A comprehensive review of ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) for bioactive components: Principles, advantages, equipment, and combined technologies

Acoustic black hole ultrasonic radiator for high-efficiency radiation

The utilization of conventional longitudinal transducers in the field of ultrasonic liquid processing is constrained by limitations in radiation area and directional characteristics. These limitations can be addressed through the implementation of mode conversion techniques. However, an expanded radiation area may also result in reduced acoustic radiation intensity. To mitigate this issue, this study proposes an Acoustic Black Hole Ultrasonic Radiator (ABHUR) designed to enhance ultrasound intensity and thereby achieve high-efficiency radiation. The proposed ABHUR comprises a Bolted Langevin-type Transducer (BLT) and a Curved Acoustic Black Hole (CABH) ring. A theoretical model, based on the transfer matrix method, is developed to analyze the in-plane vibrational behavior of the CABH ring, and its validity is confirmed through Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations. The underwater vibrational and sound field distribution properties of the ABHUR are investigated using FEM and compared with two alternative radiators employing longitudinal-bending (L-B) and longitudinal-radial (L-R) modes. Owing to the unique properties of the Acoustic Black Hole structure (ABHs), which amplify bending wave amplitudes and concentrate energy, the ABHUR operating in L-B mode demonstrates superior ultrasound intensity. Furthermore, a prototype of the ABHUR is fabricated, and a series of three experiments are conducted to validate the operational feasibility of the proposed system.

A comparison of the corrosion inhibition performance in sulfamic acid medium between refluxed and ultrasonic extracts of rapeseed meal

Effective utilization of its by-product of rapeseed meal (RM) can improve its economic value and promote the development of rapeseed industry. Existing research has concerned the chemical composition of RM, failing to deeply explore the potential of these important constituents. In this paper, refluxed and ultrasonic RM extracts (RRME and URME) are developed as steel corrosion inhibitors due to their chemical components containing substantial important organic compounds. The inhibition performances of both RME inhibitors against cold-rolled steel (CRS) corrosion in sulfamic acid (SA) medium are evaluated by weight loss, electrochemical measurements, surface characterizations, as well as theoretical calculations and simulations. It is found that these two RME inhibitors can dramatically reduce the corrosion current density while increase the polarization resistance. Characterizations show a significant decrease in roughness and an increase in hydrophobicity of the inhibited CRS surface compared to the corroded sample. Comprehensive results confirm that RRME and URME can be regarded as hybrid inhibitors, which simultaneously inhibit the anodic and cathodic reactions, forming an organic film to prevent the movement of corrosive particles to CRS surface, achieving the highest inhibition efficiencies of 93.7 % and 95.4 % respectively at the same concentration of 100 mg/L. The adsorption behaviors of these two RME inhibitors are consistent with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model, and RRME is a more excellent inhibitor due to its higher adsorption equilibrium constant (Kads), longer half-life time (t1/2), and performs better stability and durability with the extension of immersion time.

Ultrasound extraction of fucoidan and its antioxidant activities from tropical brown seaweeds

This study investigated ultrasound extraction (UE) process parameters (time and solvent) to obtain a high yield of fucoidan extracts and associated antioxidant activities from two tropical seaweeds (Sargassum binderi Sonder and Padina australis). UE parameters were time variable (30 and 60 min), solvent variable (distilled water, 2 % CaCl2, 0.1 M HCl). Fucoidan's characteristics were evaluated for its total sugar, sulfate content, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content. Fucoidan extracts were assessed for their antioxidant capabilities by applying 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) analyses. UE significantly improved the extraction yield in all seaweeds investigated compared to solvent extraction. Using UE, the highest yield was obtained from S. binderi Sonder using HCl for 60 min (22.40 ± 1.48 %), while the lowest yield was obtained from S. binderi Sonder using water for 30 min (6.82 ± 0.21 %). Bioactivities of fucoidan water extract from S. binderi Sonder obtained from UE extraction time of 60 min exhibited the strongest DPPH scavenging activity (% inhibition of 88.42 ± 0.90), ABTS antioxidant activity (% inhibition of 86.64 ± 0.30), and FRAP (% inhibition of 81.96 ± 0.70). UE under optimum conditions proved an efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable method for recovering physiologically active polyphenols from two species of brown seaweeds.

Advances in innovative extraction techniques for polysaccharides, peptides, and polyphenols from distillery by-products: Common extraction techniques, emerging technologies, and AI-driven optimization

Distillery by-products, such as distillers' grains, stillage, and vinasse, are rich in organic compounds and offer immense potential for the recovery of bioactive substances, including polysaccharides, peptides, and polyphenols. The effective utilization of these by-products is critical for achieving long-term sustainability in the distillery sector. This review highlights advancements in extraction techniques, focusing on enzymatic, ultrasound-assisted, and microwave-assisted methods while also exploring emerging approaches such as supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, pulse electric field, and synthetic biology. These innovative techniques address the limitations of traditional methods by improving extraction yields, reducing processing times, and enhancing sustainability. Additionally, the integration of machine learning and artificial intelligence is discussed as a promising avenue for optimizing extraction parameters and scaling up processes. By evaluating recent achievements and identifying new opportunities, this study aims to promote sustainable practices in the distillery industry, emphasizing economic feasibility, environmental impacts, and resource optimization for value-added product development.

Grapefruit peel waste: unlocking the potential for industrial applications in the circular economy

Abstract

Grapefruit processing generates tons of peel waste. Valorization of grapefruit peel waste represents an archetype to extract valuable components viz., dietary fiber, pectin, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and essential oil that can be utilized in food, health, and cosmeceutical industries, materializing the circular economy concept, aligning with sustainable development goals (SDGs). This article chronicles updated information about the potential of bioactive components, methods for extraction, and their application in the food industry as natural additives, to develop functional foods and packaging. Furthermore, it elucidates the mechanism behind grapefruit peels' antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities. The suitability of thermochemical and biochemical technologies has been discussed for peel waste conversion into value-added products like adsorbents, biochar, and biofuel. Conclusively, this review provides valuable information to capitalize on the utilization of grapefruit peel waste for commercial aims to effectuate a "waste-to-worth" regime and serve the purpose well of SDGs.

Graphical Abstract

Ultrasound-assisted enrichment of argan oil (Argania spinosa L.) with thyme (Thymus vulgaris L), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and saffron (Crocus sativus L.) powders: Impact on bioactive compounds and oxidative stability

This study deals with the ultrasonic enrichment of argan oil using oregano, thyme and saffron powders in order to improve its bioactive compounds and nutritional properties. Once enriched, a series of characterizations were carried out, namely: Total phenolic content, antioxidant activities (FRAP and DPPH•) and the scanning electron microscopy for the plant powders used before and after treatment. Samples were also subjected to accelerated ageing for 120 days at 60 °C and quality indices were monitored every 30 days (Free fatty acids, peroxide value, p-anisidine value and total oxidation). The induction period by Rancimat and fatty acids were also assessed. The results show a significant improvement in antioxidant activity and polyphenol content. This Innovative, fast, and straightforward approach not only improves the functional profile of argan oil, but also offers a long shelf-life, since the quality index values presented by the enriched oils are significantly less intense than those of the non-enriched oil. After 120 days of accelerated ageing, the peroxide value of unenriched argan oil presented an amount of 36.50 ± 1.50, while minimum values of 17.44 ± 1.00 and 15.22 ± 0.04 mEq O2/kg were recorded by enriched argan oils with saffron at 0.2 and 0.5 % respectively.

Impact of Geographical Origin on the Contents of Inorganic Elements and Bioactive Compounds in Polygonum perfoliatum L

This study investigated the correlation between thirteen inorganic elements, five key bioactive compounds, and environmental factors in Polygonum perfoliatum L. from fifteen different origins. Analyses were conducted using techniques such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, HPLC, ICP-AES, PCA, and HCA. The results indicate that the geographical origin significantly influences the contents of inorganic elements and bioactive compounds in Polygonum perfoliatum L., and a certain correlation exists among elements, compounds, and environmental factors. This research provides a theoretical foundation for the development and utilization of Polygonum perfoliatum L.

Physical, Chemical, and Enzymatic Pretreatment of Spent Hops and Its Impact on Xanthohumol Extraction Yield

Spent hops from the supercritical extraction process represent a valuable source of xanthohumol (XN), a prenylated flavonoid with demonstrated anticancer, antidiabetic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, XN is thermally sensitive and readily isomerizes into the less bioactive iso-XN at elevated temperatures, necessitating mild extraction conditions. Previous studies have shown that the pretreatment of plant biomass can enhance the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds. In this study, various pretreatment methods-including physical (freeze-thaw, ultrasound, and microwave), chemical (acid and base hydrolysis), and enzymatic approaches-were applied to spent hops prior to extraction, and XN yields were compared to those obtained from untreated samples. The experiments, performed in triplicate, yielded meaningful results which helped understand the raw material's behavior in applied conditions. Due to the compound's high thermal sensitivity, ultrasound and microwave pretreatments require precise control to prevent excessive temperature increases, making low-temperature methods more suitable. Additionally, exposure to elevated pH adversely affected XN extraction efficiency, limiting the applicability of strong alkaline pretreatments. Among the evaluated methods, freeze-thaw pretreatment proved to be a simple and effective strategy, enhancing XN extraction yields by up to 10.7 ± 0.7% through the optimization of soaking time, the solid-to-liquid ratio, and the thawing temperature. Identifying an inexpensive and efficient pretreatment method could reduce extraction time while improving yield, contributing to the sustainable utilization of spent hops as an XN source.

A review of innovative extraction technologies for protein recovery from plant-based by-products: A step toward zero-waste processing

The increasing global emphasis on sustainability in food production has heightened interest in valorizing plant-based by-products, including oilseed meals, fruit pomace, cereal bran, and legume hulls. Although these residues contain valuable proteins, their commercial use remains limited due to shortcomings associated with traditional extraction techniques. Conventional methods are typically energy-intensive, environmentally polluting, chemically dependent, and often detrimental to the functionality of extracted proteins. To address these challenges, innovative extraction technologies have emerged, such as Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), Enzyme-Assisted Extraction (EAE), Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE), Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES), Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF), High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP), and Membrane Filtration. These modern methods significantly improve extraction efficiency, protein quality, and environmental sustainability. Moreover, these advanced technologies align closely with circular economy principles by converting waste streams into high-value ingredients suitable for food, nutraceutical, and cosmetic applications. Despite these advantages, current research faces gaps, including operational complexity, challenges in managing protein-membrane interactions, and a lack of standardized optimization protocols. The review identifies critical future directions-such as combining extraction methods (hybrid approaches), developing advanced antifouling membrane solutions, and applying machine learning for process optimization-to further enhance the economic feasibility and sustainability of protein extraction processes.

A review: Mechanism and research progress of the effects of Astragalus polysaccharides on obesity

As living standards rise, health has become a top concern, and the issue of obesity has drawn extensive attention. Astragalus polysaccharides (APS), the key active component of Astragalus, have emerged as a promising subject in weight-loss research. Recent breakthroughs in APS studies-such as its dual regulatory effects on gut microbiota and metabolic pathways, novel insights into its anti-inflammatory mechanisms via TLR4/NF-κB signaling, and synergistic interactions with other herbal compounds-warrant an updated synthesis of current knowledge. Previous reviews on APS and obesity have predominantly focused on isolated mechanisms (e.g., lipid metabolism or inflammation), yet a comprehensive analysis integrating its multi-target effects, comparative advantages over conventional anti-obesity drugs, and clinical translation challenges remains lacking. This review uniquely consolidates advances in APS research over the past five years, emphasizing its holistic action on inflammation, insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and gut dysbiosis. By systematically comparing APS with pharmacological and nutritional interventions, we highlight its potential as a natural, low-toxicity alternative with multi-organ regulatory capabilities. Furthermore, we address critical gaps in bioavailability optimization and clinical validation, providing a roadmap for future research and therapeutic development.

In Vitro Production of Smilax brasiliensis Seedlings, Callus Induction, Chemical Profile, and Assessment of Antioxidant Activity

This study aimed to assess the production of Smilax brasiliensis seedlings in an in vitro environment and their adaptation to natural conditions, as well as the callus induction, the chemical profile of calli extracts, and their antioxidant potential. The seedlings were obtained from S. brasiliensis seeds germinated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. The germination rate was 33%, and about 22% of the seeds produced whole seedlings. Three-month-old seedlings were acclimatized for two months, resulting in an 80% survival rate and improved physiological characteristics. Callus induction was initiated from leaf explants obtained from seedlings and plant growth regulators (PGRs), with and without light exposure. Calli extracts were obtained using methanol; phenolic compound and flavonoid quantification were performed, and the chemical profile was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). For comparison, methanol extract from S. brasiliensis leaves collected in Brazilian Cerrado were also analyzed. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl method and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay. All samples exhibited antioxidant activity according to the methods employed. Furthermore, 1H NMR revealed metabolic profile changes in the calli extracts compared to the leaf extract. This study yielded promising results, suggesting that in vitro culture could improve productivity and conserve the species, although changes were observed in the metabolic profile of S. brasiliensis.

Bioactive compound extraction from giloy leaves and steam using ultrasound: bioactivity, antimicrobial, and LC-MS/MS study

Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) is a medicinal plant rich in bioactive compounds known for their diverse health benefits. This study examined the nutritional value and biological activity of giloy stems and leaves. Hence, giloy stem (GSE), and leaf extract (GLE) was extracted using green extraction technology, ultrasound, and screening secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds. Using a central composite rotatable design combined with RSM, GSE, and GLE's antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and yield were optimized for solvent-to-solid ratio, sonication time, and solvent concertation. The optimum extraction conditions were found to be 22.5:1, 40 min, and 75%. Additionally, the extract inhibited the growth of S. aureus and E. coli. Screening of optimized extract through LC/MS reported the presence of significant polyphenols. Bioactive substances such as catechin, malic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, ellagic acid, hesperidin, and berberine were found. These findings indicate that ultrasonication, a green extraction method, promotes GSE and GLE bioactive chemical extraction. Giloy can make tasty, long-lasting food and drinks as a functional ingredient.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-024-01810-x.

Carrageenan-Based Hydrogels for Advanced Wound Healing and Controlled Drug Delivery in Tissue Engineering

Carrageenan (CGN) is a high molecular weight polysaccharide that is extracted from red seaweeds. It is made up of D-galactose residues connected by β-1,4 and α-1,3 galactose-galactose bonds. As a result of its ability to thicken, emulsify, and stabilize food, it is frequently used as a food additive in processed food. Its consumption has surged in recent years due to the Western diet's (WD) spread. Carrageenan has the ability to change the thickness of the mucus barrier, the composition of the gut microbiota, and the innate immune pathway that causes inflammation. Also, its inherent qualities, which include biodegradability, biocompatibility, resemblance to native glycosaminoglycans, antioxidants, anticancer, immunomodulatory, and anticoagulant activities, Carrageenan-based hydrogels have been the subject of numerous investigations lately for biomedical applications. The brittle hydrogel and uncontrollably exchanged ions, however, are two drawbacks to the application of this polysaccharide, but these can be avoided by making straightforward chemical changes to polymer networks, which create chemically bonded hydrogels with important mechanical characteristics and regulated degradation rates. Furthermore, the addition of diverse kinds of nanoparticles, as well as polymer networks, to carrageenan hydrogels results in hybrid platforms with noteworthy mechanical, chemical, and biological characteristics, which qualify them as appropriate biomaterials for tissue engineering (TE), drug delivery (DD), and also wound healing applications. Our goal in this article is to provide an overview of the most current developments in hybrid carrageenan-based platforms and several chemical modification techniques for TE and DD applications.

Evaluation of drying methods and green extraction techniques to enhance the recovery of bioactive compounds from hop leaves: A sustainable approach for the valorisation of agricultural by-products

This study investigated the effects of different drying techniques and green extraction methods on bioactive compounds in hop leaves, typically considered as waste material. Freeze-drying (FD) and oven-drying (OD) were compared for drying the leaves of five hop varieties, while the study focused on the use of microwave (MAE) and ultrasound (UAE) as innovative extraction techniques. The influence of these factors was then evaluated on several bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, pigments, and xanthohumol, as well as the antioxidant capacity and α-glucosidase inhibition of the extracts obtained. MAE yielded higher total polyphenol and flavan content (TPC and FLC, respectively) values than UAE. Similarly, FD samples showed higher TPC and FLC values than OD ones, whereas chlorophyll b was consistently more abundant than chlorophyll a in all samples. HPLC analysis identified catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid as the predominant phenolic compounds. Xanthohumol concentrations ranged from 0.04 ± 0.00 to 1.12 ± 0.03 mg g-1, with MAE yielding higher levels than UAE. Multivariate analysis revealed that the drying process accounted for the largest proportion of variation in the phytochemical profile (37.1 %), followed by the extraction technique (27.3 %) and hop variety (14.3 %). The hop leaf extracts showed α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with FD samples showing greater inhibition than OD ones. PCA highlighted the significant influence of the extraction method and drying process on the phytochemical composition of hop leaf extracts. This research highlights the potential of hop leaves as a sustainable source of phytochemicals for the food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical sectors, and emphasises the importance of optimizing extraction and drying techniques.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Amomum villosum Lour. Using natural deep eutectic solvent: Process optimization, comparison, identification, and bioactivity

Amomum villosum Lour. (A. villosum) is widely utilized in culinary and medicinal contexts due to its rich diversity of bioactive compounds. In this study, an ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method using a natural deep eutectic solvent (NaDES) was employed to extract flavonoids from A. villosum. The NaDES composed of betaine and glycerol (Bet-Gly) exhibited effective performance as an extraction solvent, as evidenced by its high efficiency. Optimal extraction conditions (water content: 30 %, solid-liquid ratio: 1:20 g/mL, temperature: 70 °C, ultrasonic power: 85 % P, time: 30 mins) were established via single-factor experiments. The maximum total flavonoid content (TFC) of 82.22 ± 0.39 mg rutin equivalent per gram dry weight (mg Rut/g DW) was achieved under optimized conditions. Comparative studies revealed that the UAE-NaDES method afforded higher TFC and DPPH radical scavenging activity values, broader flavonoid diversity, and demonstrated a better capacity to stabilize them compared to conventional solutions. Furthermore, NaDES exhibited favorable biocompatibility properties, and the resulting extract displayed remarkable anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. These findings demonstrate that NaDES is an efficient solvent for flavonoids extraction from A. villosum, with potential applications in food and pharmaceutical industries, thereby minimizing solvent removal steps.

Ultrasonic and thermal effect on the preparation and properties of starch-chlorogenic acid complexes

In this study, complexes of chlorogenic acid (CA) with starch from different sources were prepared by thermal treatment (70 °C, 20 min) and ultrasound (450 W, 20 kHz, 25 °C, 20 min). Both ultrasound and thermal treatment are effective methods for preparing starch-CA complexes, but the two treatments have different effects on different starches. Characterization of the complexes prepared using the two methods showed that thermal treatment and ultrasound reduced the crystallinity of starch to some extent, with thermal treatment having a greater effect. Thermal treatment also reduced the amount of double-helix structures in starch. In contrast, ultrasound was relatively mild and had less effect on starch granular structure. However, these two methods promoted the binding of CA, thereby increasing the crystallinity of starch and forming a more ordered and compact structure, which, to some extent hindered the enzymatic degradation of starch. Moreover, the RDS of starch-CA complexes were reduced to different degrees, with the most significant changes in U (PS-CA) and T (CS-CA), which were reduced by 5.96 % and 4.55 %, respectively.

Upcycling Scented Pandan Leaf Waste into High-Value Cellulose Nanocrystals via Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for Edible Film Reinforcement

This study aims to optimize the parameters for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from scented pandan leaf waste and to enhance the properties of edible films reinforced with CNC. The CNC extraction conditions were optimized using response surface methodology (central composite design) by varying two independent variables, including amplitude (25.86% to 54.14%) and ultrasonication time (11.89 min to 33.11 min). The optimal extraction conditions were 50% amplitude and 30 min ultrasonication, providing CNCs with the highest extraction yield (29.85%), the smallest crystallite size (5.85 nm), and the highest crystallinity index (59.32%). The extracted CNCs showed favorable physicochemical properties, including a zeta potential of -33.95 mV, an average particle diameter of 91.81 nm, and a polydispersity index of 0.26. Moreover, sweet potato starch (SPS)-based films incorporating various CNC concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8%) were fabricated. Increasing CNC concentrations improved key film properties, including thickness, moisture content, water vapor permeability, tensile strength, light transmittance, and color. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses confirmed hydrogen bonding, crystallinity, and uniform CNC distribution within the film as CNC content increased. These findings highlight ultrasound-assisted extraction as an efficient method for producing high-quality CNCs from pandan leaf waste, offering sustainable nanofillers to enhance biodegradable edible films.

Eco-Friendly Extraction to Enhance Antioxidants and Nutritional Value in Arthrospira platensis

The cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) has a global annual production of approximately 18,000 tons. Spirulina has notable nutritional benefits and is a key component of dietary supplements. However, efficiently extracting its bioactive compounds poses challenges. This study aimed to develop an eco-innovative method to enhance Spirulina's antioxidant and nutritional values. The extraction protocol included a maceration step in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) at 5 °C for 48 h, followed by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) at 400 W and 30 kHz, with a frequency of 30 cycles per min (consisting of 1 s on/off cycles, for a total of 6 extraction cycles). The proposed methodology allowed for the quantitative recovery of high-value compounds from Spirulina raw material (control), with increased yields of total lipids (+20.29%), total fatty acids (+60.48%), allophycocyanin (Apc, +41.41%), phycoerythrin (Pe, +81.42%), carotenoids (+30.84%), and polyphenols (+65.99%), leading to a boost in antioxidant activity (+42.95%). Conversely, the recoveries of proteins (-16.65%), carbohydrates (-18.84%), and phycocyanin (Pc, -0.77%) were incomplete. This study suggests a green extraction approach using PBS coupled with UAE, with promising energy and cost savings and potential applications in the dietary supplement sector.

Extraction of Bioactive Compounds From Withania somnifera: The Biological Activities and Potential Application in the Food Industry: A Review

As awareness of the link between diet and health grows, people are increasingly prioritizing functional foods that offer additional health benefits beyond basic nutrition. Ashwagandha, scientifically known as Withania somnifera (WS), is a perennial plant which belongs to the family Solanaceae, which grows abundantly in subtropical regions of the world. Ashwagandha is a renowned Ayurvedic herb with diverse applications in global dietary supplements and traditional medicines. It has extensive medicinal potential in traditional Indian systems such as (Ayurvedic, Unani, and Siddha) and contemporary medicine, recognized as the "Indian ginseng." WS is a dietary additive composed of various phytochemicals and active compounds such as withanolides, polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, which exhibit therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antistress, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, and rejuvenating effects. WS has been scientifically proven to be highly effective against numerous neurological and psychological disorders. The incorporation of ashwagandha into food enhances the biological activity of the food as well as enhances the functional properties, making it a valuable functional food with potential health benefits. This review provides an updated analysis of WS, emphasizing its bioactive compounds, extraction techniques, and functional food applications. Unlike previous studies that primarily focused on its medicinal properties, this review highlights integration into food systems, addressing technological challenges, stability, and commercial viability. Additionally, it compiles advancements in analytical techniques, offering insights into enhancing bioavailability and sensory optimization, thereby bridging traditional herbal use with modern food science.

Phenolic Acids from Fruit By-Products as Therapeutic Agents for Metabolic Syndrome: A Review

The cultivation and processing of fruits generate a wide range of by-products (e.g., pulp, seeds, pomace, leaves, and stems), which are often underutilized despite being rich sources of phenolic compounds with well-documented bioactive properties. The bioactive potential of these compounds has attracted significant interest from both the pharmaceutical and food sectors, offering opportunities for their use in functional foods, dietary supplements, natural medicines, and additives. Among these, phenolic acids have shown promising potential in modulating risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS), a condition encompassing hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and abdominal obesity, and contributing significantly to cardiovascular disease. Given the global burden of MetS and the need for novel preventive strategies, numerous studies have investigated the bioactivity of phenolic acids derived from fruit by-products. In this review, we critically examine recent studies regarding the phenolic acid composition of fruit-derived by-products and their biological activity in relation to MetS-related risk factors. This work aims to synthesize current findings, highlight prevailing research trends, and identify existing gaps in the literature to inform future research and promote the sustainable use of fruit by-products in the prevention and management of MetS.

Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Diene Urushiol from Lacquer Tree Leaves Using Response Surface Methodology

Lacquer trees are an important economic tree species in China, and raw lacquer is its main secondary metabolite. Polyphenolic compounds are the primary components of raw lacquer, among which diene urushiol exhibits high inhibitory activity against the reverse transcriptase of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Therefore, this study established and optimized the ultrasound-assisted extraction process of diene urushiol from lacquer tree leaves. Based on single-factor experiments on the number of extractions, extraction time, extraction temperature, and solvent to solid ratio, the Box-Behnken Design response surface methodology was employed to obtain the optimal extraction process, which included three extractions, an extraction time of 55 min, an extraction temperature of 50 °C, and a solvent to solid ratio of 10:1 mL/g. Under these conditions, the content of diene urushiol was 4.56 mg/g (FW), which bore no significant difference from the theoretical value of 4.69 mg/g (FW), indicating a good model fit. Therefore, response surface methodology (RSM) can be used to optimize the extraction process of diene urushiol from lacquer leaves. This method lays a solid foundation for the comprehensive development and utilization of lacquer tree resources.

Influence of ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactives from garlic (Allium sativum) sprouts using response surface methodology

Garlic sprouts have nutritional and culinary significances due to good source of chemical compounds. The present study aimed to determine the optimized condition for maximum extraction of polyphenols from garlic sprouts through RSM (response surface methodology). However, the proximate, color and microbial analysis were performed on the freeze-dried garlic sprouts. The influences of extraction time (3-9 min), amplitude (50-90 %), ethanol concentration (25-75 %) and solid-liquid ratio (20-40 g/mL) on the extraction yield and total phenolic content (TPC) were investigated. The highest yield was observed on time (9 min), amplitude (70 %), ethanol (25 %) and solid-liquid ratio (30 g/mL) whereas the maximum TPC were measured on time (3 min), amplitude (70 %), ethanol (75 %) and solid-liquid ratio (30 g/mL). The optimal extraction conditions were 5.20 min, 61.1 % ethanol, 71.4 % amplitude and 30.6 g/mL solid-liquid ratio. However, the estimated results of the study are in accordance with the experimental outputs. In addition, chromatographic measurement showed the characterization of polyphenols in garlic sprout extract. Garlic can be fruitful in pharmaceutical and food industries due to a good source of bioactive compounds.

Agri-food waste to phenolic compounds: Life cycle and eco-efficiency assessments

The increase in the consumption of food products and the management of food waste have endangered the sustainability of the food sector. The need to move forward on the European bioeconomy requires to evaluate waste valorization strategies, to convert a non-valorized resource into a high-added value production in the market. In this regard, the focus of this research article is the valorization of orange peel and tomato seed wastes to produce bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids. Various extraction technologies have been analyzed, from the most conventional (solvent extraction), to emerging alternatives (including ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and subcritical water extraction), providing a total of seven scenarios. Life Cycle Assessment methodology has been used for assessing the environmental sustainability of all the scenarios, combined with techno-economic analysis to evaluate its feasibility and also to provide an eco-efficiency evaluation. The results show that energy optimization is key to improve the profiles obtained, as well as to increase production capacity, as it is directly related to both economic and environmental viability. In general terms, orange peel valorization scenarios with emerging technologies are the most profitable and suitable, given the higher benefits and lower impacts compared to tomatoe valorization. The research developed has shown that the recovery of bioactive compounds from unusable wastes from the food and agricultural sectors is effective, and the outcomes could be used as a guide to stakeholders and entrepreneurs to where to focus to enhance the potential of the tomato and orange harvesting and processing activities.

Mass transfer of acoustic cavitation bubbles in multi-bubble environment

The mass transfer around acoustic cavitation in a multi-bubble environment was numerically studied. To model the multi-bubble environment, several bubbles were placed at the vertices of the polyhedron, and one bubble was placed at the center, and then an ultrasonic pressure wave with a frequency of 20 kHz was imposed along the simulation boundary box. In this study, the mass transfer of chemical species that were initially present only in the bubbles was investigated. The numerical simulation revealed that the mass transfer to the outside bubble was enhanced by the bubble translational motion caused by the secondary Bjerknes force, whereas the mass transfer to the outside bubble increased during the bubble compression period, and the mass transfer to the inside bubble increased during the bubble expansion period. In addition, the mass transfer to the outside bubble was enhanced, particularly for the nonspherical bubble motion during the bubble compression period. The mass transfer to the outside bubble increases with a denser bubble arrangement, which can be explained in terms of the cover ratio, which is defined as the ratio of the projected area of the surrounding bubbles to the central bubble.

How well ultrasonic waves penetrate glass, SS, and plastics?

To effectively utilize ultrasound, it is crucial to identify materials and media that facilitate optimal penetration. Extraction and aluminum foil erosion experiments were performed using beakers made of glass, stainless steel, and various plastics (PE, PFA, and PTFE) under different ultrasonic conditions. Additionally, ultrasound-assisted chromatography was conducted in six solutions with varying surface tensions: water, alcohol, 6% and 17% NaOH, and 20% and 35% sucrose in water. The results of the extraction and erosion experiments indicated that glass demonstrated the highest extraction efficiency and the strongest physical effects, with minimal ultrasound energy attenuation, particularly under sweep mode and low-frequency conditions. In chromatography, the findings showed that ultrasound transmission was more effective in a 6% NaOH aqueous solution compared to water.

A Systematic Review of Extraction Methods, Phytochemicals, and Food Applications of Moringa oleifera Leaves Using PRISMA Methodology

This systematic review was aimed at examining the impact of extraction methods on the phytochemical profile of Moringa oleifera leaves to identify the most effective extraction technique for food application. Mainly, maceration, Soxhlet extraction, and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) are reviewed in this study for their efficiency in extracting key phytochemicals in M. oleifera leaves. Given the rich phytochemical profile of M. oleifera leaves, selecting an appropriate extraction method is important in preserving their functionality and ensuring the quality of fortified or enriched food products. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, this review found that maceration is the most efficient method for the extraction of gallic acid, which can enhance certain food textures but may also increase hardness in products such as cream cheese; Soxhlet extraction is effective in the extraction of kaempferol but slightly diminishes the sensory attributes in beverages such as malt drinks; and the UAE method is efficient in achieving the highest yield of quercetin while maintaining desirable sensory and textural properties. Overall, these findings suggest that the interaction between phytochemicals from M. oleifera leaves and the food matrix can affect the sensory and functional properties of the final product. Further optimization of each extraction technique is required to maximize the potential of M. oleifera leaf extracts in food applications.

Comprehensive LC-MS Profiling and Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, Antioxidant, and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Alcoholic Extracts of Brassica fruticulosa subsp. numidica (Coss.) Maire

Brassica fruticulosa subsp. numidica, an underutilized species in the Brassicaceae family, offers significant potential for discovering bioactive compounds. This study analyzed its ethanolic (EE) and methanolic (ME) extracts for phytochemical composition and bioactivity, identifying key compounds via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). EE was rich in phenolic acids, notably cinnamic acid (59.33%) and coumaric acid (24.39%), while ME contained a high concentration of riboflavin (99.25%). EE exhibited potent antimicrobial activity, particularly against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (IZD: 17.5 mm; MIC: 62.5 µg/mL), and reduced biofilm formation by up to 72%, whereas ME demonstrated superior antioxidant (IC50: 67.46 ± 0.03 µg/mL) and anti-inflammatory effects (maximum inhibition: 78.10% at 2500 µg/mL). Neither extract showed efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus or fungal strains. These results underscore the therapeutic potential of B. fruticulosa subsp. numidica and highlight its promise for natural product-based drug discovery, warranting further research on compound isolation, mechanistic studies, and in vivo validation.

Phytochemical profiles and biological activity of Myrsine africana L.: a comprehensive review

Myrsine africana L. is a member of the Myrsinaceae family, which encompasses more than 1,000 species and 35 genera predominantly found in tropical and subtropical regions. This plant is abundant in Africa and Asia, and has been traditionally utilized for its aromatic properties in tea, spices, appetizers, carminatives, and flavoring agents. Despite its wide-ranging applications, a comprehensive review of its phytochemical potential and biological effects has not yet been conducted. This study aims to fill that gap by reviewing the phytochemical composition and biological activities of M. africana. Literature was gathered using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The wide range of uses of M. africana can be attributed to its rich phytochemicals, including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, and saponins. Among its significant biological activities, M. africana is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Furthermore, it shows potential in antispasmodic, antityrosinase, antibacterial, anti-aging, and anticancer applications. Additionally, it is used to treat conditions, such as malaria, helminthosis, wounds, tuberculosis, and gastrointestinal complications. Some of the isolated compounds from different parts of M. africana include methylvilangin (11), methylanhydrovilangin (12), 2-hydroxychrysophanol (13), myrsinene (25), myrsigenin (26), myrsininone A (27), myrsininone B (28), and myrsinoside B (30), as well as various other flavonoid compounds. This review aims to systematically explore the phytochemical profiles and associated biological activities of M. africana, highlighting key compounds and their pharmacological implications. By bringing together information, it emphasizes the potential of M. africana in drug discovery and future research.

Ultrasound-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction of Antioxidant and Anti-Colorectal Cancer Proteins from Spirulina Biomass: Process Intensification, Characterization, and Bioactivity Evaluation

Spirulina, a cyanobacterial biomass, is renowned for its high protein content and bioactive compounds, making it a promising candidate for health-promoting applications. This study explores the ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction technique for isolating antioxidants and anticancer proteins from Spirulina biomass, aiming to enhance extraction efficiency and preserve protein bioactivity. The extraction process was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM), varying parameters such as biomass concentration, sonication amplitude, and extraction duration. The optimized extraction conditions-5% biomass concentration, 40% sonication amplitude, and 22-minute extraction-achieved a high protein yield of 80.62%, with a protein concentration of 442.88 mg/g extract and an essential amino acid content of 39.91%. The extracted proteins exhibited remarkable bioactivity, including strong antioxidant properties, with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of 0.25 mg GAE/g, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity of 0.58 mg TE/g, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (PFRAP) of 9.63 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g. Additionally, the protein extract displayed selective cytotoxicity against colorectal cancer cell lines, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 10.25 mg/mL for Caco-2 and 15.40 mg/mL for HT-29 cells, while maintaining low toxicity towards normal Vero cells. Apoptosis rates of 70.43% in Caco-2 and 51.33% in HT-29 cells further confirm the anticancer potential of the extract. The functional properties of the extracted protein, including high foaming capacity (100%), emulsifying capacity (94.05%), and digestibility (85.77%), underscore its potential for diverse applications in food, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries. This eco-friendly and efficient extraction approach aligns with sustainable development goals and offers a viable strategy for harnessing Spirulina's bioactive potential.

Ultrasound meets nanomedicine: towards disease treatment and medical imaging

As a kind of mechanical wave, ultrasound has been widely employed in the biomedical field due to its superiors of deep tissue penetration, non-destructiveness and non-toxicity. In this review, we highlight current progress and prospects in using ultrasound as a powerful tool for disease treatment and medical imaging, including (1) ultrasound as energy input for driving nano/micromotor in drug delivery, this part first introduces the synthesis and motion behavior of nano/micromotors, then reviews the small molecular and macromolecular compounds that the nano/micromotors are delivering; (2) sonosensitive nanomaterials for disease therapy, the sonodynamic, sonopiezoelectric, sonothermal, and sonomechanical therapy will all be covered; (3) ultrasound as a non-invasive technique for nano/micromotor tracking or medical imaging; (4) the sonoporation of nano/microbubble. Future challenges in using ultrasound for disease treatment or medical imaging will also be described in the conclusion part.

Innovative strategy for full-scale polar components explicition and ultrasonic-assisted optimization of Astragalus membranaceus flower

Traditional extraction under merely one specific solvent was confronted with incomplete phytochemical unscramble problem. In view of this, in order to obtain the overall chemical understanding, we attempted to use Astragalus membranaceus flower, an abundant exploitable resource, to screen a novel extraction mixing scheme via gradient solvents based on the ions' quantity detected in UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS approach. Samples were firstly extracted by different concentration ethanol, and then, six mixing schemes were investigated and one scheme with maximum detected ions was screened out. After identification procedures based on an comprehensive reference database, 136 components covered 54 flavonoids were accurately identified, indicating that flavonoids may played a critical role in Astragalus membranaceus flower. Through the Box-Behnken Design optimization, 29.79 mg/g of flavonoids were extracted under ethanol concentration of 35 %, solid-liquid ratio of 1:50, extraction time of 50 min. The experiments showed that the established mixing scheme could obtain more comprehensive ingredients compared to orthodox extraction, further guide the optimization of significative ingredients scientifically. The present paper could promote the development of Astragalus membranaceus flower.

Ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction of flavonol glycosides from Ginkgo biloba: Optimization of efficiency and mechanism

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is a technique that can enhance the efficiency of the extraction of bioactive ingredients. In previous work, ginkgo flavonol glycosides (GFG) were extracted using a deep eutectic solvent (DES). To further enhance mass transfer efficiency in this work, ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent (UADES) was employed for GFG extraction. The optimal extraction parameters were determined to be the ultrasonic power 320 W, extraction time 63.6 min, and extraction temperature 32.5℃. The extraction yield of GFG reached 5.60 mg/g, surpassing that achieved through DES extraction. Notably, the extraction time was drastically shortened from 11.8 h to 63.6 min. The analysis of changes in micro-morphology, crystalline structure, and cellulose content of the phytoextraction solid residue revealed that the UADES effectively disrupted the crystalline regions of lignocellulose within the cell wall, and the ultrasound enhanced the solubilization of DES to lignocellulose, thus improving the efficiency of the extraction process.

Optimization and Modeling of Ultrasound- and Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Turmeric to Efficiently Recover Curcumin and Phenolic Antioxidants Followed by Food Enrichment to Enhance Health-Promoting Effects

Phenolic antioxidants and curcuminoids are biologically important molecules playing a crucial role in combating reactive species under oxidative stress conditions. In this study, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) processes for the extraction of phenolic antioxidants and curcumin from turmeric using an ethanol-water mixture were optimized and modeled with the face-centered composite design of the response surface methodology. Under optimal conditions, CUPRAC total antioxidant capacity (TAC), curcumin content (CC), DPPH free radical scavenging capacity, ABTS radical scavenging capacity, and total phenolic contents (TPC) of the extracts obtained using MAE, UAE, and automated soxhlet-assisted extraction were determined to distinguish the water ratio of the ethanolic solvent as the most important operational factor affecting TAC and CC responses. The highest TAC and CC yields were obtained at a 200 μm particle size, 100°C temperature, 30 min time, and 20% water in ethanol conditions for MAE. The highest TAC and CC yields were obtained at a 200 μm particle size, 48 min time, G = 600 W ultrasonic power, and 26% water in ethanol conditions for UAE. In addition, the red lentil (R.L.) soup was selected as a model food system and was enriched with extracts obtained by the UAE process. The effects of curcumin addition to a protein-rich food matrix, spontaneous protein-curcumin interaction, and the existence of olive oil as an oil/water emulsion delivery system in the prepared soup samples were investigated in association with simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The (R.L + water + 5% turmeric extract) sample was shown to have a higher TPC value than analogous mixtures after in vitro digestion. TPC values of enriched soup samples with olive oil were higher than those enriched without olive oil due to the potential ability of olive oil to provide solubility and stability of curcuminoids together with its potential as a phenolic source. The solubility, oil-water interfacial absorption, and stability of curcuminoids were important in the measured TAC response before and after simulated digestion. Curcumin addition to protein-rich foods may be recommended considering the health-promoting effects of functional foods. The proposed extraction processes show a potential to recover bioactive compounds with high efficiency through green chemistry to design new functional foods.

Extraction and optimization of polyphenols from Morchella spp. using ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvents: Potential intervention for type 2 diabetes mellitus

Edible fungi, specifically Morels (Morchella spp.), are esteemed for their high concentration of bioactive compounds, with polyphenols being a notable component. This research focused on optimizing the ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction method to obtain polyphenols from Morels. The optimized process yielded 6.95 ± 0.18 mg/g of polyphenols, with optimal conditions identified as a solid-liquid ratio of 29.92 g/mL, a water content of 31.32%, an extraction temperature of 36.31°C, and a 10-min ultrasonic exposure duration. The Morchella polyphenols (MPs) demonstrated significant antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. The phenolic compounds of MPs were analyzed via ultra performance liquid chromatography high-resolution/mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS/MS). Network pharmacology analysis identified caffeic acid as the main active compound, with core genes such as ALB, TNF, and EGFR. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses indicated that the hypoglycemic effects of MPs are likely linked to the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of Morchella spp. as a promising source of functional foods for managing Type 2 diabetes mellitus. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The study introduces an environmentally sustainable approach to extract polyphenols from Morels (Morchella spp.), which have shown their potent antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects. The Morchella polyphenols could serve as functional food ingredients or natural supplements for managing Type 2 diabetes mellitus, providing a sustainable and health-oriented alternative for the food and nutraceutical industries.

Optimization of the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Antioxidants from Cistus Salvifolius L. Using Response Surface Methodology

The current work aims to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of Cistus salviifolius L. (aerial parts) antioxidative phenolic compounds using response surface methodology. A Box-Behnken design has been conducted to investigate the effect of four factors, namely: (i) percentage of ethanol (50-90 %, v/v), (ii) temperature (40-80 °C), (iii) solvent-solid ratio (10-50 mL g-1) and (iv) extraction time (5-25 min) on four responses, namely: total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Based on the desirability index, UAE with 50 % (v/v) ethanol, at 80 °C, using a solvent-solid ratio of 32.24 mL g-1, for 21 min resulted in the maximum recovery of phenolic antioxidants. Under optimum conditions, the experimental values of TPC, TFC, % DPPH radical scavenging activity, and FRAP were 171.67±4.69 mg GAE g-1, 26.87±0.78 mg CE g-1, 81.31±0.16 %, and 1038.22±7.69 μmol TE g-1, respectively. Results shows a reasonable agreement of experimental values with the predicted ones; the absolute error values being in all cases lower than 2.90 %. The present work provide a developed eco-friendly extarction method that is appropriate for the improved recovery of phenolic antioxidants from C. salviifolius L.

Valorization of Arbutus unedo L. Pomace: Exploring the Recovery of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Distillation By-Products

This study explores the potential of Arbutus unedo L. pomace, a by-product of the food industry, as a natural ingredient for skincare applications. In Portugal, A. unedo L. fruits are traditionally used to produce "Aguardente de Medronho", a spirit with a protected geographical indication. The distillation process generates pomace, comprising skins, pulp remnants, seeds, and residual alcohol rich in phenolic compounds, whose levels are significantly increased during distillation. In addition to their documented high antioxidant content, these residues also display notable antimicrobial properties. However, their potential benefits for skin health have not yet been explored. The methodology entailed the preparation of the pomace extract and a comprehensive analysis of its polyphenolic content and antioxidant capacity under laboratory conditions and in preclinical cellular models. The by-products demonstrated a high polyphenol content and potent antioxidant activity, comparable to vitamin C. Bioscreening on human skin models (i.e., dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes) revealed their ability to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation under oxidative stress in skin cells, highlighting their potential to mitigate skin aging and damage caused by environmental pollutants. Moreover, bioscreens in vitro revealed a high safety profile, without any interference with cell viability at concentrations up to 100 µg/mL. These findings support the use of A. unedo L. pomace extract as a sustainable ingredient for the development of antioxidant-rich and eco-friendly cosmetic or dermatologic products.

Recent Advances in the Structure, Extraction, and Biological Activity of Sargassum fusiforme Polysaccharides

Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharides (SFPs) are acidic polysaccharides that possess significant medicinal and commercial potential. This review aims to summarize recent advances in the structure, extraction methods, and diverse biological activities of SFPs, including their antioxidant, antitumor, immunomodulatory, antiviral, intestinal flora-regulating, and anti-diabetic properties. The key findings reveal the complex composition of polysaccharides, highlighting alginic acid, fucoidan, and laminaran as the primary constituents, and detailing their structural features. At the same time, the characteristics as well as the advantages and disadvantages of hot water extraction, acid extraction, alkali extraction, ultrasonic extraction, microwave extraction, and enzyme extraction were systematically compared. Finally, this review concludes by emphasizing the necessity for further research to elucidate the structure-function relationships of SFPs, optimize their extraction techniques, and provide a theoretical foundation for subsequent studies.

Sonication-assisted protein extraction improves proteomic detection of membrane-bound and DNA-binding proteins from tumor tissues

Deep-scale, mass spectrometry-based proteomic studies by the Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) program involves tissue lysis using urea buffer before data acquisition via mass spectrometry for quantitative global proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis. This is described in a 2018 protocol1. Here we report an update to this initial protocol by implementing a sonication step into urea-based tissue lysis. Similar to the initial CPTAC protocol, we identified >12,000 proteins and >25,000 phosphopeptides in a tandem mass tag (TMT) set containing both nonsonicated and sonicated tumor tissues from patient-derived xenograft mouse models. An improvement in the detection of membrane-bound and DNA-binding proteins was observed by including the sonication. We also offer recommendations for optimal sonication conditions such as the buffer composition, timing of sonication cycle, instrumentation settings and a troubleshooting section for potential users. Additionally, the protocol is equally applicable to other biological specimens.

Gallic Acid Derivatives Are the Active Ingredients of the Optimized Phenolic Extracts of Chinese Tallow Tree

The Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb) (CTT) is a valuable forest resource, and its leaves have long been utilized in Traditional Chinese Medicine for the treatment of various diseases, primarily due to the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds. In this study, a simple ultrasonic-assisted phenolic extraction method was established using response surface methodology. The highest total phenolic content was obtained by extracting with 40% ethanol (v/v) in a solid-liquid ratio (g/mL) of 1:48 for 20 min at 30°C, employing an ultrasonic bath with a power of 270 W and a frequency of 40 kHz. Using the optimized phenolic extract, a non-target metabolomics approach was adopted to evaluate the antioxidant ingredients of the CTT. Most of the identified phenolic compounds were depleted after reacting with free radicals, indicating their significant contribution to the antioxidant activity of CTT leaves. Among them, gallic acid derivatives, geraniin, and ethyl gallate were identified as the predominant antioxidant ingredients. Overall, a simple ultrasonic-assisted phenolic extraction method was optimized, and the antioxidant ingredients of the valuable CTT leaves were identified. These findings significantly promote the development and application of CTT leaves.

Optimization of Piper betle L. extraction under ultrasound and its effects on chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol film properties for wound dressing

This study aimed to prepare Piper betle L. extract-load chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (CS/PVA) film potential for wound dressing and investigate the effects of PLE and PLE-loading methods on physicochemical and biological properties of CS/PVA films. First, Piper betle L. extract (PLE) was optimized using ultrasonication and the response surface methodology employed the Box-Behnken design to maximize total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and natural antioxidant activity. The optimal ultrasonic conditions resulting in an extract yield of 17.466 %, TPC of 261.904 mg GA/g, TFC of 148.726 mg Q/g, and IC50 of 53.100 mg/L were achieved with a sonication time of 3.958 min, power of 30.548 W, and duty cycle of 84.576 % using water as the green solvent. The systematic analysis explored the effects of extraction duration, power, and pulse mode providing valuable insights into novel extraction techniques for potential pharmaceutical applications. Subsequently, PLE was incorporated into a CS/PVA biocomposite film using two loading methods: direct mixing and immersion. The study revealed that the immersion method offers several advantages related to the physicochemical and biological properties of the PLE-treated CS/PVA film. These advantages include improved PLE bioavailability (with PLE releasing 81.42 ± 2.44 % over 24 h, 8.6 times higher than the direct mixing method), removal of excess acetic acid from the manufacturing process of CS/PVA film, which causes cell cytotoxicity (L929 cell viability of 70.47 ± 2.18 %), enhanced tensile strength of 1.19 times greater than the original CS/PVA film, and efficient exudate absorption (allowing appropriate water vapor transmission at a rate of 2477.00 ± 35.39 g/m2·day). The results show the prepared PLE-treated CS/PVA film is a potential candidate for wound dressing, and the immersion method represents an advanced drug-loading method, especially for medicinal herbs on CS/PVA thin film surfaces.

The ANFIS-RSM based multi-objective optimization and modelling of ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols from jamun fruit (Syzygium cumini)

Given their potential as natural substitutes for artificial additives and their health advantages, the extraction of bioactive substances like polyphenols from plant sources is becoming more and more significant. Nevertheless, it is still difficult to achieve effective extraction with minimal time and energy. In order to optimize polyphenol extraction from ripe jamun fruit pulp, including traditional and ultrasound-assisted methods, this study assessed the prediction power of response surface methodology (RSM) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS). It examined how temperature, process time, solvent type, and extraction method affected the yield of extracted polyphenols. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that solvent type (F-value = 292.15) was the most significant factor influencing polyphenol extraction. Numerical optimization identified optimal conditions for maximizing phenolic compound extraction: a process temperature of 45 °C, a duration of 65 min under ultrasound, using methanol as the solvent (desirability of 0.935 and a realization rate of 95 % of the maximum possible). Imposing minimum temperature and process time conditions will yield the same optimal process parameters as before, achieving 89 % of the maximum possible while significantly reducing the process time from 65 min to just 5 min (desirability 0.953). For each of the six process-solver conditions, optimal ANFIS models were determined by analyzing the number and type of input membership functions, the output membership function, and the selected optimization and defuzzification methods, based on the highest correlation between actual and predicted data, along with the lowest error rates. Statistical analysis confirmed the effectiveness of both RSM and ANFIS in modeling polyphenol extraction from ripe jamun fruit. Error indices demonstrated that ANFIS (R2 = 0.8490-0.9989) outperformed RSM (R2 = 0.9265) in predictive capability, underscoring the relative superiority of ANFIS.

Ultrasonic/microwave-assisted extraction and properties of polysaccharides from Elaeagnus angustifolia

This study aimed to optimize the ultrasonic/microwave-assisted extraction (UAME) technique of Elaeagnus angustifolia polysaccharides (EAP-UM) by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum conditions include: solid-liquid ratio of 1:23 g/mL, ultrasonic power of 252 W, microwave power of 417 W, and extraction time of 11 min. Under these conditions, the yield of polysaccharides reached 7.87%, superior to ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE, 5.74%), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE, 6.86%), and hot water extraction (HWE, 4.91%). UAME could also result in higher carbohydrate, protein, and uronic acid contents compared to other methods. The properties of EAP-UM were further analyzed by infrared spectra (IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, EAP-UM exhibited a remarkable free radical scavenging ability (DPPH, IC50, 79 µg/mL) and reduced power. EAP-UM also showed α-amylase inhibiting activity (IC50, 2.826 mg/mL). UAME has the advantage of high extraction rate and short extraction time, and the obtained polysaccharide EAP-UM had better properties. These findings may serve as a reference for the development and application of E. angustifolia.

Optimized Extraction Protocols for Bioactive Antioxidants from Commercial Seaweeds in Portugal: A Comparative Study of Techniques

This study aimed to optimize the extraction conditions for a valuable source of antioxidants: seaweed. Therefore, ten seaweed samples were subjected to a solid-liquid extraction (SLE), where the extraction conditions (biomass (g): solvent (mL) ratio, temperature, and time) were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The seaweeds were also subjected to subcritical water extraction (SWE) (140 and 190 °C) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) (10 and 20 min). The antioxidant capacity of the extracts was determined through the ferric-reducing antioxidant power and the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid). The total phenolic content revealed the significance of temperature and biomass; solvent ratio parameters in the extraction process with higher conditions generally promoting the release of phenolic compounds. Furthermore, applying RSM allowed for the identification of optimal conditions and the establishment of predictive models that can be valuable in industrial-scale extraction processes. The antioxidant potency composite index (APCI) shows that SWE at 190 °C stands out, with E. bicyclis reaching an APCI score of 46.27%. The AGREEprep evaluation showed that UAE is the most sustainable method, achieving the highest score (0.69). The results of this study contribute to the development of efficient and standardized extraction protocols for each seaweed species, allowing for the maximum yield of antioxidants.

Spent Coffee Grounds as a Source of Chlorogenic Acid

Spent coffee grounds generated from the brewing of coffee cherries are rich in chlorogenic acids that are associated, to a certain extent, with a delay in the development of various chronic diseases and age-related disorders. These natural antioxidants are applied in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. This brief overview describes recently proposed procedures for the extraction and recovery of chlorogenic acids from spent coffee grounds, which is a low-cost and easily accessible by-product. Solvent selection and temperature control seem to be the main factors due to the thermolabile nature of these compounds. Advanced extraction technologies are generally faster and enhance extraction efficiency. Procedures for the valorization of coffee waste are the goal of a sustainable and circular bioeconomy that seeks to increase their added benefits and reduce environmental pollution.

Extraction and Characterization of Antioxidants and Cellulose from Green Walnut Husks

The ultrasound-assisted extraction process with microwave pretreatment was modeled and optimized to maximize the yield of antioxidants from green walnut husks using a response surface methodology with Box-Behnken design. In this design, the ultrasound-assisted extraction time (10-40 min), ultrasound-assisted extraction temperature (40-60 °C), and microwave pretreatment time (20-60 s) were selected as the factors, while the total antioxidant content was defined as the response. The solvent of choice for extracting antioxidants was 50% (v/v) ethanol. After optimization using the desirability function, an ultrasound-assisted extraction time of 23 min, ultrasound-assisted extraction temperature of 60 °C, and microwave pretreatment time of 60 s were proposed as the optimal conditions and their validity was verified. Under these conditions, the experimentally determined total antioxidant content was 3.69 g of gallic acid equivalent per 100 g of dry matter. In addition to phenolics, UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis indicated the presence of lipids, quinones, terpenoids, and organic acids in the extract. After the antioxidant extraction, the solid residue was further processed to isolate cellulose in line with the concept of sustainable manufacturing. The structural characterization and hydration properties of cellulose were analyzed to identify its key features and assess its potential for value-added applications. The results demonstrate that green walnut husks are a valuable and cost-effective agro-industrial byproduct for extracting antioxidants and isolating cellulose. This aligns with the principles of a circular economy and the sustainable production of natural compounds.

Microneedles as Modern Carriers of Plant Extracts

Recently, intensive research has been conducted on effective and simple systems for delivering active substances deep into the epidermis, e.g., for the treatment of skin inflammation. One possibility can be the use of soluble microneedles in which active compounds are encapsulated. This article describes the preparation of modern carriers, namely microneedles with encapsulated extracts of red beet or parsley leaves, that are rich in active substances with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, specifically betanin and apigenin. The concentration of hyaluronic acid sodium salt, the method of preparing the solution, and the technique of the complete filling of molds were optimized. Plant extracts were obtained with sonication or maceration. In order to characterize the extracts obtained, several techniques were employed, such as UV-Vis, LC-MS, GC-MS, and FTIR-ATR. The analyses performed allowed for confirmation of the presence of selected active substances in the extracts. The most optimal solution of the microneedles' precursor turned out to be the one with a concentration of 10 wt.% of sodium hyaluronate, prepared by stirring and sonication. The most efficient extraction method for each plant was chosen, and the extracts were introduced into a solution of hyaluronic acid sodium salt. The resulting soluble microneedle patches can be used as an alternative to the traditional methods of delivering anti-inflammatory and antioxidant substances of plant origin.

Sustainable Extraction Technology of Fruit and Vegetable Residues as Novel Food Ingredients

BACKGROUND

Fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) is a global waste issue with environmental impacts. It contains valuable compounds such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, proteins, vitamins, pigments, and fatty acids, which can be extracted for food applications. This study aims to review sustainable extraction methods for FVW and its potential in the food industry.

METHODS

This paper provides an overview of the sources and sustainable methods of high value-added compounds extracted from FVW. Sustainable techniques, including supercritical fluid extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction, are compared with traditional methods, for their efficiency in extracting high-value compounds from FVW while minimizing environmental impact.

DISCUSSIONS

Sustainable extraction of FVW compounds is sustainable and beneficial for novel food ingredients. However, challenges in scalability and cost need to be addressed for wider adoption in the food sector.

CONCLUSIONS

Sustainable extraction techniques effectively extract phytochemicals from FVW, preserving bioactivity and reducing environmental load. These methods show promise for sustainable food ingredient development.

Recovery of Bioactive Constituents from Olive Leaf Pruning Waste of Five Different Cultivars: A Comparison of Green Extraction Techniques to Maximize Health Benefits

Sustainable agro-waste revaluation is critical to enhance the profitability and environmental footprint of the olive oil industry. Herein, the valorization of olive leaf pruning waste from five cultivars ('Caiazzana', 'Carolea', 'Itrana', 'Leccino', and 'Frantoio') employed green extraction methods to recover compounds with potential health benefits. Sequential ultrasound-assisted maceration (UAM) in n-hexane and ethanol was compared with a compressed fluid extraction strategy consisting of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) for their efficiency in recovering distinct classes of bioactives. Chemical profiling by UHPLC-HR-MS/MS (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry) and GC-MS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry) showed that UAM-EtOH effectively extracted polyphenols (especially luteolin derivatives) and triterpenes (notably maslinic acid), while PLE yielded the highest amount of secoiridoids (e.g., secologanoside). PLE extracts showed better antiradical activities, putatively due to a higher content of flavonoids, secoiridoids, and HCA derivatives than UAM-EtOH ones, as these latter also contained 20-40% (cultivar-dependent) of triterpenes. SFE extracts with a higher concentration of fatty acids and triterpenes showed moderate antioxidant activities but very high AChE inhibition. This study highlights the importance of selecting appropriate extraction methodologies based on the target bioactive compounds and underscores the potential of olive leaf extracts for sustainable bio-products.

Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds and Chemical Elements in Herbs: Effectiveness of Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents in Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction

In this study, the effectiveness of three choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) formed using malonic acid (MalA), glycerol (Gly), and glucose (Glu) as hydrogen bond donors and two conventional solvents (50% methanol and 50% ethanol) for ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of antioxidant compounds from four herbs (chamomile, lemon balm, nettle, and spearmint) were estimated. The antioxidant capacity (AC) of the obtained herb extracts was determined by the modified 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) methods. Profiles of phenolic acids, flavonoid aglycones, and flavonoid glycosides in the green and conventional herb extracts were quantitatively analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Among the prepared DESs, the highest antioxidant potential and total contents of phenolic acids, flavonoid aglycones, and flavonoid glycosides in herb extracts were achieved using ChCl:MalA (1:1). Unexpectedly, the selected green solvents extracted significantly lower amounts of total antioxidants from the investigated herbs than 50% alcohols. Additionally, macroelements (K, Na, Ca, Mg), micronutrients (Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu), and a toxic element (Cd) in four herbs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Determining the compositions of antioxidants and elements in herbs is essential for understanding their nutritive importance when applied in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.