba S, E B, Ko K, Akita T, Yamazaki S, Yokozaki M, Tanaka J. Seroepidemiological study of factors affecting anti-spike IgG antibody titers after a two-dose mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in 3744 healthy Japanese volunteers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16294. [PMID: 36175506 PMCID: PMC9520958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20747-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several factors related to anti-spike(S) IgG antibody titers after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination have been elucidated, but the magnitude of the effects of each factor has not been fully understood. This cross-sectional study assessed anti-S and anti-nucleocapsid (N) antibody titers on 3744 healthy volunteers (median age, 36 years; IQR, 24-49 years; females, 59.0%) who received two doses of mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2 vaccine and completed a survey questionnaire. Multiple regression was conducted to identify factors associated with antibody titers. All but one participant tested positive for anti-S antibodies (99.97%). The following factors were independently and significantly associated with high antibody titer: < 3 months from vaccination (ratio of means 4.41); mRNA-1273 vaccine (1.90, vs BNT162b2); anti-N antibody positivity (1.62); age (10's: 1.50, 20's: 1.37, 30's: 1.26, 40's: 1.16, 50's: 1.15, vs ≧60's); female (1.07); immunosuppressive therapy (0.54); current smoking (0.85); and current drinking (0.96). The largest impact on anti-S IgG antibody titers was found in elapsed time after vaccination, followed by vaccine brand, immunosuppressants, previous SARS-CoV-2 infection (anti-N antibody positive), and age. Although the influence of adverse reactions after the vaccine, gender, smoking, and drinking was relatively small, they were independently related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Sugiyama
- grid.257022.00000 0000 8711 3200Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
| | - Akemi Kurisu
- grid.257022.00000 0000 8711 3200Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
| | - Shintaro Nagashima
- grid.257022.00000 0000 8711 3200Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
| | - Kiyomi Hando
- grid.257022.00000 0000 8711 3200Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
| | - Khilola Saipova
- grid.257022.00000 0000 8711 3200Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan ,grid.444564.30000 0004 0402 7972Department of Clinical Radiology and Oncology, Andijan State Medical Institute, Andijan, Uzbekistan
| | - Sayyora Akhmedova
- grid.257022.00000 0000 8711 3200Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan ,Department of Cardiorheumatology, Republican Specialized Scientific-Practical Medical Center of Pediatrics, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Kanon Abe
- grid.257022.00000 0000 8711 3200Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
| | - Hirohito Imada
- grid.257022.00000 0000 8711 3200Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
| | - Md Razeen Ashraf Hussain
- grid.257022.00000 0000 8711 3200Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
| | - Serge Ouoba
- grid.257022.00000 0000 8711 3200Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan ,grid.457337.10000 0004 0564 0509Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro (URCN), Institut de Recherche en Science de La Santé (IRSS), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Bunthen E
- grid.257022.00000 0000 8711 3200Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan ,grid.415732.6Payment Certification Agency (PCA), Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Ko Ko
- grid.257022.00000 0000 8711 3200Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Akita
- grid.257022.00000 0000 8711 3200Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
| | - Shinichi Yamazaki
- grid.470097.d0000 0004 0618 7953Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michiya Yokozaki
- grid.470097.d0000 0004 0618 7953Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Junko Tanaka
- grid.257022.00000 0000 8711 3200Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551 Japan
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20
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Goldblatt D, Alter G, Crotty S, Plotkin SA. Correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease. Immunol Rev 2022; 310:6-26. [PMID: 35661178 PMCID: PMC9348242 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies against epitopes in S1 give the most accurate CoP against infection by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Measurement of those antibodies by neutralization or binding assays both have predictive value, with binding antibody titers giving the highest statistical correlation. However, the protective functions of antibodies are multiple. Antibodies with multiple functions other than neutralization influence efficacy. The role of cellular responses can be discerned with respect to CD4+ T cells and their augmentation of antibodies, and with respect to CD8+ cells with regard to control of viral replication, particularly in the presence of insufficient antibody. More information is needed on mucosal responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Goldblatt
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Galit Alter
- Massachusetts General HospitalRagon Institute of MGH, MIT and HarvardCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine ResearchLa Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI)La JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public HealthUniversity of California San Diego (UCSD)La JollaCaliforniaUSA
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21
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Brehm J, Spaeth A, Dreßler L, Masetto T, Dannenberg R, Peter C, Grimmler M. SARS-CoV-2 antibody progression and neutralizing potential in mild symptomatic COVID-19 patients – a comparative long term post-infection study. Front Immunol 2022; 13:915338. [PMID: 36059441 PMCID: PMC9428854 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.915338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has been keeping the world in suspense. Rapid tests, molecular diagnosis of acute infections, and vaccination campaigns with vaccines are building blocks of strategic pandemic control worldwide. For laboratory diagnostics, the quantification of the antibody titer of convalescents and vaccinated patients is thus increasingly coming to the fore. Methods Here we present an evaluation on the comparability of five serological tests on a cohort of 13 patients with mild COVID-19 disease. Also participants who were vaccinated after recovery were included in this study. All common immune methods (ELISA, CLIA, PETIA) and SARS-CoV-2 specific antigens (N-, S1- and RBD-) were specifically tracked and directly compared for up to 455 days. The titer of recovered participants was also set to the degree of symptoms during infection and the occurrence of Long-COVID. In addition, relative comparability of different serological tests, all standardized to WHO, was set in reference to the neutralizing potential of the corresponding participants. Findings The individual immune responses over 455 days after a mild SARS-CoV-2 infection remain stable, in contrast to vaccinated participants. All sero-tests reveal comparable performance and dynamics during the study and compared well to a surrogate neutralization test. Conclusion The information presented here will help clinicians in the daily laboratory work in the selection and evaluation of different serological tests offered. The data also will support in respect of a sero-test-based neutralization cutoff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Brehm
- MVZ Medizinische Labore Dessau Kassel GmbH, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Alexander Spaeth
- MVZ Medizinische Labore Dessau Kassel GmbH, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Lars Dreßler
- MVZ Medizinische Labore Dessau Kassel GmbH, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Thomas Masetto
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- DiaSys Diagnostic Systems GmbH, Holzheim, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Peter
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Grimmler
- DiaSys Diagnostic Systems GmbH, Holzheim, Germany
- Hochschule Fresenius gGmbH, University of Applied Sciences, Idstein, Germany
- *Correspondence: Matthias Grimmler,
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22
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Rajsri KS, McRae MP, Simmons GW, Christodoulides NJ, Matz H, Dooley H, Koide A, Koide S, McDevitt JT. A Rapid and Sensitive Microfluidics-Based Tool for Seroprevalence Immunity Assessment of COVID-19 and Vaccination-Induced Humoral Antibody Response at the Point of Care. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:621. [PMID: 36005017 PMCID: PMC9405565 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As of 8 August 2022, SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, has infected over 585 million people and resulted in more than 6.42 million deaths worldwide. While approved SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein-based vaccines induce robust seroconversion in most individuals, dramatically reducing disease severity and the risk of hospitalization, poorer responses are observed in aged, immunocompromised individuals and patients with certain pre-existing health conditions. Further, it is difficult to predict the protection conferred through vaccination or previous infection against new viral variants of concern (VoC) as they emerge. In this context, a rapid quantitative point-of-care (POC) serological assay able to quantify circulating anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies would allow clinicians to make informed decisions on the timing of booster shots, permit researchers to measure the level of cross-reactive antibody against new VoC in a previously immunized and/or infected individual, and help assess appropriate convalescent plasma donors, among other applications. Utilizing a lab-on-a-chip ecosystem, we present proof of concept, optimization, and validation of a POC strategy to quantitate COVID-19 humoral protection. This platform covers the entire diagnostic timeline of the disease, seroconversion, and vaccination response spanning multiple doses of immunization in a single POC test. Our results demonstrate that this platform is rapid (~15 min) and quantitative for SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Srinivasan Rajsri
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Division of Biomaterials, Bioengineering Institute, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael P. McRae
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Division of Biomaterials, Bioengineering Institute, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Glennon W. Simmons
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Division of Biomaterials, Bioengineering Institute, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Nicolaos J. Christodoulides
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Division of Biomaterials, Bioengineering Institute, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Hanover Matz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Helen Dooley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Akiko Koide
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Shohei Koide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - John T. McDevitt
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Division of Biomaterials, Bioengineering Institute, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
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23
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SARS-CoV-2 antibody persistence after five and twelve months: A cohort study from South-Eastern Norway. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264667. [PMID: 35947589 PMCID: PMC9365168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To assess total antibody levels against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) spike protein up to 12 months after Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) infection in non-vaccinated individuals and the possible predictors of antibody persistence. Methods This is the first part of a prospective multi-centre cohort study. Participants The study included SARS-CoV-2 real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positive and negative participants in South-Eastern Norway from February to December 2020. Possible predictors of SARS-CoV-2 total antibody persistence was assessed. The SARS-CoV-2 total antibody levels against spike protein were measured three to five months after PCR in 391 PCR-positive and 703 PCR-negative participants; 212 PCR-positive participants were included in follow-up measurements at 10 to 12 months. The participants completed a questionnaire including information about symptoms, comorbidities, allergies, body mass index (BMI), and hospitalisation. Primary outcome The SARS-CoV-2 total antibody levels against spike protein three to five and 10 to 12 months after PCR positive tests. Results SARS-CoV-2 total antibodies against spike protein were present in 366 (94%) non-vaccinated PCR-positive participants after three to five months, compared with nine (1%) PCR-negative participants. After 10 to 12 months, antibodies were present in 204 (96%) non-vaccinated PCR-positive participants. Of the PCR-positive participants, 369 (94%) were not hospitalised. The mean age of the PCR-positive participants was 48 years (SD 15, range 20–85) and 50% of them were male. BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 was positively associated with decreased antibody levels (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.06 to 5.42). Participants with higher age and self-reported initial fever with chills or sweating were less likely to have decreased antibody levels (age: OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.94 to 0.99; fever: OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.75). Conclusion Our results indicate that the level of SARS-CoV-2 total antibodies against spike protein persists for the vast majority of non-vaccinated PCR-positive persons at least 10 to 12 months after mild COVID-19.
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24
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Plotkin S. Serologic Tests for COVID-19 Infections and Vaccination. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:e304-e305. [PMID: 35703283 PMCID: PMC9281429 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Plotkin
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA
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25
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Stellini R, Gianello R, Meloni A, Croce E, Materzanini P, Gomarasca W. Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection increases reactogenicity after SARS-COV-2 mRNA vaccine and could delay the administration of the vaccine based on timing of infection. Infection 2022; 50:791-793. [PMID: 34855188 PMCID: PMC8636582 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-021-01729-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Stellini
- Infectious Diseases Service, Health Care Department, Poliambulanza Foundation Hospital, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Renzo Gianello
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Poliambulanza Foundation Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Angelo Meloni
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Poliambulanza Foundation Hospital, Brescia, Italy
- Health Care Department, Poliambulanza Foundation Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elia Croce
- Health Care Department, Poliambulanza Foundation Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Materzanini
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Poliambulanza Foundation Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Walter Gomarasca
- Health Care Department, Poliambulanza Foundation Hospital, Brescia, Italy
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26
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Impact of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Covishield™) Vaccination: How Long Will It Persist? Int J Microbiol 2022; 2022:4729844. [PMID: 35685779 PMCID: PMC9173867 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4729844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in COVID-19 immunization coverage has been linked to a decrease in the average case fatality rate. As a result, further research is needed to determine the persistence and duration of vaccine-induced protective antibodies in order to assess the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccinations. The present study aimed to determine the COVID-19 IgG antibodies among healthcare workers (HCWs) before and after the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Covishield™) vaccination. A total of 150 HCWs who had received the Covishield™ vaccine were assessed after obtaining written informed consent. Blood samples were drawn at three time points, namely, within one week prior to first dose of vaccination, prior to second dose of vaccination (28–33 days after the first dose of vaccination), and 90–95 days after the second dose of vaccination for detecting neutralizing antibodies, i.e., IgG antibodies by ELISA. The overall baseline seropositivity among the HCWs was found to be 28% (n = 42), assessed by the sample collected prior to first dose of COVID-19 vaccination. The seroconversion rate was reported to be 80% (n = 120) one month after the first dosage and increased to 92.7% (n = 139) three months later. Additionally, there was a significant gradual increase in the IgG concentrations postvaccination in majority of the study participants. In those HCWs who had prior history of SARS-CoV-2 infection, significantly higher antibody level was observed compared to antibody-naive individuals. Fever, pain or swelling at the site of injection, and headache were the most frequently reported adverse events following vaccination among the study participants. Regardless of prior SARS-CoV-2 positivity, two doses of the CovishieldTM vaccine elicited a protective neutralizing antibody response that lasted for three months after the second dose of vaccination.
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Meyer B, Martinez-Murillo PA, Lemaitre B, Blanchard-Rohner G, Didierlaurent AM, Fontannaz P, Eugercios Manzanas C, Lambert PH, Loevy N, Kaiser L, Sartoretti J, Tougne C, Villard J, Huttner A, Siegrist CA, Eberhardt CS. Fitness of B-Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 WT and Variants Up to One Year After Mild COVID-19 – A Comprehensive Analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:841009. [PMID: 35585978 PMCID: PMC9108245 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.841009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo comprehensively evaluate SARS-CoV-2 specific B-cell and antibody responses up to one year after mild COVID-19.MethodsIn 31 mildly symptomatic COVID-19 participants SARS-CoV-2-specific plasmablasts and antigen-specific memory B cells were measured by ELISpot. Binding antibodies directed against the proteins spike (S), domain S1, and nucleocapsid (N) were estimated using rIFA, ELISA, and commercially available assays, and avidity measured using thiocyanate washout. Neutralizing antibodies against variants of concern were measured using a surrogate-neutralization test.ResultsPlasmablast responses were assessed in all participants who gave sequential samples during the first two weeks after infection; they preceded the rise in antibodies and correlated with antibody titers measured at one month. S1 and N protein-specific IgG memory B-cell responses remained stable during the first year, whereas S1-specific IgA memory B-cell responses declined after 6 months. Antibody titers waned over time, whilst potent affinity maturation was observed for anti-RBD antibodies. Neutralizing antibodies against wild-type (WT) and variants decayed during the first 6 months but titers significantly increased for Alpha, Gamma and Delta between 6 months and one year. Therefore, near-similar titers were observed for WT and Alpha after one year, and only slightly lower antibody levels for the Delta variant compared to WT. Anti-RBD antibody responses correlated with the neutralizing antibody titers at all time points, however the predicted titers were 3-fold lower at one year compared to one month.ConclusionIn mild COVID-19, stable levels of SARS-CoV-2 specific memory B cells and antibodies neutralizing current variants of concern are observed up to one year post infection. Care should be taken when predicting neutralizing titers using commercial assays that measure binding antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Meyer
- Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Christiane S. Eberhardt, ; Benjamin Meyer,
| | - Paola Andrea Martinez-Murillo
- Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Lemaitre
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Diagnostics and of Medical Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Géraldine Blanchard-Rohner
- Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Pediatric Immunology and Vaccinology Unit, Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud M. Didierlaurent
- Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paola Fontannaz
- Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chloé Eugercios Manzanas
- Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul-Henri Lambert
- Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Natasha Loevy
- Pediatric Platform for Clinical Research, Department of Woman, Child and Adolescent Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julie Sartoretti
- Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Woman, Child and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Tougne
- Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean Villard
- Immunology and Transplant Unit, Division of Nephology and Hypertension, Geneva University Hospital and Faculty, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Angela Huttner
- Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Clinical Research, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Pediatric Immunology and Vaccinology Unit, Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Vaccinology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christiane S. Eberhardt
- Center for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Woman, Child and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Vaccinology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Christiane S. Eberhardt, ; Benjamin Meyer,
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Evaluation of Natural and Vaccine-Induced Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunity: A Comparative Study between Different Groups of Volunteers. Diseases 2022; 10:diseases10020025. [PMID: 35645246 PMCID: PMC9149979 DOI: 10.3390/diseases10020025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies should help minimize the severity of COVID-19 disease. Our focus was to investigate and compare different vaccination schedules, monitoring circulating S-RBD Ab (antibodies anti—Spike protein—Receptor Binding Domain) levels after administering two doses in naïve patients. Likewise, vaccine-stimulated immunity in naïve and previously infected patients was compared. (2) Methods: We included 392 patients. Sera were evaluated by Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 S. Statistical analyses were conducted by MedCalc and JASP. (3) Results: In COVID-19 patients, the median value of Ab levels was 154 BAU/mL, stable up to 9 months after the infection. From the data observed in vaccinated patients, higher median values were recorded in COVID-19/Pfizer BioNTech (18913 BAU/mL) than in other groups (Pfizer BioNTech: 1841; ChadOx1 961; heterologous vaccination: 2687) BAU/mL. (4) Conclusions: In conclusion, a single booster dose given to previously infected patients raised an antibody response much higher than two doses given to naïve individuals and heterologous vaccination generated a robust persistent antibody response at high levels, steady up to three months after administration.
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Bilgin H, Marku M, Yilmaz SS, Karahasan Yagci A, Sili U, Can B, Can Sarinoglu R, Mulazimoglu Durmusoglu L, Haklar G, Sirikci O, Eksioglu Demiralp E. The effect of immunization with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) and/or SARS-CoV-2 infection on antibody levels, plasmablasts, long-lived-plasma-cells, and IFN-γ release by natural killer cells. Vaccine 2022; 40:2619-2625. [PMID: 35339303 PMCID: PMC8930391 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated the antibody response, natural killer cell response and B cell phenotypes in healthcare workers (HCW) who are vaccinated with two doses of CoronaVac with or without documented SARS-CoV-2 infection and unvaccinated HCWs with SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS HCWs were divided into four groups: vaccine only (VO), vaccine after SARS-CoV-2 infection (VAI), SARS-CoV-2 infection only (IO), and SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccine (IAV). Anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (Anti-S) antibodies were measured by Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S ELISA kit. Memory B cells (CD19+CD27+), plasmablast B cells (CD19+CD138+) and long-lived plasma cells (LLPC; CD138+CD19-) were measured by flow cytometry in 74 patients. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release by natural killer (NK) cells were measured by NKVue Test (NKMAX, Republic of Korea) in 76 patients. RT-PCR was performed with Bio-speedy® COVID-19 qPCR detection kit, Version 2 (Bioexen LTD, Istanbul, Turkey). RESULTS The Anti-S antibodies were detectable in all HCWs (n: 224). The median Anti-S titers (BAU/mL) was significantly higher in VAI (620 25-75% 373-1341) compared to VO (136, 25-75% 85-283) and IO (111, 25-75% 54-413, p < 0.01). VAI group had significantly lower percentage of plasmablasts (2.9; 0-8.7) compared to VO (6.8; 3.5-12.0) and IO (9.9; 4.7-47.5, p < 0.01) (n:74). Percentage of LLPCs in groups VO, VAI and IO was similar. There was no difference of IFN-γ levels between the study groups (n: 76). CONCLUSION The antibody response was similar between uninfected vaccinated HCWs and unvaccinated HCWs who had natural infection. HCWs who had two doses of CoronaVac either before or after the natural SARS-CoV-2 infection elicited significantly higher antibody responses compared to uninfected vaccinated HCWs. The lower percentages of plasmablasts in the VAI group may indicate their migration to lymph nodes and initiation of the germinal center reaction phase. IFN-γ response did not differ among the groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Bilgin
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Marisa Marku
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sultan Seval Yilmaz
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Uluhan Sili
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Baris Can
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rabia Can Sarinoglu
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Goncagul Haklar
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Onder Sirikci
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Emel Eksioglu Demiralp
- Istanbul Memorial Şişli Hospital, Tissue Typing and Immunology Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Štěpánek L, Janošíková M, Štěpánek L, Nakládalová M, Boriková A. The kinetics and predictors of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies up to eight months after symptomatic COVID-19: a Czech cross-sectional study. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3731-3738. [PMID: 35419860 PMCID: PMC9088611 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The presence of neutralizing SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific antibodies indicates protection against (re)infection, however, the knowledge of their long‐term kinetics is limited. This study analyzed the presence of COVID‐19‐induced antibodies in unvaccinated healthcare workers (HCWs) over the period of 1–8 months post symptom onset (SO) and explored the determinants of persisting immunoglobulin (Ig) seropositivity. Six hundred sixty‐two HCWs were interviewed for anamnestic data and tested for IgG targeting the spike protein (S1 and S2) and IgM targeting the receptor‐binding domain. A Cox regression model was used to explore potential predictors of seropositivity with respect to the time lapse between SO and serology testing. 82.9% and 44.7% of HCWs demonstrated IgG and IgM seropositivity, respectively, with a mean interval of 83 days between SARS‐CoV‐2 detection and serology testing. On average, HCWs reported seven symptoms in the acute phase lasting 20 days. IgG seropositivity rates among HCWs decreased gradually to 80%, 50%, and 35% at 3, 6, and 8 months after SO, while IgM seropositivity fell rapidly to 60%, 15%, and 0% over the same time intervals. The number of symptoms was the only predictor of persisting IgG seropositivity (odds ratio [OR] 1.096, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.003–1.199, p = 0.043) and symptom duration a predictor of IgM seropositivity (OR 1.011, 95% CI 1.004–1.017, p = 0.002). Infection‐induced anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG rates drop to a third in seropositive participants over the course of 8 months. Symptom count and duration in the acute phase of COVID‐19 are both relevant to the subsequent kinetics of antibody responses. 60% and 35% of subjects maintain IgG seropositivity 6‐ and 8‐month post COVID‐19. Characteristics of the acute phase of COVID‐19 are relevant for antibody responses. The number of symptoms of acute COVID‐19 predicts persisting IgG seropositivity. Symptom duration predicts persisting IgM seropositivity. Anamnestic data may serve as simple predictors of seropositivity post COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Štěpánek
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 185/6, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Magdaléna Janošíková
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 185/6, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Štěpánek
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Salmovská 1, 120 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Nakládalová
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 185/6, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Boriková
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, I. P. Pavlova 185/6, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Kaygusuz S, Korukluoğlu G, Coşgun Y, Şahin Ö, Arslan F. INVESTIGATION AND LONG-TERM MONITORING OF THE PRESENCE OF NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY IN PATIENTS WITH COVID-19 DISEASE OF DIFFERENT CLINICAL SEVERITY. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3596-3604. [PMID: 35365870 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Understanding the immune responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection is critical to public health policy and vaccine development and prevention of reinfections for COVID-19. It is important to know the neutralizing capacity of antibodies and to monitor their persistence. METHODS Patients with Covid-19 were divided into four groups (severe-critical, moderate, mild and asymptomatic) according to their clinical severity. Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Spike viral surface protein were investigated by ELISA method 3 months and 9 months after the onset of the disease. Neutralizing antibody (NAb) response was evaluated by microneutralization test. Patients who received at least two doses of COVID-19 vaccine after illness were enrolled. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 IgG and NAb titers were shown to be strongly correlated with disease severity. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and neutralizing antibody levels were found to be compatible with each other. After 9 months of follow-up, both IgG and NA levels continued unabated in individuals who had the disease. In individuals who received at least two doses of the vaccine, these levels increased, except for severe-critical patients. CONCLUSIONS High levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG are indicative, as it is difficult to investigate NAb in routine laboratories. At the same time, it can be predicted that this period may be much longer if it continues for at least 9 months and is reinforced with vaccination. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedat Kaygusuz
- Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infection Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Gülay Korukluoğlu
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Public Health, National Virology Reference Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Coşgun
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Public Health, National Virology Reference Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ömer Şahin
- Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infection Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Ferhat Arslan
- Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infection Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Kirikkale, Turkey
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Hiramoto S, Miyashita D, Kimura T, Niwa T, Uchida A, Sano M, Murata M, Nagasawa T, Tsunekawa K, Aoki T, Yoshida A, Kato T, Yanagisawa K, Tokue Y, Murakami M. Serological Screening of Immunoglobulin G against SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid and Spike Protein before and after Two Vaccine Doses among Healthcare Workers in Japan. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2022; 257:57-64. [PMID: 35354694 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.2022.j017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Hiramoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine.,Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital
| | - Daichi Miyashita
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine.,Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital
| | - Takao Kimura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine.,Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital
| | - Takahiko Niwa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine.,Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital
| | - Azusa Uchida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine.,Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital
| | - Maika Sano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine.,Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital
| | - Mai Murata
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine.,Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital
| | - Takumi Nagasawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine.,Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital
| | - Katsuhiko Tsunekawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine.,Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital
| | - Tomoyuki Aoki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine.,Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital
| | - Akihiro Yoshida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine.,Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital
| | - Toshimitsu Kato
- Infection Control and Prevention Center, Gunma University Hospital
| | - Kunio Yanagisawa
- Infection Control and Prevention Center, Gunma University Hospital
| | - Yutaka Tokue
- Infection Control and Prevention Center, Gunma University Hospital
| | - Masami Murakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine.,Clinical Laboratory Center, Gunma University Hospital
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Detection of Neutralizing Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Post-Vaccination in Health Care Workers of a Large Tertiary Hospital in Spain by Using a Rapid Test LFIC and sVNT-ELISA. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10040510. [PMID: 35455259 PMCID: PMC9032347 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 represent a surrogate marker of immunologic protection in populations at high risk of infection such as healthcare workers caring for hospitalized patients with COVID-19. As recommended by CDC and the European CDC, the use of rapid diagnostic tests during population-based evaluations offers an opportunity to identify individuals with serologic evidence of natural infection or who have undergone vaccination. We carried out a cross-sectional study to assess the presence of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among medical providers at an intensive care unit of a large referral hospital in Alicante, Spain. In addition, we tested for the presence of neutralizing antibodies compared to serum of uninfected individuals from a Biobank. We were also interested in evaluating the use of a rapid lateral flow immunochromatography (LFIC) test against a surrogate ELISA viral neutralization test (sVNT). This rapid test demonstrated a specificity of 1.000 95% CI (0.91–1.00) and the sensitivity of 0.987 95% CI (0.93–1.00). The negative predictive value was 95%. After six months, this rapid test demonstrated that those immunized with two doses of BioNTech/Pfizer vaccine, maintained optimal levels of neutralizing antibodies. We concluded that all Health Care Workers develop NAbs and the use of this rapid immunochromatographic test represents a potential tool to be used in population-based studies to detect serological antibody responses to vaccination. Vaccination policies could benefit from this tool to assess additional doses of vaccine or boosters among high-risk populations.
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Peluso MJ, Donatelli J, Henrich TJ. Long-term immunologic effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection: leveraging translational research methodology to address emerging questions. Transl Res 2022; 241:1-12. [PMID: 34780969 PMCID: PMC8588584 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The current era of COVID-19 is characterized by emerging variants of concern, waning vaccine- and natural infection-induced immunity, debate over the timing and necessity of vaccine boosting, and the emergence of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. As a result, there is an ongoing need for research to promote understanding of the immunology of both natural infection and prevention, especially as SARS-CoV-2 immunology is a rapidly changing field, with new questions arising as the pandemic continues to grow in complexity. The next phase of COVID-19 immunology research will need focus on clearer characterization of the immune processes defining acute illness, development of a better understanding of the immunologic processes driving protracted symptoms and prolonged recovery (ie, post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection), and a growing focus on the impact of therapeutic and prophylactic interventions on the long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we address what is known about the long-term immune consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection and propose how experience studying the translational immunology of other infections might inform the approach to some of the key questions that remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Peluso
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Joanna Donatelli
- Division Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Timothy J Henrich
- Division Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California.
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Sulejmani A, Giacobone C, Spiti S, Pozzobon C, Dominici R, Mascagni P, Falbo R, Brambilla P, Leoni V. Antibody response after two doses of the SARS-CoV-2 Comirnaty vaccine in a Covid-19 positive and Covid-19 negative Italian healthcare workers cohort. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2022; 82:90-95. [PMID: 35195046 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2022.2034036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now universally regarded as one of the most effective strategies for counteracting the current pandemic. The durability of the immune response of available vaccines is not known, therefore the quantitative dynamics of serum anti-S antibodies after Comirnaty vaccine in health care workers (HCW) of Desio Hospital was conducted. METHODS 51 previously infected and 198 not infected HCW, from Desio, Italy were enrolled in the study. Comirnaty double dose schedule was completed by each subject. Specific anti-S antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 S protein were measured by ECLIA in sequential blood samples. RESULTS A significant difference was observed beginning at pre priming dose (T0) of the anti-S antibodies between the two subgroups which persisted throughout the study (4 months). A significant reduction occurred after 4 months post-priming dose (T3). Finally, a subgroup of low and late responders with an increasing trend was found. CONCLUSIONS Specific anti-S antibodies are significantly decreased 4 months post priming dose of Comirnaty vaccine although prior COVID-19 infection seems to escalate humoral response. Further evaluation concerning antibody persistence beyond this point, and the proportion of neutralizing antibodies with higher affinity towards SARS-CoV-2 is needed, especially in naїve and immunosuppressed subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Sulejmani
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Desio Hospital, ASST-Brianza, Desio, Italy
| | - Chiara Giacobone
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Desio Hospital, ASST-Brianza, Desio, Italy
| | - Simona Spiti
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Desio Hospital, ASST-Brianza, Desio, Italy
| | - Claudia Pozzobon
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Desio Hospital, ASST-Brianza, Desio, Italy
| | - Roberto Dominici
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Desio Hospital, ASST-Brianza, Desio, Italy
| | - Paolo Mascagni
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Health, Desio Hospital, ASST-Brianza, Desio, Italy
| | - Rosanna Falbo
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Desio Hospital, ASST-Brianza, Desio, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Desio Hospital, ASST-Brianza and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Desio Hospital, ASST-Brianza and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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Van Elslande J, Oyaert M, Lorent N, Weygaerde YV, Van Pottelbergh G, Godderis L, Van Ranst M, André E, Padalko E, Lagrou K, Vandendriessche S, Vermeersch P. Lower persistence of anti-nucleocapsid compared to anti-spike antibodies up to one year after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 103:115659. [PMID: 35278794 PMCID: PMC8837483 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2022.115659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We retrospectively compared the long-term evolution of IgG anti-spike (S) and anti-nucleocapsid (N) levels (Abbott immunoassays) in 116 non-severe and 115 severe SARS-CoV-2 infected patients from 2 university hospitals up to 365 days post positive RT-PCR. IgG anti-S and anti-N antibody levels decayed exponentially up to 365 days after a peak 0 to 59 days after positive RT-PCR. Peak antibody level/cut-off ratio 0 to 59 days after positive RT-PCR was more than 70 for anti-S compared to less than 6 for anti-N (P < 0.01). Anti-S and anti-N were significantly higher in severe compared to non-severe patients up to 180 to 239 days and 300 to 365 days, respectively (P < 0.05). Despite similar half-lives, the estimated time to 50% seronegativity was more than 2 years for anti-S compared to less than 1 year for anti-N in non-severe and severe COVID-19 patients, due to the significantly higher peak antibody level/cut-off ratio for anti-S compared to anti-N.
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Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Screening in Healthcare Workers and Its Correlation with Clinical Presentation in Tertiary Care Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal, from November 2020 to January 2021. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2022; 2022:8515051. [PMID: 35116064 PMCID: PMC8805447 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8515051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibody titer and the life span of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 have been found to be associated with the clinical presentation in individuals. The extent of exposure of healthcare workers and the general public to SARS-CoV-2 needs to be assessed to monitor the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, this study is an attempt in assessing the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody in health care workers. Methods This laboratory-based cross-sectional study was performed in Manmohan Memorial Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu from November 2020 to January 2021. A total of 185 HCWs were enrolled in this study. Their serum samples were screened for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and a structured questionnaire was administered to collect further information. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody screening was performed using lateral flow immunoassay. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results Among 185 HCWs that participated in the study, 41 (22.2%) tested positive for the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody. Of these 41 HCWs, 37 tested positive for IgG only and 4 of them tested positive for both IgM and IgG antibodies. The presence of the previous history of SARS-CoV-2 infection (p < 0.001), the presence of flu-like symptoms within the last 6 months (p < 0.001), and the presence of positive contact history (p=0.002) were statistically significant with the presence of the antibody among HCWs. Conclusion Healthcare workers carry a high burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection and are at risk of acquiring infection from their workplace. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody screening among healthcare workers is highly recommended in multiple healthcare settings as it can help in monitoring transmission dynamics and evaluation of infection control policies.
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Hu C, Li D, Liu Z, Ren L, Su J, Zhu M, Feng Y, Wang Z, Liu Q, Zhu B, Shao Y. Exploring Rapid and Effective Screening Methods for Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies in COVID-19 Convalescent Patients and Longitudinal Vaccinated Populations. Pathogens 2022; 11:171. [PMID: 35215115 PMCID: PMC8878712 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing the duration of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) following SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination is critical to evaluate the protective immunity and formulate public health strategies. In this study, SARS-CoV-2 Ab ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA), as well as pseudovirus neutralization test (PVNT) were performed in two cohorts, convalescent patients (CP) from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and BBIBP-CorV vaccinated population. It was found that nAbs and binding antibodies emerged at 14 days post the 1st dose of vaccination, reached peaks at 28 days after 2nd dose vaccination and then gradually declined over time. CP-6M (convalescent patients up to 6 months) from COVID-19 presented stronger nAbs or binding antibodies responses than vaccinees 90 days or 180 days after 2nd dose vaccination. CMIA or SARS-CoV-2 Ab ELISA correlated well with PVNT with high consistency in the two cohorts. It shown that nAbs and binding antibodies can keep 6 months both in CP and vaccinees. Most importantly, our data show the application of using CMIA and SARS-CoV-2 Ab ELISA as rapid screening tests for nAb titer and could be used as alternative strategies for quickly evaluating SARS-CoV-2 nAbs responses in vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqin Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; (C.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (L.R.); (M.Z.); (Y.F.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhanmou Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China;
| | - Li Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (L.R.); (M.Z.); (Y.F.); (Z.W.)
| | - Junwei Su
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; (C.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Meiling Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (L.R.); (M.Z.); (Y.F.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yi Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (L.R.); (M.Z.); (Y.F.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (L.R.); (M.Z.); (Y.F.); (Z.W.)
| | - Qiang Liu
- Gobond Testing Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102629, China;
| | - Biao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; (C.H.); (J.S.)
| | - Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China; (C.H.); (J.S.)
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (L.R.); (M.Z.); (Y.F.); (Z.W.)
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment & Guangxi Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Disease, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China;
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Kim HJ, Yun HJ, Kim J, Kym S, Choi Q. Antibody response to second dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in the first 12 weeks in South Korea: A prospective longitudinal study. Vaccine 2022; 40:437-443. [PMID: 34953606 PMCID: PMC8694796 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterise the antibody response for 12 weeks following second dose of the Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in hospital workers of a Korean general hospital. METHODS We measured the level of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) anti-receptor binding domain (anti-RBD) and neutralising antibodies every week in the first 4 weeks, and at weeks 8 and 12 following the second dose of vaccination in 71 hospital workers. RESULTS The initial median level of anti-RBD and neutralising antibodies were 3898.0 U/mL (interquartile range [IQR], 2107.5-5478.5) and 97.54 % (IQR, 96.85-97.81), respectively. The levels declined the fastest and the most significantly between weeks 1 and 2 (p < 0.01, both), and continuously decreased thereafter, and were 1163.0 U/mL (683.4-1743.0) and 94.87% (89.24-96.99) at weeks 12. The antibodies levels showed a trend of rapid decrease in the older group over time. The slope of the decrease in the antibodies level was observed for each individual. Within 8 weeks, the anti-RBD antibody levels decreased to less than half of the initial levels in most of the participants (88.7%: 63/71). The SARS-CoV-2 anti-RBD and neutralising antibodies levels showed a strong positive correlation (Spearman's coefficient = 0.7833). CONCLUSIONS Considerably high levels of SARS-CoV-2 anti-RBD and neutralising antibodies were produced following the second dose of vaccination. The levels decreased continuously, showing a tendency to decline over time; however, reasonable levels persisted up to weeks 12. Moreover, considering individual variations in antibody response following vaccination, a further inter-individual analysis is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Jeong Yun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungok Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Kym
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Qute Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong, Republic of Korea.
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Iyer S, Yadav R, Agarwal S, Tripathi S, Agarwal R. Bioengineering Strategies for Developing Vaccines against Respiratory Viral Diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0012321. [PMID: 34788128 PMCID: PMC8597982 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00123-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral pathogens like influenza and coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have caused outbreaks leading to millions of deaths. Vaccinations are, to date, the best and most economical way to control such outbreaks and have been highly successful for several pathogens. Currently used vaccines for respiratory viral pathogens are primarily live attenuated or inactivated and can risk reversion to virulence or confer inadequate immunity. The recent trend of using potent biomolecules like DNA, RNA, and protein antigenic components to synthesize vaccines for diseases has shown promising results. Still, it remains challenging to translate due to their high susceptibility to degradation during storage and after delivery. Advances in bioengineering technology for vaccine design have made it possible to control the physicochemical properties of the vaccines for rapid synthesis, heightened antigen presentation, safer formulations, and more robust immunogenicity. Bioengineering techniques and materials have been used to synthesize several potent vaccines, approved or in trials, against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and are being explored for influenza, SARS, and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) vaccines as well. Here, we review bioengineering strategies such as the use of polymeric particles, liposomes, and virus-like particles in vaccine development against influenza and coronaviruses and the feasibility of adopting these technologies for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Iyer
- Center for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rajesh Yadav
- Center for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Smriti Agarwal
- Center for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Shashank Tripathi
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rachit Agarwal
- Center for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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Soeorg H, Jõgi P, Naaber P, Ottas A, Toompere K, Lutsar I. Seroprevalence and levels of IgG antibodies after COVID-19 infection or vaccination. Infect Dis (Lond) 2022; 54:63-71. [PMID: 34520315 PMCID: PMC8442755 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2021.1974540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a country-wide seroprevalence study of COVID-19 in Estonia, we aimed to determine the seroprevalence and the dynamics of IgG against SARS-CoV-2 after vaccination or positive PCR-test. METHODS Leftover blood samples were selected between 8 February and 25 March 2021, by SYNLAB Estonia from all counties and age groups (0-9, 10-19, 20-59, 60-69, 70-79 and 80-100 years) proportionally to the whole Estonian population and tested for IgG against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (anti-S-RBD IgG) using Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant assay. Antibody levels after positive PCR-test or vaccination were described by exponential increase-decrease models. RESULTS According to total of 2517 samples, overall seroprevalence (95% confidence interval [CI]) was 20.1% (18.5-21.7%), similar in all age groups, but varied between counties. If individuals vaccinated with the first dose at least 14 d before antibody measurement were assumed to be seronegative, the overall seroprevalence was 15.8% (14.4-17.3%), 4.0-fold larger than the proportion of PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases. Of seropositive individuals (n = 506) 194 (38.3%; 33.8-43.1%) had not had positive PCR-test or been vaccinated. According to exponential increase-decrease model, the peak of anti-S-RBD IgG in a 52-year-old (median age of PCR-positive and/or vaccinated individuals) was significantly higher after vaccination compared with positive PCR-test (22,082 (12,897-26,875) vs. 6732 (2321-8243) AU/mL), but half-life was similar (26.5 (6.9-46.1) vs. 38.3 (8.2-68.5) d). CONCLUSIONS One year after the start of COVID-19 pandemic the actual prevalence of infection is still underestimated compared with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases. Older compared with younger individuals have lower anti-S-RBD IgG level after vaccination, but similar decline rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiie Soeorg
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Piia Jõgi
- Children’s Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Paul Naaber
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- SYNLAB Estonia, Veerenni 53a, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Aigar Ottas
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Karolin Toompere
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Irja Lutsar
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Pandolfi S, Chirumbolo S. On reaching herd immunity during the COVID-19 pandemic and further issues. J Med Virol 2022; 94:24-25. [PMID: 34491592 PMCID: PMC8662266 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Pandolfi
- Master of Oxygen Ozone TherapyUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
- Villa Mafalda ClinicsRomeItaly
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement SciencesUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
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Owsianka I, Pac A, Jachowicz E, Gutkowska K, Szczuciński W, Maziarz B, Sochacka-Tatara E, Heczko P, Sydor W, Żółtowska B, Wójkowska-Mach J. SARS-CoV-2 antibody response after mRNA vaccination in healthcare workers with and without previous COVID-19, a follow-up study from a university hospital in Poland during 6 months 2021. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1071204. [PMID: 36685606 PMCID: PMC9850141 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1071204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Healthcare workers (HCWs) from the beginning of the pandemic have been at risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2, so they were vaccinated as first. Objectives The purpose of the study was to determine the level of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in HCWs before and after vaccination with mRNA preparations according to previous COVID- 19. Patients and methods The HCWs from the University Hospital in Krakow completed two surveys: the baseline survey before receiving the first dose of vaccine (in January 2021) and the follow-up survey in June 2021. In parallel, two blood samples were collected from each participant at baseline and at follow-up. Total anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels were measured using the ECLIA technique. Results At baseline, 41.1% of HCWs had positive antibody test results, and at follow-up, the vaccinated HCWs had almost 100 times higher antibody levels than the unvaccinated HCWs. Participants under 30 years of age had significantly higher antibody levels in June than older HCWs. Among participants with positive antibody test results in January, HCWs who had experienced asymptomatic COVID-19 had more than five times higher antibody levels in June than HCWs self-reported severe COVID-19. In total, 86.9% of HCWs received Comirnaty or Spikevax. The incidence rate of COVID-19 in the unvaccinated vs. vaccinated group was 13 times higher, 20.5% and 1.9% respectively. Conclusions These results confirm the effectiveness of vaccination in the prevention of COVID-19 in HCWs. It is worth getting vaccinated regardless of previous infection. Furthermore, vaccination among HCWs under 30 years of age induced more effective antibody production compared to older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Owsianka
- Doctoral School of Medical and Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- *Correspondence: Izabella Owsianka,
| | - Agnieszka Pac
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Estera Jachowicz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Gutkowska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wiktor Szczuciński
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Maziarz
- Department of Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Sochacka-Tatara
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Heczko
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Sydor
- Center for Innovative Therapy, Clinical Research Coordination Center, University Hospital in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Barbara Żółtowska
- Center for Innovative Therapy, Clinical Research Coordination Center, University Hospital in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Wójkowska-Mach
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Kotsiou OS, Papagiannis D, Fradelos EC, Siachpazidou DI, Perlepe G, Miziou A, Kyritsis A, Vavougios GD, Kalantzis G, Gourgoulianis KI. Defining Antibody Seroprevalence and Duration of Humoral Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and/or Vaccination in a Greek Community. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:407. [PMID: 35010667 PMCID: PMC8744770 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this work, we aimed to evaluate antibody-response longevity to SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or vaccination in one of the Greek communities that was worst hit by the pandemic, Deskati, five months after a previous serosurveillance and nine months after the pandemic wave initiation (October 2020). METHODS The SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant method (Architect, Abbott, IL, USA) was used for antibody testing. RESULTS A total of 69 subjects, who previously tested positive or negative for COVID-19 antibodies, participated in the study. We found that 48% of participants turned positive due to vaccination. 27% of participants were both previously infected and vaccinated. However, all previously infected participants retained antibodies to the virus, irrespective of their vaccination status. The antibody titers were significantly higher in previously infected participants that had been vaccinated than those who were unvaccinated and in those that had been previously hospitalized for COVID-19 than those with mild disease. CONCLUSIONS Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection were maintained nine months after the pandemic. Vaccination alone had generated an immune response in almost half of the population. Higher antibody titers were found in the case of vaccination in previously infected subjects and especially in those with severe disease leading to hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ourania S. Kotsiou
- Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Gaiopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (D.I.S.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (A.K.); (G.D.V.); (G.K.); (K.I.G.)
| | - Dimitrios Papagiannis
- Public Health & Vaccines Lab, Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Gaiopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Evangelos C. Fradelos
- Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Gaiopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Dimitra I. Siachpazidou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (D.I.S.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (A.K.); (G.D.V.); (G.K.); (K.I.G.)
| | - Garifallia Perlepe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (D.I.S.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (A.K.); (G.D.V.); (G.K.); (K.I.G.)
| | - Angeliki Miziou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (D.I.S.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (A.K.); (G.D.V.); (G.K.); (K.I.G.)
| | - Athanasios Kyritsis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (D.I.S.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (A.K.); (G.D.V.); (G.K.); (K.I.G.)
| | - George D. Vavougios
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (D.I.S.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (A.K.); (G.D.V.); (G.K.); (K.I.G.)
| | - Georgios Kalantzis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (D.I.S.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (A.K.); (G.D.V.); (G.K.); (K.I.G.)
| | - Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (D.I.S.); (G.P.); (A.M.); (A.K.); (G.D.V.); (G.K.); (K.I.G.)
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Israel A, Shenhar Y, Green I, Merzon E, Golan-Cohen A, Schäffer AA, Ruppin E, Vinker S, Magen E. Large-Scale Study of Antibody Titer Decay following BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine or SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 10:vaccines10010064. [PMID: 35062724 PMCID: PMC8781423 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune protection following either vaccination or infection with SARS-CoV-2 is thought to decrease over time. We designed a retrospective study, conducted at Leumit Health Services in Israel, to determine the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies following administration of two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine, or SARS-CoV-2 infection in unvaccinated individuals. Antibody titers were measured between 31 January 2021, and 31 July 2021 in two mutually exclusive groups: (i) vaccinated individuals who received two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine and had no history of previous infection with COVID-19 and (ii) SARS-CoV-2 convalescents who had not received the vaccine. A total of 2653 individuals fully vaccinated by two doses of vaccine during the study period and 4361 convalescent patients were included. Higher SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody titers were observed in vaccinated individuals (median 1581 AU/mL IQR [533.8–5644.6]) after the second vaccination than in convalescent individuals (median 355.3 AU/mL IQR [141.2–998.7]; p < 0.001). In vaccinated subjects, antibody titers decreased by up to 38% each subsequent month while in convalescents they decreased by less than 5% per month. Six months after BNT162b2 vaccination 16.1% subjects had antibody levels below the seropositivity threshold of <50 AU/mL, while only 10.8% of convalescent patients were below <50 AU/mL threshold after 9 months from SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study demonstrates individuals who received the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine have different kinetics of antibody levels compared to patients who had been infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, with higher initial levels but a much faster exponential decrease in the first group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Israel
- Leumit Research Institute & Department of Family Medicine, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv 6473817, Israel; (Y.S.); (I.G.); (E.M.); (A.G.-C.); (S.V.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-3-697-0485
| | - Yotam Shenhar
- Leumit Research Institute & Department of Family Medicine, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv 6473817, Israel; (Y.S.); (I.G.); (E.M.); (A.G.-C.); (S.V.); (E.M.)
| | - Ilan Green
- Leumit Research Institute & Department of Family Medicine, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv 6473817, Israel; (Y.S.); (I.G.); (E.M.); (A.G.-C.); (S.V.); (E.M.)
- Department of Family Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Eugene Merzon
- Leumit Research Institute & Department of Family Medicine, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv 6473817, Israel; (Y.S.); (I.G.); (E.M.); (A.G.-C.); (S.V.); (E.M.)
- Department of Family Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Avivit Golan-Cohen
- Leumit Research Institute & Department of Family Medicine, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv 6473817, Israel; (Y.S.); (I.G.); (E.M.); (A.G.-C.); (S.V.); (E.M.)
- Department of Family Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Alejandro A. Schäffer
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.A.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Eytan Ruppin
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.A.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Shlomo Vinker
- Leumit Research Institute & Department of Family Medicine, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv 6473817, Israel; (Y.S.); (I.G.); (E.M.); (A.G.-C.); (S.V.); (E.M.)
- Department of Family Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Eli Magen
- Leumit Research Institute & Department of Family Medicine, Leumit Health Services, Tel Aviv 6473817, Israel; (Y.S.); (I.G.); (E.M.); (A.G.-C.); (S.V.); (E.M.)
- Medicine C Department, Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Ashkelon 7830604, Israel
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Benning L, Morath C, Bartenschlager M, Reineke M, Töllner M, Nusshag C, Kälble F, Reichel P, Schaier M, Schnitzler P, Zeier M, Süsal C, Bartenschlager R, Speer C. Natural SARS-CoV-2 infection results in higher neutralization response against variants of concern compared to two-dose BNT162b2 vaccination in kidney transplant recipients. Kidney Int 2021; 101:639-642. [PMID: 34954213 PMCID: PMC8695512 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Benning
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christian Morath
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marie Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marvin Reineke
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Nusshag
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Kälble
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paula Reichel
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schaier
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Schnitzler
- Department of Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Zeier
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Caner Süsal
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Transplant Immunology Research Center of Excellence, Koç University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudius Speer
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit Heidelberg, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
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Shim SM, Kim JW, Jung S, Jung Y, Woo HM, Yang JS, Kim KC, Lee JY. Persistence of the neutralising antibody response after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 28:614.e1-614.e4. [PMID: 34954127 PMCID: PMC8695319 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective Neutralizing antibodies are among the factors used to measure an individual's immune status for the control of infectious diseases. We aimed to confirm the persistence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) neutralizing antibody levels in patients who had recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods Plasma donors in South Korea who had completely recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection had follow-up testing to determine the persistence of neutralizing antibodies using a plaque-reduction neutralization test and ELISA. Results Of the 111 participants—aged 20–29 years, 37/111 (33.3%); 30–39 years, 17/111 (15.3%); 40–49 years, 23/111 (20.7%); 50–59 years, 21/111 (18.9%); 60–65 years, 13/111 (11.7%); male, 43/111 (38.7%); female, 68/111 (61.3%)—66.1% still had neutralizing antibodies approximately 9 months (range 255–302 days) after confirmation of the diagnosis. Conclusions In this study we analysed the titre of neutralizing antibodies associated with predicting immune status in individuals with natural infection. Information about the persistence and change in levels of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 can be utilized to provide evidence for developing vaccination schedules for individuals with previous infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Mu Shim
- Division of Acute Virus Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Kim
- Division of Emerging Virus and Vector Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhee Jung
- Division of Emerging Virus and Vector Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujung Jung
- Division of Emerging Virus and Vector Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Min Woo
- Division of Emerging Virus and Vector Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Yang
- Division of Emerging Virus and Vector Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chang Kim
- Division of Emerging Virus and Vector Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Lee
- Centre for Emerging Virus Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
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Attenuation of Antibody Titers from 3 to 6 Months after the Second Dose of the BNT162b2 Vaccine Depends on Sex, with Age and Smoking Risk Factors for Lower Antibody Titers at 6 Months. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121500. [PMID: 34960246 PMCID: PMC8708461 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: We aimed to determine antibody titers at six months and their percentage change from three to six months after the second dose of the BNT162b2 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccine (Pfizer/BioNTech) and to explore clinical variables associated with titers in Japan. Methods: We enrolled 365 healthcare workers (250 women, 115 men) whose three-month antibody titers were analyzed in our previous study and whose blood samples were collected 183 ± 15 days after the second dose. Participant characteristics, collected previously, were used. The relationships of these factors with antibody titers at six months and percentage changes in antibody titers from three to six months were analyzed. Results: Median age was 44 years. Median antibody titer at six months was 539 U/mL. Older participants had significantly lower antibody titers (20s, 752 U/mL; 60s–70s, 365 U/mL). In age-adjusted analysis, smoking was the only factor associated with lower antibody titers. Median percentage change in antibody titers from three to six months was −29.4%. The only factor significantly associated with the percentage change in Ab titers was not age or smoking, but sex (women, −31.6%; men, −25.1%). Conclusion: The most important factors associated with lower antibody titers at six months were age and smoking, as at three months, probably reflecting their effect on peak antibody titers. However, the only factor significantly associated with the attenuation in Ab titers from three to six months was sex, which reduced the sex difference seen during the first three months. Antibody titers may be affected by different factors at different time points.
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Bag Soytas R, Cengiz M, Islamoglu MS, Borku Uysal B, Yavuzer S, Yavuzer H. Antibody responses to COVID-19 vaccines in older adults. J Med Virol 2021; 94:1650-1654. [PMID: 34921432 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Because of the senescence of the immune system, antibody response to the COVID-19 vaccines may differ from older to younger adults. The study aim compares the titers of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody of patients ≥60 years who received three doses of CoronaVac vaccine and those who received two doses of CoronaVac+1 dose of Pfizer-BioNTech after 1 month of the last vaccination. Patients ≥60 years who received the CoronaVac vaccine between March 1, 2021, and April 30, 2021, who did not have COVID-19 disease before the first dose of vaccination and were negative for COVID-19 antibodies, whose antibodies were tested before the third dose of vaccination, and who did not have any COVID-19 disease during the follow-up were included. The demographic characteristics and comorbidities of patients were recorded. An immunofluorescence assay (IFA) fast test and a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (Abbott) were used to measure SARS-CoV-2 quantitative antibody levels at the first month after the third-dose vaccine. Totally 81 patients, 41 patients in third dose of the CoronaVac group (female:male 18:23, mean age 69.4 ± 8.5), and 40 patients in third dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech group (female:male 15:25, mean age 69.9 ± 9.1) were included. The patients' comorbidities in the groups were similar. The titers of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 measured according to both IFA and Abbott Kit at first month the third dose vaccination was significantly higher in the Pfizer-BioNTech group (p ≥ 0.001, p = 0.012, respectively). The results report that the formed immunity in the first month after the two doses of CoronaVac+1 dose Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine was higher than three doses of CoronaVac vaccine in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Bag Soytas
- Department of Geriatrics, Başakşehir Çam ve Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mahir Cengiz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biruni University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet S Islamoglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biruni University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Borku Uysal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biruni University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Yavuzer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Biruni University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Yavuzer
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
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50
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Salmerón Ríos S, Cortés Zamora EB, Avendaño Céspedes A, Romero Rizos L, Sánchez-Jurado PM, Sánchez-Nievas G, Mas Romero M, Tabernero Sahuquillo MT, Blas Señalada JJ, Murillo Romero A, García Nogueras I, Estrella Cazalla JDD, Andrés-Pretel F, Lauschke VM, Stebbing J, Abizanda P. Immunogenicity after 6 months of BNT162b2 vaccination in frail or disabled nursing home residents: The COVID-A Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2021; 70:650-658. [PMID: 34894403 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.17620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is incomplete information regarding evolution of antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 after a two-dose strategy vaccination with BNT162b2 in older adults in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) with frailty, disability, or cognitive impairment. We aimed to determine IgG antibody titer loss in older adults in LTCFs. METHODS This is a multicenter longitudinal cohort study including 127 residents (90 females and 37 males) with a mean age of 82.7 years (range 65-99) with different frailty and disability profiles in two LTCFs in Albacete, Spain. Residents received two doses of BNT162b2 as per label, and antibody levels were determined 1 and 6 months after the second dose. Age, sex, previous history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), comorbidity (Charlson Index), performance in activities of daily living (Barthel Index), frailty (FRAIL instrument), and cognitive status were assessed. RESULTS The mean antibody titers 1 and 6 months after the second vaccine dose were 32,145 AU/ml (SD 41,206) and 6182 AU/ml (SD 13,316), respectively. Across all participants, the median antibody titer loss measured 77.6% (interquartile range [IQR] 23.8%). Notably, the decline of titers in individuals with pre-vaccination COVID-19 infection was significantly lower than in those without a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection (72.2% vs. 85.3%; p < 0.001). The median titer decrease per follow-up day was 0.47% (IQR 0.14%) and only pre-vaccination COVID-19 was associated with lower rate of antibody decline at 6 months (hazard ratio 0.17; 95% confidence interval 0.07-0.41; p < 0.001). Frailty, disability, older age, cognitive impairment, or comorbidity were not associated with the extent of antibody loss. CONCLUSIONS Older adults in LTCFs experience a rapid loss of antibodies over the first 6 months after the second dose of BNT162b2 vaccine. Only pre-vaccination COVID-19 is associated with a slower rate of antibody decrease. Our data support immunization with a third dose in this vulnerable, high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Salmerón Ríos
- Residencia de Mayores San Vicente de Paúl, Diputación de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Elisa Belén Cortés Zamora
- Department of Geriatrics, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain.,CIBERFES, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Avendaño Céspedes
- Department of Geriatrics, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain.,CIBERFES, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Madrid, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Luis Romero Rizos
- Department of Geriatrics, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain.,CIBERFES, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Madrid, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Pedro Manuel Sánchez-Jurado
- Department of Geriatrics, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain.,CIBERFES, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Madrid, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Ginés Sánchez-Nievas
- Department of Rheumatology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - Marta Mas Romero
- Department of Geriatrics, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Juan de Dios Estrella Cazalla
- Department of Geriatrics, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain.,CIBERFES, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Madrid, Spain.,Residencia de Mayores Núñez de Balboa, Albacete, Spain
| | - Fernando Andrés-Pretel
- Department of Statistics, Foundation of the National Paraplegics Hospital of Toledo, Toledo, Spain
| | - Volker Martin Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Justin Stebbing
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Pedro Abizanda
- Department of Geriatrics, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain.,CIBERFES, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Madrid, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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